Effective attic ventilation - from theory to practice. Ventilation in a private house - natural or forced? Forced ventilation

Big Vacation home is the dream of many families. But in order for the building to be comfortable for living, it is necessary at the design stage to provide for the presence of all necessary communications. One of them is ventilation.

An established air exchange system in the house will provide:

supply of oxygen to the premises;
protection of rooms from dampness, mold, fungus;
comfortable living and optimal sanitary conditions for human life.

Which rooms need ventilation?

Human beings need pure oxygen to live normally. Therefore, its inflow should be ensured in living rooms, such as a bedroom, living room, nursery. Office premises in the house (bathroom,) also need constant circulation. There is often high humidity, the accumulation of odors that need to be brought out. Ventilation of these premises will reduce the formation of dust, dirt, excessive stuffiness, condensation, the spread of harmful microorganisms, and mold.

Ventilation system, methods of organization

There are two main types of air exchange arrangement in residential buildings:

natural (natural);
mechanical (forced).

Features of the arrangement and the principle of operation of natural ventilation of a private house

Natural air exchange in residential buildings is carried out based on the difference in pressure inside and outside the house, as well as the effect of wind on the building. How it works?

The temperature inside the house is higher than outside, so the oxygen there has a lighter structure. Thanks to this, he climbs the mines and goes out into the street. A rarefaction occurs in the room, which helps to draw a fresh stream from the street through the holes in the building envelope. The incoming masses have a heavy structure, therefore they are located at the bottom of the premises. Under their influence light warm air is forced out of the rooms.

The wind accelerates the circulation of air masses. With an increase in the difference in temperature inside and outside the cottage, wind speed, the supply of freshness to the house increases. Previously, leaks in windows, doors, porous walls served as places of its entry. But modern systems insulation, as well as plastic windows are designed, so they do not have slots for air supply. In this case, the inflow is carried out through special valves mounted in the windows or walls of the building.

Waste oxygen enters the holes in the vertical ventilation ducts houses located in the kitchen, bathroom, and through them is displayed outside. Replenishment with fresh occurs due to ventilation (opening windows, doors, transoms).

Advantages and disadvantages of the system

Natural air exchange in the house has the following advantages:

economy. The movement of air flows is carried out without the use of additional equipment;
no accidents. The ventilation design is extremely simple, does not depend on the power supply, does not require regular maintenance;
noiselessness of work;
Possibility of combination with filtration and air conditioning systems.

The main disadvantage of natural ventilation is a weak air exchange, which leads to the formation of condensate, accumulation unpleasant odors, the occurrence of mold, fungus. This threatens not only the gradual destruction of the house, but also the health of the people living in it.

The natural ventilation system does not allow you to control the volume of air removed and supplied to the premises. The recycled stream either does not have time to go outside, or is removed too quickly, providing heat loss in the house. In the summer, when the temperature inside and outside the house is almost the same, the draft disappears and the air movement in the system stops. Therefore, the natural circulation in modern construction houses are practically non-existent. It is used in combination with a mechanical system.

Forced ventilation - features, varieties

This is an artificially organized system, the movement of oxygen in which is carried out by attracting pressure devices (fans, pumps, compressors). It is operated in private areas where natural ventilation is not provided or does not work. Benefits of mechanical organization:

works autonomously, regardless of weather conditions(pressure, temperature, wind);
allows you to prepare the air supplied to the premises to a comfortable state (heat / cool, humidify / dehumidify, purify).

Disadvantages of the forced scheme for mansions:

significant costs for arranging the system, purchasing equipment, paying for electricity;
the need for regular maintenance.

Mechanical air exchange in a private house can be arranged in several ways. Distinguish ventilation:

supply - provides forced supply from the outside;
exhaust - removes the processed flow from the premises mechanically;
supply and exhaust - inflow and supply in the house are organized artificially.

Supply ventilation in a private house

This system is designed to replace the exhaust air in the house with fresh air. It consists of:

air inlet;
heating and cooling devices;
cleaning filters;
devices supplying air to the premises;
noise absorbing devices.

Through air valve clean air enters the system, undergoes certain processing, is filtered, and is distributed to the rooms in the house with the help of a fan. Getting into the rooms, it displaces the waste stream. The supplied air can be additionally cooled or heated.

Supply ventilation systems are:

channel - air circulation is carried out through pipes;
channelless - the flow is fed into the room through the holes in the walls, windows.

According to the method of the device, they distinguish:

stacked ventilation systems consisting of separate units connected by one air duct;
monoblock - all devices are assembled in one compact case.

Supply air installations have the following advantages:

the ability to regulate the temperature and volume of oxygen supplied;
compact dimensions;
functionality (they have additional devices for cleaning, heating, cooling the supplied air);
ease of installation, maintenance.

Among the shortcomings of this type of ventilation can be identified:

noise. During operation, the units of the system make sounds, so it is necessary to provide a silencer, install the equipment away from the living rooms in the house;
the need for a place to install all its elements (when installing a typesetting system, it will be required);
the need for regular maintenance.

Exhaust ventilation in a private house

When arranging this system, clean air enters the rooms through windows, doors, special valves, and the exhaust is removed using exhaust fans. These devices are installed in the most problem areas at home (in the kitchen, bathroom), they are wall-mounted and channel type.

Advantages of this setup:

air volume control;
independence from environmental conditions;
ease of installation.

Among the disadvantages of the system:

the inability to control the amount of air supplied to the house;
the cost of purchasing equipment, electricity;
the need for regular maintenance.

Ventilation using air handling units

How to make ventilation in a private house with metal-plastic windows, finished with modern thermal insulation materials? This requires a high-quality system that allows you to supply fresh air and remove exhaust air into automatic mode. Air handling units will solve this problem.

They provide for the organization of two parallel streams:

for exhaust air;
to serve fresh.

These settings allow you to adjust the amount of output and supply flows, allowing you to keep optimal level humidity in the premises of the house. The main elements of the supply and exhaust system:

air ducts - intended for supply and output of air masses. They form two parallel highways, consisting of pipes and shaped products(tees, rotary elements). Air ducts differ in shape (round, rectangular), cross-sectional area, rigidity (made of aluminum foil, galvanized sheet, plastic);
fan - provides pressure in the ventilation system, necessary for supplying and extracting air. It can be installed on the roof of the building, directly in the air duct, or on a special support;
air intake grille - through them, air from the street enters the supply channel. Also, these elements protect the system from foreign objects, rodents, birds, precipitation;
air valve - prevents air from entering the system when it is turned off. It can operate on an electric drive, in automatic mode, and also be equipped with electric heating, which prevents the doors from freezing;
filters - protect ventilated rooms and the system itself from insects, dust, and other small particles. They require regular cleaning (recommended 1 time / month);
air heater - heats the air supplied to the premises during the cold season. This device can be water (suitable for large cottages) and electric (used in small houses);
noise silencers - prevent the spread of sounds from working devices through the piping system. They are tubular, lamellar, chamber, cellular. Getting into them, the air passes through special barriers (perforated channels, tubes or plates), as a result of which its intensity decreases. The installation of a silencer is not always necessary. Sometimes, to reduce the intensity of sounds in the system, it is enough to reduce the speed of the installation, to provide soundproofing of the fans;
air intakes and distributors. The former serve to supply the flow to the system, the latter to distribute it evenly throughout the room. These elements are presented in the form of grilles and diffusers of a round, rectangular shape. They are mounted on the walls or ceiling of the room;
control system. It can be mechanical (represented by a switch), or automatic (work is controlled by a remote control). Its main elements are thermo- and hydrostats, pressure gauges;
security system - represented by a set of additional devices that protect the ventilation elements from overheating, power surges.

advanced model supply and exhaust ventilation is a recovery system. It provides efficient circulation in the house without heat loss. This ventistem is equipped with a heat exchanger, which allows to reduce the cost of heating the air coming from the street. The supply masses are heated by the heat of the processed flows discharged from the house. This is the most efficient and energy-saving way of organizing air exchange in residential buildings, although it is also the most expensive.

Gas ventilation in a private house

The presence of gas appliances in the house makes increased demands on the arrangement of circulation in the premises. Traction disturbance can cause poisoning by combustion products.

For normal operation gas installations oxygen is needed. If it is not enough, the air in the room is discharged. As a result, a reverse draft occurs, and instead of a chimney, combustion products enter the surrounding space. They can cause malaise, severe headaches, loss of consciousness by a person, and even a complete cessation of breathing.

Requirements for ventilation of a gas boiler room

Air exchange in a room with a natural gas heater must be organized in accordance with the following technical requirements:

no more than two gas units per chimney;
combustion products must enter the chimney from different levels (from a distance of more than 50 cm). With a single-level feed, a cut of the same height is mounted in the channel;
to prevent the leakage of soot and carbon monoxide into the premises of the house, the ventilation system of the boiler should be sealed. Processing of joints and seams is carried out with a material resistant to high temperatures;
all elements of the exchange system must be thermally insulated to prevent fire.

The ventilation of the boiler room is constructed on the basis of: air outflow = air exchange x 3.

Air supply \u003d outflow + the amount of oxygen needed for the combustion process.

Ways to ventilate a gas boiler room

Air exchange in the room where the gas equipment is located can be organized using:

natural and mechanical ventilation traction based. Natural circulation is the result of a pressure difference inside the house and outside. With mechanical ventilation, draft is generated by a fan;
supply, exhaust, or combined ventilation systems, organized according to their intended purpose. The air supplied to the room forcibly presses on the exhaust stream, pushing it out. Oxygen can also be supplied to the boiler room naturally, but is output mechanically. To organize the ventilation of the room in automatic mode will allow the combined ( supply and exhaust system), which works effectively in any weather, since the supply and removal in it is carried out mechanically;
channelless, or channel (depending on constructive solution cottage). In the first case, the boiler room is connected through holes to another room, from where the waste stream is discharged into the air duct. In the second case, it is laid a complex system pipes that provide exchange in all rooms of the house.

Tip: to improve the natural ventilation of a gas boiler room, it is better to additionally install an exhaust fan, which will ensure the movement of air masses in the absence of draft.

Heating devices closed type operating on natural gas are equipped with a coaxial (double) ventilation duct. The combustion products are discharged through its inner pipe, and fresh air is supplied to the burner through the outer pipe.

If a gas boiler with a combustion chamber is installed in the house open type, follows:

install a pipe to remove carbon monoxide to the street;
equip a general air exchange system in the room;
establish the supply of oxygen to the boiler.

Note: oxygen can enter the room from the street through cracks and gaps in windows and doors. If the room is hermetically sealed, you will need to organize the supply of fresh air by force.

Proper ventilation in a private house

The organization of oxygen exchange will provide favorable microclimate in the house, the health of its inhabitants and the safety of the structure itself. How to arrange it correctly?

House ventilation rules and regulations

To create in the residential and office premises of the cottage optimal conditions for human life, it is necessary that for 1 hour each of them receive 60 m 3 of oxygen (minimum 20 m 3). Comfortable air humidity is 50%, and its exchange rate is 0.5 m/s.

This can be achieved through proper system design. In this case, the rate of air exchange for rooms should be taken into account. for various purposes. For a bathroom, this figure is 50 m 3, a common bathroom - 25 m 3, a kitchen - 90 m 3. Not only office rooms should be ventilated, but also living rooms, utility rooms. To form a calculated hood, it is necessary to summarize the air exchange rates of each compartment of the house. At the same time, it is desirable that the actual ventilation exceed the minimum standards.

Designing an air exchange system in a house

The development of a house ventilation project includes:

selection of equipment;
drawing up a wiring diagram for communications, taking into account architectural, construction, sanitary, economic criteria.

The purpose of this work is to develop a system that will cope with the supply and removal of air, within the estimated volume calculated for the house. The project should not only provide uninterrupted ventilation of the premises, but also free access to all structural elements (assemblies, chambers). This is necessary for quick troubleshooting and regular maintenance.

In order for the circulation to work well, it is important to carefully select all the equipment. It should last as long as possible. The devices used should not spoil the architecture of the house, so it is better to provide for their installation in a hidden way.

When designing the ventilation of a cottage, it is important that the system complies with sanitary and epidemiological standards. It should not only cope with the supply / removal of air masses, but also work as silently as possible. Do not forget about the economy of the system. But the desire to reduce the cost of its installation should not reflect on the quality of the installation. The main task of design is the development the best option ventilation of the house, taking into account all of the above criteria.

The drafting of the project by the contractor begins with the formation of the terms of reference. It contains all the criteria by which it should be laid ventilation system, wishes of the customer.

Calculation of ventilation in a private house

The operation of the system depends on whether the volume of air supplied and exhausted corresponds to the conditions of the house. This can be calculated using special formulas. The plan of the house is taken as a basis, in which the purpose and area of \u200b\u200beach room is indicated.

First, the air exchange rate is calculated - an indicator that determines how many times in 1 hour the air in the room is completely replaced. For most residential premises, it can be single, for kitchens, bathrooms, boiler rooms - 2-3 times. It is also necessary to take into account the people living in the house.

The air exchange rate is calculated by the formula: L(performance air handling unit, m3/h) = n(multiplicity rate for certain premises) *V(room volume).

Calculation of air exchange, taking into account the number of people living in the house, is carried out according to the formula: L = N(number of residents) *L(air intended for one person is the norm). When performing physical activity, one person needs air renewal - 30 m 3 / h, in a calm state - 20 m 3 / h.

Please note: having calculated the air exchange by the multiplicity and the number of residents, they are guided by the larger of these values.

Equipment selection

Criteria by which the main installations of the system are selected:

power, performance;
operating pressure;
noise level.

The speed of movement along the highways directly depends on their cross section, as well as the power of the fan. But it should also be taken into account that the air ducts have a certain resistance, which reduces the performance of the air handling unit.

Note: the performance of the ventilation system of the cottage should be in the range of 1000-3000 m 3 / h.

At the stage of developing a feasibility study, the type, quantity and power of the elements of the system are determined, it is compiled preliminary cost, optimization adjustments are made. After that, a working draft is drawn up, based on high-precision calculations of air exchange, heat release of a particular house. Devices and air distributors in it are selected according to.

Ventilation scheme of a frequent house

The air distribution network consists of pipes, fittings (rotary elements, splitters, adapters), distribution devices (diffusers, grilles). Based on it, you can determine:

working pressure of the fan - it depends on the technical parameters of the unit, the type and diameter of the air ducts, the number of rotary and connecting elements used air distributors. The longer the line and the more different connectors, turns, adapters on it, the more pressure the fan should create;
the speed of movement of air masses - depends on the diameter of the highways. For residential buildings, this is 2.5-4 m / s;
noise level - depends on the section of the highways and the speed of air movement along them. Quiet operation of the ventilation system will be ensured by pipes of large diameter. If it is not possible to install them, use lines with a section of 160-250 mm, equipped with distribution grids 20x20, or 20x30 cm.

According to the interstate standard (GOST 21.602-2003), all elements of the ventilation system must be displayed on the diagram. They are designated by certain symbols and signed.

To make it comfortable and safe for a person, it is necessary to organize its ventilation. This will not only provide a favorable microclimate, but also extend the operational life of the structure itself. There are several types of arrangement of air exchange in rooms. The choice of a particular system depends on the area, design features of the house, the number of people living in it, and the budget. In order for it to work effectively, it is better to entrust its planning and installation to professionals with experience in this field.

In multi-storey residential buildings that are built using various building materials, it is necessary to ensure constant ventilation of all rooms and premises. Such a need is especially urgent when using double-glazed windows in the house, which provide thermal insulation of rooms and good tightness.

The inflow and full outflow of air is necessary to ensure comfortable living conditions. Among other things, in this case, the conditions of sanitary-epidemiological and hygienic standards are met, because carbon dioxide and its derivatives, formed in the process of life, are negative factors promoting the growth of various bacteria.

What means can be used to ensure ventilation of the premises, and how should it be designed ventilation in two-story house ? This will be discussed in the article.

Ventilation in a private two-story house - Types of ventilation

Choosing a ventilation system carried out at the initial stages of designing a house, as well as at the expense of household or economic load on the premises. Important take into account the location rooms and the overall square footage of the house.

The following types of ventilation are used to achieve the objectives:

With the combined type, air flow is realized naturally and when using mechanical devices. This method is the most common. However, in order to achieve stable ventilation in a private two-story house must be installed in the wall exhaust channels of various sizes. For kitchen area, shower room or boiler room, separate boxes must be used. With this method, air masses move naturally. You can also go to the central mine install fan, which will accelerate the outflow of air. The advantages of this method include the fact that unpleasant odors do not penetrate the house, as well as the low noise level during the operation of the fan. The disadvantage will be that it is necessary to install overflow gratings at the bottom of the doors.
Natural. Not intended to be used mechanical means to ensure air circulation. The outflow and inflow is carried out due to the difference in air temperatures between the room and the street. This type is used everywhere, but has several disadvantages.
Forced pull. Such ventilation system two-story house combined with natural Air supply can be done with installation of special valves or in a natural way, and the removal of air from the premises occurs by force. To do this, in the bathroom or toilet are mounted exhaust fans forced type. The operation of such a system can be automated.
Supply. To implement this type of air exchange in bearing wall or window frames a special valve is installed, which performs forced air flow into the room. You can also use a supply fan to level the supply of cold air in winter, the system is structurally complicated by adding a heater. Among other things, you can use monoblock complexes that combine a heater, valve, filters and coolers. The equipment can be equipped with a timer, so each owner can set the required response period.
Forced supply and exhaust. The process of outflow and inflow of air masses is provided by using productive equipment. To features forced ventilation refers to the fact that it is local when supply equipment installed in rooms where it is most needed. With a centralized scheme, one fan is used, located in the central shaft, to which all exhaust ducts are connected.

Ways to create forced or natural air movement a lot, so each owner independently chooses the most optimal way.

Natural ventilation of a two-story house

To create all the conditions under which uninterrupted operation of the system will be achieved, several requirements must be met, in this case natural ventilation of a two-story house will have good performance.

When designing ventilation ducts, vertical shafts are used. One side of the system is installed indoors, while the other is mounted just above the roof ridge. Air movement provided through traction, whose indicators depend on:

Temperature differences between room and street, i.e. at the exit and at the entrance to the mine.
Wind that can improve or degrade traction.
The geometric section of the channel and its height.
Thermal insulation characteristics of the mine channel.
From the spatial location of the mine (absence or presence of bends and turns).

On the early stages house design architect chooses the type ventilation and its spatial location inside the building, and at the time of approval of the standard graphic plan the customer is provided ventilation in a two-story house scheme, which clearly shows all the features and nuances.

Do-it-yourself ventilation of a two-story house - Calculation of ventilation in the house

All operations for the calculation of air circulation systems are performed in order to determine the cross-sectional area canals and mines. For this, the position is used SP55.13330.2011., in which the standards for air exchange are fully and capaciously indicated.

Minimum system performance indicators should provide within an hour one shift the total volume of air in the room (relevant for rooms where people are regularly located).
From the bathrooms within an hour should be removed at least 25 cubic meters air. From the kitchen at least 60 cubic meters.

These are the main provisions of the rules. You can always find them online. Such rules are in open access. Especially scrupulously it is necessary to study them for those owners who will independently lay mines, exhaust ducts and install equipment so that ventilation functions stably and correctly do-it-yourself two-story house which directly affects comfort.

Ventilation system of a two-story house - Optimization of ventilation

When designing air circulation systems, care must be taken to install specialized equipment:

At the entrance to the mine ventilation, install an automatic valve, in which the humidity sensor will be located, which will ensure savings in the operation of the system. When the humidity in the room increases, the valve will open wider, which will improve draft.
All living quarters should locate valves equipped with sensors outside temperature. In this case, you can level the flow of cold air, which will maintain the necessary temperature balance.
For free air circulation overflow openings with an area of at least 200 sq.cm should be installed between the rooms.

Please note that the installation fan significantly reduces the throughput of the mine, so this solution is a short-term measure to ensure air circulation. A kitchen hood is similar equipment, since it works for a short time and its use cannot fully provide ventilation of the room.

Not so long ago, when conducting private residential construction, the future owners of houses, if they considered ventilation issues, still pushed them into the background, not giving these problems due attention. To a certain extent, this approach was justified: the very design of buildings, the material of their construction, the presence of stoves with chimney channels, the installation of non-hermetic and door blocks - all this contributed to the constant air circulation in the premises, which was enough to maintain a more or less acceptable microclimate.

However, the trend has now changed dramatically. New construction and Decoration Materials, widely used modern windows and doors, which provide almost complete sealing of openings, the requirements for thermal insulation of buildings have increased, that is, during construction, they try to block any heat leakage paths as much as possible. Conventional air infiltration through building structures is clearly not enough, and therefore, even at the design stage, an effective ventilation system for the premises is immediately provided.

With a change in living conditions, the owners of old houses have to take certain steps. And one of the most acceptable options, inexpensive and available for independent execution, is natural ventilation in a private house. This article is devoted to this topic.

What functions should the ventilation of the house take on?

Is ventilation really needed to give it so much great importance? A similar question can only arise about an amateur. The need for a permanent air exchange system can hardly be overestimated, both in terms of creating and maintaining the most comfortable microclimate for life and safe for the health of people, and in terms of ensuring long-term trouble-free operation of the entire building as a whole.

Humans need oxygen in the air to function properly. In the process of breathing, it is gradually replaced by carbon dioxide, and if there is no constant replenishment of fresh air, then the atmosphere in a closed room becomes heavy, suffocating, causing rapid fatigue, lethargy, restless sleep, or even more serious reactions in the form of shortness of breath, dizziness, seizures, etc. .p., especially in people suffering from chronic diseases respiratory system and blood circulation.

Air stagnation is a mandatory increase in the concentration of pathogens and allergens contained in it in suspension.
There is no escape from the fact that human life is constantly accompanied by smells. This is sweat, and other quite normal excretions of the body, the aroma of which is not very pleasant, these are perfumes and cosmetics, these are means household chemicals and other sources. Let's add some bad habits here, in particular, smoking, as well as smells from pets. If constant effective ventilation is not provided, very quickly the atmosphere in the living rooms will become unsuitable for a normal stay in them.

Houses with "amenities" on the street are practically a thing of the past. The comfort of living is associated with an equipped bathroom or at least a shower, warm toilet or shared bathroom. should be organized in such a way that the air, together with odors and steam from these rooms, does not penetrate into the residential area, but is immediately taken out.

The kitchen always requires special attention. This is also related to elevated temperature in this room during cooking, and with combustion products if a gas stove is used, and with a lot of smells, pleasant and not very, with greasy fumes and a lot of water vapor. All this should be immediately removed from the house.

The air exhaled by humans and animals always contains a high concentration of water vapor. In addition, a variety of household appliances contribute to excessive humidity in the premises - washing and dishwashers, irons, electric kettles, etc. Here you can add drying of washed clothes, carried out wet cleaning and other reasons. And high humidity, which has no way out due to lack of or insufficient ventilation, is dampened walls, which become a favorite "springboard" for the development of various microflora - fungus, mold, moss, this is a decoration that quickly becomes wretched, it is foggy, and in strong frosts - ice-crusted windows. And the resource of durability of waterlogged building structures made of any material is sharply reduced.

Unfortunately, not everything is going well with many materials that are widely used for decoration, insulation or for the manufacture of furniture. Many of them are capable of releasing substances that are very harmful to human health into the home atmosphere - formaldehyde, styrene and other toxic compounds. Ventilation helps to minimize the negative effect of such emissions.

If desired, this list can be continued. However, what has already been listed should be more than enough to understand the importance of well-equipped ventilation and imagine what a comfortable home can turn into in its absence.

When designing any buildings in our time, special attention is paid to ventilation issues. If, for one reason or another, the owner got a house that is not equipped with such a system, he will have to do this without delay. And at first, it will be easiest to organize natural ventilation, since it usually does not require excessive costs and large-scale alterations inside the premises.

The principle of operation of natural ventilation. Its advantages and disadvantages.

Under what conditions can natural ventilation be used?

Ventilation of premises can be organized according to various schemes, but all of them can be divided into two main groups.

1. First a large group, which, in turn, is divided into several varieties - this is forced ventilation, in which air flows are created due to one or another mechanical impact provided by the operation of special fans. Such ventilation can be supply, exhaust, or created by combined scheme. Such schemes are very complex, they usually require a professional trip, but they allow you to control the quality of the air entering the premises and carry out its necessary post-treatment.

2. Second- This is the natural ventilation considered in our article, which does not involve the forced supply or extraction of air masses. All movement of flows is carried out exclusively due to natural forces obeying the laws of physics.

- Temperature difference - warm air always has a lower density and, therefore, mass, in comparison with colder air, and therefore tends to rise.

- Pressure drop: due to the height of the vertical ventilation ducts, a certain, although not so significant, pressure drop is created, which contributes to the movement of air.

- The effect of the wind.

The operation of natural ventilation does not accept the installation of any highly efficient filtering devices (except for gratings or nets that do not let through, for example, fallen leaves, large debris, insects, etc.). These devices will make it difficult or even impossible for the normal movement of air flows from the street to the premises, which will lead to the inoperability of the entire system of the system as a whole. Thus, it makes sense to restrict natural ventilation only in conditions of clean air in the construction area.

It is clear that the creation of natural ventilation in a house located near a busy highway, where the air is oversaturated with exhaust and dust, becomes an unsuccessful solution. For the same reasons, such a scheme is not applied if an unpleasant smell is traditionally felt on the building site from nearby industrial enterprises, livestock complexes, treatment facilities etc. Instead of improving the microclimate, the opposite effect will be obtained indoors.

A similar criterion for assessing the admissibility of natural ventilation can be attributed to the noise level (for example, not so far from the site there is a railway line or airport). It should be remembered that such a ventilation scheme always reduces the overall level of sound insulation of the house.

Comfortable living conditions imply the optimal combination of several parameters - air saturation with oxygen, its temperature and relative humidity. Practice shows that natural ventilation will maintain this balance only in the conditions of the so-called inertial house.

This concept includes the fact that the building was erected from materials capable of accumulating thermal energy - this includes brick, gas silicate, expanded clay concrete, ceramic blocks, cinder blocks, adobe walls. In this case, the house must have high-quality thermal insulation, made exclusively from the outside. Walls built of wood (log or timber) or adobe have a certain inertia.

It is in such conditions, when the walls are able to accumulate thermal potential, and then give it to the flow of incoming air, properly organized natural ventilation will work to improve the microclimate in the premises. Heated surfaces become a kind of recuperator, that is, they contribute to the rapid and high-quality heating of the incoming air.

Prices for ventilation systems

ventilation system

But in the so-called inertial-free houses, the picture is completely different. Constantly penetrating free air flows from the outside lead to unreasonably large heat losses, cool the house, and there is no need to talk about ensuring a normal balance of temperature and humidity. Such buildings include buildings erected according to frame technology, from, sandwich panels, polystyrene concrete, vacuum blocks and a number of other modern building materials. Under such conditions, the only the right decision- This is the use of a well-thought-out forced ventilation system.

Natural ventilation is more suitable for buildings that are compact in plan, without long enfilades of rooms, outbuildings and outbuildings. Its creation becomes more complicated with the increase in levels - the floors being built (this will be discussed below). It is practically inapplicable “in its pure form” or very inefficient for ventilation of a residential attic, due to the characteristics of this room, a different scheme will have to be applied here.

So, before you start creating a natural ventilation system, you should evaluate the listed evaluation criteria, and only then make a decision.

The principle of operation of the natural ventilation system of a country house

So, let's now consider what is the fundamental device of natural ventilation of a private house, how it works.

For the functionality of such a scheme, a combination of supply and exhaust channels is required to ensure free, unhindered air movement between them.

Fresh air (shown by wide blue arrows) enters the premises through ajar windows or special intakes. ventilation valves(pos. 1). There, it heats up due to the action of heating devices, convection and heat transfer from structures that accumulate thermal potential, displaces denser, carbon dioxide-saturated "exhaust" air, which moves (wide green arrows) to rooms in which exhaust vents are installed. For its free movement along the route, either gaps are provided between the floor surface and door leaf, or through windows in the doors themselves (pos. 2).

Exhaust vents (pos. 3) are usually provided in the most "dirty" rooms that require maximum air exchange to remove odors, fumes or excess moisture. Here, the air streams of “exhaust” air (wide red arrows), picking up all these negative components, exit into the vents and move up the vertical ventilation ducts, due to the temperature and pressure differences already mentioned above.

These air ducts exit through the attic and roof and terminate in ventilation pipe heads above the roof surface (item 4). The placement of these pipes on the roof is also subject to certain rules, which will be discussed below.

So for effective work natural ventilation of the house as a whole, each of the rooms must be equipped with either an inlet duct (valve) or an outlet vent. A number of rooms suggest the presence of both a valve and an outlet.

Prices for air ducts

air ducts

When planning the location of supply valves and ventilation vents, the following rules are followed:

An inlet valve (or other way for clean air to enter) must be provided in any of the living quarters, whether it be a bedroom, living room, nursery, office, dining room, etc.
Ventilation ducts with vents are provided for:

- In the kitchens. It should be remembered that the presence of a kitchen hood above the stove does not exempt from the need to place a ventilation vent.

- In bathrooms, toilets or combined bathrooms, home baths.

- In a dedicated room for home laundry.

- In pantries, dryers, dressing rooms if they go into the premises of the residential area. If they are separated by a door from the corridor or kitchen, then a supply valve is installed in them.

- In a home workshop, if work in it may be accompanied by the appearance of fumes, smoke, unpleasant odors (welding, soldering, painting, the use of chemicals for various purposes - adhesives, mastics, solvents, technical fluids, etc.)

A number of rooms require the placement of both a supply valve and a ventilation outlet:

- Premises in which gas heating equipment is installed.

- A room in the living area, if there are more than two doors between it and the nearest ventilation duct.

- A living space combined with a kitchen, that is, for example, a kitchen-dining room.

- Home sports or gyms.

A special approach is required to the premises of the second floor. The fact is that warm air from the ground floor necessarily rises, and an additional load is placed on the ventilation system. There are two options here:

— If the second floor is separated from staircase constantly closed door, then the approach to placing supply valves and exhaust vents remains almost the same. True, with a caveat - in the case when there are no “dirty” rooms on the second floor (kitchen, bathroom, toilet, etc.), the vent can be located in common hall(corridor) where all the rooms go.

- In the case when the second floor is not blocked by doors from the first, in each of the rooms, regardless of its purpose, both a fresh air intake channel and a ventilation outlet are provided.

In addition, the presence of a supply window and a ventilation outlet is mandatory for basement (basement) rooms and for space under wooden floors on the joists on the first floor. But basement ventilation is already a separate topic for more thorough consideration, and in this publication it is “bracketed”.

Advantages and disadvantages of the natural ventilation system at home

So, for what Benefits systems can be calculated if the scheme of natural ventilation of a country house is selected:

Such a ventilation system requires a minimum financial investment. Most of the work is quite accessible for independent implementation. True, if the house did not previously have exhaust ventilation ducts, this will have to be seriously worked on. Supply valves should not cause any particular difficulties in installation.
The system is reliable, primarily because its design does not imply complex mechanisms- by and large, there is simply nothing to fail.

Natural ventilation does not require complex care. In principle, it comes down only to a regular revision of the condition of the ventilation ducts and, if necessary, their cleaning.
Such a system is completely non-volatile and does not require additional operating costs.
The absence of mechanisms is also the absence of technological noise inherent in other types of ventilation of the forced principle of operation.

However, we do not forget about quite significant shortcomings natural ventilation:

In most cases, the supply channels do not have high-quality filters (they would interfere with natural circulation), which means that the incoming air carries pollution, dust, odors, pollen. Possible penetration of small insects.
Supply valves are a "gap" in the overall sound insulation of the house.
The system is very difficult to quantify the incoming air volumes.
Natural ventilation is extremely dependent on the time of year and even on the current and weather outside. In winter, when the temperature difference between inside and outside the house is large, ventilation works "to its fullest", which often causes energy overruns for heating needs. Reducing the intake of air from outside (for example, by covering the supply valves) immediately gives high humidity- with all the ensuing consequences.

In the summer heat, on the contrary, air circulation can slow down or even stop altogether. There is only one way out: at this time, use the cross-ventilation scheme, opening windows on both sides of the house - air movement will be carried out due to the pressure difference on the leeward and windward sides. But at the same time, from the "dirty" premises, it is quite likely that excess moisture and odors into the living area.

There are many ways in one way or another to optimize the work of natural circulation - we will talk about this later.

Video: the principle of operation of natural circulation and its seasonal features

How is the performance of a home's natural ventilation system calculated?

It is not enough to correctly determine the location of the supply valves and exhaust ventilation vents. The ventilation system must have a certain capacity to ensure optimal air exchange in all rooms of the house.

These requirements for air exchange volumes are established by the current building codes and rules for all residential and special areas of the building. From them they begin to "dance" when making calculations. An extract from these regulations is given in the table below:

Room type	Minimum air exchange rates (multiplicity per hour or cubic meters per hour)
	INFLOW	HOOD
Code of Rules SP 55.13330.2011 to SNiP 31-02-2001 "Single-apartment residential buildings"
Residential premises with permanent residence of people	At least one volume exchange per hour	-
Kitchen	-	60 m³/hour
Bathroom, toilet	-	25 m³/hour
Other premises	Not less than 0.2 volume per hour
Code of rules SP 60.13330.2012 to SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"
Minimum outdoor air consumption per person: living quarters with permanent residence of people, in conditions of natural ventilation:
With a total living area of more than 20 m² per person	30 m³/h, but at the same time not less than 0.35 of the total air exchange volume of the apartment per hour	-
With a total area of less than 20 m² per person	3 m³/hour for every 1 m² of room area	-
Code of Rules SP 54.13330.2011 to SNiP 31-01-2003 "Residential multi-apartment buildings"
Bedroom, nursery, living room	One volume exchange per hour	-
Cabinet, library	0.5 volume per hour	-
Linen, pantry, dressing room	-	0.2 volume per hour
Home gym, billiard room	80 m³/hour
Kitchen with electric stove	-	60 m³/hour
Premises with gas equipment
A room with a solid fuel boiler or stove	Single exchange + 100 m³/h for a gas stove
Home laundry, dryer, ironing	-	90 m³/hour
Shower, bath, toilet or shared bathroom	-	25 m³/hour
home sauna	-	10 m³/h per person

Premises with permanent residence of people are understood as this case those in which residents stay for more than two hours. It is clear that in the conditions of an apartment it is necessary to include all living rooms here, with the possible exception of those that are not in use and are closed. In this case, for these residential premises, the air exchange rate is taken - 0.2 of the volume per hour.

The general calculation is usually carried out in this sequence.

BUT. They begin by determining the required volume of air intake into ventilated rooms equipped with supply valves.

If you look at the tables carefully, you can see that the regulatory documents offer several ways to calculate - from the total area of \u200b\u200bliving premises, from the volume of rooms (air exchange rate), and sometimes - from the number of people who are constantly in the room. So, it is worth trying to carry out calculations in several ways, and then choose the maximum from the resulting results.

Let's explain with an example:

Residential building with an area of 70 m², three family members live (more than 20 m² per person). In the bedroom with a total area of 16 square meters a permanent stay (more than 2 hours) of two people is assumed. If calculated according to sanitary standards (SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"), then the required air supply is at least 30 m³ / hour for each, that is, 60 m³ / hour.

Thus, from the two values obtained, we select the maximum - 60 m³ / h.

The same house, but already a children's room, with an area of 13 m³, where one person is constantly located. According to sanitary standards - 30 m³ / h, in terms of the volume of a single air exchange from the area of \u200b\u200bthe room - 39 m³ / h. That is, the value is taken exactly 39 m³.
Large living room (20 m²), where all family members gather and spend time together every day. Based on the norm of 30 m³ per person, this is 90 m³ / hour. If we count from the area (volume) of the room - 60 m³ / hour. The larger value is taken.
For a small office with an area of, for example, 11 m², the values will be approximately equal - 30 and 33 m³ / h.
A similar calculation is carried out for each of the rooms where air supply ducts will be provided. Then maximum values summed up - the result will show how much air is required to be launched into a residential building. Suppose, in our example, the total volume of the required air exchange was 192 m³ / h.

To simplify the calculations of the required air intake, you can use the calculator below, which contains the main ratios in accordance with the current SNiP.

It is obvious that for comfortable life the house needs efficient air exchange. Today we will talk about how to establish ventilation in the attic - a very specific area.

In the attic - a room under the roof, warm and saturated with water vapor air from the lower rooms enters. It not only creates discomfort, but also poses a threat to the wooden roof structure and fibrous insulation. When it enters the cold zone (under the roof), the steam turns into condensate and moistens materials that do not tolerate the effects of water. 'cause to remove the wet warm air hood must be provided.

Air exchange can be natural (air moves by gravity due to draft) and forced (due to an electric fan).

There are four main ventilation solutions:

with natural inflow and exhaust;
with forced inflow and natural exhaust;
with natural flow and forced exhaust;
with forced supply and exhaust.

The first option is the cheapest. In this case, a continuous supply of fresh air is provided by window or wall supply devices (valves). Built into the window, they ventilate the room when the sash is closed. Window valves are available for both conventional and skylights. Moreover, the attic can boast of labyrinthine channels that exclude the formation of drafts. But their productivity is small - up to 30-50 m³ / h. There are also models with a vent valve combined with a handle for opening the sash.

But for the wall valve, you will have to make a hole in the outer wall. This device consists of an air duct with a diameter of 80-160 mm, an air intake grille, which is placed outside, and a head with an air flow regulator mounted from the inside. The principle of operation of the valve is different. For example, in hygro-regulated models, a moisture-sensitive sensor located in the room is connected to an external damper. It changes the flow area depending on the level of humidity in the room, thereby controlling the flow of air.

As for the hood, it is organized using ventilation ducts that are laid inside the building even at the construction stage. Inlets are made under the ceiling, where heated air accumulates, and outlets are made on the roof.

It is recommended to make the outlets of the ventilation ducts as close to the ridge as possible. This is necessary to improve traction.

The system with natural supply and exhaust has big disadvantage: it is effective only in the cold season. The fact is that for air circulation, a large difference is needed between the temperature in the street and in the building, which cannot be in the warm months. This shortcoming is deprived of a system with natural inflow and forced exhaust. It involves the use of the same supply valves (wall and window). However, the exhaust is carried out by mechanical fans built into the exhaust ducts. Let's consider them in more detail.

There is finished goods- waterproofed exits of ventilation pipes to the roof with a fan inserted into the head. There are also case exhaust fans with a capacity of 80 to 7000 m 3 / h, mounted on "mini-lofts". This means that they remain between the horizontal ceiling attic space and roof ridge. Moreover, the inlets are closed with grilles with adjustable dampers, which allows you to control the amount of warm air removed and thereby save heat. Such exhaust fans operate at a low noise level and are not audible in the living area. In addition, they have minimum flow electricity, which means that their work will not cost a pretty penny.

Another option is the so-called hybrid ventilation. In this case, a low-pressure mechanical fan is installed on the natural exhaust ducts. In the cold season, it does not work, and its blades are designed so as not to interfere with natural draft. However, in summer it turns on, maintaining a pressure in the channel comparable to natural draft.

Fully forced ventilation is an expensive solution and, according to many experts, is hardly justified in a country house.

At the end of the topic, we note that completely forced ventilation makes sense only when a country house is located near a busy highway or people with allergies live in it. In other cases, you can look for a compromise solution in order to breathe really clean air, and not that which entered the rooms forcibly, passing through a mechanical fan (with lubrication), a filter (clogged with dust) and air ducts that are not impeccably clean.