Some unprepared citizens seriously expect that their fight against insects will end quickly after they puff with some Dichlorvos or walk once shallowly on the baseboards of the apartment. Practice shows that such a superficial approach to the issue in most cases gives the most minimal result, or does not give it at all.
It should be understood that the destruction of insects in the room is, first of all, a complex procedure:
And now the question is - what do you think is the most important thing when dealing with insects in an apartment? High efficiency? No residual odor? Acceptable price? No, no, and again no: the most important thing is safety, and it should never be forgotten about. There are many cases when the fight against ordinary cockroaches ended tragically not only for the unlucky wrestler, but also for pets, neighbors, children ...
Accordingly, in the fight against it is necessary to take into account a number of different nuances, which we will discuss in more detail below.
On a note
In accordance with the method of penetration of the poison into the body of an insect, the following types of insecticides are distinguished:
Physical methods of dealing with household insects include:
On a note
For example, treatment of infected objects with hot water or steam is sometimes effective against bed bugs: bloodsuckers die at a temperature already of the order of + 50 ° C. Freezing an apartment at -25 ° C can also give a good effect - you just need to protect the radiators from freezing. You can also pull the furniture out into the cold and hold it like that for a couple of days.
Freezing is effective against cockroaches - temperatures of -8 ° C and below are detrimental to them.
However, processing high and low temperatures has its inconveniences and does not guarantee a positive outcome in the fight against insects in the apartment. In particular, it is sometimes impossible to freeze out the entire apartment without the risk of damage to the heating pipes, and the removal of individual pieces of furniture to frost may not always ensure the complete destruction of insects in the room. In addition, not all items of clothing and interior can be exposed to high temperatures.
Many folk remedies for insect control are not reliable enough, and sometimes simply dangerous to use: treatment with kerosene, denatured alcohol, dust, boiling water, herbal extracts. It should be borne in mind that watering a baseboard or a sofa with kerosene, gasoline or alcohol can create much more problems for yourself than the same bugs represent - especially if the vapors accidentally ignite.
And, of course, a very effective way to say goodbye to insects in your apartment or country house for a long time, having received a guaranteed result, is to contact a professional insect control service. Today there are experienced exterminators in almost every city, and sometimes there are dozens of such services within many large cities.
Insecticides and traps
Typically, pest control chemicals are manufactured and sold as aerosols, liquid concentrates, gels, powders, soaps, sticks, and spray solutions.
Examples of aerosol products produced in cans: Dichlorvos (today there are different types of them that differ significantly from the old Soviet Dichlorvos), Reid, Neofos, Raptor, Kombat, Prima-71, Armol and others.
Some concentrates of modern insecticides, in particular the so-called microencapsulated products, are very effective and economical in application. Such concentrates are adapted for domestic use, diluted with ordinary water, after which the finished solution is sprayed, for example, from a conventional spray gun.
Examples of concentrated broad-spectrum preparations positioned by manufacturers as microencapsulated: Xulat Micro, Delta Zone, Lambda Zone, Get, Hangman, Cucaracha. The first four of these remedies, moreover, are characterized by an almost complete absence of smell and show good results in the fight against insects in the country (wasps, hornets, garden ants, flies, etc.)
Microencapsulated products are often used by professional pest control services. In cases where an unpleasant odor is not critical, Tetrix, Diazinon, Sinuzan, etc. are also involved.
For insects that feed on the remnants of food from the human table, insecticidal gels are used in the form of poisoned baits - they are effective in combating cockroaches, wood lice, silverfish and domestic ants. For example, gels such as Globol, Exil, Clean House, Dohlox, Anti-cockroach, Absolute, Great Warrior, etc. are used.
As for insecticidal powders, which are also collectively referred to as dusts, they are usually scattered in places of greatest accumulation and possible appearance of insects. Well proven, for example, Koba powder, insect dust Chisty Dom, Neopin. Powders help to destroy not only cockroaches, but also fleas, ants, bed bugs (if there is a contact action in the composition of the insecticide).
Today, insect pencils are also very popular - they rub surfaces inside and outside furniture, draw lines on walls, floors and ceilings, door and window frames. Among the insecticidal pencils in Russia, the most famous, of course, is the chalk from cockroaches and bedbugs Masha.
On a note
Insecticidal soaps are used less often than other forms of drugs when fighting insects in an apartment. For example, soaps can be used when washing clothes infested with body lice. The most famous and Green soap.
More recently, the insecticidal Get bed bug soap based on chlorpyrifos has also appeared on the market.
When fighting cockroaches or bedbugs in the house, permethrin smoke bombs can also give an excellent effect.(for example, Quiet Evening, City) - this method is not widely known, but in terms of its effectiveness it is comparable to the professional treatment of an apartment with the so-called cold fog, and at the same time it will cost almost five times cheaper. The insecticidal smoke generated by the checker evenly fills the entire room, destroying adults and insect larvae even in the most secluded crevices and hard-to-reach places.
In addition, when dealing with domestic insects, one should not forget about various types of traps, a classic example of which is sticky fly paper. However, it should be borne in mind that the action of traps is usually extended in time and cannot provide a quick effect in the fight against insects.
In residential premises, the following types of traps are most often used:
- Sticky (hanging against flies and food moths, as well as folding sticky traps for cockroaches and ants);
- Electric ("houses" against cockroaches, lamp against night butterflies and for combating flying blood-sucking insects, including in the country).
With the right approach, some folk remedies for insects can also provide a good effect. Here, first of all, it is worth highlighting borax, boric acid and dry chamomile powder (otherwise called pyrethrum powder - it contains natural pyrethroids).
The procedure for processing an apartment from insects
In many cases, it is useful to clean the room first before cleaning the apartment. If you plan to spray the drug, then it is advisable to pack clothes, dishes, children's toys and other small things hermetically in plastic bags. Furniture is moved away from the walls, freeing access to skirting boards and sockets. Windows and doors are tightly closed before starting treatment.
During processing, there should be no residents and pets in the apartment. Be sure to use personal protective equipment. The drugs should be used in accordance with the instructions.
Here are just a few common processing errors:
- The drug does not smell, which means I will not use a respirator;
- Why dilute it so much, it’s better to make the solution harder, 10 times more concentrated than it is written in the instructions, then the effect will be better;
- But what will happen to the cat, she is not a cockroach;
- Why process everywhere, because I see insects only in one corner - therefore I will process only there;
- Here I am, they really disappeared for a month, then small larvae appeared again - that’s it, that means the drug didn’t help, it’s a dummy, it doesn’t work.
Etc. In general, who is in what much. There are a lot of mistakes during self-processing, but if you follow the instructions for the corresponding drug, use personal protective equipment and study the process in more detail in advance (for example, on the Internet), you can save yourself from 95% of possible problems.
During the treatment, all surfaces, including the floor, walls, ceiling, door and window frames, furniture and objects in the apartment are sprayed with the drug. Particular care should be taken to treat the places of possible shelter of insects, as well as the ways of their movement and the places of possible egg laying (in the case of bedbugs) - baseboards, corners, edges of the floor covering, various cracks, furniture upholstery folds.
After two hours, and in some cases after two or three days, the apartment is ventilated and a general cleaning is carried out in it with a thorough removal of dead insects. It should be borne in mind that if pets subsequently eat disoriented or already dead insects, they can get serious poisoning.
If poisonous baits are used (including those with boric acid), then they are laid out on the paths of movement of insects and in places of possible shelter. The gel is applied here in the form of dotted lines. From time to time, the baits need to be renewed, and the gel must be reapplied, as it dries out over time and loses its attractiveness to cockroaches and ants.
Fighting insects on your own: what you need to know?
If a decision is made to carry out the fight against insects in the apartment on your own, then you need to take into account some of the nuances in advance.
First, let's reiterate, you need to take care of security. It is mandatory to use protective clothing, gas mask or respirator, gloves. Remove children and animals from the premises. Food can be taken in the treated room no earlier than after 8 hours.
When using sprays to kill moths, it is also useful to treat the ceiling (it is often forgotten about). Poisoned baits for cockroaches and ants should be placed on their paths (especially behind the stove, refrigerator, near the sink and trash can).
Thirdly, it is absolutely necessary to process all the cracks, corners and other shelters where insects can hide. Otherwise, the treatment may not have the desired effect, and after a couple of days the insects will appear again.
It is generally better to refuse the use of such folk remedies as kerosene, gasoline, alcohol and denatured alcohol, since otherwise elementary fire safety measures will have to be violated.
Self-control of insects in an apartment can really be effective with the correct and appropriate use of certain means, but it takes a lot of time and effort, requires some perseverance and certain skills. Sometimes it's better to call in the experts.
Insect control by pest control services
In some cases, self-control of insects in the apartment still does not give the desired effect. So, the call of specialists is often necessary:
- With a high degree of contamination of the premises by insects (that is, when there are a lot of them);
- And also if independent processing, despite all efforts, for some reason does not give the desired result (these reasons are not always obvious);
- If there is not sufficient knowledge, self-confidence, or the process of insect extermination itself is unpleasant;
- If, in addition, neighbors' apartments are heavily infected;
- If you want to save time and energy.
To call a pest control team, just call the SES or a selected private company, place an order and pay for the service. After clarification of the clarifying details, the employees of the company appoint the day and time of their arrival.
The apartment must be prepared in the same way as for self-treatment. After checking the package of documents provided by employees, the premises must be left at the specified time. All the necessary actions will be done by the experts themselves. After accepting the work, you need to check the availability of the warranty card, which may be needed if re-processing is necessary. Then a general cleaning should be carried out in the room.
“I write about my impressions on the method of etching bedbugs with hot fog. Expensive but 5 stars. No re-treatments were required, the insects died the first time, and the next day we were quietly cleaning. It stank only at first, weathered the next day and without any consequences. So I recommend it."
Semyon B., Moscow
After the destruction of insects in the apartment, it is useful to take measures to prevent re-infection. For example, you can close the ventilation holes with a mesh or grate with small cells (this will help protect yourself from neighbor bugs and cockroaches), hang moth preparations in cabinets, periodically lubricate the box of entrance doors with decoctions of tansy or wormwood (helps against the so-called basement fleas).
You can use insecticidal crayons and gels for preventive application on baseboards, places behind furniture, refrigerators, etc. Sticky traps can be placed in the bathroom and toilet to intercept defectors from neighbors in time. When buying products, you must always check them for the presence of moth larvae, and keep the apartment itself clean, regularly cleaning and avoiding clutter.
If you are reading this, chances are you are in trouble. Agree, until we are affected by a problem of this kind, we will never begin to learn information about prevention or ways to get rid of insects from your living quarters or office.
After reading our article, you will be able to get rid of them as soon as possible by adopting the best methods of insect control. So, let's begin.
The method of controlling insects depends directly on the type of pests and their biological characteristics.
Photos of domestic insect species can be found in the review below, although they are already known to everyone. We list the main ones:
Tarkans
The most common “domestic” insect is the cockroach.
From experience - it is most problematic to bring them out. They carry diseases and get along in almost any climate. They can appear even in a clean apartment. How? For example, they are tired of living with your not entirely clean neighbors.
How to deal with insect pests - only complex solutions will help here, consisting of the use of several means at once and extreme cleanliness.
Fleas
An equally unpleasant sight is fleas.
They also carry diseases, often very dangerous not only for pets, but also for humans. Their main disadvantage is that they multiply very quickly. Pets bring them to the home. Getting rid of them is extremely problematic, but, like others, perhaps with some effort.
bedbugs
Very tenacious, nasty, blood-sucking insects. The worst thing about them is that they bite people at night, which can affect, for example, even children. They live in your bedding, behind wallpaper and baseboards.
mosquitoes
Nobody needs to explain who they are and why they are bad. They also carry diseases, feed on our blood. However, dealing with them is not as difficult as with other types of bloodsucking.
Recently, a lot of tools have appeared that specifically fight against mosquitoes - it's worth trying in the complex.
mole
It is very unpleasant when someone eats your material possessions: a fur coat, a sweater, a carpet, furniture, or even your food - cereals, for example. In this regard, a sufficient amount of resources has been allocated for the fight against moths, respectively, there are a huge number of drugs on sale.
house ants
Yes, and it happens. They can be called small cockroaches. Only they are even more tenacious and, so to speak, thick-skinned. They are not inferior in the transfer of diseases and harmfulness to bedbugs and fleas. Most often they tend to appear in corner apartments and private houses, they love country houses and makeshift houses.
flies
So-called kitchen insects. The danger is their larvae, that is, worms. They constantly start in vegetables and fruits, have an unpleasant tendency to appear out of nowhere. What kind of insects can be found at home. There are rare species, while flies are frequent guests of almost any apartment or house outside the city.
What can motivate these pests to settle in your home?
Being in a small confined space of people, pets, various foodstuffs, a variety of all kinds of furniture, fabric and things from it. All this has a very good effect on the population of the insects listed above.
Humidity - as a rule, this problem concerns the residents of the lower floors. This is the best breeding condition for cockroaches and wood lice.
Heated rooms cannot be excluded. Heat-loving mosquitoes and fleas are not averse to breeding and living near your heating devices.
What is the conclusion from this? It is worth observing the normal (average) temperature balance in the room, ventilating heated rooms and heating wet and cold ones.
What is the main difficulty
Why is it so difficult to get rid of through various chemical insecticides. It's very simple - insects of all kinds quickly develop immunity to the means intended to eliminate them.
See also the expiration date on the label, this is no less important. Try to buy recently appeared products, those that the ancestors of certain insects have not yet become accustomed to.
Here you have purchased 5 different in composition, relatively new products on the market. Next, you should decide in which places to spray, glue or apply products and which ones to use against certain insects.
Various kinds of traps made on the basis of pheromones and insect smells.
Physical. Ventilate the room, because, for example, cockroaches cannot stand temperatures below -8, or vice versa, steam treatment of furniture from moths and bedbugs.
If the room is cool enough, the insects will leave your shelter and will not return to you. This also includes light traps - against moths and mosquitoes, shaking out clothes and using a vacuum cleaner, electric traps from cockroaches.
Chemical. Here we boldly include all sprayers and other types produced in factories. Today, such a method as microencapsulated is famous - it is he who is used by professional exterminators.
Folk remedies. We can recommend different methods - from bright lamps for flying insects to boric acid solutions.
What steps you need to follow to get rid of forever - instructions on how to properly deal with insects.
- Room preparation. Good cleaning, clearing corners, maybe you will find a cluster of insects or their nest.
- Cover the dishes, buy masks or other personal protective equipment.
- Use of several chemicals at the same time exactly according to the instructions. It is advisable to do this all in the morning and leave the room for the day.
- When you return, you should ventilate the room.
We wish you success! We are sure that everything will work out! Effective ways to deal with insects most often appear when you yourself fight these creatures in practice.
Photo of insect control methods
Preventive measures provide for the creation of conditions in nature that are unfavorable for the bioecology of the pre-imaginal phases of blood-sucking dipterous insects. This includes the drainage of shallow reservoirs, swamps, backfilling of puddles, ditches, quarries, pits, plowing of empty lands, the construction of dams and other structures that regulate the water regime. Many researchers in the fight against horseflies suggest destroying coastal vegetation, which these insects use for oviposition.
Preventive methods are aimed at creating conditions on the territory of livestock farms that prevent the reproduction of flies, as well as preventing flies from flying into the premises. In preventive measures, maintaining cleanliness and an appropriate microclimate in livestock buildings are of primary importance. To this end, do not allow the accumulation of manure and feed waste in livestock buildings; daily carry out a thorough mechanical cleaning of cages and machines.
Sanitary measures are the main and decisive in the fight against flies in livestock buildings, and extermination measures are auxiliary.
Insecticides used in veterinary sanitation
Physical means
The extermination of insects, mites, feather-eaters, withers is carried out using the following physical means: mechanical cleaning, high temperature (fire, dry heat, hot water, water vapor), low temperature.
mechanical cleaning. With this method, the eggs and larvae of flies, ticks are mechanically removed along with manure, garbage and garbage. Thorough timely cleaning of the skin of animals greatly contributes to the removal of eggs from the gastric gadfly of horses. Collection of ticks attached to the body of an animal is also one of the methods of mechanical disinfestation. To catch flies indoors, traps of various systems and sticky paper are used. To prepare sticky paper, it is necessary to melt two weight parts of rosin and one weight part of castor oil, soak paper 5-10 cm wide and 50-150 cm long with the mixture. Such paper retains sticky properties for 10-14 days.
However, mechanical cleaning cannot lead to the complete destruction of mites and insects.
dry hot air(80°C) for 30 min. has a detrimental effect on insects and their eggs.
boiling water scald the nesting sites of insects and carry out disinfestation of overalls. Water vapor at 100°C is also used for pest control.
On farms, slaughterhouses, meat processing plants and oil and fat plants, the NEMESIS 80 Splash_proof device is used to kill flying insects. Action area: strengthening on the wall 240 m 2 ; on the ceiling, or in a free room - up to 480 m 2.
Biological agents
Some researchers point to the main role of birds in reducing the number of insects. It is estimated that each bird destroys up to 200 adult large insects per day, not counting the larvae, pupae. The most energetic exterminators of horseflies, flies, gadflies and other insects are wagtails, warblers, blackbirds, swallows, cuckoos, etc. The enemies of horseflies, especially lacewings and puffballs, are wasps and dragonflies.
The problem of sterilization of insects arose long ago and has been developed for several decades. For sterilization, both irradiation of insects with gamma rays and the use of chemicals can be used. Good results have been achieved in the USA by irradiating male screwworms. However, experience in blowfly eradication in the United States has stimulated extensive research into chemical sterilization.
Sterilization of harmful insects can be combined with other methods of protection. For example, using sexual attractants, food baits, etc. When using attractants, insects can receive sterilizers with food. Chemical sterilization of insects ensures sterility of insecticide-resistant insects.
In most cases, chemical sterilization is superior to radiation sterilization; there is no need to breed and release irradiated insects into the natural population.
The bacteriological method is based on the cultivation and settlement of viruses, bacteria and fungi pathogenic for insects. In a number of countries, bacterial preparations are widely used to control pests in forests and gardens. In our country, the drug turingin is successfully used to combat fly larvae.
Turingin is a biological insecticide of intestinal action, the active principle of which is a thermostable exotoxin of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (serotype T). A thermostable exotoxin is formed and accumulated in liquid media during deep cultivation of bacteria under aerobic conditions.
The drug is a water-soluble powder of grayish-yellow color with a slight specific odor. Depending on the quantitative content of the active substance, three grades of turingin are distinguished: B (1.5%), C (1%) and D (0.65%). The drug has low toxicity for humans, warm-blooded animals and bees.
Turingin is used to control the larvae of zoophilous flies (room, field, autumn zhygalki) that develop in manure, food waste and other substrates.
To treat the breeding sites of flies, aqueous solutions of turingin are used in the following concentrations: brand B - 1.0-1.5%, brand C - 2%, brand D - 3%. Breeding sites are irrigated using a hydraulic control, DUK, LSD, VDM installations at the rate of 5-6 liters of working solution per 1 m 2 of the substrate. Turingin solution has a larvicidal effect for at least 30 days.
Turingin is used to combat estrosis and wolfartiosis in sheep, as well as to combat downy chickens.
The use of environmentally friendly biological preparations for delarvation of water bodies is an important link in the integrated system of measures to protect animals from blood-sucking insects and will be effective in combination with the treatment of animals with chemical insecticides and repellents.
Bacticide TM is a microbial preparation for the destruction of more than 27 species of blood-sucking mosquito larvae (powder from light to dark brown. It is used in all ecological and geographical zones and water bodies of any type, both in ground and aviation methods of processing. The preparation is obtained on the basis of microbial cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis.)
Bacticide is a drug of intestinal action. Getting into the intestines of the larvae, delta-endotoxin bacteria causes a violation of its functions, toxicosis and subsequent death of insects. The maximum effect is achieved against larvae of II-III age. The terms of death of larvae range from several hours to several days and depend on the dose of the drug, the age and physiological state of the larvae, hydrological and biocenotic characteristics of water bodies. The residual larvicidal effect of the drug, depending on the chemical composition of water, the content of organic impurities in it, the illumination and temperature regime of the reservoir and the type of larvae, varies within 5-10 days.
The main method of application is the application of a suspension of the drug in concentrations from 0.5% to 3% on the surface of the water surface, flooded or wetlands. Consumption rates of the bacticide in the treatment of reservoirs of various types are from 50 to 100 l/ha.
Advantages of a bacticide over chemical insecticides: selectivity of action - only larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes are affected; lack of addiction of insects to the bacticide, as a result of which the dose of the drug during application remains unchanged; safety for humans, warm-blooded animals, birds, bees, inhabitants of water bodies, including fish fry; the drug does not cause environmental pollution, including water bodies, does not accumulate in the biocenosis and in agricultural products.
Chemicals
To combat insects and mites, various chemical compounds are used. Preparations that destroy insects are called insecticides (from the Latin Insecta - insect, coedo - I kill), and ticks - acaricides. They also use means that repel insects (repellents), attract them (attractants), and sterilize (chemosterilants). In these cases, insects lose their ability to reproduce. Of the chemicals, chlorophos, DDVF, karbofos, baytex, amidophos, trolene, trichlormetharphos-3, sevin, dicrezyl, sodium arsenite, polychloropipen, preparations based on the gamma isomer of HCCH, etc. are most widely used.
Insect and mite control chemicals should have minimal toxicity to arthropods. Taking into account the main ways and methods of penetration of drugs into the body of arthropods, there are three groups of pest control agents: contact, intestinal, fumigants and systemic.
Contact agents kill insects and mites in direct contact with their outer covers. Intestinal agents act through the digestive tract, where they enter with food. Fumigants enter the organism of arthropods through the respiratory organs. Systemic poisons enter when arthropods feed on the blood of animals that have been previously injected with this substance. It should be noted that most insectoacaricides have a multilateral action.
Chemical means of combating harmful arthropods in the external environment are used by several methods, among which the most common methods are spraying, pollination, aerosol treatment, gassing and exposure to substances in the vapor state.
During pollination, pesticides are used in a dust-like dry state (dusts are dry, finely ground pesticides mixed with indifferent fillers). Used for disinfection of premises, animal hair.
In the aerosol method, concentrated solutions of preparations are used, which are converted by aerosol generators into a highly dispersed aerosol state.
Substances in a gaseous or vapor state are used to disinfect various objects in special chambers or to treat well-sealed rooms.
Measures to combat flies in animal husbandry
Among the wide variety of insects in nature, synanthropic insects, i.e. living next to humans. Of these, different types of flies are of paramount importance, as well as mosquitoes, midges and other insects that attack animals (humans) indoors and on pastures.
A large number of flies in the premises is a certain indicator of the unsanitary state of the economy and the entire territory adjacent to it.
The development of zoophilic flies is closely related to animals. The most widespread and dangerous are 30 species of flies belonging to 4 families: Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Hippoboscidae. These are 5 types of flies - zhigalok, 4 bloodsuckers, 16 licking and 5 types of flies that cause myiasis.
Adults of these species also feed on feces or manure.
The confinement to certain animal species in zoophilic flies is not strongly expressed. Cows are attacked by more than 30 species, horses - 25, sheep - 17, camels - 12, pigs - 14 species of flies.
Activities are carried out mainly against two main groups: against houseflies of the autumn zhigalki in the premises and on the territory of all livestock, poultry, fur farms and complexes; against pasture flies in pastures, summer camps and feedlots.
Work on the fight against flies is organized according to a comprehensive plan approved by the head of the farm. The plan provides for the implementation of preventive and destructive measures: measures to maintain sanitary order on the farm, cleaning the premises and territory from manure and debris; funds. Methods and timing of disinsection measures against larvae and adults of flies in livestock buildings, on farms and in summer camps; terms and methods of treatment of animals against pasture flies; providing the necessary amount of disinfectants. Technology and equipment.
On farms that are unfavorable for infectious and parasitic animal diseases, disinsection should be carried out simultaneously with disinfection or precede it and pursue the goal of exterminating populations of all types of flies as soon as possible.
Measures against flies are carried out simultaneously at the livestock farm and in the adjacent settlement, where they are carried out by the medical service.
The timing and frequency of disinfection treatments for premises, manure, animals, the intervals between them in each case are determined taking into account the biology of the dominant fly species, the speed of population recovery, the sanitary condition of farms, the natural and weather conditions of the area, the duration of the insecticide.
Features of the biology of flies
Oviparous flies go through 4 phases in their development: eggs, larvae, pupae, adults (adults), and viviparous flies begin development with a larva. Housefly eggs complete development (larvae hatch) in 8-24 hours, larvae in 3-7 days, pupae in 4-7 days, and newly hatched adults become able to lay eggs in 6-8 days.
The minimum duration of the development of one generation at the optimum temperature (25-30˚C) and humidity (60-80%) of liperosia is 8-10 days, of house and field flies is 9-12, of autumn sturgeon 22-30 days. These terms should be guided by when carrying out preventive and extermination measures.
The housefly, autumn stinger and other species living in livestock buildings develop in manure, silage, feed residues and various decaying organic substrates (garbage, sewage), and pasture flies in fresh feces of animals on pasture.
Larvae in manure are located mainly at a depth of 3-5 cm, maximum 25 cm. High (above 90%) and low (20%) humidity of the substrate, its high temperature (above 50 ° C) have a detrimental effect on the larvae. Larvae pupate in the dry part of manure, feces or in the upper layers of soil (3-8 cm) near these substrates.
In livestock buildings, especially favorable conditions for the development of the preimaginal phases of the development of flies are found under slit wooden floors, in slurry channels, where fresh manure is constantly supplied, and also in feed waste.
In the summer period (May-September), flies develop in manure accumulations on walking areas, unequipped manure storage facilities, and also near premises in case of violation of manure removal technology.
Depending on climatic conditions, the flight of flies begins in April–May at air temperatures above 10˚С. Their number reaches a maximum in July-September. In heated rooms, flies can develop in the winter.
Larvae and pupae of houseflies overwinter in manure, humus at a depth of 30 cm, pasture flies in the soil under fecal cakes at a depth of up to 15 cm.
Preventive measures
Preventive measures are aimed at creating conditions on the territory of livestock farms that prevent the reproduction of flies, as well as preventing flies from flying into the premises.
In preventive measures, maintaining cleanliness and an appropriate microclimate in livestock buildings is of primary importance. To this end, do not allow the accumulation of manure and feed waste in livestock buildings; daily carry out a thorough mechanical cleaning of cages and machines; check the integrity of the floor boards, timely repair cracks and potholes; in the construction of livestock, especially pig-breeding, premises, instead of wooden floors, impenetrable, durable, with low thermal conductivity, non-rigid and even floors are made.
In order to prevent flies from flying into livestock buildings, fine-mesh metal nets or gauze are pulled over doors and windows. In the evening in the summer, flies usually accumulate on the walls of livestock buildings on the southwest side. To prevent flies from entering the premises, it is recommended not to open the gates and doors on this side at this time.
The milk receiving rooms and the feed kitchen are kept clean, prepared feed and milk are kept closed. With a hydro-alloy manure removal system, it is necessary to remove the contents of the liquid channels at least 3 times a month.
Carcasses of animals and chickens are taken to the plant or biothermal pit in a timely manner, which prevents the brood of flies.
To protect the silo mounds from the breeding of flies in them, they are covered with straw, plastic wrap or other material.
The place for the manure storage is chosen in an isolated area no closer than 200 m from residential and livestock buildings. In order for the manure storage to self-cleanse from fly larvae, protective grooves are made along its edges with a depth and width of 25-30 cm. A dry insecticide or its solution is placed at the bottom of the grooves. Fly larvae, crawling to pupate from manure into the soil, fall into such grooves and die.
For the destruction of flies inside production facilities, where there is a danger of insects getting into open products, sheets and tapes with a sticky mass of "flies", insecticidal adhesives are used.
Extermination measures
Extermination measures must be carried out both against adult flies (adults) and against larvae by all available means and methods.
The extermination of winged flies is carried out in all premises and on the territory of the farm, complex. Means and methods of disinfestation are used taking into account the specifics of objects and technology.
In artificial insemination stations and laboratories, flies are destroyed with the help of stickies, traps, electrical devices, spraying the drug "insectol" from aerosol cans at the rate of 1 g of balloon filler per 1 m 3 of the room.
The most widely used chemicals (insecticides) in the form of spraying (emulsions or solutions), aerosols or dusting (powders, dusts). Since the species composition, as well as the ecological characteristics of flies, change depending on the content of various groups and species of animals in a given territory, the protection of the latter from flies is carried out taking into account the bioecological characteristics of winged flies: on farms and pig breeding complexes, indoors; on pastures and feedlots; on sheep farms.
For spraying livestock premises, the following insecticides are used: 0.5-1% (by ADV) aqueous solution of chlorophos at the rate of 50-150 ml / m 2 of the cultivated area; 0.5-1% aqueous emulsion of trichlormetaphos-3 at the rate of 100-150 ml/m 2 area; aqueous emulsions: 0.2% DDVF or dibromine; 0.25-0.5% cyodrine; 0.25% neocidol; 0.5% methathione, 0.1% cyperyl; 0.5% karbofos; 0.5 - 1% bytex, baygon, etc.
Foreign scientists propose to use attractants and poisoned baits, COS, FOS and carbamate compounds for spraying, baits, traps, the use of chemo-sterilizing agents, processing tapes, pastes, granules, etc. to fight flies. One of these drugs are Fly-byte and Quick-byte .
Fly-byte (Bayer) small granules of bright yellow color. The active substance is methomyl 1% (carbamate group).
Quick-byte (Bayer) small pink granules. The active substance is 0.5% imidacloprit (a group of neonicotinoids). Food baits for the destruction of flies indoors.
Properties. The high insecticidal action of both baits persists for 2.5–3 months. The presence of a sex pheromone - muscalure provides a high attractiveness of baits for flies. Attractive food components and sugar help the flies stay on the bait for a long time.
Bitrex 0.01% (bitter component) prevents animals and birds from eating the bait.
The drug is safe for humans, pets and birds.
The granules are laid out on substrates (lids, saucers) in places where flies are most concentrated: on window sills, cabinets, etc. at a consumption rate of 1-2 g / m 2 or dissolved in water (100 g of the drug per 50-80 ml of water) and applied with a brush to the walls of doors and windows or surfaces that attract flies.
Measures to combat blood-sucking insects
In addition to flies that attack animals, blood-sucking two-winged insects (gnats) cause great harm in the summer, especially on pastures. These include horseflies (family Tabanidae), mosquitoes (family Culicidae), midges (family Simulidae), biting midges (family Geratopogonidae), mosquitoes (family Phlebotomidae), and stinger flies (family Muscidae). All families of blood-sucking dipterous insects have a dual nature of nutrition. Only females of blood-sucking Diptera insects attack people and animals and suck blood (after fertilization and then after each oviposition). The exception is flies-zhigalki, in which both males and females are blood-sucking.
Features of insect biology
Horseflies. In our country, they are the most common and harmful to animals (the genera Hybomitra, Tabanus). They attack and suck blood mainly during the day in hot weather. Raincoats are active in cloudy weather. The larvae emerging from the eggs fall into the water or soil, repeatedly molt. The next year or after 2–4 years, they turn into pupae, from which adult insects fly out.
Mosquitoes. In our country, representatives of the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Culex are the most common and cause harm to livestock. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in water, on a floating substrate, or on moist soil. The development of mosquito larvae is associated with stagnant water bodies. Mosquitoes can give several generations during one season.
Midges. A mass attack of midges often causes a serious disease of animals - simuliotoxicosis, sometimes fatal. They attack animals in warm calm weather and are most aggressive in the morning and evening hours. The breeding grounds for midges are only flowing water bodies (rivers, streams).
Biting midges. They are especially active in warm calm weather, in the early morning and evening hours. Bites are very painful due to the toxicity of saliva. The environment for the development of larvae is different (layers of silt along the banks of reservoirs, wetlands, in accumulations of rain or waste water).
mosquitoes . They are found in Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Crimea, Moldova and Southern Ukraine. Mosquito breeding sites are mainly wild animal burrows, tree hollows, animal rooms, and garbage accumulations.
Stinger flies. In appearance, they resemble house flies. There are 5 types of fly-zhigalki: autumn zhigalka and 4 types of cow zhigalok. The autumn Stinger attacks all types of animals, as well as people both indoors and in pastures. Cow stingers attack mainly cows and calves in pastures. Stinger flies breed in horse and cow manure, in wet rotting plant residues, in animal feces on pastures, and give several generations during one season.
When organizing the fight against blood-sucking insects, the peculiarities of their biology, species composition, distribution pattern, habitats, conditions and terms of development in each specific zone are taken into account. In animal husbandry, depending on zonal and local conditions against midges, it is necessary to provide for general economic measures, measures to limit and eliminate breeding sites, extermination of larvae and winged insects, as well as special measures aimed directly at group or individual protection against midges of different species of animals.
Measures to combat midges are divided into preventive, destructive and protective.
Preventive and extermination measures
Preventive measures provide for the creation of conditions in nature that are unfavorable for the bioecology of the preimaginal phases of development of blood-sucking Diptera. Livestock farms, summer camps and animal pens are located at a distance of 1–1.5 km from swamps, swampy forests and shrubs, lowlands and other breeding and habitat areas for blood-sucking dipterans. Animals should be grazed during the period of the lowest number and activity of bloodsuckers.
To prevent them from flying into the premises, wire or gauze nets are installed in the doors and windows. To reduce the breeding grounds for mosquitoes and flies, livestock farms, their surrounding territory and pastures are being landscaped.
Repellents are chemical substances that have the ability to scare away blood-sucking dipterous insects and flies from animals (they do not work against adults, gadflies). The main requirements for repellents are as follows: complete protection of animals from arthropods for a long time, maximum efficiency at low drug consumption rates, absence of a persistent pungent odor, low toxicity, ease of use, rapid destruction in the body and the absence of dairy cows in milk .
The supply of veterinary specialists has one repellent - oxamate, which is used to protect animals from midges and flies.
Oksamat is a mixture of aliphatic esters of diethyloxamic acid. Technical oxamate is an oily liquid from light yellow to light brown. Soluble in organic solvents. Oxamate is produced in the form of a 73% emulsifiable concentrate and in aerosol cans.
To protect cattle, horses, reindeer and other animals from blood-sucking dipteran insects (gnats), a 3% aqueous emulsion of oxamate is used by large-volume spraying (1.5-2 liters per cow or horse and 0.5-1 liter per calf or foal). A more convenient and economical method of using oxamate is a low-volume (20% aqueous emulsion of oxamate at the rate of 100 ml per adult animal and 50 ml per young animal) and aerosol treatment - 20 ml per animal. Processing is carried out using disinfection machines VDM, DUK, LSD, nozzles PVAN, TAN, etc.
Treatment of animals with oxamate against mosquitoes, horseflies and midges is carried out (in a paddock, split) once a day, against midges as needed.
To protect animals from flies in pastures, oxamate is used in the same doses and concentrations. In addition to repellent activity, it has a pronounced insecticidal effect on flies. After treatment of animals with oxamate, the number of flies in the pasture is reduced by 80%.
Oksamat 10% concentration in aerosol packages protects cattle from flies, horseflies and mosquitoes for 7.5-8.5 hours; 3% aqueous emulsion of oxamate from the same insects - from 7 to 7.5 hours.
Insecticide-repellent preparations allow to reduce the number of treatments by 3-4 times and thereby reduce the consumption of the drug per animal.
Checker "Whirlwind" - smoke insect-acaricide contains permethrin as an active ingredient. It is an effective way to protect animals against flies, mosquitoes, gadflies, lice, fleas and ticks.
For the treatment of premises from flies and mosquitoes, the consumption is 100 g of checkers per 650 m 3 ; chicken ticks, ixodid - 100 g per 60 m 3. The checker is used both for precise processing of premises, and for processing large areas.
If any infectious disease occurs on the farm, it is necessary not only to destroy the pathogens of the infection, but also their carriers - insects and ticks. Disinsection measures are carried out in livestock buildings, on the territory of complexes and farms, in an adjacent settlement and a barrier zone (territory) within a radius of 2 km with the obligatory coverage of manure storage facilities, cattle burial grounds, recycling plants. When grazing animals, insects are exterminated by treating animals, buildings of the summer camp and the area around it within a radius of 100 m with insecticides. In livestock buildings, flies are destroyed mainly by continuous spraying, as well as using baits and insecticidal cords.
The territory of the farm, the complex (manure, soil, vegetation, fences, etc.) and the area adjacent to them within a radius of 100 m are sprayed with 0.2% emulsions of DDVF, propoxure; 0.5% emulsions of diphos, karbofos, metathion or 1% solution of clorophos at the rate of 30-50 ml / m 2. In the treated area, animals do not graze for 7-20 days, depending on the resistance of the insecticide used.
For disinfestation of complexes and farms with an adjacent territory within a radius of 1 km, a thermomechanical aerosol DDVF is used from a 2% oil (solar) solution using aerosol generators. The application rate of the solution is 2-3 l/ha (40-60 g AI) for open and 3-5 l/ha (60-100 g AI) for overgrown fly habitats.
In farms that are unfavorable for infectious diseases, disinfestation is carried out simultaneously with disinfection. In this case, mixtures of such chemicals are used, the total effect of which would lead to the death of both the pathogen and the carrier.
At present, mixtures of chemicals have been found and modes of simultaneous disinfection and disinfestation of livestock facilities have been developed (Table 17).
Table 17. Mixtures of chemicals used for simultaneous
In an effort to protect their backyard from the invasion of uninvited guests and at the same time to protect the future harvest, summer residents implement various methods of pest control. Some of them are based on the use of all kinds of traps, others involve the use of pesticides, and others are aimed at creating unfavorable conditions for the life of pests and preventing the diseases they carry. Let us consider in more detail the main methods of pest control in the garden and vegetable garden, which should be adopted by all summer residents who take care of their summer cottage.
Basic plant pest control methods
The list of the main methods of pest control of the garden and vegetable garden includes such as:
- - biological;
- - chemical;
- - agrotechnical;
- - physical and mechanical.
Each of the above methods covers a whole range of measures that allow not only to effectively deal with plant pests, but also to protect country plantings from a number of dangerous diseases. Depending on the specifics and scale of the tasks facing the summer resident, these methods can be used both individually and in combination. Usually in practice they are used as needed, alternating certain procedures, or combining them with each other.
Biological methods of pest control
Among the most famous predators that destroy harmful insects in their summer cottage, in the first place, it should be noted such representatives as:
- - toads, frogs;
- - hedgehogs;
- - insectivorous birds;
- - ladybugs, lacewings, certain types of ants.
These methods are based on the use of pesticides - agricultural pesticides used to protect green spaces. In accordance with the characteristics of the object to be processed, the following types of such means are distinguished, namely:
- - fungicides - drugs used to destroy pathogenic fungi and treat fungal diseases in plants;
- - insecticides - drugs intended for the elimination of harmful insects;
- - molluscicides - pesticides used to kill slugs and other types of molluscs;
- - herbicides - drugs, the main action of which is directed against the growth of weeds in the garden.
Modern pesticide manufacturers produce their products in various forms - in particular, such as:
- - emulsion concentrates;
- - soluble and wettable powders;
- - dusts for pollination;
- - preparations intended for application to the soil (granular powders, etc.)
Agrotechnical methods of pest control
This group of methods includes a whole list of agrotechnical procedures that are extremely important in the system of protection of home gardens. Many of these procedures are aimed at preventing and preventing diseases in horticultural and flower crops, as well as reducing the risk of infestation by harmful insects.
So, every experienced summer resident is well aware of the rules for crop rotation and the conditions for their placement on a personal plot. Many people know that, for example, it is impossible to plant and sow cucumbers in the place where other members of the pumpkin family were grown last year - otherwise, the delicate tropical crop may become a victim of their common diseases or pests.
For the same reason, radishes, cabbages and turnips should not be planted nearby, tomatoes should not be planted next to potatoes, gooseberries should not be planted next to currants, and strawberries should not be planted next to raspberries. Consider such subtleties when planning your site and drawing up a landing plan.
For cultivation, use only zoned varieties adapted to the conditions of your area. For sowing and planting, select only healthy, full-weight seeds and planting material. After planting, provide seedlings and seedlings with proper lighting, fresh air access and regular watering - in accordance with all regulations for growing cultivated crops.
One of the preventive agrotechnical methods of pest control is conscientious and timely tillage, aimed at the destruction of pests living in it and promoting the reproduction of beneficial microorganisms.
It is better to dig the soil in the spring and autumn season, and hilling and loosening the earth around the plantings - during the period of laying eggs and pupation of harmful insects. It should be noted that also due to the high hilling of plants, it is possible to create insurmountable obstacles to pests that from time to time get out of the soil to the surface.
Mulching it with peat, covering it with foil, pieces of roofing felts or the remains of other covering material helps to delay the exit of pests from the soil - we previously talked about this in the publication "Calendar of work in the garden and in the garden in March". Pests caught in such a trap will not be able to get to the soil surface and will die or become victims of ground beetles or other insectivorous creatures.
Do not forget about such aspects as liming the soil and fertilizing it. It has been established that the liming of acidic soils and the use of ammonia fertilizers in relation to them contributes to the creation of an unfavorable environment for the development of nematodes, larvae of centipedes, wireworms and other plant pests.
Physical and mechanical method of pest control
Despite the intricate name, this method provides for the implementation of standard and quite familiar activities to every summer resident, such as:
- - use of traps of different types;
- - temperature disinfection of seeds and planting material;
- - manual capture of pests and their further destruction.
To catch pests of garden plantings - butterflies and flies - with the aim of their subsequent destruction, traps (containers) are often used, filled with decoctions of leaves and fruits of plants with the addition of yeast and sugar. It is characteristic that each individual pest is attracted by its own specific aroma - for example, the apple codling moth readily responds to the smell of an alluring apple compote, and the moth - to the aroma of a decoction of currant leaves. When bait drinks ferment, they are placed among the branches of trees or placed among plants. Alas, this method of pest control of the garden is considered, although common, but not very effective, since few insects fall into these traps, and some of them turn out to be useful or harmless.
The use of trapping belts (see photo above) is considered more effective, with the help of which fruit trees are protected. Many types of pests move along the surface of the trunks of garden plantings, rising up into the crown after a successful wintering, and descending in summer and autumn to pupate. Trapping belts in this case serve as an excellent way of protection, since harmful insects either get stuck in them, or stick to a sticky substance distributed over them, or die from contact with a poisonous substance.
Special attention deserves such agrotechnical method of pest control of the garden and orchard as manual assembly of their oviposition, larvae, caterpillars and adults. Severely affected plants are also removed from the site and burned immediately.
Inspection of the garden and garden for nests and shelters of pests is carried out both in autumn and in winter. All the discovered places of their winterings are burned so as not to leave the inhabitants who have taken refuge there a single chance of survival.
Agricultural method The struggle is to improve the conditions for the growth of cultivated plants, at the same time it serves as a factor in the suppression and destruction of pests.
So deep plowing and peeling destroy soil pests - larvae of beetles, nutcrackers, dark beetles, weevils, scoops, etc. Cleaning crops from weeds, cleaning fields fromstubble and other harvest residues by burning these residues. Weeds are places of reservation for pests, and stubble serves as a refuge and sometimes a wintering place for these pests. Crop rotation and sowing time can serve as further agrotechnical measures to suppress the pest: the alternation of crops during crop rotation turns out to be fatal for monophages and oligophages, especially for those that develop for more than one growing season and are not capable of significant movements. Changing the sowing time (early sowing) can also disrupt the nutrition of the pest, the development of which is confined to certain phases of the development of the host plant. Of particular importance in the fight against pests is the selection of immune forms of plants.
mechanical method covers a variety of pest control methods. Barriers to the movement of pests across crops are created; this should also include nonsense for catching insects (for example, meadow moth butterflies), hand, horse or tractor traps (for example, a turtle catcher when fighting a bug - a harmful turtle), sticky trapping rings applied to trees in gardens, plantations, etc.
physical method consists in the use of high and low temperatures, which are fatal to the pest, in the use of superheated steam, or in the drying of the material affected by the pest; used against barn pests. Electric current is also used against pests. Mechanical and physical methods are used to directly destroy the pest. Chemical and biological methods serve the same purpose.
chemical method destroys the pest, causing its poisoning. The method has been widely used, since it is associated with the use of high technology (aircraft, powerful equipment in the form of pollinators and sprayers, fumigation chambers, etc.). Poisons are used in dusty, liquid and gaseous states. According to their effect on the organs of the pest, poisons are divided into intestinal, contact (acting on the integument) and respiratory (acting through the tracheal system). The poisons used - insecticides - are diverse in chemical composition; organic synthetic poisons such as DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and HCCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) are widely used.
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