one of the most widespread types of walls. A task load-bearing walls- withstand the load from floors and roofs, as well as provide the necessary thermal insulation. For the construction of load-bearing walls, materials with sufficient strength are used: natural stone, brick, cinder block, concrete blocks, monolithic concrete etc. However, the greater the strength of the material, the greater its density and, accordingly, the lower its resistance to heat transfer. Therefore, the thickness of the bearing walls made of brick, natural stone or heavy concrete, sufficient for the strength and stability of the wall, is often insufficient to provide thermal insulation according to the latest thermal standards. If before the thickness brickwork an outer wall of 51 cm was considered sufficient for some climatic regions, but now 77 cm of the thickness of the brickwork of the outer wall for the same regions is not always enough. Therefore, external load-bearing walls are increasingly being made not from one material, but at least from two. In this case, the first material provides the necessary strength and stability, and the second - thermal insulation. AT low-rise construction external load-bearing walls can be made of less durable materials, such as cinder block, lightweight, porous and cellular concrete.
Self-supporting walls
are made in frame buildings, often self-supporting walls are called enclosing structures. In frame buildings, the frame is calculated for the load from floors, overlying walls and roofs, so self-supporting walls are only loaded from the own weight of the material from which self-supporting walls are made. This allows you to use for the construction self-supporting walls virtually any material capable of withstanding wind load and the impact of precipitation. Self-supporting walls can be made of brick and stone and heavy concrete, but for the reasons given above, materials with the necessary resistance to heat transfer are usually used for the construction of self-supporting walls. In addition, wall materials must have good frost resistance and low water absorption. How more water is absorbed by the wall material, the worse the thermal insulation will be in the end and the faster the destruction of the material can occur when freezing in winter time absorbed water. But as a rule, less dense materials due to their structure have a sufficiently high water absorption and therefore often need additional protection.
Well, now let's take a closer look at the most commonly used
Wall materials:
Building materials used to build walls can be classified according to various features: by origin, by production method, by strength, by weight, by thermal conductivity, by size, by ease and speed of installation, by availability, by aesthetics, by environmental friendliness, by price, etc. Each of the above signs is certainly important, so choose the most suitable option when building your own house is not so simple. One of the most revealing to me seems to be the classification of wall materials by size and weight, since most construction sites of private houses are united by a low level of mechanization, which implies that most loads are lifted manually. Further, the materials for the walls are considered from this position, while at the same time they are given brief characteristics materials on other specified grounds.
By size, wall materials are divided into:
Small wall materials.
Small pieces are materials that can be laid relatively easily by hand. As a rule, the weight of one element does not exceed 20-30 kg. Accordingly, wall elements made of denser materials have smaller sizes than less dense materials. To small pieces wall materials relate:
A natural stone
obtained from rocks.
Mud and earth walls are also built using formwork, but such walls are recent times- a rarity.
As you can see, despite the fact that people have long since descended from the trees, left the caves and got out of the dugouts, the material for the walls is still wood, stones, and sometimes clay. So don’t believe after that in genetic memory ...
Structures of external walls of civil and industrial buildings
The structures of the outer walls of civil and industrial buildings are classified according to the following criteria:
1) by static function:
a) carriers;
b) self-supporting;
c) non-bearing (mounted).
On fig. 3.19 shown general form these types of external walls.
Load-bearing exterior walls they perceive and transfer to the foundations their own weight and loads from adjacent structures of the building: ceilings, partitions, roofs, etc. (simultaneously perform load-bearing and enclosing functions).
Self-supporting external walls perceive the vertical load only from their own weight (including the load from balconies, bay windows, parapets and other wall elements) and transfer them to the foundations through intermediate load-bearing structures - foundation beams, grillage or plinth panels (simultaneously perform load-bearing and enclosing functions).
Non-bearing (hinged) external walls floor by floor (or through several floors) are based on adjacent load-bearing structures of the building - ceilings, frame or walls. Thus, curtain walls perform only a protective function.
Rice. 3.19. Types of external walls according to static function:
a - bearing; b - self-supporting; c - non-bearing (mounted): 1 - floor of the building; 2 - frame column; 3 - foundation
Bearing and non-bearing external walls are used in buildings of any number of storeys. Self-supporting walls rest on their own foundation, so their height is limited due to the possibility of mutual deformations of the outer walls and the internal structures of the building. The higher the building, the greater the difference in vertical deformations, therefore, for example, in panel houses the use of self-supporting walls is allowed with a building height of not more than 5 floors.
The stability of self-supporting external walls is ensured by flexible connections with the internal structures of the building.
2) By material:
a) stone walls are built from brick (clay or silicate) or stones (concrete or natural) and are used in buildings of any number of storeys. Stone blocks are made of natural stone (limestone, tuff, etc.) or artificial (concrete, lightweight concrete).
b) concrete walls they are made of heavy concrete of class B15 and higher with a density of 1600 ÷ 2000 kg / m 3 (bearing parts of the walls) or lightweight concrete classes B5 ÷ B15 with a density of 1200 ÷ 1600 kg / m 3 (for heat-insulating parts of walls).
For the manufacture of lightweight concrete, artificial porous aggregates (expanded clay, perlite, shungizite, agloporite, etc.) or natural lightweight aggregates (crushed stone from pumice, slag, tuff) are used.
When erecting non-bearing external walls, cellular concrete (foam concrete, aerated concrete, etc.) of classes B2 ÷ B5 with a density of 600 ÷ 1600 kg / m 3 is also used. Concrete walls are used in buildings of any number of storeys.
in) wooden walls used in low rise buildings. For their construction, pine logs with a diameter of 180 ÷ 240 mm or beams with a section of 150x150 mm or 180x180 mm, as well as plank or plywood panels and panels with a thickness of 150 ÷ 200 mm are used.
G) non-concrete walls are mainly used in the construction of industrial buildings or low-rise civil buildings. Structurally, they consist of outer and inner cladding made of sheet material(steel, aluminum alloys, plastic, asbestos cement, etc.) and insulation (sandwich panels). Walls of this type are designed as load-bearing only for one-story buildings, and with a larger number of storeys - only as non-bearing.
3) by constructive solution:
a) single layer;
b) two-layer;
c) three layers.
The number of layers of the outer walls of the building is determined by the results of the heat engineering calculation. To comply with modern standards for resistance to heat transfer in most regions of Russia, it is necessary to design three-layer structures of external walls with effective insulation.
4) according to the construction technology:
a) by traditional technology hand-made stone walls are erected. In this case, bricks or stones are laid in rows along the layer cement-sand mortar. The strength of the stone walls is ensured by the strength of the stone and the mortar, as well as by the mutual ligation of the vertical joints. For an extra boost bearing capacity masonry (for example, for narrow piers), horizontal reinforcement with welded meshes is applied after 2 ÷ 5 rows.
The required thickness of stone walls is determined by heat engineering calculation and linked to standard sizes bricks or stones. Apply brick walls with a thickness of 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3 bricks (250, 380, 510, 640 and 770 mm, respectively). walls made of concrete or natural stones when laying 1 and 1.5 stones, they have a thickness of 390 and 490 mm, respectively.
On fig. 3.20 shows several types of solid masonry made of bricks and stone blocks. On fig. 3.21 shows the design of a three-layer brick wall 510 mm thick (for the climatic region of the Nizhny Novgorod region).
Rice. 3.20. Solid Types masonry: a - six-row brickwork; b - two-row brickwork; c - laying of ceramic stones; d and e - masonry made of concrete or natural stones; e - masonry of cellular concrete stones with outer cladding brick
Floors and load-bearing structures of the roof rest on the inner layer of a three-layer stone wall. The outer and inner layers of brickwork are interconnected reinforcing meshes with a vertical step of not more than 600 mm. The thickness of the inner layer is assumed to be 250 mm for buildings with a height of 1 ÷ 4 floors, 380 mm for buildings with a height of 5 ÷ 14 floors and 510 mm for buildings with a height of more than 14 floors.
Rice. 3.21. Three-layer structure stone wall:
1 - inner carrier layer;
2 - a layer of thermal insulation;
3 - air gap;
4 - outer self-supporting (facing) layer
b) prefabricated technology used in the construction of large-panel and volume-block buildings. In this case, the installation of individual elements of the building is carried out by cranes.
Exterior walls large panel buildings made of concrete or brick panels. Panel thickness - 300, 350, 400 mm. On fig. 3.22 shows the main types of concrete panels used in civil engineering.
Rice. 3.22. Concrete panels of external walls: a - single-layer; b - two-layer; c - three-layer:
1 - structural and heat-insulating layer;
2 - protective and finishing layer;
3 - carrier layer;
4 - heat-insulating layer
Volumetric-block buildings are buildings of increased prefabrication, which are assembled from separate prefabricated block-rooms. The outer walls of such volumetric blocks can be one-, two- and three-layer.
in) monolithic and precast-monolithic construction technologies allow you to build one-, two- and three-layer monolithic concrete walls.
Rice. 3.23. Prefabricated-monolithic external walls (in plan):
a - two-layer with an outer layer of thermal insulation;
b - the same, with an inner layer of thermal insulation;
c - three-layer with an outer layer of thermal insulation
When using this technology, a formwork (mold) is first installed, into which concrete mix. Single-layer walls are made of lightweight concrete with a thickness of 300 ÷ 500 mm.
Multi-layer walls are made of precast-monolithic using the outer or inner layer of stone blocks made of cellular concrete. (See Figure 3.23).
5) by location window openings:
On fig. 3.24 shown various options location of window openings in the outer walls of buildings. Options a, b, in, G used in the design of residential and public buildings, option d– when designing industrial and public buildings, option e- for public buildings.
From these options, it can be seen that functional purpose building (residential, public or industrial) determines the design of its outer walls and appearance generally.
One of the main requirements for external walls is the necessary fire resistance. According to the requirements of fire safety standards, load-bearing external walls must be made of fireproof materials with a fire resistance limit of at least 2 hours (stone, concrete). The use of slow-burning load-bearing walls (for example, wooden plastered) with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.5 hours is allowed only in one-, two-story houses.
Rice. 3.24. Location of window openings in the outer walls of buildings:
a - a wall without openings;
b - a wall with a small number of openings;
in - panel wall with openings;
d - load-bearing wall with reinforced piers;
d - wall with hinged panels;
e - fully glazed wall (stained glass)
High requirements for the fire resistance of load-bearing walls are caused by their main role in the safety of the building, since the destruction of load-bearing walls during a fire causes the collapse of all structures based on them and the building as a whole.
Non-bearing external walls are designed to be fireproof or slow-burning with lower fire resistance limits (from 0.25 to 0.5 hours), since the destruction of these structures during a fire can only cause local damage to the building.
Bearing wall (Fig. 1)- the main carrier-enclosing vertical design building, which rests on and transfers to the foundation the load from the ceilings and the own weight of the wall, separating adjoining premises in the building and protecting them from the impact external environment.
Self-supporting wall (Fig. 2)- external enclosing vertical structure that protects interior spaces buildings from the influence of the external environment, based on and transferring the load from its own weight to the foundation.
 |
| Fig.2. Self-supporting wall (outer wall rests on the foundation, and the ceiling adjoins the wall) |
Curtain wall (Fig. 3)- an external wall resting on a ceiling within one floor with a floor height of not more than 6 m. (with a higher floor height, these walls are self-supporting) and protecting the building from the outside from the effects of the external environment.
Partition- an internal vertical enclosing non-bearing wall, based on the floor, and separating adjacent rooms in the building.
In buildings with self-supporting and non-load-bearing external walls, loads from coatings, ceilings, etc. are transferred to the frame or transverse structures of buildings.
In the house, the walls that stand on the foundation and on which the ceilings rest will be carriers.
And the walls standing on the foundation without resting the ceiling on them will be self-supporting.
 |
| Fig.3. Non-bearing wall (outer wall rests on the floor slab) |
Walls of Miscellaneous constructive purpose carry different loads. To provide the necessary bearing capacity for different walls choose a certain wall thickness and the strength of the materials used.
For example, internal and external load-bearing walls of buildings made of aerated concrete blocks up to 3 floors inclusive are recommended to be made from blocks of classes in compressive strength not lower than B2.5, with glue or mortar of grade not lower than M75; at a height of up to 2 floors inclusive - not lower than B2 on glue or on a solution of grade not lower than M50.
For self-supporting walls of buildings up to 3 floors high, the block class must be at least B2.
Those who decide to do construction or redevelopment in an already erected building should know what a load-bearing wall is and what threatens its destruction. The purpose of the load-bearing wall is the ability to take on loads from other parts of the building, ceilings and roofs. In order not to face the danger of destruction of the building, before starting work, you need to determine which walls are load-bearing and carry out all the planned activities without touching these structures.
What's the Difference
Walls are the main structural part of a building, but not all of them are able to withstand the load coming from floors and roofs. For this purpose, each building is equipped with load-bearing walls. To divide the space in the built house, partitions help, which can only withstand the load from their own weight. Such walls are called self-supporting. The purpose of each non-bearing wall is to act as a space delimiter, if necessary, simply allocate a separate room.
Simply put, load-bearing walls are structures on which something rests. In every building, load-bearing and non-bearing walls play an important role, but if the load-bearing is a reliable support, a high-quality building frame, then it is not load-bearing partition, which, if desired, can be demolished during redevelopment without causing damage to the building. All walls are divided into load-bearing, self-supporting and non-bearing. Already by the name it becomes clear which of them are being built in order to take on the main load.
Such a partition can be built from:
- brick,
- aerated concrete.
As self-supporting walls in panel houses I install monolithic slabs. Such non-load-bearing walls can be used to create an additional passage by cutting openings into them and installing doors.
To correctly recognize which walls are load-bearing means to successfully redevelop without violating building codes and rules without risking creating a situation whose end result is the destruction of the building. , means to change the distribution of the load, and this will lead to a skew of the building, collapse of the ceiling and cracking of the remaining capital structures.
They provide security not only for the apartment in which repairs are underway or redevelopment is planned. The safety of dwellings located on the lower floors depends on their quality and integrity. The main difference between load-bearing structures and self-supporting structures is. Knowing the differences is not enough, you need to be able to correctly determine which wall is load-bearing.
It is necessary to know exactly which walls can be demolished during the redevelopment, and which should remain intact, at what thickness it is permissible to make an opening in the wall, and when it is too dangerous to perform such work.
There are certain requirements that I impose on load-bearing walls:
- Strength and stability.
- Compliance with all fire safety standards.
- High level of heat, hydro, sound insulation.
Another feature of the load-bearing wall, thanks to which they differ similar designs- uniform distribution of the horizontal load exerted by floor slabs. An important criterion for strength, reliability and stability is the thickness of the bearing wall. This value is set for brick, solid and panel interior walls.
Strict compliance established norms facilitates the determination of a load-bearing wall in any building or room.
Definition
Having learned what a load-bearing wall is, you can understand how important the construction of this structure is in strict accordance with all existing norms and rules. Such walls are a natural continuation of the building itself, the beginning of which is the foundation. To avoid great difficulties and troubles in the process of redevelopment, you need to know how to determine the load-bearing wall in the apartment. In most cases, it is enough to carefully study technical documentation and determine the location of the load-bearing walls on the building plan. However, it happens that there is no plan and you have to independently establish the quality and purpose of the erected structures.
The peculiarity of the construction of panel buildings is that in monolithic house as supporting structure reinforced concrete panels are used. Their thickness is from 100 to 200 mm. The role of interior partitions are structures made of gypsum concrete panels, and their thickness does not exceed 80-100 mm. Thus, by measuring the thickness of the wall, it is possible to recognize the load-bearing wall, which is strictly forbidden to be demolished in such a building. non-compliance established rules lead to inevitable deflection and collapse of the floor.
One of the most important indicators is the thickness of the bearing walls in brick houses. To distinguish a load-bearing wall, you need to know its thickness, but it is better to have a building plan on which all load-bearing structures are marked. Self-supporting walls in an apartment, as a rule, are much thinner than capital structures. The thickness of the walls that take the load from their own weight varies from 5 cm to 400 mm. Such a partition can be built of drywall, but more often it is a wall built of brick (half-brick masonry).
An experienced craftsman will tell you how to find out if it is a load-bearing wall or not. brick house, but the size of the structure will also help to understand this. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the thickness of the brick wall is a multiple of this brick parameter, plus the thickness of the adhesive layer and finishing material. Thus, it is possible to find out which wall is in front of the builders. The thickness of the partition does not exceed 380 mm, and for a load-bearing wall, this size is minimal. The greatest thickness of the bearing wall in a brick house reaches 640 mm. The peculiarity of this structure is that it is possible to make an opening in such walls. This is justified by the ability to provide additional reinforcement to maintain a uniform distribution of the horizontal load.
To distinguish which walls can be demolished and which are strictly prohibited, their parameters will help:
- from 80 to 380 mm - interior partition, which can be demolished if necessary;
- from 380 to 510 mm - an internal load-bearing wall to be demolished, subject to high-quality strengthening;
- from 510 to 640 mm - external load-bearing wall.
Brick houses or were built according to a constructive plan, hallmark which is the presence of 3 longitudinal load-bearing walls (on the plan green color) and transverse walls, called stiffening diaphragms (highlighted in blue).
The owners of apartments whose windows overlooked the front side of the house had the opportunity to build an extension or even make an additional window. You can get more detailed answers to all existing questions by watching the video.
When starting to carry out work on the redevelopment of housing, you need to carefully study the plan of the apartment, which indicates the dimensions and purpose of the walls, if there is no opportunity to familiarize yourself with the documentation, then you should not make responsible decisions without measuring the thickness of the walls.
I wrote this article in April. And I put it aside in the hope that I would pick up illustrations, and perhaps break them into small blocks - more suitable for the format of this LJ.
But it's already January next year- and when I'll do it - I don't know.
Therefore, I post it in its entirety, without illustrations, and if someone masters it to the end - tell me about it - I will write you down as a hero :)
Walls:
The walls of buildings are load-bearing, self-supporting and carried.
What is the difference, how it works and how it manifests itself externally and in architectural aesthetics.
A load-bearing wall is a wall that holds the roof structure (or balconies, or any other load) - this wall, which is a structural element. Part of a working structure. Like a post or beam in a post-and-beam system.
A self-supporting wall is a wall that does not carry anything additional - but has its own weight. That is, it carries its own weight, at least. The higher it gets - the greater the weight, the more it is similar in properties to the carrier.
A wall that is carried is a wall that rests not on what is below, but on what is on the side or above. That is, if it is quite simple, then either a thing suspended on something, or nailed to a certain structure as a lining. Such a wall mainly has a protecting function - almost unrelated to the structure.
And now imagine a self-supporting wall of brick or stone.
Ideally, stones and bricks lie flat in it, the load presses from top to bottom. The lower - the greater the load - it is normal if the wall begins to expand and strengthen towards the bottom. Perhaps the wall will have a slope - like the walls of fortresses - from above - narrower.
If the wall is loaded and it is a load-bearing (or very large self-supporting) - this whole ideal picture will not work. Because a lot of additional loads will appear in the wall - although by design they should act strictly vertically - in fact - due to non-ideal density, due to loads that have some lateral shifts, etc. - there will be a lot of stresses inside the wall. Of the obvious and understandable - to the edge of the wall, to the corner of the building, all sorts of lateral moments will accumulate and the corner will have the greatest load. Therefore, the corners seem to even simple buildings strengthen and thicken. It is often necessary to remove excess load from window and doorways- to make the jumper easier. Sometimes during the construction process, some tension accumulates that needs to be removed.
Load-distributing arches, etc., appear in the wall. things.
This is the picture for all load-bearing and self-supporting walls. The corners are reinforced, the masonry is difficult so that there are dressings, the load accumulates towards the bottom and the wall thickens.
This is suitable for traditional materials- stone and brick. All modern blocks have the same picture (in fact, these are the same stones - just artificial ones). The same picture is near reinforced concrete (monolithic) walls. Only there, internal stresses immediately go to the reinforcement and the strength is much higher than that of natural stone. But the principle is the same.
A tree is a little different - because you can’t put a distributing arch in it. But they don’t build from wood and very high or heavily loaded walls. But more effort goes to the corner, structures that facilitate jumpers arise - that is general principles are saved.
There is an architectural - aesthetic - expression for load-bearing and self-supporting walls. Just as an order is an ideal expression of a post-and-beam structure in stone and wood, so for a wall there is an architectural element - rust. Rust is an image of large masonry blocks in the wall. Sometimes laid out of stone, sometimes purely decorative - from plaster. When rusting, the architect tells us that the wall is load-bearing. Or at least self-supporting. The more powerful the rust, the more likely it is that it is a load-bearing wall. Making a pronounced rust against a wall that is clearly self-supporting is rather strange. Can. But less justified. And the rust (even exaggeratedly decorative) on the carried panels is simply not an understanding of its essence and design in general.
Remember, we talked about whether the order on the Colosseum is decorative or not. (link)
So - in the Renaissance, there is almost the same connection of two structural systems on the facade. On the one hand, the wall is rusticated, that is, it tells the viewer that it is load-bearing. On the other hand, pilasters rise up, which, as it were, show that there is a kind of rack-and-beam frame inside.
And researchers talk about the contradiction of these systems. Or - about the fact that the order on such facades is purely decorative.
Firstly - for some reason, no one says that it can be a real carnass - and the filling with the wall between is self-supporting (well, they don’t say - because it’s really not so - at least in the Renaissance, although I think if you dig - in the 19th century such mixed structures already existed - when the frame was connected to the wall)
Secondly, as with the Colosseum, these systems complement and intertwine each other.
How it happens in a real design: in the most primitive form - A leveling beam is placed on the load-bearing wall, which distributes all further loads evenly. On it - with a certain step, transverse beams are placed on which the ceiling rests. If there were no beams, the beams would press pointwise and internal loads in the wall would have been more varied.
But nevertheless - the beams do not press evenly on every cm of the wall.
The second - what we said - there is a big load on the corners.
And the third - if the building has transverse walls - and there are more than 2-3 windows on the facade - then at the points of their connection with the main wall - there is also a large horizontal load (and, by the way, a smaller vertical one - if the transverse wall is also load-bearing, but it is usually self-supporting)
So the appearance on the facade of some vertical elements- semi-columns, pilasters - it seems that from the rack-and-beam system may well be justified. Of course - if they express interior layout buildings and repeat internal walls This is doubly justified. But often you have to cheat somewhere and add extra ones - for an even step or the beauty of the facade.
Still call it pure decorative elements- it is forbidden. They are tectonic.
Working in monolithic reinforced concrete we can extinguish all these loads with fittings. And make a perfectly smooth, even wall. Nevertheless - this flat wall will be just a decoration - not reflecting the inner work.
Perhaps, in order for a reinforced concrete wall to be a truly pronounced structure, its reinforcement should, as it were, “shine through” - like veins on a person’s arms or read like a skeleton. Seeing a living being, we will not be able to draw its skeleton. But present the main load-bearing structure inside - we can do it. Nevertheless - the principle of operation of a reinforced concrete wall is not much different from stone (yes, stronger, yes - you can do more complex things, large ledges and lintels - but the principles are the same - the load acts from top to bottom)
So - at the beginning of the 20th century, structures appeared that made it possible to simply hang a wall on them. And make any wall. Glass. Lightweight foam, etc. Bearable walls appear.
It must be said that in architecture a load-bearing, self-supporting or carried structure is a very important criterion. They often differ sharply, are painted radically different colors- like black and white fachwerk or white - color classicism.
Therefore, if the wall is carried, it is very important to show and emphasize (well, because we remember that tectonics is the main principle of architecture - and exceptions only confirm the rules)
That is, there are two options - to identify, aestheticize the modern hinged structure. Or deliberately abandon the principle of tectonics - and create something completely different. What do deconstructivists do? But it must be done a) skillfully b) explicitly. Like a bright focus, theatrical performance. Or pure decorativeness - with bright color. Ideally, an elegant joke. So far, in the mass architecture, I do not see this application and the way. This is a separate discussion, of course ...
So - if the wall is borne - then it would be good to identify and emphasize it. How can I do that?
1. reveal and show load-bearing frame making the wall almost invisible. For example glass. So at Foster - in a cucumber. Frame - revealed. Glass is unbearable. By the way, and Koolhaas (despite the fact that he is a deconstructivist and in general in a Chinese skyscraper does not come from the design). Any building "just glass" - this criterion does not meet, because the frame is not detected.
2. to develop a decorative expression of the fact that the wall is not supported by what is below, but by what is on the side (or suspended). It could be rivets. (or any other fasteners according to the principle - nails, screws, etc.) These may be some kind of latches around the perimeter - according to the principle of glass in frames. Such options were made by Otto Wagner for cladding (by the way, this can all apply to just decorative cladding walls) - this is not rust - these are panels "nailed" to the wall or frame. AT modern architecture this variant has not been developed at all.
3. Look for the aesthetics of old load-bearing walls for load-bearing walls. For example, in skins that were stretched over the frame of yurts, etc. dwellings ... To go by demonstrating that the wall is flexible and cannot hold without an internal supporting frame - it means that it is there. Perhaps the time has not yet come for this - and not yet modern technology flexible fabric for walls. Especially as it provides windows. Although I think it's quite possible. But this is a question for technologists ... this is partly expressed by Zaha Hadid - in her flexible walls.
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