THERMAL PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS

THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDINGS

Introduction date 2003-10-01

FOREWORD

1 DEVELOPED by the Research Institute of Building Physics of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences, TsNIIEPzhilishcha, the Association of Engineers for Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Heat Supply and Building Thermal Physics, Moscow State Expertise and a group of specialists

INTRODUCED by the Department of technical regulation, standardization and certification in construction and housing and communal services of the Gosstroy of Russia

2 ADOPTED AND PUT INTO EFFECT on October 1, 2003 by the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated June 26, 2003 N 113

3 INSTEAD OF SNiP II-3-79*

INTRODUCTION

These building codes and regulations establish requirements for thermal protection of buildings in order to save energy while ensuring sanitary and hygienic and optimal parameters of the microclimate of premises and the durability of building envelopes and structures.

The requirements for increasing the thermal protection of buildings and structures, the main consumers of energy, are an important object of state regulation in most countries of the world. These requirements are also considered from the point of view of environmental protection, the rational use of non-renewable natural resources and the reduction of the greenhouse effect and the reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances into the atmosphere.

These standards cover part of the general task of energy saving in buildings. Simultaneously with the creation of effective thermal protection, in accordance with other regulatory documents, measures are being taken to improve the efficiency of engineering equipment of buildings, reduce energy losses during its generation and transportation, as well as to reduce the consumption of heat and electricity through automatic control and regulation of equipment and engineering systems in in general.

The norms for thermal protection of buildings are harmonized with similar foreign norms of developed countries. These norms, like those for engineering equipment, contain minimum requirements, and the construction of many buildings can be carried out on an economic basis with significantly higher thermal protection indicators provided for by the energy efficiency classification of buildings.

These norms provide for the introduction of new indicators of the energy efficiency of buildings - the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating during the heating period, taking into account air exchange, heat gains and orientation of buildings, establish their classification and evaluation rules for energy efficiency indicators both during design and construction, and later during operation . The standards provide the same level of demand for thermal energy, which is achieved by observing the second stage of increasing thermal protection according to SNiP II-3 with changes No. 3 and 4, but provide more opportunities in choosing technical solutions and ways to comply with standardized parameters.

The requirements of these rules and regulations have been tested in most regions of the Russian Federation in the form of territorial building codes (TSN) for the energy efficiency of residential and public buildings.

Recommended methods for calculating the thermal properties of building envelopes to comply with the standards adopted in this document, reference materials and design recommendations are set out in the set of rules "Designing thermal protection of buildings".

The following persons took part in the development of this document: Yu.A. Matrosov and I.N. Butovsky (NIISF RAASN); Yu.A.Tabunshchikov (NP "ABOK"); B.S. Belyaev (OJSC TsNIIEPzhilishcha); V.I. Livchak (Moscow State Expertise); V.A.Glukharev (Gosstroy of Russia); L.S.Vasilyeva (FSUE CNS).

1 AREA OF USE

These rules and regulations apply to the thermal protection of residential, public, industrial, agricultural and storage buildings and structures (hereinafter referred to as buildings) in which it is necessary to maintain a certain temperature and humidity of the internal air.

The norms do not apply to thermal protection:

residential and public buildings heated periodically (less than 5 days a week) or seasonally (continuously less than three months a year);

temporary buildings in operation for no more than two heating seasons;

greenhouses, greenhouses and refrigerator buildings.

The level of thermal protection of these buildings is established by the relevant standards, and in their absence - by decision of the owner (customer), subject to sanitary and hygienic standards.

These norms in the construction and reconstruction of existing buildings of architectural and historical significance are applied in each specific case, taking into account their historical value, based on decisions of the authorities and coordination with state control bodies in the field of protection of historical and cultural monuments.

2 REGULATORY REFERENCES

These rules and regulations use references to regulatory documents, a list of which is given in Appendix A.

3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

This document uses the terms and definitions given in Appendix B.

4 GENERAL PROVISIONS, CLASSIFICATION

4.1 The construction of buildings should be carried out in accordance with the requirements for the thermal protection of buildings to ensure the microclimate in the building established for people to live and work, the necessary reliability and durability of structures, the climatic conditions for the operation of technical equipment with a minimum consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of buildings during the heating period (hereinafter - for heating).

The durability of enclosing structures should be ensured by the use of materials with adequate resistance (frost resistance, moisture resistance, bioresistance, resistance to corrosion, high temperature, cyclic temperature fluctuations and other destructive environmental influences), providing, if necessary, special protection of structural elements made of insufficiently resistant materials .

4.2 The regulations establish requirements for:

reduced resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures of buildings;

limiting temperature and preventing moisture condensation on the inner surface of the building envelope, with the exception of windows with vertical glazing;

specific indicator of thermal energy consumption for heating the building;

heat resistance of enclosing structures in the warm season and building premises in the cold season;

air permeability of enclosing structures and premises of buildings;

protection against waterlogging of enclosing structures;

heat absorption of the floor surface;

classification, definition and improvement of the energy efficiency of designed and existing buildings;

control of normalized indicators, including the energy passport of the building.

4.3 The humidity regime of the premises of buildings during the cold season, depending on the relative humidity and temperature of the indoor air, should be set according to Table 1.
Table 1 - Humidity regime of building premises

4.4 The operating conditions of enclosing structures A or B, depending on the humidity regime of the premises and the humidity zones of the construction area, for the selection of thermal performance of materials for external fences, should be established according to Table 2. The humidity zones of the territory of Russia should be taken according to Appendix C.

Table 2 - Operating conditions of enclosing structures

4.5 The energy efficiency of residential and public buildings should be established in accordance with the classification according to table 3. Assignment of classes D, E at the design stage is not allowed. Classes A, B are established for newly erected and reconstructed buildings at the stage of project development and subsequently they are specified according to the results of operation. To achieve classes A, B, the administrations of the subjects of the Russian Federation are recommended to apply measures for economic incentives for participants in design and construction. Class C is established during the operation of newly erected and reconstructed buildings in accordance with Section 11. Classes D, E are established during the operation of buildings erected before 2000 in order to develop the priority and measures for the reconstruction of these buildings by the administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Classes for buildings in operation should be established according to the measurement of energy consumption for the heating period in accordance with

Table 3 - Building energy efficiency classes

Class designation	Name of energy efficiency class	The deviation value of the calculated (actual) value of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building from the standard,%	Recommended measures by the administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
For new and renovated buildings
BUT	Very tall	Less than minus 51	Economic stimulus
AT	High	From minus 10 to minus 50	Same
FROM	Normal	From plus 5 to minus 9	-
For existing buildings
D	Short	From plus 6 to plus 75	Refurbishment of building required
E	Very low	Over 76	The building needs to be insulated in the near future

5 THERMAL PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS

5.1 The norms establish three indicators of the thermal protection of the building:

a) the reduced resistance to heat transfer of individual elements of the building envelope;

b) sanitary and hygienic, including the temperature difference between the temperatures of the internal air and on the surface of the enclosing structures and the temperature on the internal surface above the dew point temperature;

c) the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building, which makes it possible to vary the values of the heat-shielding properties of various types of enclosing structures of buildings, taking into account the space-planning decisions of the building and the choice of microclimate maintenance systems to achieve the normalized value of this indicator.

The requirements for thermal protection of the building will be met if the requirements of indicators "a" and "b" or "b" and "c" are met in residential and public buildings. In buildings for industrial purposes, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of indicators "a" and "b".

5.2 In order to control the compliance of the indicators normalized by these standards at different stages of the creation and operation of the building, the energy passport of the building should be filled in accordance with the instructions in section 12. In this case, it is allowed to exceed the normalized specific energy consumption for heating, subject to the requirements of 5.3.

Resistance to heat transfer of building envelope elements

5.3 The reduced resistance to heat transfer, m ° C / W, of enclosing structures, as well as windows and skylights (with vertical glazing or with an inclination angle of more than 45 °) should be taken not less than the normalized values, m ° C / W, determined according to table 4 in depending on the degree-day of the construction area, °С day.

Table 4 - Normalized values of resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures

		Normalized values of resistance to heat transfer, m ° C / W, enclosing structures
Buildings and premises, coefficients and .	Degree-days of the heating period , °С day	Sten	Coverings and ceilings over driveways	Attic ceilings, over unheated undergrounds and basements	Windows and balcony doors, showcases and stained-glass windows	Lanterns with vertical glazing
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1 Residential, medical and preventive and children's institutions, schools, boarding schools, hotels and hostels	2000	2,1	3,2	2,8	0,3	0,3
	4000	2,8	4,2	3,7	0,45	0,35
	6000	3,5	5,2	4,6	0,6	0,4
	8000	4,2	6,2	5,5	0,7	0,45
	10000	4,9	7,2	6,4	0,75	0,5
	12000	5,6	8,2	7,3	0,8	0,55
	-	0,00035	0,0005	0,00045	-	0,000025
	-	1,4	2,2	1,9	-	0,25
2 Public, except for the above, administrative and domestic, industrial and other buildings and premises with a damp or wet regime	2000	1,8	2,4	2,0	0,3	0,3
	4000	2,4	3,2	2,7	0,4	0,35
	6000	3,0	4,0	3,4	0,5	0,4
	8000	3,6	4,8	4,1	0,6	0,45
	10000	4,2	5,6	4,8	0,7	0,5
	12000	4,8	6,4	5,5	0,8	0,55
	-	0,0003	0,0004	0,00035	0,00005	0,000025
	-	1,2	1,6	1,3	0,2	0,25
3 Production with dry and normal modes	2000	1,4	2,0	1,4	0,25	0,2
	4000	1,8	2,5	1,8	0,3	0,25
	6000	2,2	3,0	2,2	0,35	0,3
	8000	2,6	3,5	2,6	0,4	0,35
	10000	3,0	4,0	3,0	0,45	0,4
	12000	3,4	4,5	3,4	0,5	0,45
	-	0,0002	0,00025	0,0002	0,000025	0,000025
	-	1,0	1,5	1,0	0,2	0,15
Notes 1 Values for values that differ from tabular values should be determined by the formula , (1) where - degree-days of the heating period, ° С day, for a particular point; The coefficients, the values of which should be taken according to the table for the respective groups of buildings, with the exception of column 6 for the group of buildings in position 1, where for the interval up to 6000 ° C day: , ; for the interval 6000-8000 °С day: , ; for the interval of 8000 °С day and more: , . 2 The standardized reduced heat transfer resistance of the blind part of balcony doors must be at least 1.5 times higher than the standardized heat transfer resistance of the translucent part of these structures. 3 The normalized values of heat transfer resistance of attic and basement floors that separate the building premises from unheated spaces with temperature () should be reduced by multiplying the values \u200b\u200bspecified in column 5 by the coefficient determined from the note to table 6. At the same time, the calculated air temperature in a warm attic, warm basement and glazed loggia and balcony should be determined based on the calculation of the heat balance. 4 It is allowed in some cases, related to specific design solutions for filling window and other openings, to use the design of windows, balcony doors and lanterns with a reduced heat transfer resistance of 5% lower than that specified in the table. 5 For a group of buildings in position 1, the normalized values of the resistance to heat transfer of floors above the stairwell and warm attic, as well as above the driveways, if the floors are the floor of the technical floor, should be taken as for the group of buildings in position 2.

Degree-day of the heating period, °C day, is determined by the formula

, (2)

where is the calculated average temperature of the internal air of the building, °С, taken for the calculation of the enclosing structures of a group of buildings according to pos. .2 Table 4 - according to the classification of premises and minimum values of the optimum temperature in accordance with GOST 30494 (in the range of 16-21 °C), buildings according to item 3 of Table 4 - according to the design standards of the relevant buildings;

The average outdoor temperature, °C, and the duration, days, of the heating period, taken according to SNiP 23-01 for a period with an average daily outdoor temperature of not more than 10 °C - when designing medical and preventive, children's institutions and nursing homes , and not more than 8 °С - in other cases.

5.4 For industrial buildings with sensible heat excesses of more than 23 W / m and buildings intended for seasonal operation (in autumn or spring), as well as buildings with an estimated internal air temperature of 12 ° C and below, the reduced heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures (with the exception of translucent ones), m °C / W, should be taken not less than the values determined by the formula

, (3)

where is a coefficient that takes into account the dependence of the position of the outer surface of the enclosing structures in relation to the outside air and is given in table 6;

Normalized temperature difference between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the inner surface of the building envelope, ° C, taken according to table 5;

The heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structures, W / (m ° C), taken according to table 7;

The design temperature of the outside air in the cold season, °C, for all buildings, except for industrial buildings intended for seasonal operation, is taken equal to the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a security of 0.92 according to SNiP 23-01.

In industrial buildings intended for seasonal operation, as the design outdoor temperature in the cold season, °C, the minimum temperature of the coldest month, determined as the average monthly temperature of January according to table 3 * SNiP 23-01, should be taken

Reduced by the average daily amplitude of the air temperature of the coldest month (Table 1 * SNiP 23-01).

The normative value of the resistance to heat transfer of floors above ventilated undergrounds should be taken according to SNiP 2.11.02.

5.5 To determine the normalized resistance to heat transfer of internal enclosing structures with a difference in design air temperatures between rooms of 6 ° C and above, in formula (3) one should take and instead of - the design air temperature of a colder room.

For warm attics and technical subfields, as well as in unheated stairwells of residential buildings using an apartment heating system, the design air temperature in these rooms should be taken according to the calculation of the heat balance, but not less than 2 ° C for technical subfields and 5 ° C for unheated stairwells.

5.6 The reduced resistance to heat transfer, m ° C / W, for external walls should be calculated for the facade of the building or for one intermediate floor, taking into account the slopes of the openings without taking into account their fillings.

The reduced resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures in contact with the ground should be determined according to SNiP 41-01.

The reduced resistance to heat transfer of translucent structures (windows, balcony doors, lanterns) is taken on the basis of certification tests; in the absence of the results of certification tests, the values according to the set of rules should be taken.

5.7 The reduced resistance to heat transfer, m ° C / W, of entrance doors and doors (without a vestibule) of apartments on the first floors and gates, as well as apartment doors with unheated stairwells, must be at least a product (products - for entrance doors to single-family houses), where - reduced resistance to heat transfer of walls, determined by formula (3); for doors to apartments above the first floor of buildings with heated staircases - at least 0.55 m ° C / W.

Limitation of temperature and moisture condensation on the inner surface of the building envelope

5.8 The calculated temperature difference, °C, between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure should not exceed the normalized values, °C, established in Table 5, and is determined by the formula

, (4)

where is the same as in formula (3);

The same as in formula (2);

The same as in formula (3).

Reduced resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures, m·°С/W;

The heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structures, W / (m ° C), taken according to table 7.

Table 5 - Normalized temperature difference between the temperature of the internal air and the temperature of the inner surface of the building envelope

Buildings and premises	Normalized temperature difference, °С, for
	exterior walls	coverings and attic floors	ceilings over driveways, basements and undergrounds	skylights
1. Residential, medical and preventive and children's institutions, schools, boarding schools	4,0	3,0	2,0
2. Public, except for those specified in item 1, administrative and domestic, with the exception of rooms with a damp or wet regime	4,5	4,0	2,5
3. Production with dry and normal modes	, but not over 7	, but not more than 6	2,5
4. Production and other premises with damp or wet conditions			2,5	-
5. Industrial buildings with significant excess of sensible heat (more than 23 W/m) and design relative humidity of indoor air more than 50%	12	12	2,5
Designations: - the same as in formula (2); Dew point temperature, °C, at the design temperature and relative humidity of the indoor air, taken in accordance with 5.9 and.5.10, SanPiN 2.1.2.1002, GOST 12.1.005 and SanPiN 2.2.4.548, SNiP 41-01 and the design standards of the corresponding buildings. Note - For buildings of potato and vegetable stores, the normalized temperature difference for external walls, coatings and attic floors should be taken according to SNiP 2.11.02.

Table 6 - Coefficient taking into account the dependence of the position of the enclosing structure in relation to the outside air

Walling	Coefficient
1. External walls and coverings (including those ventilated with outside air), skylights, attic ceilings (with a roof made of piece materials) and over driveways; ceilings over cold (without enclosing walls) undergrounds in the Northern building-climatic zone	1
2. Ceilings over cold cellars communicating with outside air; attic ceilings (with a roof made of rolled materials); ceilings over cold (with enclosing walls) undergrounds and cold floors in the Northern building-climatic zone	0,9
3. Ceilings over unheated basements with skylights in the walls	0,75
4. Ceilings above unheated basements without skylights in the walls, located above ground level	0,6
5. Ceilings over unheated technical undergrounds located below ground level	0,4
Note - For attic floors of warm attics and basements above basements with an air temperature in them greater than but less, the coefficient should be determined by the formula

Table 7 - Heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the building envelope

The inner surface of the fence	Heat transfer coefficient, W / (m ° С)
1. Walls, floors, smooth ceilings, ceilings with protruding ribs with the ratio of the height of the ribs to the distance between the faces of adjacent ribs	8,7
2. Ceilings with protruding ribs	7,6
3. Windows	8,0
4. Skylights	9,9
Note - The heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structures of livestock and poultry buildings should be taken in accordance with SNiP 2.10.03.

5.9 The temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure (with the exception of vertical translucent structures) in the zone of heat-conducting inclusions (diaphragms, through mortar joints, panel joints, ribs, dowels and flexible connections in multilayer panels, rigid connections of lightweight masonry, etc.), in corners and window slopes, as well as rooflights, should not be lower than the dew point temperature of the indoor air at the calculated outdoor air temperature in the cold season.

Note - The relative humidity of the indoor air to determine the dew point temperature in places of heat-conducting inclusions in building envelopes, in corners and window slopes, as well as rooflights should be taken:

for the premises of residential buildings, hospitals, dispensaries, outpatient clinics, maternity hospitals, nursing homes for the elderly and disabled, general education children's schools, kindergartens, nurseries, nursery gardens (combines) and orphanages - 55%, for premises kitchens - 60%, for bathrooms - 65%, for warm basements and undergrounds with communications - 75%;

for warm attics of residential buildings - 55%;

for premises of public buildings (except for the above) - 50%.

5.10 The temperature of the inner surface of the structural elements of the glazing of the windows of buildings (except for industrial ones) must not be lower than plus 3 ° С, and for opaque window elements - not lower than the dew point temperature at the design temperature of the outside air in the cold season, for industrial buildings - not lower than 0 ° С .

5.11 In residential buildings, the facade glazing coefficient should be no more than 18% (for public buildings - no more than 25%), if the reduced heat transfer resistance of windows (except for attic windows) is less than: 0.51 m ° C / W at 3500 degree days and below; 0.56 m ° C / W at degree-days above 3500 to 5200; 0.65 m ° C / W at degree-days above 5200 to 7000 and 0.81 m ° C / W at degree-days above 7000. When determining the facade glazing coefficient, the total area of the enclosing structures should include all longitudinal and end walls. The area of light openings of anti-aircraft lamps should not exceed 15% of the floor area of the illuminated premises, dormer windows - 10%.

Specific heat energy consumption for building heating

5.12 Specific (per 1 m2 of heated floor area of apartments or usable area of premises [or per 1 m2 of heated volume]) consumption of thermal energy for heating the building, kJ/(m °C day) or [kJ/(m °C day )], determined according to Appendix D, must be less than or equal to the normalized value, kJ / (m ° C day) or [kJ / (m ° C day)], and is determined by choosing the heat-shielding properties of the building envelope, space-planning solutions, orientation of the building and type, efficiency and method of regulation of the heating system used to meet the conditions

where is the normalized specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building, kJ / (m ° C day) or [kJ / (m ° C day)], determined for various types of residential and public buildings:

a) when they are connected to district heating systems according to table 8 or 9;

b) when installing in a building apartment and autonomous (roof, built-in or attached boiler rooms) heat supply systems or stationary electric heating - the value taken from table 8 or 9, multiplied by the coefficient calculated by the formula

Estimated energy efficiency coefficients for apartment and autonomous heat supply systems or stationary electric heating and centralized heat supply systems, respectively, taken according to design data averaged over the heating period. The calculation of these coefficients is given in the set of rules.

Table 8 - Normalized specific consumption of thermal energy for heatingsingle-family residential buildings, detached and blocked, kJ / (m°C day)

Heated area of houses, m	With number of floors
	1	2	3	4
60 or less	140	-	-
100	125	135	-	-
150	110	120	130	-
250	100	105	110	115
400	-	90	95	100
600	-	80	85	90
1000 or more	-	70	75	80
Note - For intermediate values of the heated area of \u200b\u200bthe house in the range of 60-1000 m, the values \u200b\u200bshould be determined by linear interpolation.

Table 9 - Rated specific consumption of thermal energy for heating buildings, kJ/(m°C day) or [kJ/(m°C day)]

Building types	Floors of buildings
	1-3	4, 5	6, 7	8, 9	10, 11	12 and above
1 Residential, hotels, hostels	According to table 8	85 for 4-storey one-apartment and semi-detached houses - according to table 8	80	76	72	70
2 Public, except for those listed in positions 3, 4 and 5 of the table						-
3 Polyclinics and medical institutions, boarding houses	; ; according to the increase in number of storeys					-
4 Preschools		-	-	-	-	-
5 Service	; ; according to the increase in number of storeys			-	-	-
6 Administrative purposes (offices)	; ; according to the increase in number of storeys
Note - For regions with a value of ° С day or more, the normalized ones should be reduced by 5%.

5.13 When calculating the building in terms of the specific consumption of thermal energy, as the initial values of the heat-shielding properties of the enclosing structures, it is necessary to set the normalized values of heat transfer resistance, m ° C / W, of individual elements of external fences according to table 4. Then, the correspondence of the value of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating, calculated according to the method of Appendix D, normalized value . If, as a result of the calculation, the specific heat energy consumption for heating the building turns out to be less than the normalized value, then it is allowed to reduce the heat transfer resistance of individual elements of the building envelope (translucent according to note 4 to table 4) compared to the normalized value according to table 4, but not below the minimum values determined by according to the formula (8) for the walls of the building groups indicated in pos.1 and 2 of table 4, and according to the formula (9) - for the rest of the enclosing structures:

; (8)

. (9)

5.14 The calculated index of compactness of residential buildings, as a rule, should not exceed the following normalized values:

0.25 - for 16-storey buildings and above;

0.29 - for buildings from 10 to 15 floors inclusive;

0.32 - for buildings from 6 to 9 floors inclusive;

0.36 - for 5-storey buildings;

0.43 - for 4-storey buildings;

0.54 - for 3-storey buildings;

0.61; 0.54; 0.46 - for two-, three- and four-storey blocked and sectional houses, respectively;

0.9 - for two- and one-story houses with an attic;

1.1 - for one-story houses.

5.15 The calculated indicator of the compactness of the building should be determined by the formula

, (10)

where - the total area of the internal surfaces of the external enclosing structures, including the covering (overlapping) of the upper floor and the flooring of the lower heated room, m;

The heated volume of the building, equal to the volume limited by the internal surfaces of the external fences of the building, m

6 INCREASING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EXISTING BUILDINGS

6.1 Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings should be carried out during the reconstruction, modernization and overhaul of these buildings. In case of partial reconstruction of the building (including when changing the dimensions of the building due to built-in and built-in volumes), it is allowed to apply the requirements of these standards to the changed part of the building.

6.2 When replacing translucent structures with more energy efficient ones, additional measures should be taken to ensure the required air permeability of these structures in accordance with Section 8.

7 HEAT RESISTANCE OF ENVELOPED STRUCTURES

During the warm season

7.1 In areas with an average monthly temperature in July of 21 ° C and above, the calculated amplitude of temperature fluctuations of the inner surface of enclosing structures (external walls and ceilings / coatings), ° C, residential buildings, hospitals (hospitals, clinics, hospitals and hospitals), dispensaries, outpatient polyclinic institutions, maternity hospitals, orphanages, nursing homes for the elderly and the disabled, kindergartens, nurseries, nursery gardens (factories) and orphanages, as well as industrial buildings in which it is necessary to observe the optimal parameters of temperature and relative humidity in the working zone during the warm period of the year or according to the conditions of the technology to maintain a constant temperature or temperature and relative humidity of the air, there should not be more than the normalized amplitude of fluctuations in the temperature of the inner surface of the enclosing structure, ° C, determined by the formula

, (11)

where is the average monthly outdoor air temperature for July, °С, taken according to Table 3* of SNiP 23-01.

The calculated amplitude of temperature fluctuations of the inner surface of the building envelope should be determined according to the set of rules.

7.2 For windows and lanterns of the areas and buildings specified in 7.1, sun protection devices should be provided. The heat transmission coefficient of the sun protection device should be no more than the normalized value established by Table 10. The heat transmission coefficient of sun protection devices should be determined according to the set of rules.

Table 10 - Normalized values of the coefficient of heat transmission of the sun protection device

Building	Thermal transmittance of sunscreen
1 Residential buildings, hospitals (hospitals, clinics, hospitals and hospitals), dispensaries, outpatient clinics, maternity hospitals, orphanages, nursing homes for the elderly and disabled, kindergartens, nurseries, nursery gardens (combines) and nurseries houses	0,2
2 Industrial buildings in which the optimum temperature and relative humidity standards must be observed in the working area or, according to the conditions of the technology, the temperature or temperature and relative humidity of the air must be maintained constant	0,4

During the cold season

7.4 The calculated amplitude of the fluctuation of the resulting room temperature, °C, residential and public buildings (hospitals, clinics, kindergartens and schools) during the cold season should not exceed its normalized value during the day: in the presence of central heating and stoves with continuous firebox - 1.5 ° С; with stationary electro-thermal storage heating - 2.5 °С, with furnace heating with a periodic firebox - 3 °С.

If there is heating in the building with automatic control of the internal air temperature, the heat resistance of the premises during the cold season is not standardized.

7.5 The calculated amplitude of fluctuations in the resulting room temperature during the cold season, °C, should be determined according to the set of rules.

8 AIR PERMEABILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURES AND ROOMS

8.1 The resistance to air penetration of enclosing structures, with the exception of filling light openings (windows, balcony doors and lanterns), buildings and structures must be not less than the normalized air penetration resistance, m h Pa / kg, determined by the formula

where is the difference in air pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of the enclosing structures, Pa, determined in accordance with 8.2;

Rated air permeability of enclosing structures, kg/(m h), taken in accordance with 8.3.

8.2 The difference in air pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of the enclosing structures, Pa, should be determined by the formula

where - the height of the building (from the floor level of the first floor to the top of the exhaust shaft), m;

The specific gravity of the external and internal air, respectively, N/m, determined by the formula

, (14)

Air temperature: internal (to determine) - is taken according to the optimal parameters according to GOST 12.1.005, GOST 30494

and SanPiN 2.1.2.1002; outdoor (to determine) - is taken equal to the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a security of 0.92 according to SNiP 23-01;

The maximum of the average wind speeds in points for January, the frequency of which is 16% or more, taken according to Table 1 * SNiP 23-01; for buildings with a height of over 60 m should be taken taking into account the coefficient of change in wind speed with height (according to the set of rules).

8.3 Rated air permeability, kg / (m h), of the building envelope should be taken according to table 11.

Table 11 - Rated air permeability of enclosing structures

Walling	Air permeability, kg / (m h), no more
1 External walls, ceilings and coverings of residential, public, administrative and household buildings and premises	0,5
2 External walls, ceilings and coatings of industrial buildings and premises	1,0
3 Joints between exterior wall panels:
a) residential buildings	0,5*
b) industrial buildings	1,0*
4 Entrance doors to apartments	1,5
5 Entrance doors to residential, public and domestic buildings	7,0
6 Windows and balcony doors of residential, public and domestic buildings and premises in wooden bindings; windows and skylights of industrial buildings with air conditioning	6,0
7 Windows and balcony doors of residential, public and domestic buildings and premises in plastic or aluminum bindings	5,0
8 Windows, doors and gates of industrial buildings	8,0
9 Lanterns of industrial buildings	10,0
* In kg/(m h).

8.4 The resistance to air penetration of windows and balcony doors of residential and public buildings, as well as windows and lanterns of industrial buildings must be not less than the normalized resistance to air penetration, m h / kg, determined by the formula

, (15)

where is the same as in formula (12);

The same as in formula (13);

Pa - the difference in air pressure on the outer and inner surfaces of the light-transparent enclosing structures, at which the resistance to air penetration is determined.

8.5 The resistance to air penetration of multilayer building envelopes should be taken according to a set of rules.

8.6 Window blocks and balcony doors in residential and public buildings should be selected according to the air permeability classification of porches according to GOST 26602.2: 3-storey and above - not lower than class B; 2-storey and below - within classes V-D.

8.7 The average air permeability of residential apartments and premises of public buildings (with closed supply and exhaust ventilation openings) should ensure during the test period air exchange with a multiplicity, h, at a pressure difference of 50 Pa of external and internal air during ventilation:

with natural impulse h;

with mechanical impulse

The air exchange rate of buildings and premises at a pressure difference of 50 Pa and their average air permeability are determined according to GOST 31167.

9 PROTECTION AGAINST OVERWEETTING OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURES

9.1 Vapor permeability resistance, m h Pa / mg, of the enclosing structure (within the range from the inner surface to the plane of possible condensation) must be at least the largest of the following standardized vapor permeability resistances:

a) normalized resistance to vapor permeation, m h Pa / mg (from the condition of the inadmissibility of moisture accumulation in the building envelope over the annual period of operation), determined by the formula

b) nominal resistance to vapor permeation, m h Pa/mg (from the condition of limiting moisture in the enclosing structure for a period with negative average monthly outdoor air temperatures), determined by the formula

, (17)

where is the partial pressure of water vapor of the internal air, Pa, at the design temperature and relative humidity of this air, determined by the formula

, (18)

where is the partial pressure of saturated water vapor, Pa, at a temperature, taken according to the set of rules;

Relative humidity of indoor air, %, taken for various buildings in accordance with the note to 5.9;

Vapor permeability resistance, m·h·Pa/mg, of the part of the enclosing structure located between the outer surface of the enclosing structure and the plane of possible condensation, determined by the set of rules;

The average partial pressure of water vapor of the outdoor air, Pa, for the annual period, determined according to table 5a * SNiP 23-01;

Duration, days, of the period of moisture accumulation, taken equal to the period with negative average monthly outdoor temperatures according to SNiP 23-01;

Partial pressure of water vapor, Pa, in the plane of possible condensation, determined at the average temperature of the outside air for a period of months with negative average monthly temperatures in accordance with the notes to this paragraph;

The density of the material of the moistened layer, kg/m, taken equal to the set of rules;

The thickness of the moistened layer of the building envelope, m, taken equal to 2/3 of the thickness of a homogeneous (single-layer) wall or the thickness of the heat-insulating layer (insulation) of a multi-layer building envelope;

The maximum permissible increment of the calculated mass ratio of moisture in the material of the moistened layer,%, for the period of moisture accumulation, taken according to table 12;

Table 12 - Maximum permissible values of the coefficient

Enclosing material	Maximum permissible increment of the calculated mass ratio of moisture in the material , %
1 Masonry of clay bricks and ceramic blocks	1,5
2 Silicate brick masonry	2,0
3 Lightweight concretes on porous aggregates (expanded concrete, shugizite concrete, perlite concrete, slag-pumice concrete)	5
4 Cellular concrete (aerated concrete, foam concrete, gas silicate, etc.)	6
5 Foam gas glass	1,5
6 Fiberboard and wood concrete cement	7,5
7 Mineral wool boards and mats	3
8 Expanded polystyrene and polyurethane foam	25
9 Phenolic-resole foam	50
10 Heat-insulating backfill made of expanded clay, shungizite, slag	3
11 Heavy concrete, cement-sand mortar	2

Partial pressure of water vapor, Pa, in the plane of possible condensation over the annual period of operation, determined by the formula

where , , - partial pressure of water vapor, Pa, taken according to the temperature in the plane of possible condensation, set at the average outdoor air temperature in winter, spring-autumn and summer periods, respectively, determined according to the notes to this paragraph;

Duration, months, of the winter, spring-autumn and summer periods of the year, determined according to Table 3* of SNiP 23-01, subject to the following conditions:

a) the winter period includes months with average outdoor temperatures below minus 5 °C;

b) the spring-autumn period includes months with average outdoor temperatures from minus 5 to plus 5 °C;

c) the summer period includes months with average air temperatures above plus 5 °C;

Coefficient determined by the formula

where is the average partial pressure of water vapor of the outdoor air, Pa, for a period of months with negative average monthly temperatures determined according to the set of rules.

Notes:

1 Partial pressure of water vapor , , and for the enclosing structures of rooms with an aggressive environment should be taken taking into account the aggressive environment.

2 When determining the partial pressure for the summer period, the temperature in the plane of possible condensation in all cases should be taken not lower than the average outdoor air temperature in the summer period, the partial pressure of the water vapor of the indoor air - not lower than the average partial pressure of the water vapor of the outdoor air for this period.

3 The plane of possible condensation in a homogeneous (single-layer) enclosing structure is located at a distance equal to 2/3 of the thickness of the structure from its inner surface, and in a multilayer structure it coincides with the outer surface of the insulation.

9.2 Vapor permeability resistance, m h Pa / mg, of an attic floor or part of a ventilated roof structure located between the inner surface of the roof and the air gap, in buildings with roof slopes up to 24 m wide, must be at least the standardized vapor permeability resistance, m h Pa /mg, determined by the formula

, (21)

where , is the same as in formulas (16) and (20).

9.3 It is not required to check the following enclosing structures for compliance with these vapor permeability standards:

a) homogeneous (single-layer) external walls of rooms with dry and normal conditions;

b) two-layer outer walls of rooms with dry and normal modes, if the inner layer of the wall has a vapor permeability of more than 1.6 m h Pa / mg.

9.4 To protect the heat-insulating layer (insulation) from moisture in the coatings of buildings with a damp or wet regime, a vapor barrier should be provided below the heat-insulating layer, which should be taken into account when determining the vapor permeability of the coating in accordance with the set of rules.

10 HEAT RESISTANCE OF THE FLOOR SURFACE

10.1 The floor surface of residential and public buildings, auxiliary buildings and premises of industrial enterprises and heated premises of industrial buildings (in areas with permanent jobs) must have a design heat absorption index, W / (m ° C), not more than the normalized value, established in table 13 .

Table 13 - Normalized values of the indicator

Buildings, premises and individual areas	The index of heat absorption of the floor surface, W/(m °C)
1 Residential buildings, hospitals (hospitals, clinics, hospitals and hospitals), dispensaries, outpatient clinics, maternity hospitals, orphanages, nursing homes for the elderly and disabled, comprehensive children's schools, kindergartens, nurseries, nursery gardens ( factories), orphanages and children's reception centers	12
2 Public buildings (other than those specified in item 1); auxiliary buildings and premises of industrial enterprises; areas with permanent jobs in heated premises of industrial buildings where light physical work is performed (category I)	14
3 Sites with permanent jobs in heated premises of industrial buildings, where medium-heavy physical work is performed (category II)	17
4 Plots of livestock buildings in places of rest for animals with bedless content:
a) cows and heifers 2-3 months before calving, sires, calves up to 6 months, rearing young cattle, sows, boars, weaned piglets	11
b) pregnant and new-calf cows, young pigs, fattening pigs	13
c) fattening cattle	14

10.2 The calculated value of the heat absorption index of the floor surface should be determined according to the set of rules.

10.3 The indicator of heat absorption of the floor surface is not standardized:

a) having a surface temperature above 23 °C;

b) in heated premises of industrial buildings where heavy physical work is performed (category III);

c) in industrial buildings, provided that wooden shields or heat-insulating mats are laid on the site of permanent workplaces;

d) premises of public buildings, the operation of which is not associated with the constant presence of people in them (halls of museums and exhibitions, in the foyer of theaters, cinemas, etc.).

10.4 Thermal engineering calculation of the floors of livestock, poultry and fur-breeding buildings should be carried out taking into account the requirements of SNiP 2.10.03.

11 CONTROL OF RATED INDICATORS

11.1 The control of standardized indicators in the design and examination of thermal protection projects for buildings and indicators of their energy efficiency for compliance with these standards should be carried out in the section of the project "Energy Efficiency", including the energy passport in accordance with Section 12 and Appendix D.

11.2 The control of the normalized indicators of thermal protection and its individual elements of operated buildings and the assessment of their energy efficiency should be carried out by field tests, and the results obtained should be recorded in the energy passport. The thermal and energy performance of the building is determined according to GOST 31166, GOST 31167 and GOST 31168.

11.3 The operating conditions of the enclosing structures, depending on the humidity regime of the premises and the humidity zones of the construction area, when monitoring the thermal performance of the materials of the external fences, should be established according to Table 2.

Estimated thermophysical indicators of building envelope materials are determined according to a set of rules.

11.4 When accepting buildings for operation, the following should be carried out:

selective control of the air exchange rate in 2-3 rooms (apartments) or in a building at a pressure difference of 50 Pa in accordance with Section 8 and GOST 31167 and, if these standards do not comply, take measures to reduce the air permeability of building envelopes throughout the building;

according to GOST 26629 thermal imaging quality control of the thermal protection of the building in order to detect hidden defects and eliminate them.

12 ENERGY PASSPORT OF THE BUILDING

12.1 The energy passport of residential and public buildings is intended to confirm the compliance of the energy efficiency indicators and heat engineering indicators of the building with the indicators established in these standards.

12.2 The energy passport should be filled out when developing projects for new, reconstructed, overhauled residential and public buildings, when accepting buildings for operation, as well as during the operation of constructed buildings.

Energy passports for apartments intended for separate use in semi-detached buildings can be obtained based on the general energy passport of the building as a whole for semi-detached buildings with a common heating system.

12.3 The energy passport of the building is not intended to pay for utility services provided to tenants and owners of apartments, as well as building owners.

12.4 The energy passport of the building must be completed:

a) at the stage of project development and at the stage of binding to the conditions of a particular site - by the design organization;

b) at the stage of commissioning a building object - by a design organization based on an analysis of deviations from the original design made during the construction of the building. This takes into account:

data of technical documentation (as-built drawings, certificates for hidden work, passports, certificates provided to acceptance committees, etc.);

changes made to the project and authorized (agreed) deviations from the project during the construction period;

the results of current and targeted inspections of compliance with the thermal characteristics of the object and engineering systems by technical and author's supervision.

If necessary (uncoordinated deviation from the project, lack of necessary technical documentation, marriage), the customer and the GASN inspection have the right to demand testing of enclosing structures;

c) at the stage of operation of a building object - selectively and after a year of operation of the building. The inclusion of the building in operation in the list for filling out the energy passport, the analysis of the completed passport and the decision on the necessary measures are made in the manner determined by the decisions of the administrations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

12.5 The energy passport of the building must contain:

general information about the project;

settlement conditions;

information about the functional purpose and type of building;

space-planning and layout indicators of the building;

calculated energy indicators of the building, including: energy efficiency indicators, thermal performance indicators;

information on comparison with normalized indicators;

the results of measuring the energy efficiency and the level of thermal protection of the building after a year of its operation;

energy efficiency class of the building.

12.6 The control of operated buildings for compliance with these standards in accordance with 11.2 is carried out by experimentally determining the main indicators of energy efficiency and thermal performance in accordance with the requirements of state standards and other norms approved in the prescribed manner, for testing methods for building materials, structures and objects as a whole.

At the same time, for buildings, the executive documentation for the construction of which has not been preserved, the energy passports of the building are compiled on the basis of materials from the Bureau of Technical Inventory, field technical surveys and measurements performed by qualified specialists licensed to perform the relevant work.

12.7 Responsibility for the accuracy of the data of the energy passport of the building lies with the organization that fills it out.

12.8 The form for filling out the energy passport of the building is given in Appendix D.

The methodology for calculating energy efficiency and thermal parameters and an example of filling out an energy passport are given in the set of rules.

APPENDIX A
(mandatory)

LIST OF REGULATORY DOCUMENTS,
TO WHICH THERE ARE LINKS IN THE TEXT

SNiP 2.09.04-87* Administrative and amenity buildings

SNiP 2.10.03-84 Livestock, poultry and fur farm buildings and premises

SNiP 2.11.02-87 Refrigerators

SNiP 23-01-99* Building climatology

SNiP 31-05-2003 Public buildings for administrative purposes

SNiP 41-01-2003 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises

SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises

GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area

GOST 26602.2-99 Window and door blocks. Methods for determining air and water permeability

GOST 26629-85 Buildings and structures. Method of thermal imaging quality control of thermal insulation of enclosing structures

GOST 30494-96 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters

GOST 31166-2003 Enclosing structures for buildings and structures. Calorimetric method for determining the heat transfer coefficient

GOST 31167-2003 Buildings and structures. Methods for determining the air permeability of enclosing structures in natural conditions

GOST 31168-2003 Residential buildings. Method for determining the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating

APPENDIX B
(mandatory)

TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

1 Thermalprotectionbuilding Thermal performance of a building	Heat-shielding properties of a set of external and internal enclosing structures of the building, providing a given level of thermal energy consumption (heat inputs) of the building, taking into account the air exchange of the premises, is not higher than the permissible limits, as well as their air permeability and protection against waterlogging at optimal parameters of the microclimate of its premises
2 Specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period Specific energy demand for heating of a building of a heating season	The amount of heat energy for the heating period required to compensate for the heat loss of the building, taking into account air exchange and additional heat emissions under normalized parameters of the thermal and air conditions of the premises in it, referred to the unit area of apartments or the usable area of the premises of the building (or to their heated volume) and degree-days heating period
3 classenergyefficiency Category of the energy efficiency rating	Designation of the level of energy efficiency of the building, characterized by an interval of values of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period
4 Microclimatepremises Indoor climate of a premium	The state of the internal environment of the room, which has an impact on a person, characterized by indicators of air temperature and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility (according to GOST 30494)
5 Optimaloptionsmicroclimatepremises Optimum parameters of indoor climate of the premises	The combination of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provide the thermal state of the body with a minimum tension of thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of comfort for at least 80% of people in the room (according to GOST 30494)
6 Additional heat dissipation in the building Internal heat gain to a building	Heat entering the premises of the building from people, turned on energy-consuming devices, equipment, electric motors, artificial lighting, etc., as well as from penetrating solar radiation
7 Indicatorcompactnessbuilding Index of the shape of a building	The ratio of the total area of the inner surface of the outer building envelope to the heated volume contained in them
8 Facade glazing factor building Glazing-to-wall ratio	The ratio of the areas of light openings to the total area of the external enclosing structures of the facade of the building, including light openings
9 Heatedvolumebuilding Heating volume of a building	The volume limited by the internal surfaces of the building's external enclosures - walls, coverings (attic floors), floor slabs of the first floor or basement floor with a heated basement
10 Cold (heating) period of the year Cold (heating) season of a year	The period of the year, characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature equal to or below 10 or 8 ° C, depending on the type of building (according to GOST 30494)
11 Warmperiodof the year Warm season of a year	The period of the year, characterized by an average daily air temperature above 8 or 10 ° C, depending on the type of building (according to GOST 30494)
12 Duration of the heating period Length of the heating season	Estimated period of operation of the heating system of a building, which is the average statistical number of days in a year when the average daily outdoor temperature is consistently equal to and below 8 or 10 ° C, depending on the type of building
13 Mediumtemperatureoutdoorairheatingperiod Mean temperature of outdoor air of the heating season	Estimated outdoor air temperature averaged over the heating period based on average daily outdoor air temperatures

APPENDIX B
(mandatory)

MAP OF HUMIDITY ZONES

APPENDIX D
(mandatory)

CALCULATION OF SPECIFIC THERMAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR HEATING RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS FOR THE HEATING PERIOD

D.1 Estimated specific consumption of thermal energy for heating buildings during the heating period, kJ / (m ° C day) or kJ / (m ° C day), should be determined by the formula

or , (D.1)

where is the consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period, MJ;

The sum of the floor areas of apartments or the usable area of the premises of the building, with the exception of technical floors and garages, m;

The heated volume of the building, equal to the volume limited by the internal surfaces of the external fences of buildings, m;

The same as in formula (1).

D.2 The consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period, MJ, should be determined by the formula

where - the total heat loss of the building through the external enclosing structures, MJ, determined according to G.3;

Household heat inputs during the heating period, MJ, determined according to D.6;

Heat gains through windows and lanterns from solar radiation during the heating period, MJ, determined according to D.7;

Coefficient of heat gain reduction due to thermal inertia of enclosing structures; recommended value ;

In a one-pipe system with thermostats and with frontal auto-regulation at the inlet or apartment-by-apartment horizontal wiring;

In a two-pipe heating system with thermostats and central automatic control at the inlet;

One-pipe system with thermostats and with central automatic control at the inlet or in a single-pipe system without thermostats and with frontal auto-regulation at the inlet, as well as in a two-pipe heating system with thermostats and without auto-regulation at the inlet;

In a single-pipe heating system with thermostats and without automatic control at the input;

In a system without thermostats and with central automatic control at the inlet with correction for the internal air temperature;

Coefficient that takes into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system, associated with the discreteness of the nominal heat flow of the nomenclature range of heating devices, their additional heat losses through the behind-radiator sections of the fences, the increased air temperature in the corner rooms, the heat losses of pipelines passing through unheated rooms for:

multi-section and other extended buildings = 1.13;

tower type buildings = 1.11;

buildings with heated basements = 1.07;

buildings with heated attics, as well as apartment heat generators = 1.05.

D.3 The total heat loss of the building, MJ, for the heating period should be determined by the formula

, (D.3)

where - the overall heat transfer coefficient of the building, W / (m ° C), determined by the formula

, (D.4)

Reduced heat transfer coefficient through the building envelope, W/(m

°C) determined by the formula

Area, m, and reduced resistance to heat transfer, m ° C / W, of external walls (excluding openings);

The same, fillings of light apertures (windows, stained-glass windows, lanterns);

The same, external doors and gates;

The same, combined coverings (including over bay windows);

The same, attic floors;

The same, basement ceilings;

The same, ceilings above driveways and under bay windows.

When designing floors on the ground or heated basements, instead of and ceilings above the basement floor in formula (D.5), the areas and reduced heat transfer resistances of the walls in contact with the ground are substituted, and the floors on the ground are divided into zones according to SNiP 41-01 and the corresponding and are determined;

Same as in 5.4; for attic floors of warm attics and basement floors of technical subfields and basements with the wiring of pipelines for heating and hot water supply systems in them according to the formula (5);

The same as in formula (1), °С day;

The same as in formula (10), m;

Conditional heat transfer coefficient of the building, taking into account heat losses due to infiltration and ventilation, W / (m ° C), determined by the formula

where is the specific heat capacity of air, equal to 1 kJ / (kg ° С);

The coefficient of reduction of air volume in the building, taking into account the presence of internal enclosing structures. In the absence of data, take = 0.85;

And - the same as in the formula (10), m and m, respectively;

Average supply air density during the heating period, kg/m

The average multiplicity of air exchange of the building during the heating period, h, determined according to D.4;

The same as in formula (2), °С;

The same as in formula (3), °C.

D.4 The average building air exchange rate for the heating period, h, is calculated from the total air exchange due to ventilation and infiltration according to the formula

where - the amount of supply air into the building with unorganized inflow or the normalized value for mechanical ventilation, m/h, equal to:

a) residential buildings intended for citizens, taking into account the social norm (with an estimated occupancy of the apartment of 20 m2 of total area or less per person) - ;

b) other residential buildings - but not less;

where is the estimated number of residents in the building;

c) public and administrative buildings are accepted conditionally for offices and service facilities -, for healthcare and educational institutions -, for sports, entertainment and preschool institutions -;

For residential buildings - the area of residential premises, for public buildings - the estimated area, determined in accordance with SNiP 31-05 as the sum of the areas of all premises, with the exception of corridors, vestibules, passages, stairwells, elevator shafts, internal open stairs and ramps, as well as premises , designed to accommodate engineering equipment and networks, m;

Number of hours of mechanical ventilation during the week;

Number of hours in a week;

The amount of air infiltrated into the building through the building envelope, kg/h: for residential buildings - air entering the stairwells during the day of the heating season, determined according to D.5; for public buildings - air entering through leaks in translucent structures and doors; allowed to be taken for public buildings during non-working hours;

The coefficient of accounting for the influence of a counter heat flow in translucent structures, equal to: joints of wall panels - 0.7; windows and balcony doors with triple separate bindings - 0.7; the same, with double separate bindings - 0.8; the same, with coupled overpayments - 0.9; the same, with single bindings - 1.0;

The number of hours of accounting for infiltration during the week, h, equal for buildings with balanced supply and exhaust ventilation and () for buildings in the premises of which air is maintained during the supply mechanical ventilation;

And - the same as in formula (D.6).

D.5 The amount of air infiltrated into the stairwell of a residential building through the gaps in the filling of openings should be determined by the formula

Description:

In accordance with the latest SNiP “Thermal Protection of Buildings”, the section “Energy Efficiency” is mandatory for any project. The main purpose of the section is to prove that the specific heat consumption for heating and ventilation of the building is below the standard value.

Calculation of solar radiation in winter

The flux of total solar radiation coming during the heating period to horizontal and vertical surfaces under actual cloudiness conditions, kW h / m 2 (MJ / m 2)

The flux of total solar radiation coming for each month of the heating period to horizontal and vertical surfaces under actual cloudiness conditions, kW h / m 2 (MJ / m 2)

As a result of the work done, data were obtained on the intensity of the total (direct and scattered) solar radiation incident on differently oriented vertical surfaces for 18 Russian cities. This data can be used in real design.

Literature

1. SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings". - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, FSUE TsPP, 2004.

2. Scientific and applied reference book on the climate of the USSR. Ch. 1–6. Issue. 1–34. - St. Petersburg. : Gidrometeoizdat, 1989–1998.

3. SP 23-101-2004 "Design of thermal protection of buildings". - M. : FSUE TsPP, 2004.

4. MGSN 2.01–99 “Energy saving in buildings. Standards for thermal protection and heat and water supply”. - M. : GUP "NIATs", 1999.

5. SNiP 23-01-99* "Construction climatology". - M .: Gosstroy of Russia, State Unitary Enterprise TsPP, 2003.

6. Building climatology: A reference guide to SNiP. - M .: Stroyizdat, 1990.

(determination of the thickness of the attic insulation layer

coverings and coverings)
A. Initial data

The humidity zone is normal.

z ht = 229 days.

Average design temperature of the heating period t ht \u003d -5.9 ºС.

The temperature of the cold five-day t ext \u003d -35 ° С.

t int \u003d + 21 ° С.

Relative humidity: = 55%.

Estimated air temperature in the attic t int g \u003d +15 С.

Heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the attic floor
\u003d 8.7 W / m 2 С.

Heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the attic floor
\u003d 12 W / m 2 · ° С.

Heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the warm attic coating
\u003d 9.9 W / m 2 · ° С.

The heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the warm attic coating
\u003d 23 W / m 2 · ° С.
Building type - 9-storey residential building. The kitchens in the apartments are equipped with gas stoves. The height of the attic space is 2.0 m. Covering areas (roofs) BUT g. c \u003d 367.0 m 2, warm attic floors BUT g. f \u003d 367.0 m 2, outer walls of the attic BUT g. w \u003d 108.2 m 2.

In a warm attic there is an upper wiring of pipes for heating and water supply systems. Estimated temperatures of the heating system - 95 °С, hot water supply - 60 °С.

The diameter of heating pipes is 50 mm with a length of 55 m, hot water pipes are 25 mm with a length of 30 m.
Attic floor:

Rice. 6 Calculation scheme

The attic floor consists of the structural layers shown in the table.

№	Material name (designs)	, kg / m 3	δ, m	,W/(m °C)	R, m 2 ° С / W
1	Rigid mineral wool slabs on bituminous binders (GOST 4640)	200	X	0,08	X
2	Vapor barrier - rubitex 1 layer (GOST 30547)	600	0,005	0,17	0,0294
3	Reinforced concrete hollow core slabs PC (GOST 9561 - 91)		0,22		0,142

Combined coverage:

Rice. 7 Calculation scheme

The combined coating over the warm attic consists of the structural layers shown in the table.

№	Material name (designs)	, kg / m 3	δ, m	,W/(m °C)	R, m 2 ° С / W
1	Technoelast	600	0,006	0,17	0,035
2	Cement-sand mortar	1800	0,02	0,93	0,022
3	Aerated concrete slabs	300	X	0,13	X
4	Ruberoid	600	0,005	0,17	0,029
5	reinforced concrete slab	2500	0,035	2,04	0,017

B. Calculation procedure
Determination of degree-days of the heating period according to the formula (2) SNiP 23-02–2003:
D d = ( t int- t ht) z ht = (21 + 5.9) 229 = 6160.1.
The normalized value of the resistance to heat transfer of the coating of a residential building according to the formula (1) SNiP 23-02-2003:

R req= a· D d+ b\u003d 0.0005 6160.1 + 2.2 \u003d 5.28 m 2 C / W;
According to the formula (29) SP 23-101–2004, we determine the required heat transfer resistance of the warm attic floor
, m 2 ° С / W:

,
where
- normalized resistance to heat transfer of the coating;

n- coefficient determined by the formula (30) SP 230101-2004,
(21 – 15)/(21 + 35) = 0,107.
According to the found values
and n define
:
\u003d 5.28 0.107 \u003d 0.56 m 2 С / W.

Required coating resistance over a warm attic R 0g. c is determined by formula (32) SP 23-101–2004:
R 0 g.c = ( – t ext)/(0.28 G Ven With(t ven – ) + ( t int - )/ R 0 g.f +
+ (
)/BUT g.f - ( – t ext) a g.w/ R 0 g.w
where G ven - reduced (related to 1 m 2 of the attic) air flow in the ventilation system, determined according to table. 6 SP 23-101-2004 and equal to 19.5 kg / (m 2 h);

c– specific heat capacity of air, equal to 1 kJ/(kg °С);

t ven is the temperature of the air leaving the ventilation ducts, °C, taken equal to t int + 1.5;

q pi is the linear density of the heat flux through the surface of the thermal insulation, per 1 m of the length of the pipeline, taken for heating pipes equal to 25, and for hot water pipes - 12 W / m (Table 12 SP 23-101-2004).

The reduced heat gains from pipelines of heating and hot water supply systems are:
()/BUT g.f \u003d (25 55 + 12 30) / 367 \u003d 4.71 W / m 2;
a g. w - reduced area of the outer walls of the attic m 2 / m 2, determined by the formula (33) SP 23-101-2004,

= 108,2/367 = 0,295;

- normalized resistance to heat transfer of the outer walls of a warm attic, determined through the degree-day of the heating period at the temperature of the internal air in the attic room = +15 ºС.

– t ht) z ht = (15 + 5.9)229 = 4786.1 °C day,
m 2 °C / W
We substitute the found values into the formula and determine the required heat transfer resistance of the coating over the warm attic:
(15 + 35) / (0.28 19.2 (22.5 - 15) + (21 - 15) / 0.56 + 4.71 -
- (15 + 35) 0.295 / 3.08 \u003d 50 / 50.94 \u003d 0.98 m 2 ° C / W

We determine the thickness of the insulation in the attic floor at R 0g. f \u003d 0.56 m 2 ° C / W:

= (R 0g. f – 1/– R w.b - R rub - 1/) ut =
= (0.56 - 1/8.7 - 0.142 -0.029 - 1/12)0.08 = 0.0153 m,
we accept the thickness of the insulation = 40 mm, since the minimum thickness of mineral wool boards is 40 mm (GOST 10140), then the actual heat transfer resistance will be

R 0g. f fact. \u003d 1 / 8.7 + 0.04 / 0.08 + 0.029 + 0.142 + 1/12 \u003d 0.869 m 2 ° C / W.
Determine the amount of insulation in the coating at R 0g. c \u003d \u003d 0.98 m 2 ° C / W:
= (R 0g. c – 1/ – R w.b - R rub - R c.p.r - R t – 1/) ut =
\u003d (0.98 - 1 / 9.9 - 0.017 - 0.029 - 0.022 - 0.035 - 1/23) 0.13 \u003d 0.0953 m,
we accept the thickness of the insulation (aerated concrete slab) 100 mm, then the actual value of the resistance to heat transfer of the attic coating will be almost equal to the calculated one.
B. Checking compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements

building thermal protection
I. Checking the fulfillment of the condition
for the attic floor:

\u003d (21 - 15) / (0.869 8.7) \u003d 0.79 ° С,
According to Table. 5 SNiP 23-02–2003 ∆ t n = 3 °C, therefore, the condition ∆ t g = 0.79 °С t n =3 °С is fulfilled.
We check the outer enclosing structures of the attic for the conditions of non-condensation on their inner surfaces, i.e. to fulfill the condition
:

- for covering over a warm attic, taking
W / m 2 ° С,
15 - [(15 + 35)/(0.98 9.9] =
\u003d 15 - 4.12 \u003d 10.85 ° С;
- for the outer walls of a warm attic, taking
W / m 2 ° С,
15 - [(15 + 35)]/(3.08 8.7) =
\u003d 15 - 1.49 \u003d 13.5 ° С.
II. Calculate the dew point temperature t d, °С, in the attic:

- we calculate the moisture content of the outside air, g / m 3, at the design temperature t ext:

=
- the same, warm attic air, taking the moisture content increment ∆ f for houses with gas stoves, equal to 4.0 g / m 3:
g/m 3 ;
- we determine the partial pressure of water vapor in the air in a warm attic:

By application 8 by value E= e g find the dew point temperature t d = 3.05 °С.

The obtained values of the dew point temperature are compared with the corresponding values
and
:
=13,5 > t d = 3.05 °С; = 10.88 > t d = 3.05 °С.
The dew point temperature is much lower than the corresponding temperatures on the inner surfaces of the outer fences, therefore, condensate on the inner surfaces of the coating and on the walls of the attic will not fall out.

Conclusion. Horizontal and vertical fences of a warm attic meet the regulatory requirements for thermal protection of the building.

Example5
Calculation of the specific consumption of thermal energy for heating a 9-storey one-section residential building (tower type)
The dimensions of a typical floor of a 9-storey residential building are given in the figure.

Fig. 8 Typical floor plan of a 9-storey one-section residential building

A. Initial data
Place of construction - Perm.

Climatic region - IV.

The humidity zone is normal.

The humidity regime of the room is normal.

Operating conditions of enclosing structures - B.

The length of the heating period z ht = 229 days.

Average temperature of the heating period t ht \u003d -5.9 ° С.

Indoor air temperature t int \u003d +21 ° С.

The temperature of the cold five-day outdoor air t ext = = -35 °С.

The building is equipped with a "warm" attic and technical basement.

The temperature of the internal air of the technical cellar = = +2 °С

The height of the building from the floor level of the first floor to the top of the exhaust shaft H= 29.7 m.

Floor height - 2.8 m.

The maximum of the average rhumb wind speeds for January v\u003d 5.2 m / s.
B. Calculation procedure
1. Determination of the areas of enclosing structures.

The determination of the area of enclosing structures is based on the plan of a typical floor of a 9-storey building and the initial data of section A.

Total floor area of the building
BUT h \u003d (42.5 + 42.5 + 42.5 + 57.38) 9 \u003d 1663.9 m 2.
Living area of apartments and kitchens
BUT l = (27,76 + 27,76 + 27,76 + 42,54 + 7,12 + 7,12 +
+ 7,12 + 7,12)9 \u003d 1388.7 m 2.
Floor area above technical basement BUT b .c, attic floor BUT g. f and coverings over the attic BUT g. c
BUT b .c = BUT g. f= BUT g. c \u003d 16 16.2 \u003d 259.2 m 2.
Total area of window fillings and balcony doors BUT F with their number on the floor:

- window fillings 1.5 m wide - 6 pcs.,

- window fillings 1.2 m wide - 8 pcs.,

- balcony doors with a width of 0.75 m - 4 pcs.

Windows height - 1.2 m; the height of the balcony doors is 2.2 m.
BUT F \u003d [(1.5 6 + 1.2 8) 1.2 + (0.75 4 2.2)] 9 \u003d 260.3 m 2.
The area of the entrance doors to the staircase with their width of 1.0 and 1.5 m and height of 2.05 m
BUT ed \u003d (1.5 + 1.0) 2.05 \u003d 5.12 m 2.
The area of the window fillings of the staircase with a window width of 1.2 m and a height of 0.9 m

\u003d (1.2 0.9) 8 \u003d 8.64 m 2.
The total area of the outer doors of apartments with a width of 0.9 m, a height of 2.05 m and a number of 4 on the floor.
BUT ed \u003d (0.9 2.05 4) 9 \u003d 66.42 m 2.
The total area of the outer walls of the building, taking into account window and door openings

\u003d (16 + 16 + 16.2 + 16.2) 2.8 9 \u003d 1622.88 m 2.
The total area of the outer walls of the building without window and door openings

BUT W \u003d 1622.88 - (260.28 + 8.64 + 5.12) \u003d 1348.84 m 2.
The total area of the internal surfaces of the external enclosing structures, including the attic floor and the floor above the technical basement,

\u003d (16 + 16 + 16.2 + 16.2) 2.8 9 + 259.2 + 259.2 \u003d 2141.3 m 2.
Heated volume of the building

V n \u003d 16 16.2 2.8 9 \u003d 6531.84 m 3.
2. Determination of degree-days of the heating period.

Degree days are determined by the formula (2) SNiP 23-02-2003 for the following building envelopes:

- external walls and attic floor:

D d 1 \u003d (21 + 5.9) 229 \u003d 6160.1 ° C day,
- coatings and external walls of a warm "attic":
D d 2 \u003d (15 + 5.9) 229 \u003d 4786.1 ° C day,
- floors above the technical basement:
D d 3 \u003d (2 + 5.9) 229 \u003d 1809.1 ° C day.
3. Determination of the required resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures.

The required resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures is determined from Table. 4 SNiP 23-02-2003 depending on the degree-day values of the heating period:

- for the outer walls of the building
\u003d 0.00035 6160.1 + 1.4 \u003d 3.56 m 2 ° C / W;
- for attic flooring
= n· \u003d 0.107 (0.0005 6160.1 + 2.2) \u003d 0.49 m 2,
n =
=
= 0,107;
- for the outer walls of the attic
\u003d 0.00035 4786.1 + 1.4 \u003d 3.07 m 2 ° C / W,
- for covering over the attic

=
=
\u003d 0.87 m 2 ° C / W;
– for overlapping over a technical basement

= n b. c R reg \u003d 0.34 (0.00045 1809.1 + 1.9) \u003d 0.92 m 2 ° C / W,

n b. c=
=
= 0,34;
- for window fillings and balcony doors with triple glazing in wooden bindings (Appendix L SP 23-101–2004)

\u003d 0.55 m 2 ° C / W.
4. Determination of the consumption of thermal energy for heating the building.

To determine the consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period, it is necessary to establish:

- total heat loss of the building through external fences Q h , MJ;

- household heat inputs Q int , MJ;

- heat gains through windows and balcony doors from solar radiation, MJ.

When determining the total heat loss of a building Q h , MJ, it is necessary to calculate two coefficients:

- the reduced coefficient of heat transfer through the external building envelope
, W / (m 2 ° С);
L v = 3 A l\u003d 3 1388.7 \u003d 4166.1 m 3 / h,
where A l- the area of \u200b\u200bliving premises and kitchens, m 2;

- the determined average rate of air exchange of the building for the heating period n a , h –1 , according to formula (D.8) SNiP 23-02–2003:
n a =
= 0.75 h -1.
We accept the coefficient for reducing the volume of air in the building, taking into account the presence of internal fences, B v = 0.85; specific heat capacity of air c= 1 kJ/kg °С, and the coefficient for taking into account the influence of the oncoming heat flow in translucent structures k = 0,7:

=
\u003d 0.45 W / (m 2 ° C).
The value of the building's total heat transfer coefficient K m, W / (m 2 ° С), determined by the formula (D.4) SNiP 23-02–2003:
K m \u003d 0.59 + 0.45 \u003d 1.04 W / (m 2 ° C).
We calculate the total heat loss of the building for the heating period Q h , MJ, according to formula (D.3) SNiP 23-02–2003:
Q h = 0.0864 1.04 6160.1 2141.28 = 1185245.3 MJ.
Household heat inputs during the heating season Q int , MJ, determined by the formula (D.11) SNiP 23-02-2003, assuming the value of specific household heat emissions q int equal to 17 W / m 2:
Q int = 0.0864 17 229 1132.4 = 380888.62 MJ.
Heat input to the building from solar radiation during the heating period Q s , MJ, determined by the formula (G.11) SNiP 23-02-2003, taking the values of the coefficients that take into account the shading of light openings by opaque filling elements τ F = 0.5 and the relative penetration of solar radiation for light-transmitting window fillings k F = 0.46.

The average value of solar radiation for the heating period on vertical surfaces I cf, W / m 2, we accept according to Appendix (D) SP 23-101–2004 for the geographical latitude of the location of Perm (56 ° N):

I av \u003d 201 W / m 2,
Q s = 0.5 0.76(100.44 201 + 100.44 201 +
+ 29.7 201 + 29.7 201) = 19880.18 MJ.
Consumption of thermal energy for heating the building during the heating period , MJ, is determined by the formula (D.2) of SNiP 23-02-2003, taking the numerical value of the following coefficients:

- coefficient of heat gain reduction due to thermal inertia of enclosing structures = 0,8;

- coefficient taking into account the additional heat consumption of the heating system, associated with the discreteness of the nominal heat flux of the range of heating devices for tower-type buildings = 1,11.
= 1.11 = 1024940.2 MJ.
We set the specific consumption of thermal energy of the building
, kJ / (m 2 °C day), according to the formula (D.1) SNiP 23-02–2003:
=
\u003d 25.47 kJ / (m 2 ° C day).
According to the data in Table. 9 SNiP 23-02–2003, the standardized specific heat energy consumption for heating a 9-storey residential building is 25 kJ / (m 2 ° C day), which is 1.02% lower than the calculated specific heat energy consumption = 25.47 kJ /(m 2 ·°С·day), therefore, in the heat engineering design of enclosing structures, this difference must be taken into account.

Heating and ventilation systems must provide acceptable microclimate and indoor air conditions. To do this, it is necessary to maintain a balance between the heat losses of the building and the heat gain. The condition of thermal equilibrium of a building can be expressed as an equality

$$Q=Q_t+Q_i=Q_0+Q_(tv),$$

where $Q$ is the total heat loss of the building; $Q_t$ – heat losses by heat transfer through external enclosures; $Q_i$ - heat loss by infiltration due to cold air entering the room through leaks in the outer enclosures; $Q_0$ – heat supply to the building through the heating system; $Q_(tv)$ are internal heat releases.

The heat losses of the building mainly depend on the first term $Q_t$. Therefore, for the convenience of calculation, the heat losses of the building can be represented as follows:

$$Q=Q_t (1+μ),$$

where $μ$ is the infiltration coefficient, which is the ratio of heat loss by infiltration to heat loss by heat transfer through external enclosures.

The source of internal heat emissions $Q_(TV)$ in residential buildings are usually people, cooking appliances (gas, electric and other stoves), lighting fixtures. These heat releases are largely random in nature and cannot be controlled in any way in time.

In addition, heat dissipation is not distributed evenly throughout the building. In rooms with a high population density, internal heat emissions are relatively large, and in rooms with a low density, they are insignificant.

In order to ensure a normal temperature regime in residential areas in all heated premises, the hydraulic and temperature regimes of the heating network are usually set according to the most unfavorable conditions, i.e. according to the mode of heating rooms with zero heat emissions.

The reduced resistance to heat transfer of translucent structures (windows, stained-glass windows, balcony doors, lanterns) is taken according to the results of tests in an accredited laboratory; in the absence of such data, it is estimated according to the method from Appendix K to.

The reduced heat transfer resistance of enclosing structures with ventilated air gaps should be calculated in accordance with Appendix K in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 23.02.2003).

The calculation of the specific heat-shielding characteristics of the building is drawn up in the form of a table, which should contain the following information:

The name of each fragment that makes up the shell of the building;
The area of each fragment;
The reduced resistance to heat transfer of each fragment with reference to the calculation (according to Appendix E in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 23.02.2003));
A coefficient that takes into account the difference between the internal or external temperature of a structural fragment from those accepted in the GSOP calculation.

The following table shows the form of the table for calculating the specific thermal performance of a building

The specific ventilation characteristic of the building, W / (m 3 ∙ ° С), should be determined by the formula

$$k_(vent)=0.28 c n_v β_v ρ_v^(vent) (1-k_(ef)),$$

where $c$ is the specific heat capacity of air, equal to 1 kJ/(kg °C); $β_v$ is the coefficient of reduction of the air volume in the building, taking into account the presence of internal enclosing structures. In the absence of data, take $β_v=0.85$; $ρ_v^(vent)$ - the average density of the supply air for the heating period, calculated by the formula, kg / m 3:

$$ρ_in^(vent)=\frac(353)(273+t_(from));$$

$n_v$ is the average air exchange rate of the building during the heating period, h -1; $k_(eff)$ – heat exchanger efficiency factor.

The efficiency coefficient of the heat exchanger is different from zero if the average air permeability of residential apartments and premises of public buildings (with closed supply and exhaust ventilation openings) ensures air exchange with a multiplicity of $n_(50)$, h–1, at a pressure difference of 50 during the test period Pa of outdoor and indoor air during ventilation with mechanical stimulation $n_(50) ≤ 2$ h –1 .

The air exchange rate of buildings and premises at a pressure difference of 50 Pa and their average air permeability are determined according to GOST 31167.

The average building air exchange rate for the heating period is calculated from the total air exchange due to ventilation and infiltration according to the formula, h -1:

$$n_v=\frac(\frac(L_(vent) n_(vent))(168) + \frac(G_(inf) n_(inf))(168 ρ_v^(vent)))(β_v ) V_(from)),$$

where $L_(vent)$ is the amount of supply air into the building with unorganized inflow or the normalized value with mechanical ventilation, m 3 / h, equal to: a) residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments less than 20 m 2 of the total area per person $ 3 A_zh $, b) other residential buildings $0.35 h_(floor)(A_zh)$, but not less than $30 m$; where $m$ is the estimated number of residents in the building, c) public and administrative buildings are accepted conditionally: for administrative buildings, offices, warehouses and supermarkets $4 A_r$, for convenience stores, healthcare facilities, consumer service complexes, sports arenas, museums and exhibitions $5·A_р$, for preschool institutions, schools, secondary technical and higher educational institutions $7·A_р$, for sports and recreation and cultural and leisure complexes, restaurants, cafes, railway stations $10·A_р$; $A_zh$, $A_r$ - for residential buildings - the area of residential premises, which include bedrooms, children's rooms, living rooms, offices, libraries, dining rooms, kitchen-dining rooms; for public and administrative buildings - the estimated area, determined in accordance with SP 118.13330 as the sum of the areas of all premises, with the exception of corridors, vestibules, passages, stairwells, elevator shafts, internal open stairs and ramps, as well as premises intended for the placement of engineering equipment and networks , m 2 ; $h_(floor)$ – floor-to-ceiling height, m; $n_(vent)$ - number of hours of mechanical ventilation during the week; 168 - the number of hours in a week; $G_(inf)$ - the amount of air infiltrated into the building through the building envelope, kg/h: for residential buildings - air entering the stairwells during the day of the heating period, for public buildings - air entering through leaks in translucent structures and doors, allowed to be accepted for public buildings during non-working hours, depending on the number of storeys of the building: up to three floors - equal to $0.1 β_v V_(total)$, from four to nine floors $0.15 β_v V_(total)$, above nine floors $0.2 β_v ·V_(gen)$, where $V_(gen)$ is the heated volume of the public part of the building; $n_(inf)$ is the number of hours of accounting for infiltration during the week, h, equal to 168 for buildings with balanced supply and exhaust ventilation and (168 - $n_(vent)$) for buildings in which the air overpressure is maintained during operation supply mechanical ventilation; $V_(from)$ - heated volume of the building, equal to the volume limited by the internal surfaces of the external fences of buildings, m 3;

In cases where the building consists of several zones with different air exchange, the average air exchange rates are found for each zone separately (the zones into which the building is divided should be the entire heated volume). All obtained average air exchange rates are summarized and the total coefficient is substituted into the formula for calculating the specific ventilation characteristics of the building.

The amount of infiltrating air entering the stairwell of a residential building or the premises of a public building through gaps in the openings, assuming that they are all on the windward side, should be determined by the formula:

$$G_(inf)=\left(\frac(А_(ok))(R_(u,ok)^(tr))\right)\left(\frac(Δp_(ok))(10)\right )^(\frac(2)(3))+\left(\frac(A_(dw))(R_(u,dw)^(tr))\right)\left(\frac(Δp_(dw) )(10)\right)^(\frac(1)(2))$$

where $А_(ok)$ and $А_(dv)$ - respectively, the total area of windows, balcony doors and entrance external doors, m 2; $R_(i,ok)^(tr)$ and $R_(i,dv)^(tr)$ - respectively, the required air permeability of windows and balcony doors and entrance external doors, (m 2 h) / kg; $Δp_(ok)$ and $Δp_(dv)$ - respectively, the calculated pressure difference between the outside and inside air, Pa, for windows and balcony doors and external entrance doors, is determined by the formula:

$$Δp=0.55 H (γ_n-γ_v)+0.03 γ_n v^2,$$

for windows and balcony doors with the replacement of the value 0.55 by 0.28 in it and with the calculation of the specific gravity according to the formula:

$$γ=\frac(3463)(273+t),$$

where $γ_н$, $γ_в$ – specific gravity of outdoor and indoor air respectively, N/m 3 ; t - air temperature: internal (to determine $γ_v$) - is taken according to the optimal parameters according to GOST 12.1.005, GOST 30494 and SanPiN 2.1.2.2645; outdoor (to determine $γ_n$) - is taken equal to the average temperature of the coldest five-day period with a probability of 0.92 according to SP 131.13330; $v$ is the maximum of the average wind speeds in points for January, the frequency of which is 16% or more, taken according to SP 131.13330.

The specific characteristic of the household heat emissions of the building, W / (m 3 ° C), should be determined by the formula:

$$k_(life)=\frac(q_(life) A_zh)(V_(life) (t_in-t_(from))),$$

where $q_(life)$ is the amount of household heat emissions per 1 m 2 of the area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises or the estimated area of a public building, W / m 2, taken for:

residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments less than 20 m 2 of total area per person $q_(household)=17$ W/m 2 ;
residential buildings with an estimated occupancy of apartments of 45 m 2 of total area or more per person $q_(household)=10$ W/m 2;
other residential buildings - depending on the estimated occupancy of apartments by interpolating the value of $q_(household)$ between 17 and 10 W/m 2 ;
for public and administrative buildings, household heat emissions are taken into account according to the estimated number of people (90 W / person) in the building, lighting (in terms of installed power) and office equipment (10 W / m 2), taking into account working hours per week.

The specific characteristic of heat input into the building from solar radiation, W/(m °C), should be determined by the formula:

$$k_(rad)=(11.6 Q_(rad)^(year))(V_(from) GSOP),$$

where $Q_(rad)^(year)$ are heat gains through windows and skylights from solar radiation during the heating period, MJ/year, for four facades of buildings oriented in four directions, determined by the formula:

$$Q_(rad)^(year)=τ_(1ok) τ_(2ok) (A_(ok1)I_1+A_(ok2)I_2+A_(ok3)I_3+A_(ok4)I_4) +τ_(1background) τ_(2background) A_(background) I_(mountain),$$

where $τ_(1ok)$, $τ_(1background)$ are coefficients of relative penetration of solar radiation for light-transmitting fillings of windows and skylights, respectively, taken according to the passport data of the corresponding light-transmitting products; in the absence of data, it should be taken according to the set of rules; skylights with an angle of inclination of fillings to the horizon of 45 ° or more should be considered as vertical windows, with an angle of inclination of less than 45 ° - as skylights; $τ_(2ok)$, $τ_(2background)$ – coefficients that take into account the shading of the light opening, respectively, of windows and skylights by opaque filling elements, taken according to design data; in the absence of data, it should be taken according to the set of rules; $A_(ok1)$, $A_(ok2)$, $A_(ok3)$, $A_(ok4)$ - the area of light apertures of the facades of the building (the blind part of the balcony doors is excluded), respectively oriented in four directions, m 2; $A_(background)$ - area of skylights of the skylights of the building, m 2 ; $I_1$, $I_2$, $I_3$, $I_4$ - the average value of solar radiation on vertical surfaces during the heating period under actual cloudiness conditions, respectively oriented along the four facades of the building, MJ / (m 2 year), is determined by the method set of rules TSN 23-304-99 and SP 23-101-2004; $I_(mountains)$ - the average value of solar radiation on a horizontal surface during the heating period under actual cloudiness conditions, MJ / (m 2 year), is determined according to the set of rules TSN 23-304-99 and SP 23-101-2004.

The specific consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building during the heating period, kWh / (m 3 year) should be determined by the formula:

$$q=0.024 GSOP q_(from)^r.$$

The consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of the building during the heating period, kWh / year, should be determined by the formula:

$$Q_(from)^(year)=0.024 GSOP V_(from) q_(from)^r.$$

Based on these indicators, an energy passport is developed for each building. Energy passport of the building project: a document containing the energy, thermal and geometrical characteristics of both existing buildings and building projects and their enclosing structures, and establishing their compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents and the energy efficiency class.

The energy passport of the building design is developed in order to provide a system for monitoring the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation by the building, which implies establishing the compliance of the heat-shielding and energy characteristics of the building with the normalized indicators defined in these standards and (or) the energy efficiency requirements of capital construction objects determined by federal legislation.

The energy passport of the building is compiled in accordance with Appendix D. The form for filling out the energy passport of the building project in SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings (SNiP 23.02.2003).

Heating systems must ensure uniform heating of the air in the premises throughout the entire heating period, do not create odors, do not pollute the indoor air with harmful substances emitted during operation, do not create additional noise, and must be accessible for routine repairs and maintenance.

Heaters should be easily accessible for cleaning. In case of water heating, the surface temperature of the heating devices must not exceed 90°C. For devices with a heating surface temperature of more than 75 ° C, it is necessary to provide protective barriers.

Natural ventilation of residential premises should be carried out by air flow through the windows, transoms, or through special openings in the window sashes and ventilation ducts. Exhaust duct openings should be provided in kitchens, bathrooms, toilets and drying cabinets.

The heating load is, as a rule, around the clock. With constant outside temperature, wind speed and cloudiness, the heating load of residential buildings is almost constant. The heating load of public buildings and industrial enterprises has a non-permanent daily, and often non-permanent weekly schedule, when, in order to save heat, the heat supply for heating is artificially reduced during non-working hours (night and weekends).

The ventilation load changes much more sharply both during the day and on the days of the week, since, as a rule, ventilation does not work during non-working hours of industrial enterprises and institutions.