The types of heating devices are determined by their design, which determines the method of heat transfer (convective or radiative heat transfer may prevail) from the outer surface of the devices to the room.
There are six main types of heating appliances, radiators, panels, convectors, finned tubes, smooth tube appliances and heaters.
By the nature of the outer surface heating appliances can be with a smooth surface (radiators, panels, smooth-tube devices) and a ribbed surface (convectors, finned tubes, heaters).
According to the material from which heating devices are made, metal, combined and non-metallic devices are distinguished.
Schemes of heating devices
a - a radiator, b - a panel, c - a convector, e - a finned tube, e - a smooth-tube device.
Metal appliances are made of cast iron (from gray cast iron) and steel (from sheet steel and steel pipes).
AT combined appliances use a concrete or ceramic array in which steel or cast iron heating elements are embedded ( heating panels), or ribbed steel pipes placed in a non-metallic (for example, asbestos-cement) casing (convectors).
Non-metallic appliances are concrete panels with embedded glass or plastic pipes or with voids without pipes at all, as well as porcelain and ceramic radiators.
In terms of height, all heaters can be divided into high (more than 600 mm high), medium (400-600 mm) and low (<400 мм). Низкие приборы высотой менее 200 мм называются плинтусными.
Schemes of five types of heating devices are shown in the figure. Heater used primarily for heating air in ventilation systems.
It is customary to call a radiator a device of a convective-radiation type, consisting of separate columnar elements - sections with channels of a round or elliptical shape. The radiator emits about 25% of the total amount of heat transferred from the coolant into the room with radiation, and is called a radiator only by tradition.
The panel is a device of a convective-radiation type of relatively shallow depth, which does not have gaps along the front. The panel transmits by radiation a somewhat larger part of the heat flux than the radiator, however, only the ceiling panel can be classified as radiation-type devices (radiating more than 50% of the total amount of heat with radiation).
The heating panel can have a smooth, slightly ribbed or wavy surface, columnar or serpentine channels for the coolant.
The convector is a convective type device consisting of two elements - a finned heater and a casing. The convector transfers at least 75% of the total amount of heat into the room by convection. The casing decorates the heater and increases the rate of natural air convection at the outer surface of the heater. The convectors also include baseboard heaters without casing.
A finned tube is an open-mounted convective-type heating device, in which the area of the external heat-releasing surface is at least 9 times greater than the area of \u200b\u200bthe internal heat-receiving surface.
Section of a two-column radiator
hp - total height, hm - assembly (construction) height, l - depth; b - width.
A smooth-tube device is called a device consisting of several steel pipes connected together, forming channels of a columnar (register) or serpentine (coil) shape for the coolant.
Consider how the requirements for heating devices are met.
1. Ceramic and porcelain radiators are usually made in the form of blocks, they are distinguished by a pleasant appearance have a smooth, easy-to-clean surface. They have sufficiently high thermal performance: kp p \u003d 9.5-10.5 W / (m 2 K); f e /f f >1 and lower surface temperature in comparison with metal devices. When using them, the consumption of metal in the heating system is reduced.
Ceramic and porcelain radiators are not widely used due to insufficient strength, unreliable connection with pipes, difficulties in manufacturing and installation, and the possibility of water vapor penetrating through ceramic walls. They are applied in low-rise construction are used as non-pressure heating devices.
2. Cast iron radiators - widely used heating devices - are cast from gray cast iron in the form of separate sections and can be assembled into devices different area by connecting sections on nipples with gaskets made of heat-resistant rubber. Various designs of one-, two- and multi-column radiators are known various heights, but the most common are two-column medium and low radiators.
Radiators are designed for maximum operational (usually the term is used - working) coolant pressure of 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / cm 2) and have relatively high thermal performance: k pr \u003d 9.1-10.6 W / (m 2 K) and f e /f f ≤1.35.
However, the significant metal consumption of radiators [(M = 0.29-0.36 W / (kg K) or 0.25-0.31 kcal / (h kg ° C)] and other disadvantages cause their replacement with lighter and less metal-intensive devices It should be noted their unattractive appearance when installed outdoors in modern buildings.In sanitary and hygienic terms, radiators, except for single-column ones, cannot be considered to meet the requirements, since cleaning the intersection space from dust is quite difficult.
The production of radiators is laborious, installation is difficult due to the bulkiness and significant mass of the assembled devices.
Corrosion resistance, durability, layout advantages with good thermal performance, well-established production contribute to high level production of radiators in our country. Currently produced two-column cast iron radiator type M-140-AO with a section depth of 140 mm and inter-column inclined finning, as well as type S-90 with a section depth of 90 mm.
3. Steel panels differ from cast-iron radiators in their lower weight and cost. Steel panels are designed for operating pressures up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / cm2) and have high thermal performance: k pr \u003d 10.5-11.5 W / (m 2 K) and f e / f f ≤1.7 .
The panels are made in two designs: with horizontal collectors connected by vertical columns (columnar shape), and with horizontal channels connected in series (serpentine shape). The coil is sometimes made of steel pipe and welded to the panel; the device in this case is called sheet-tube.
The panels meet the architectural and construction requirements, especially in buildings of large building elements, are easily cleaned of dust, and allow mechanizing their production using automation. On the same production areas, it is possible to produce up to 5 million m 2 of steel radiators instead of 1.5 million m 2 enp of cast-iron radiators per year. Finally, when using steel panels, labor costs are reduced during installation due to a decrease in the mass of metal to 10 kg/m 2 enp. Reducing the mass increases the thermal stress of the metal to 0.55-0.8 W / (kg K). The spread of steel panels is limited by the need to use cold rolled steel sheets. High Quality 1.2-1.5 mm thick, resistant to corrosion. When manufactured from ordinary sheet steel, the service life of the panels is reduced due to intense internal corrosion. Steel panels, except for sheet-pipe panels, are used in heating systems with deoxygenated water.
Steel stamped panels and radiators various designs are widely used abroad (in Finland, USA, Germany, etc.). In our country, medium and low steel panels are produced with columns and serpentine channels for single and paired (in depth) installation.
4. Concrete heating panels are manufactured:
- with concreted serpentine or columnar heating elements made of steel pipes with a diameter of 15 and 20 mm;
- with concrete, glass or plastic channels different configuration(non-metal panels).
These devices are located in the enclosing structures of the premises (combined panels) or attached to them (attached panels).
When using steel heating elements, concrete heating panels can be used at a working coolant pressure of up to 1 MPa (10 kgf / cm 2).
Concrete panels have thermal performance close to those of other smooth devices: k pr \u003d 7.5-11.5 W / (m 2 K) and f e / f f ≈1, as well as high thermal stress of the metal. Panels, especially combined ones, meet strict architectural, construction, sanitary and hygienic and other requirements.
However, concrete panels, despite their compliance with most of the requirements for heating devices, are not widely used due to operational shortcomings (combined panels) and installation difficulties (attached panels).
5. Convectors have relatively low thermal performance k pr \u003d 4.7-6.5 W / (m 2 K) and f e / f f<1, для отдельных типов конвекторов до 0,6. Тем не менее их производство во многих странах растет (при сокращении производства чугунных отопительных приборов) из-за простоты изготовления, возможности механизации и автоматизации производства, удобства монтажа (масса всего 5-8 кг/м 2 энп). Малая металлоемкость способствует повышению теплового напряжения металла прибора. M=0,8-1,3 Вт/(кг К) . Приборы рассчитаны на рабочее давление теплоносителя до 1 МПа (10 кгс/см 2).
Convectors can have steel or cast iron heating elements. Currently, convectors with steel heaters are produced:
- skirting convectors without casing (type 15 KP and 20 KP);
- low convectors without a casing (such as "Progress", "Accord");
- low convectors with casing (Comfort type).
Skirting convector type 20 KP (15 KP) consists of a steel pipe with a diameter of d y = 20 mm (15 mm) and closed fins 90 (80) mm high with a step of 20 mm, made of sheet steel 0.5 mm thick, tightly fitted on the pipe . Convectors 20 KP and 15 KP are produced in various lengths (every 0.25 m) and are assembled at the factory into units consisting of several convectors (in length and height), pipes connecting them and control valves.
It should be noted such an advantage of using skirting convectors as improving the thermal regime of rooms when they are placed in the lower zone along the length of windows and external walls; in addition, they take up little space in the depth of the premises (building depth is only 70 and 60 mm). Their disadvantages are: the cost of sheet steel, which is not efficiently used for heat transfer, and the difficulty of cleaning the fins from dust. Although their dust-collecting surface is small (less than that of radiators), they are still not recommended for heating rooms with increased sanitary and hygienic requirements (in medical buildings and children's institutions).
The low convector of the "Progress" type is a modification of the convector 20 KP, based on two pipes connected by common fins of the same configuration, but of greater height.
The low convector of the Akkord type also consists of two parallel steel pipes d y \u003d 20 mm, through which the coolant flows in series, and vertical finning elements (height 300 mm) made of sheet steel 1 mm thick, mounted on pipes with 20 mm gaps. Ribbed elements forming the so-called front surface of the device are U-shaped in plan (rib 60 mm) and open to the wall.
Convector type "Accord" is manufactured in various lengths and installed in one or two rows in height.
In a convector with a casing, air mobility increases, which contributes to an increase in the heat transfer of the device. The heat transfer of convectors increases depending on the height of the casing.
Jacketed convectors are mainly used for space heating in public buildings.
The low convector with Comfort casing consists of a steel heating element, a detachable casing made of steel panels, an air outlet grille and an air regulation valve. In the heating element, rectangular ribs are mounted on two pipes d y =15 or 20 mm in increments of 5 to 10 mm. The total mass of the heater metal is 5.5-7 kg/m 2 enp.
The convector has a depth of 60-160 mm, is installed on the floor or on the wall and can be through the movement of the heat carrier (for connecting horizontally with another convector) and end (with a coil).
The presence of a valve for air control allows you to connect the convectors in series along the coolant without installing fittings to control its amount. Convectors can also be with artificial convection when installed in a fan casing of a special design.
6. Ribbed tubes are made of gray cast iron and are used at operating pressures up to 0.6 MPa (6 kgf / cm 2). The most widespread are flanged cast-iron pipes, on the outer surface of which thin cast round ribs are placed.
Due to the high coefficient of finning, the outer surface of a finned tube is many times larger than the surface of a smooth tube of the same diameter (inner diameter of the finned tube 70 mm) and length. The compactness of the device, the reduced surface temperature of the fins when using a high-temperature coolant, the relative ease of manufacture and low cost determine the use of this device, which is inefficient in terms of heat engineering: k pr \u003d 4.7-5.8 W / (m 2 K); f e / f f \u003d 0.55-0.69. Its disadvantages also include unsatisfactory appearance, low mechanical strength of the ribs and the difficulty of cleaning from dust. Finned tubes also have a very low thermal stress of the metal: M = 0.25 W / (kg K).
They are applied in industrial premises where there is no significant dust emission, and in auxiliary rooms with temporary stay of people.
Currently, round finned tubes are produced in a limited range of lengths from 0.75 to 2 m for horizontal installation. Steel-iron finned tubes are being developed, which include PK-type finned tube with 70 X 130 mm rectangular fins. This pipe is easy to manufacture and relatively light in weight. The base is a steel pipe d y \u003d 20 mm, poured into cast-iron fins 3-4 mm thick. Two longitudinal plates are cast over the ribs to protect the main fin from mechanical damage. The device is designed for operating pressure up to 1 MPa (10 kgf / cm 2).
Scheme of a convector with a casing
1 - heating element, 2 - casing, 3 - air valve.
For a comparative thermal performance of the main heating devices, the table shows the heat transfer of devices 1 m long.
Heat transfer of heating devices with a length of 1 m at Δt cf = 64.5 ° and a water flow rate of 300 kg / h.
| Heating appliances | Instrument depth, mm | Heat transfer | |
| W/m | kcal/(h m) | ||
| Radiators: | |||
| - type M-140-AO | 140 | 1942 | 1670 |
| - type S-90 | 90 | 1448 | 1245 |
| Steel panels type MZ-500: | |||
| - single | 18 | 864 | 743 |
| - paired | 78 | 1465 | 1260 |
| Convectors type 20 KP: | |||
| - single row | 70 | 331 | 285 |
| - three-row | 70 | 900 | 774 |
| Convectors: | |||
| - type "Comfort" H-9 | 123 | 1087 | 935 |
| - type "Comfort-20" | 160 | 1467 | 1262 |
| Finned tube | 175 | 865 | 744 |
As can be seen from the table, deeper heating devices are characterized by high heat transfer per 1 m of length; The cast-iron radiator has the greatest heat transfer, the smallest - the plinth convector.
7. Smooth-tube devices are made of steel pipes in the form of coils (the pipes are connected in series according to the movement of the coolant, which increases its speed and the hydraulic resistance of the device) and columns or registers (parallel connection of pipes with reduced hydraulic resistance of the device).
The devices are welded from pipes d y =32-100 mm, located at a distance from one another of at least a selected pipe diameter to reduce mutual exposure and, accordingly, increase heat transfer to the room. Smooth-tube devices are used at operating pressures up to 1 MPa (10 kgf / cm 2). They have high thermal performance: k pr \u003d 10.5-14 W / (m 2 K) and f e / f f ≤1.8, and the highest values \u200b\u200bare related to smooth steel pipes with a diameter of 32 mm.
Indicators of heating devices of various types
positive | pressure | Requirements for devices | |||||||||
Technical | architecturally Construction | sanitary hygienic | production Mounting |
||||||||
labor |
|||||||||||
| Radiators: | |||||||||||
Physical and | 2-4 | >1 | - | ++ | + | - | + | ++ | - | - | |
| - cast iron | 6 | Up to 1.35 | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | |
| Panels: | |||||||||||
| - steel | 6 | Up to 1.7 | ++ | + | + | - | - | ++ | ++ | + | |
| - concrete | 10 | ~ 1 | + | ++ | + | ± | ++ | + | - | ± | |
| - without casing | |||||||||||
| - with casing | 10 | <1 | ± | + | ± | ± | + | - | ++ | + | |
| 6 | + | - | - | ++ | + | - | - | - | |||
| 10 | Up to 1.8 | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | ||
| 8 | >1 | - | + | - | ++ | + | - | + | - | ||
Note: The sign + indicates the fulfillment, the sign - non-fulfillment of the requirements for devices; the ++ sign marks the indicators that determine the main advantage of this type of heater.
Smooth-tube devices meet sanitary and hygienic requirements - their dust-collecting surface is small and easy to clean.
The disadvantages of smooth-tube devices include their bulkiness due to the limited area of the outer surface, the inconvenience of placing under windows, and the increase in steel consumption in the heating system. Given these shortcomings and unfavorable appearance, these devices are used in industrial premises in which there is a significant release of dust, as well as in cases where other types of devices cannot be used. In industrial premises, they are often used to heat skylights.
8. Heaters - compact heating appliances a large area (from 10 to 70 m2) of the outer surface formed by several rows of finned tubes; apply them to air heating premises in local and central systems. Directly in the premises, heaters are used as part of air-heating units various types or for recirculating air heaters. The heaters are designed for the operating pressure of the coolant up to 0.8 MPa (8 kgf/cm 2); their heat transfer coefficient depends on the speed of movement of water and air, therefore, it can vary widely from 9 to 35 or more W / (m 2 K) [from 8 to 30 or more kcal / (h m 2 ˚C)].
The table shows the indicators of heating devices various kinds; conditionally noted the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the requirements for devices.
The quality and efficiency of the heating system affects the creation of a comfortable environment in a residential area. One of the main elements heating system- a radiator that transfers heat from a heated coolant using radiation, convection and thermal conductivity.
They are divided into separate groups depending on the material of manufacture, design, shape, application.
One of the important details that you need to pay attention to when choosing is the material of manufacture. Modern market offers several options: aluminum, cast iron, steel, bimetallic heaters.
Aluminum heat exchangers comprehensively heat the room by thermal radiation and convection, which occurs through the movement of heated air from the lower sections of the heater to the upper ones.
Main characteristics:
- Working pressure from 5 to 16 atmospheres;
- Thermal power of one section - 81–212 W;
- The maximum water heating temperature is 110 degrees;
- The pH of the water is 7–8;
- The service life is 10-15 years.
There are two manufacturing methods:
- Casting.
At high blood pressure separate sections are made of aluminum with the addition of silicon (no more than 12%), which are fastened into one heater. The number of sections varies, it is possible to attach additional sections to one section.
- extrusion method.
This method is cheaper than injection molding and involves manufacturing on an extruder vertical parts batteries, and the collector is made of silumin (an alloy of aluminum with silicon). Parts are connected, adding or reducing sections is not possible.
Advantages:
- High thermal conductivity
- Light weight, easy installation
- An increased level of heat transfer, which is facilitated by the design features of the heat exchanger.
- Modern design that fits into any interior.
- Due to the reduced volume of coolant in the sections, aluminum units heat up quickly.
- The design of the battery allows you to embed thermostats, thermal valves, which contribute to economical consumption heat, adjusting the heating of the coolant to the required temperature.
- Easy to install, installation is possible without the involvement of professionals.
- The outer coating of the battery prevents the formation of peeling paint.
- Low cost.
Flaws:
- Sensitive to shock and other physical influences, as well as pressure surges. These batteries are not suitable for installation on industrial enterprises because of high pressure in the heating system.
- The need to constantly maintain the pH level of the water within the acceptable range.
- Contaminated coolant - water with solid particles, chemical impurities - damages the internal protective layer walls, causing their destruction, the formation of corrosion and blockages, which reduces the service life. Filters need to be installed and cleaned.
- Aluminum reacts with oxygen in water to oxidize, releasing hydrogen. This leads to gas formation in the heating system. To avoid rupture, the installation of an air release device is required, which needs constant maintenance.
- Joints between sections are susceptible to leakage.
- Aluminum radiators are not compatible with copper pipes , which are often used in modern systems heating. When they interact, oxidation processes occur.
- Weak convection.
Characteristics:
- Heat dissipation - 1200–1800 W;
- The indicator of working pressure is from 6 to 15 atmospheres;
- Temperature hot water is 110–120 C.
- Steel thickness - from 1.15 to 1.25 mm.
Advantages:
- Little inertia. The steel heat exchanger heats up very quickly and begins to give off heat to the room
- Increased heat transfer by thermal radiation and convection
- Long service life due to uncomplicated design
- Ease of installation
- A light weight
- Low cost
- attractive appearance, original design. Steel are manufactured in various forms allowing them to be placed vertically, horizontally and at an angle
- Compatibility with various materials used as fasteners
- High level of energy saving
- Installation of temperature controllers
- Simple design ensures easy maintenance
Flaws:
- Low resistance to corrosion. Units made of the thickest steel can withstand a service life of no more than ten years.
- It is forbidden long time leave without water inside, which is not suitable for central heating.
- Inability to withstand strong water hammer and pressure surges, especially at welds.
- If the outer coating was initially applied with flaws, over time it will begin to flake off.
Models steel radiators differ in the type of connection - it can be side or bottom. The bottom connection is considered universal, it is discreet in the interior, but more expensive in cost.
Depending on the number of panels and convectors, or internal sections, there are several types.
Type 10 has one panel without a convector, 11 has one panel and one convector, 21 has two heating panels and one internal section, and so on, types 22, 33 and others are divided by analogy. Three-panel heat exchangers are quite heavy, heat up more slowly and require more complex maintenance.
They are made of several identical sections, cast from cast iron and hermetically connected to each other. When installing such a heater, it is necessary to determine the number of sections, which depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe room, the number of windows, the height of the floor, the angular placement of the apartment.
Characteristics:
- Withstanding pressure 18 atmospheres;
- Hot water temperature - 150 C;
- Power 100–150 W;
Advantages:
- Corrosion resistant. Cast iron is a wear-resistant material, the quality of the coolant does not affect functionality.
- Retains heat for a long time after stopping heating.
- Service life of 30 years or more.
- Compatibility with other materials.
- Increased heat transfer due to the vertical arrangement of the internal fins.
- Heat resistance, strength.
- Due to the internal diameter and volume of the sections, minimal hydraulic resistance is created and blockages do not occur.
Flaws:
- Heavy weight, making it difficult to install and move.
- Slow heating.
- The impossibility of embedding a temperature controller.
- Difficulty in care and coloring.
- The outer coating is not stable, may flake off and peel off. For this reason, it becomes necessary to periodically stain the battery.
- Unrepresentable appearance.
- Increased fuel costs due to large internal volume.
- Cast iron heat exchangers have a porous inner surface that collects dirt on itself, which over time will lead to a deterioration in the heat-conducting qualities of the battery.
This type includes devices with an aluminum case and steel pipes inside. They are most common when installed in residential areas.
Characteristics:
- The indicator of working pressure is from 18 to 40 atmospheres;
- Thermal power - 125–180 W;
- The permissible temperature of the coolant is from 110 to 130 degrees;
- The warranty period is 20 years on average.
Varieties:
- 100% bimetallic, i.e. the inner core is made of steel, the outer part is made of aluminum. They are stronger.
- Bimetallic by 50% - only those pipes that reinforce vertical channels consist of steel. At a cost, they are cheaper than the first type, and heat up faster.
Advantages:
- Long service life without the need for maintenance.
- Increased heat transfer. This is achieved by rapid heating aluminum panels and a small internal volume of the steel core.
- Durability, reliability, resistance to mechanical influences and pressure surges.
- Corrosion resistance due to the use of high-strength steel with a special coating.
- Light weight, easy installation.
- Aesthetic appearance that will fit into the interior.
Flaws:
- Expensive.
- During the draining of water from the heating system, with simultaneous exposure to air and water, the steel core may corrode. In this case, it is better to use bimetallic models with a copper core and aluminum panels.
- Aluminum and steel differ in terms of thermal expansion. Therefore, heat transfer instability, characteristic noises and crackling inside the device are possible during the first years of operation.
For correct operation bimetal heat exchanger, it is recommended to install an air vent valve and shut-off valves to the inlet and outlet pipes.
By design features are divided into the following types:
- Sectional
- Panel
- Tubular
Devices consisting of sections of the same type, connected together, inside each of which there are from two to four channels through which the coolant moves.
The body with sections is assembled to the required thermal power, length, shape. Made from various materials- steel, aluminum, cast iron, bimetals.
Advantages:
- The ability to install additional sections or remove unnecessary ones, depending on the required length of the heat exchanger and the area of \u200b\u200bthe heated room.
- Increased heat transfer produced by the method of radiation and convection.
- By increasing the number of sections, the power of the radiator increases.
- Low cost.
- Profitability.
- Installation of temperature controllers.
- Miscellaneous center distance allows you to install the heater everywhere.
Flaws:
- Joints between sections are subject to water leakage, and with a sharp increase in pressure, they can disperse.
- Difficulties in maintenance associated with the removal of contaminants in the space between sections.
- The inner surface of the sections has irregularities, which creates blockages.
They consist of two metal shields treated with anti-corrosion protection, fastened together by welding. Inside the panels vertical channels the coolant circulates, and ribs are attached to the back side to increase the area of the heated surface in the form of P.
Panel heat exchangers are divided into one-, two-, and three-row, made of steel.
Advantages:
- A variety of sizes of panel boards allows you to select for heating in accordance with the area of \u200b\u200bthe room. Depending on the dimensions, the power increases or decreases. The large surface area of the shields has increased heat dissipation.
- Due to the low inertia, the battery responds quickly to temperature changes.
- A light weight.
- Due to the compact design, the battery can be placed in hard-to-reach places premises.
- Low cost.
- For heating panel radiator needed several times less quantity water than for sectional.
- Aesthetic appearance.
- Ease of installation due to integral design.
Flaws:
- Cannot be used in high pressure systems.
- They need a clean coolant without chemical impurities and dirt.
- The inability to increase or decrease the size for heating, as is the case with sectional.
- In case of poor-quality painting with a protective material, corrosion may occur.
- Sensitivity to water hammer.
They consist of vertical tubes from 1 to 6, connected by a lower and upper manifold. Due to the simple design, unhindered and efficient circulation of the coolant is ensured.
The level of heat transfer depends on the thickness of the tubes and the dimensions of the unit itself, which vary from 30 cm to 3 m. The operating pressure maintained by tubular models is up to 20 atmospheres. Made from steel.
Main advantage- resistance to pressure drops. The rounded edges and the shape of the tubes do not allow dust and other contaminants to accumulate on their surface. The appearance is stylish and modern, the variety of shapes allows you to create design model for any interior. Strong welded joints exclude water flow.
Flaws: corrosion susceptibility and cost.
Thanks to convection, such radiators thoroughly warm up the air in the room.
While creating comfortable conditions for living, attention is paid to details that should harmoniously fit into the design of a residential or public premises. Often, when implementing a design project, it is required to organically fit each element into it.
The heater also has a variety of forms that can create the integrity of the interior. These include vertical, flat, mirror, floor, plinth devices made of various materials.
Vertical units have been designed for applications where indoor installation is not possible. It depends both on the interior design and on the dimensions or non-standard shape living area.
The vertical heat exchanger can be made part of the interior and not hidden behind decorative elements. The main difference is the dimensions, where the length exceeds the width, and vertical placement on the wall. A device of this type is indispensable in a room with panoramic windows.
Vertical radiators can be of various designs - panel, tubular, sectional, and made of various materials - cast iron, steel, aluminum. According to the method of connection to the heating system, there are lateral, lower and diagonal.
Advantages:
- A wide range of shapes and sizes, colors.
- Compactness, which is achieved by reducing the length of the battery along the wall.
- Decorativeness is also expressed in the invisibility of all its fasteners and connecting elements.
- Ease of installation, which is achieved due to the low weight and integrity of its design.
- Large area for increased heat dissipation.
- Heating speed.
- No heating required a large number water, which helps to save.
- Ease of care.
Flaws:
- Expensive
- It is possible that the thermal performance of the heater will drop due to the fact that the air from above will always be warmer than the bottom. According to this, top part will give off less heat than the lower one.
- Uneven distribution of heat over the entire area of the room due to the fact that the radiant heat accumulates in the upper part of the room.
- It is recommended to install a battery with a reducer to normalize the internal pressure.
In other cases, the disadvantages and advantages correspond to those that are characteristic of each type of conventional batteries - sectional, tubular, panel.
Factors affecting work efficiency:
- One or two pipe connections in the system. The first is less economical in terms of water consumption, but easy to install and does not require unnecessary costs.
- Type of water supply to the system - top, bottom, side.
- Method of connection to the heating system. Diagonal connection is considered universal.
The efficiency of heat transfer depends on the correct connection to the heating system. Before installation, it is important to insulate part of the wall to reduce heat loss.
For compact placement and freeing up space, flat models are used.
Characteristics:
- Smooth front panel to prevent dust from accumulating on it.
- Dimensions - from 30 cm to 3 m.
- A small amount of water is consumed, which makes it easy to regulate using thermostats.
- Bottom and side connection.
- Used as decorative element, strict forms or bright colors.
Functioning similar to panel and sectional: between two metal sheets the coolant circulates, if a heating element is laid, an electric flat version is obtained.
Operating pressure up to ten atmospheres, maximum water heating - 110 C. There are single-panel, two-panel and three-panel heaters.
The main advantage is compact size and fast heating. In addition, they are easy to care for, have an attractive and stylish appearance. The decoration of flat heat exchangers allows you to fit into any design of the room, and the mirror surface will replace the mirror. Small installation depth and good thermal radiation.
Among the disadvantages is the impossibility of installation in wet rooms to avoid corrosion, as well as high cost.
Flat and vertical must be equipped with venting devices, since this arrangement causes a difference in internal pressure.
Radiator identical to conventional wall heat exchangers, but mounted on a horizontal surface. It consists of a heat exchanger with a coolant circulating in it, surrounded by aluminum or steel plates and closed from the outside. metal crate or protective cover.
Equipped with an air vent and connects to pipes of any diameter. The only difference from wall options– the floor radiator is attached to the floor or stands autonomously on it.
Characteristics:
- Indicators of working pressure up to 15 atmospheres;
- Heating temperature of the outer case - up to 60 degrees;
- Heat carrier temperature - 110 C;
- Dimensions in length are up to 2 m, in height on average - 1 m.
They are made of cast iron, aluminum, steel, bimetals. Many of the models are transformed from wall to floor and vice versa, using brackets.
Advantages:
- Fire - and safety.
- Uniform space heating.
- A variety of shapes and sizes to suit the style of the interior and at the request of the buyer.
- The use of copper in the heat exchanger improves the anti-corrosion properties and increases the service life.
- Built-in electronic and automated control.
- Profitability.
- Installation is possible in any place of the room where a pipe with hot water supply is supplied.
- Ensuring natural convection.
- Embedded additional functions warm and purify the surrounding air.
- Floor heat exchanger – convenient option in rooms in which there is no possibility of installing wall-mounted windows due to weight, or panoramic windows are installed.
- Compact dimensions.
- Increased heat dissipation.
- Resistance to mechanical influences.
Flaws:
- Installation problems are possible, since the installation of a floor radiator involves the supply of pipes hidden under the floor.
- The cost with copper pipes and aluminum plates is quite high. Cast iron models are cheaper, but have lower thermal conductivity. Steel floor models have low heat transfer.
Comfortable atmosphere in the bathroom, lack of dampness, bad smell, maintenance optimal level Humidity will provide a properly installed radiator.
They are divided according to the method of heating and form:
- Water, heated by running water
They are connected to the heating system of the house according to the usual wall-mounted method. In addition, it can be equipped with temperature controllers, with the help of which the required surface temperature is set.
As outer coating water unit, it is recommended to use stainless steel, copper or brass.
- Electrical
It functions autonomously, a heating element operating from the mains is built in. Ease of installation. It is not able to heat the entire area of the bathroom, so it is advisable to use it in conjunction with other heaters, for example, with a floor heating system. In addition, this type is more expensive to maintain than water.
- Combined: water and electric.
Able to function from the heating system and from the network. Of the minuses - the cost. There are simple forms and design.
Depending on the material, there are:
- Cast iron.
Pros: increased heat dissipation, cheap price, good term services.
Cons: unattractive appearance. If there is no protective polymer layer, peeling of the outer layer will occur. paintwork, and the battery will lose its appearance.
- Steel.
Cons: susceptibility to corrosion, the occurrence of leaks over time, which, under strong water pressure, make a breach.
- Aluminum.
Pros: light weight, compact size, attractive appearance.
Cons: not suitable for a system with central heating, because they do not tolerate water hammer and polluted with sand and chemical impurities, the coolant.
- Bimetallic.
Pros: service life (up to 20 years), good performance heat transfer, resistance to water hammer and pressure drops.
Cons: cost.
- infrared.
Pros: Easy to mount anywhere in the bathroom while saving usable area rooms, the ability to control the temperature, heating objects in the room.
Cons: high cost.
The radiator in the bathroom, regardless of type and shape, can be closed decorative panel. So the surface will not be exposed to external influences with a constant amount of radiated heat.
Radiator for an apartment
AT apartment buildings Not every unit can be used effectively for many years.
It is necessary to take into account the features of the central heating system:
- The coolant has contamination in the form of various chemical impurities that can cause corrosion over time.
- Hard grains of sand and other blockages, over time, affect the walls of the pipes, calling for their abrasion.
- The temperature of the water changes, as does the level of acidity.
- Pressure surges cause the divergence of the joints of the welds on the walls.
Selection options:
- The operating pressure specified by the manufacturer in the unit exceeds the pressure in the heating system.
- The heating device is resistant to water hammer.
- The inner surface of the walls of the heat exchanger must be with a special protective coating, protecting from the chemical action of the elements on each other, and the wall thickness must withstand the physical effects of clogging particles from the inside.
- It is worth choosing with the greatest heat transfer.
- The duration of the service life.
- External design.
Options suitable for installation in an apartment:
- Bimetallic.
Suitable for all necessary parameters for installation and long service in the apartment high-rise building. Withstand hydraulic shocks, the maximum working pressure is up to 50 atmospheres, internal and external treatment with a protective coating keeps the surface from corrosion and wear.
Light weight makes it easy to install, and the appearance is attractive in any interior. The only downside is it's expensive.
- Cast iron.
Long service life, thick walls, resistance to corrosion, chemically passive material of such heat exchangers creates conditions for use in an apartment. Cast iron retains heat for a long time compared to other materials. Heating by radiation is more efficient than convection.
Good heat dissipation affordable price, when draining water from the system, the inner surface does not rust. Cons - cast iron may not withstand too large pressure surges, it is heavy and creates inconvenience during installation.
Not suitable for installation in an apartment:
- Steel.
They do not withstand the pressure typical of a central heating system, despite good heat dissipation and economical use of resources.
- Aluminum.
Aluminum quickly corrodes in combination with water with chemical impurities and its pH level, and does not withstand strong pressure in the heating system.
Suitable bimetallic and cast iron. If the height of the house is more than five floors, and the apartment was originally installed not cast iron batteries, it is recommended to mount bimetallic.
For right choice heater in a private house need to rely on the following features autonomous heating system:
- Unlike a centralized heating system, an autonomous heating system operates at low pressure and without chemical impurities.
- No large pressure drops.
- The acidity level of the water is relatively constant.
Before choosing, it is necessary to make an accurate calculation of the released thermal energy in accordance with the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises.
The heat losses of the building must be taken into account in order to correctly select the power. Important factors are its size, as well as the ratio of price and quality.
Peculiarities:
- Steel.
Sectional and panel types are an affordable option with good heat dissipation and attractive appearance. In a private house with large window openings allows you to block the access of cold air from the outside.
Tubular steel are similar in positive characteristics, but the price is higher.
Advantages of steel heat exchangers when used in a private house: light weight, convenient sizes, long service life, efficiency and lack of oxidizability from low-quality coolant.
Cons: the need for constant filling with water to avoid corrosion, maintenance every three years to eliminate blockages inside the battery, as well as sensitivity to mechanical stress.
- Aluminum.
Due to its high heat output, the aluminum heat exchanger is suitable for independent heating systems. For long life, you need to monitor the pH level of the water.
When choosing this type of radiator, you need to make an accurate calculation of the area of \u200b\u200bthe room, otherwise there is a risk of a temperature difference between the floor and the ceiling. Must be equipped with temperature and pressure sensors and dirt filters.
- Bimetallic.
Characteristics suitable for use in a private home, but the cost is high. Because the autonomous system heating does not require resistance to powerful pressure surges and the aggressive environment of the coolant, you can find profitable option with the parameters necessary for quality service.
Price bimetal radiator will pay off due to the long service life.
- Cast iron.
Due to the fact that the cast-iron radiator cools slowly, you can save on fuel resources. Increased corrosion resistance and strength in relation to low cost can provide a long service life, which is suitable for heating a private house.
The disadvantage is that periodic maintenance, cleaning, painting, and the need for a strong fastening of the cast-iron battery are required.
The types of heating devices are determined by their design, which determines the method of heat transfer (convective or radiative heat transfer may prevail) from the outer surface of the devices to the room. There are six main types of heating appliances, radiators, panels, convectors, finned tubes, smooth tube appliances and heaters.
By the nature of the outer surface, heating devices can be with a smooth (radiators, panels, smooth-tube devices - Appendix 9, A) and a ribbed surface (convectors, finned pipes, heaters - Appendix 9, B).
According to the material from which heating devices are made, metal, combined and non-metallic devices are distinguished.
Metal appliances are made of cast iron (from gray cast iron) and steel (from sheet steel and steel pipes).
Combined appliances use a concrete or ceramic array in which steel or cast iron heating elements (heating panels) are embedded, or ribbed steel pipes placed in a non-metallic (asbestos-cement) casing (convectors).
Non-metallic appliances are concrete panels with embedded glass or plastic pipes or with voids without pipes at all, as well as porcelain and ceramic radiators.
In terms of height, all heaters can be divided into high (more than 600 mm high), medium (400-600 mm) and low (<400 мм). Низкие приборы высотой менее 200 мм называются плинтусными.
Basically, the choice of the type of heater depends on financial capabilities, on the necessary technical qualities of the heater, on the quality of the product. A significant role in the choice of heating equipment is its type, installation method and the conditions in which it will need to function, as well as its appearance (Appendix 9, B).
Sectional cast iron radiators - widely used heating appliances - are cast from gray cast iron in the form of separate sections and can be assembled into devices of various sizes by connecting sections on nipples with heat-resistant rubber gaskets. The main advantages of cast-iron sectional radiators are that they give off heat well and withstand relatively high pressure. The large diameter of the passage hole and the low hydraulic resistance of most cast iron radiators allow them to be successfully used in systems with natural circulation. The disadvantages of cast iron radiators are the complexity of installation, not the most attractive appearance and large thermal inertia.
The radiator emits about 25% of the total amount of heat transferred from the coolant into the room with radiation, and is called a radiator only by tradition. The panel is a device of a convective-radiation type of relatively shallow depth, which does not have gaps along the front. The panel transmits by radiation a somewhat larger part of the heat flux than the radiator, however, only the ceiling panel can be classified as radiation-type devices (radiating more than 50% of the total amount of heat with radiation). The heating panel can have a smooth, slightly ribbed or wavy surface, columnar or serpentine channels for the coolant.
Aluminum sectional radiators have very good heat dissipation, low weight and attractive design. The disadvantages include the fact that they are susceptible to corrosion, which is aggravated by the presence of galvanic aluminum pairs with other metals in the heating system.
Bimetallic sectional radiators (having an aluminum body and a steel pipe through which the coolant moves) combine the advantages of aluminum radiators - high heat transfer, low weight, good appearance and, in addition, under certain conditions, have higher corrosion resistance and are usually designed for more pressure in the heating system. Their main disadvantage is the high price. Due to the fact that these radiators are able to withstand high pressure, they can be used in city apartments.
Column radiators are two separately manufactured collectors (upper and lower), interconnected by vertical "columns".
Convectors are a casing with a structure made of metal tubes, on which there are fins in the form of pressed or welded plates. Column and panel devices, as well as convectors are produced in the form of a standard range, which allows you to choose a model with optimal (for a particular room) power characteristics.
Steel panel radiators are most often used for individual heating. Steel panel radiators have a small thermal inertia, which means that it is easier to use them to automatically control the temperature in the room. They have received such wide distribution due to the relatively low cost and many options for height, length, depth and thermal power. In accordance with Russian SNiP, the pressure when testing heating devices must exceed the operating pressure by 1.5 times, which happens before the start of each heating season during pressure testing of heating systems.
Modern radiators designed for installation in bathrooms and hallways are the most numerous in terms of the number of models, sizes, colors and their combinations.
For rooms with special requirements for air purity, such as hospital wards, radiators are offered with the ability to easily clean them from dust, which are parallel panels with free space between them. There are also devices whose fastenings and connection to the heating system allow you to tilt the existing radiator from the wall to clean its rear wall from dust.
The right choice, competent design and high-quality installation of the heating system is the key to warmth and comfort in the house during the entire heating season. Heating must be of high quality, reliable, safe, economical. To choose the right heating system, you need to familiarize yourself with their types, features of installation and operation of heating devices. It is also important to consider the availability and cost of fuel.
Types of modern heating systems
A heating system is a complex of elements used to heat a room: a heat source, pipelines, heating devices. Heat is transferred with the help of a coolant - a liquid or gaseous medium: water, air, steam, fuel combustion products, antifreeze.
Building heating systems must be selected in such a way as to achieve the highest quality heating while maintaining comfortable air humidity for a person. Depending on the type of coolant, the following systems are distinguished:
- air;
- water;
- steam;
- electrical;
- combined (mixed).
Heating devices of the heating system are:
- convective;
- radiant;
- combined (convective-radiant).
Scheme of a two-pipe heating system with forced circulation
As a heat source can be used:
- coal;
- firewood;
- electricity;
- briquettes - peat or wood;
- energy from the sun or other alternative sources.
The air is heated directly from the heat source without the use of an intermediate liquid or gaseous heat carrier. The systems are used to heat private houses of a small area (up to 100 sq.m.). Installation of heating of this type is possible both during the construction of a building and during the reconstruction of an existing one. A boiler, heating element or gas burner serves as a heat source. The peculiarity of the system is that it is not only heating, but also ventilation, since the internal air in the room and the fresh air coming from outside are heated. Air streams enter through a special intake grille, are filtered, heated in a heat exchanger, after which they pass through the air ducts and are distributed in the room.
Adjustment of temperature and degree of ventilation is carried out by means of thermostats. Modern thermostats allow you to pre-set a program of temperature changes depending on the time of day. The systems also operate in air conditioning mode. In this case, the air flows are directed through the coolers. If there is no need for space heating or cooling, the system works as a ventilation system.
Diagram of an air heating device in a private house
Installation of air heating is relatively expensive, but its advantage is that there is no need to warm up the intermediate coolant and radiators, due to which fuel savings are at least 15%.
The system does not freeze, quickly responds to temperature changes and warms up the premises. Thanks to the filters, the air enters the premises already purified, which reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria and contributes to the creation of optimal conditions for maintaining the health of people living in the house.
The lack of air heating is overdrying of the air, burning out oxygen. The problem is easily solved by installing a special humidifier. The system can be upgraded to save money and create a more comfortable microclimate. So, the recuperator heats the incoming air, due to the output to the outside. This reduces the energy consumption for its heating.
Additional purification and disinfection of air is possible. To do this, in addition to the mechanical filter included in the package, electrostatic fine filters and ultraviolet lamps are installed.
Air heating with additional appliances
Water heating
This is a closed heating system, it uses water or antifreeze as a coolant. Water is supplied through pipes from the heat source to the heating radiators. In centralized systems, the temperature is regulated at the heating point, and in individual systems - automatically (using thermostats) or manually (tap).
Types of water systems
Depending on the type of connection of heating devices, the systems are divided into:
- single-pipe,
- two-pipe,
- bifilar (two-furnace).
According to the method of wiring, they distinguish:
- top;
- bottom;
- vertical;
- horizontal heating system.
In single-pipe systems, the connection of heating devices is in series. To compensate for the loss of heat that occurs during the successive passage of water from one radiator to another, heaters with different heat transfer surfaces are used. For example, cast iron batteries with a large number of sections can be used. In two-pipe, a parallel connection scheme is used, which allows you to install the same radiators.
The hydraulic mode can be constant and variable. In bifilar systems, heating devices are connected in series, as in single-pipe systems, but the heat transfer conditions for radiators are the same as in two-pipe ones. Convectors, steel or cast iron radiators are used as heating devices.
Scheme of two-pipe water heating of a country house
Advantages and disadvantages
Water heating is widespread due to the availability of the coolant. Another advantage is the ability to equip the heating system with your own hands, which is important for our compatriots who are accustomed to relying only on their own strength. However, if the budget allows not to save, it is better to entrust the design and installation of heating to specialists.
This will save you from many problems in the future - leaks, breakthroughs, etc. Disadvantages - freezing of the system when turned off, a long time for warming up the premises. Special requirements apply to the coolant. Water in the systems must be free of impurities, with a minimum salt content.
To heat the coolant, a boiler of any type can be used: on solid, liquid fuel, gas or electricity. Most often, gas boilers are used, which involves connecting to the main. If this is not possible, then solid fuel boilers are usually installed. They are more economical than electric or liquid fuel designs.
Note! Experts recommend choosing a boiler based on a power of 1 kW per 10 sq.m. These figures are indicative. If the ceiling height is more than 3 m, the house has large windows, there are additional consumers, or the premises are not well insulated, all these nuances must be taken into account in the calculations.
Closed house heating system
In accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", the use of steam systems is prohibited in residential and public buildings. The reason is the insecurity of this type of space heating. Heaters heat up to almost 100°C, which can cause burns.
Installation is complex, requires skills and special knowledge, during operation there are difficulties with the regulation of heat transfer, noise is possible when the system is filled with steam. Today, steam heating is used to a limited extent: in industrial and non-residential premises, in pedestrian crossings, and heating points. Its advantages are relative cheapness, low inertia, compactness of heating elements, high heat transfer, no heat loss. All this led to the popularity of steam heating until the middle of the twentieth century, later it was replaced by water heating. However, in enterprises where steam is used for industrial needs, it is still widely used for space heating.
Boiler for steam heating
Electric heating
This is the most reliable and easiest type of heating in operation. If the area of the house is not more than 100 m, electricity is a good option, but heating a larger area is not economically viable.
Electric heating can be used as an additional in case of a shutdown or repair of the main system. It is also a good solution for country houses in which the owners live only periodically. Electric fan heaters, infrared and oil heaters are used as additional heat sources.
Convectors, electric fireplaces, electric boilers, floor heating power cables are used as heating devices. Each type has its own limitations. So, convectors heat the rooms unevenly. Electric fireplaces are more suitable as a decorative element, and the operation of electric boilers requires significant energy costs. The underfloor heating is mounted with advance consideration of the furniture arrangement plan, because when it is moved, the power cable may be damaged.
Scheme of traditional and electric heating of buildings
Innovative heating systems
Separately, mention should be made of innovative heating systems, which are becoming increasingly popular. The most common:
- infrared floors;
- heat pumps;
- solar collectors.
infrared floors
These heating systems have only recently appeared on the market, but have already become quite popular due to their efficiency and greater economy than conventional electric heating. Warm floors are powered by the mains, they are installed in a screed or tile adhesive. Heating elements (carbon, graphite) emit infrared waves that pass through the floor covering, heat up the bodies of people and objects, which, in turn, heats up the air.
Self-adjusting carbon mats and foils can be mounted under furniture legs without fear of damage. "Smart" floors regulate the temperature due to the special property of the heating elements: when overheated, the distance between the particles increases, the resistance increases - and the temperature decreases. Energy costs are relatively low. When the infrared floors are turned on, the power consumption is about 116 watts per linear meter, after warming up it decreases to 87 watts. Temperature control is provided by thermostats, which reduces energy costs by 15-30%.
Infrared carbon mats are convenient, reliable, economical, easy to install
Heat pumps
These are devices for transferring thermal energy from a source to a coolant. In itself, the idea of a heat pump system is not new; it was proposed by Lord Kelvin back in 1852.
How it works: A geothermal heat pump takes heat from the environment and transfers it to the heating system. The systems can also work to cool buildings.
How a heat pump works
There are pumps with open and closed cycle. In the first case, the installations take water from the underground stream, transfer it to the heating system, take heat energy and return it to the place of intake. In the second, a coolant is pumped through special pipes in the reservoir, which transfers / takes heat from the water. The pump can use the thermal energy of water, earth, air.
The advantage of the systems is that they can be installed in houses that are not connected to the gas supply. Heat pumps are complex and expensive to install, but they save on energy costs during operation.
The heat pump is designed to use the heat of the environment in heating systems
Solar collectors
Solar installations are systems for collecting solar thermal energy and transferring it to a coolant
Water, oil or antifreeze can be used as a heat carrier. The design provides for additional electric heaters that turn on if the efficiency of the solar installation decreases. There are two main types of collectors - flat and vacuum. An absorber with a transparent coating and thermal insulation is installed in the flat ones. In vacuum, this coating is multilayer, in hermetically sealed collectors a vacuum is created. This allows you to heat the coolant up to 250-300 degrees, while flat installations can only heat it up to 200 degrees. The advantages of the installations include ease of installation, low weight, and potentially high efficiency.
However, there is one “but”: the efficiency of the solar collector depends too much on the temperature difference.
Solar collector in the domestic hot water and heating system Comparison of heating systems shows that there is no ideal heating method
Our compatriots still most often prefer water heating. Usually, doubts arise only about which specific heat source to choose, how best to connect the boiler to the heating system, etc. And yet there are no ready-made recipes suitable for absolutely everyone. It is necessary to carefully weigh the pros and cons, take into account the features of the building for which the system is selected. If in doubt, a specialist should be consulted.
Video: types of heating systems
The market is flooded with various home heating appliances. Each device has its pros and cons. To help you make the right choice, we have made a detailed analysis of each heating device, divided them into categories and present everything to your attention.
There are four types of water radiators according to the material:
- Cast iron
- Steel
- Aluminum
- Bimetallic
- Radiators with design
- Custom made radiators
- Economical (cast iron)
- Average cost (bimetallic and aluminum)
- High cost and reliability (Tubular steel radiators, copper-aluminum)
Cast iron radiators
Cast iron is considered an outdated way of heating a house, but is still used by people. Let's see why. Most often, this type of heating is chosen precisely because of their price and high heat transfer. The main disadvantage of such a heating device is the weight and the presence of a large amount of water, which makes it impossible to quickly change the temperature in the room. The long service life of these radiators and the uniform heating of the room will make you think again about buying this type of heating. Bimetal radiators
This version of heating devices is almost the most popular. Such radiators are made of an alloy of steel (or copper) and aluminum. Specifically, we will talk about copper-aluminum later. These radiators are considered higher in terms of heat dissipation than aluminum ones. They also have low weight and beautiful design. Steel or copper is used in parts that come into contact with liquid. These parts heat up a small steel core, which in turn heats up the aluminum panels. Aluminum, to the best of its high heat transfer, gives off heat well to the environment. Bimetallic heating devices maintain a pressure of 20-40 atmospheres, which is three times more than cast iron ones. They can last about 20-30 years. The only and rather serious disadvantage is their high price. Aluminum radiators
Today it is the most popular heating device in Russia. loved by many for their technical characteristics and appearance, as well as a modest price. Such radiators can be cast and extruded. Cast radiators are more reliable and durable. The center distance for these radiators is the same as for cast iron and bimetallic ones (350-500 mm). The maximum pressure is lower than that of bimetallic ones, from 6 to 16 atmospheres. Such heating devices have high heat dissipation, as aluminum heats up quickly and begins to give off heat. They have a low price, which makes them the most popular among the inhabitants of Russia. Radiators are quite durable. But at the same time, it should be borne in mind that aluminum is a very soft material and quickly becomes covered with defects. Aluminum radiators lend themselves to temperature control, and the temperature will change quite quickly, due to the property of aluminum. But at the same time, aluminum radiators have low resistance to corrosion and the ability to air in (air accumulates in the heating system, which must be bled). Due to their appearance, they can be an excellent choice for heating your space. Water convectors
Let’s first understand what convection is. This is the transfer of heat energy with the help of air. Reviews say that by installing such a heating device, you can save a large amount of energy. Such a radiator consists of a copper pipe and aluminum fins. There is also a valve located on the device, they regulate the temperature of the air flow and a valve that removes air. Such radiators can be floor, built-in, wall. If you have large windows in the room, then feel free to install types of water convectors built into the floor. But remember that such a convector has a rather high price. The difference between such heating devices is their versatility, so that they can be installed in a variety of places. The average price for them fluctuates around 15-30 thousand rubles. Also, if your room has high humidity, you can buy a special model of a water convector.Steel radiators
can be panel and tubular. 60% are convectors. Panel ones differ in that in the middle of the device they have from one to three panels, each of which has two steel profiles connected along the contour. These radiators are easy to manufacture, as welding connects blanks that have been stamped. The more rows a panel radiator has, the greater its heat transfer will be. Tubular heating appliances consist of pipes made of steel and welded together. Such a radiator costs an order of magnitude more expensive than a panel one. Even a bimetallic radiator will cost less than a tubular one. Such heating devices quickly and strongly heat up, which means they will quickly begin to give off heat to the environment. The pressure varies from 6 to 10 atmospheres for plastic, and from 8 to 15 for tubular. Such batteries can withstand water temperatures of the order of 110-120 degrees. Also an important factor when buying such radiators will be the center distance, it starts from 120 mm and ends at 2930 mm. The main disadvantage of steel radiators is corrosion and weakness to water hammer. But if you do not have enough money to take an aluminum radiator, then a steel one will cost you less and you can buy it. Copper-aluminum radiators
excellent for heating a private house, since the substances that make up these radiators have good inertia. This helps to quickly regulate the temperature and save, as well as good heat dissipation. 90% work on the principle of convection. For such radiators, the heat transfer is 2 times higher than for the above bimetallic radiators. Such radiators are cheaper than copper ones and allow a pressure of 16 atmospheres, which is also suitable for high-rise buildings. So, you can install it even on the 9th floor. But at the same time, it is difficult to install it and it is desirable to let only distilled water through it.Electric convectors
Such heating devices are much simple and versatile, their job is to distribute heated air throughout the room. They heat the air without drying it. Such convectors are floor and wall. The first can be placed anywhere, so they are in demand in stores. Wall-mounted ones are installed under the windows, where they immediately make the cold air from the window warm, which gives good thermal insulation of the window. This is a very cheap type of heating, they cost around 6-9 thousand rubles. At the same time, you can instantly connect them and start warming up. The only disadvantage of electric heating appliances is the cost of electricity, but this depends on the power of your convector. It is important to consider that such convectors do not dry the air, but are unlikely to be your choice for installing them in the house.Oil coolers
The operation is surprisingly simple: an electric coil heats up oil, which heats up the metal case. To purchase this heating device, remember some things: 1) The more sections, the larger the heated area; 2) If you are going to leave it for the winter in the country, for example, then take it with frost protection. Oil coolers are safe and do not dry the air, while they are cheap and reliable.infrared heating
This type of heating is a relatively new option for heating a house. Infrared heating can be used in ceiling, wall and floor systems. The ceiling system is necessarily built into the ceiling so that the heat flow is directed to the floor. Consequently, the floor will be warmer than the air temperature, and this solves the problem of cold floors very well. It is based on the principle of converting electromagnetic waves into thermal energy. Such systems are quite inexpensive in terms of energy savings and easy to install, but devices for such systems are very expensive and infrared radiation can harm human health. But wall-mounted infrared heating can be done even with your own hands. It is enough to buy an infrared film, the price of which is about 1,500 rubles per square meter. We do not immediately recommend such heating for places with severe winters, these systems will not give you enough power. The floor system practically does not differ from the wall, only in the subtleties of installation.gas convector
Heating in such a heating device occurs due to the combustion of gas, where the combustion products are removed through the chimney pipe. The cost of such convectors may differ from their specifications. With this type of heating, you can set different temperatures in different rooms. The efficiency is higher than that of boilers, but in principle the same. Of the minuses, the following can be distinguished: There are no different capacities, it does not heat water, only one room can be heated. Such convectors are suitable for heating cottages and garages due to the possibility of being powered by a gas cylinder.Heating with underfloor heating
This type of heating creates high comfort by heating the floor, but not to the temperatures of conventional radiators. It should also be noted that the room heats up evenly. Such heating quickly heats up the room, which means it has a high inertia. Using this heating, you can safely ventilate the room, while you will not feel cold, it also increases the space in the house compared to conventional radiators. But it should be noted that the house must be well heated and that some difficulties may arise during installation in an apartment. It is also a rather expensive type of heating (more expensive than radiator heating), although they say that it soon pays off by saving electricity. But even in a cold winter it will be difficult for you to use this type of heating, since you cannot raise the floor temperature to a very high one, you still have to use radiator heating additionally in a harsh winter.
Heated electric floors
This type of heating is already perfect for an apartment building. Here you can use a heating cable that will be stretched throughout the room and will heat it. There is also the option of heating with heating mats. This design consists of a thin cable and fiberglass, of the pluses it is worth noting the unimportance of the screed. Infrared film can also be used, but we have already talked about it above. We recommend installing such a heating system in the bathroom, kitchen and corridor. This will keep the temperature of the floor and the room as a whole warm without high energy costs.
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