What about heaters. Modern water heaters. Combined boilers for water heating

It is impossible to imagine heating a room without heating devices, which are presented on the market in a fairly wide variety of species. In order to choose the most suitable option, a number of factors must be taken into account.

What are

The classification of heating devices is carried out according to the following criteria:

• Heat carrier type. May be liquid or gaseous.
• Manufacturing material.
• Specifications. This refers to the size, power, features of the installation and the presence of adjustable heating.

When choosing the best option it is necessary to build on the features of the heating system at home and operating conditions. In this case, the entire list of requirements and standards regarding heating devices must be observed. Along with the power of products, the specifics of their installation are of great importance. In the absence of gas supply and the possibility of arranging water heating, there is still an option with electric heaters.

Water heating system device

Water heating is the most common way to heat buildings. This explains the presence on sale of a significant variety of varieties of heating devices for water circuits. The reasons lie in good level efficiency of these products, as well as reasonable purchase, installation and maintenance costs. The designs of these heating devices are very similar to each other. The core of each of them is a cavity: hot water circulates through it, heating the surface of the battery. Next, the convection process comes into play, transmitting heat to the entire room.

Radiators for water heating systems can be made from the following materials:

1. Cast iron.
2. Become.
3. aluminum.
4. Combinations of materials (the so-called "bimetallic batteries").

Each of these types of heating devices has its own specifics. In each specific case, it is necessary to take into account the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heated room, installation features, the quality and type of coolant used (for example, antifreeze is used in some cases). To regulate the power of the batteries, it is possible to increase or detach the sections. It is desirable that the length of one radiator does not exceed 1.5-2 meters.

Cast iron batteries

The cast-iron type of heating devices is one of the most common options for completing domestic centralized systems. It was preferred to other varieties mainly because of its cheapness. In the future, devices of this type began to be gradually replaced by devices with a higher heat transfer coefficient (for cast-iron batteries, it is only 40%). Currently, cast iron radiators are mainly equipped with old-style systems. Concerning modern interiors, then in them you can find designer cast-iron models.

To strengths heating devices can be attributed to a significant surface area through which energy is transferred from the coolant to the surrounding space. Another notable advantage is the durability of cast iron batteries: they can last 50 years or more without problems. There are also disadvantages, and there are many of them. Firstly, the coolant is used in very large volumes (up to 1.5 liters per section). Cast iron warms up slowly, so you have to wait until, after turning on the boiler, heat begins to flow into the rooms. Repairing such batteries is not easy, and in order to minimize the likelihood of breakdowns, they have to be cleaned every 2-3 years. Installation work is complicated by the large weight of the radiators.

Aluminum batteries

Aluminum devices have a very high heat dissipation, which allows you to bring the power of one section up to 200 watts. This is quite enough for full heating of 1.5–2 m 2 of living space. The advantages of aluminum batteries include their low cost and low weight, which greatly simplifies installation work. In terms of service life, aluminum appliances are almost two times inferior to their cast-iron counterparts (they can last no more than 25 years).

Bimetallic batteries

The strength of bimetallic structures are special convection panels that increase the quality of air circulation. In addition, devices of this type can be equipped with special regulators, with which you can increase or decrease the flow rate of the coolant. Installation work in its simplicity resembles the installation of aluminum radiators. Each of the sections has a power of 180 W, providing heating of 1.5 m 2 area.

In some cases, the use of water-type heating devices meets with serious difficulties. For example, bimetal radiators cannot be installed in systems where antifreeze is used as a coolant. These anti-freeze liquids that protect pipes from freezing can have a destructive effect on the inside of batteries. You should also take into account the high cost of this heating option.

Electric types of heaters

In cases where problems arise with the organization of water heating, it is customary to use electric heaters. They are also represented by several varieties, differing from each other in power and method of heat transfer. The most significant disadvantage of household heating appliances of this kind is the high cost of consumed electricity. This often requires the laying of new wiring, designed for increased loads. If the total power of all electric heaters exceeds 12 kW, the technical standards provide for the organization of a network with a voltage of 380 V.

Convection type of heaters

For electric heaters convection type is characterized by the ability to heat rooms at high speed, which is facilitated by circulating currents of warm air. The lower part of the devices is equipped with special holes for suction of air flows, for heating of which heating elements are used (warm air exits through the upper notch). The power of modern heaters of this type ranges from 0.25-2.5 kW.

Oil coolers

Oil heaters also use the principle of convection. Inside the apparatus, special oil is poured for heating with a heating element. To regulate the heating, a thermostat is often used, which turns off the power when the desired temperature is reached. Oil powered devices are characterized by high inertia. This is manifested in the slow heating of the device and in the same slow cooling after the power supply is cut off.

The surface temperature is usually heated to 110-150 degrees, which requires compliance with safety rules. Such a device must not be installed close to flammable surfaces. Oil coolers equipped with a convenient adjustment of the heating intensity, designed for 2-4 operating modes. Keeping in mind the power of one section (150–250 kW), choosing the optimal model for heating a particular room is not at all difficult. The maximum power of such a device is limited to 4.5 kW.

infrared heating

The choice of heating devices infrared type brings the following dividends:

• Energy saving up to 30% when compared with conventional electrical appliances.
• Oxygen in the air does not burn.
• The room heats up in minutes.

Classify infrared devices according to the method of transmitting waves. In new heating devices, the transmission of radiation to the surrounding space is carried out thanks to resistor conductors installed on a special film. The power of warm mats can reach 800 W/m2. Film heaters are convenient because they can be used to organize underfloor heating.

As for carbon emitters, the waves in them are emitted by spirals from a sealed transparent flask. The power of such devices is in the range of 0.7-4.0 kW. The power of carbon heaters is an order of magnitude higher, which provides for more stringent fire safety measures.

Gas heating

In order to save money, you can use gas heaters. Their simplest variety is gas convector, which is switched to the main gas pipeline or cylinder with liquefied propane. The burner of the device is completely protected from contact with the surrounding atmosphere: in this case, a special tube is used to supply oxygen, which is brought outside through a hole in the wall. These devices are characterized by high power (at least 8 kW) and low cost of operation. Among the weaknesses gas heaters we can highlight the mandatory registration with regulatory agencies, the need for effective ventilation and the need for regular cleaning of nozzles.

The heating system includes several key components: boilers, radiators, pipes, control and safety devices. Together, they should form an effective system for transferring heat from the heated coolant to the air in the room. This function is performed by heating devices of heating systems: gas, electric. What is their peculiarity and how to choose the optimal model for a particular heat supply?

Purpose of heating devices

In the vast majority of cases, the heating of the air in the premises of the house occurs due to the transfer of heat from the surface of the heating elements - radiators, batteries. They may differ structurally, have a different design and method of raising the temperature on the surface. So, steel appliances heating Kermi are designed to complete the water system.

However, despite all the variety of types, there are several key features these heating elements. All types of heating devices of the heating system can be classified according to the following criteria:

• Used coolant– hot water, electric or gas heating element;
• Production material: steel, cast iron, aluminum or bimetal construction;
• Performance: rated power, dimensions, installation method and the ability to adjust the intensity of heating.

The choice of a particular type directly depends on the specific heat supply scheme. Bimetallic heating devices are installed for the water system. In rare cases - when using hot steam as a coolant. The wrong choice can significantly reduce the efficiency of heating. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the design features and technical qualities that devices for space heating possess.

Regardless of the type of radiator or any other heating device, it must be in harmony with common interior premises. It is important to pay attention to the design of the structure.

Types of devices for water heating

The largest range of heating devices have water heating systems. This is due to the high efficiency of such heat supply schemes, as well as optimal maintenance costs.

All heating appliances for this type of house have a similar design. Inside there are channels through which the coolant flows. Heat from it is transferred to the surface of the radiator (batteries) and then by natural convection to the air in the room.

The main difference that characterizes convector heating devices is the material of manufacture. It is he who largely determines the design of the heating element. There are currently 4 types of radiators:

• cast iron;
• Aluminum and bimetallic;
• Steel.

Each of them has a number of functional and operational features. They are selected depending on the calculated indicators - each type of heater for water heating systems must correspond to the characteristics of the heat supply.

An important factor is the type of coolant used. For many bimetallic heating devices, the use of antifreeze is prohibited.

Cast iron batteries

These are one of the first heating components that were used in heating systems. The choice of manufacturing material is due to the relative cheapness, and most importantly, the high heat capacity of cast iron.

This type of heating device for the heating system is currently not very popular. The reason for this is the lowest coefficient of thermal conductivity. However, to create classic interior designer cast-iron radiators are often used in the room.

It should also be borne in mind that it would be impractical to consider them as convector heating devices. The design does not provide additional plates that contribute to better circulation of air masses. In addition, it is important to know such features of operation cast iron radiators:

• Large volume of coolant. On average, this figure is 1.4 liters. This promotes rapid cooling. hot water, but effective for a small heating system;
• Cast iron appliances for room heating are difficult to repair and disassemble at home;
• Great inertia of heating. The rise in surface temperature is much slower than with electric heating appliances.

Despite this, in many old-style houses this type of radiator is still installed. Replacement is carried out only by the tenants themselves at their own expense.

Cast iron radiators must be cleaned of accumulated dirt and lime scale at least once every 3 years.

Steel and bimetal heating appliances

Cast-iron structures have been replaced by modern steel and bimetallic heaters. Their main difference from the above models is a relatively small channel for the coolant.

However, this does not affect the decrease in heat transfer. Thanks to the applied modern materials with a high heat transfer coefficient, when installing Kermi radiators, the inertia of the entire system is significantly reduced. In addition to this factor, other features of the operation of steel and bimetallic radiators for water heat supply should be taken into account:

• The presence of convection panels to improve air circulation over the surface of the radiator;
• Possibility of installation of heat regulation and metering devices;
• Affordable cost and easy installation, which you can do yourself.

However, with these positive qualities, you need to know the specifics of the operation of a particular model of a steel or bimetallic radiator. First of all, these are the requirements for the composition of the coolant.

When choosing a battery, you should clarify whether it is collapsible or not. This will help to independently regulate the number of sections in a particular heating device.

Electrical heating appliances

If the installation of a full-fledged water heat supply is impractical or impossible, electric heaters are installed for heating. They differ from traditional autonomy and compactness. In addition, there are several types of electrical appliances that have a different principle for generating heat. The main disadvantage of electric heating is high energy costs. To minimize this, modern metering devices for heating are needed - multi-tariff electric meters. In the evening and at night there are preferential tariffs for electricity consumption.

The electrical wiring in the house must be adapted to the maximum loads from electric heaters for heating.

Heating convectors

If there is no autonomous (centralized) heating in a house or apartment, electric heaters are most often installed. Outwardly, they are similar to standard radiators, but have significant differences in design.

Almost all electrical heating appliances are used as a heating element heating elements. Inside is an element with a high index electrical resistance. When current passes through it, electrical energy is converted into heat. For greater efficiency, heating elements are connected to heat exchange plates made of steel or aluminum alloy.

There are several types of electrical heating appliances for the home:

• Convection. The design is designed for relatively fast heating of the air in the room due to the movement of flows through special slots located at the top and bottom of the structure;
• Oily. To increase the hot surface area inside the radiator is filled with a liquid with a high energy intensity. The temperature rise is much slower than those described above. However, even after the electric heater has been switched off, its surface remains hot for some time.

Almost all models are equipped with modern control systems. An obligatory element is an electronic thermostat, which has a temperature sensor for automatic control of the heating of the convector. Also, the safety of operation was not left without attention. When the appliance tips over, the circuit breaker is activated. There are special models of heating radiators designed to work in wet rooms - bathrooms, kitchens. They have a moisture resistant body.

However, for heating big house electric convector heating radiators are impractical to install due to high energy costs. In this case, it is best to install more economical heating PLEN or IR heaters.

If the total power of electric convectors exceeds 9 kW, a three-phase power supply with a voltage of 380 V will be required.

Infrared home heating

To increase the efficiency of maintaining a comfortable temperature in the room, electric heaters are installed that emit heat waves in the IR range. Their principle of operation is not to heat the air, but the surface of objects that have fallen into the zone of action.

The undoubted advantage of this technique is the reduction of energy costs. This is explained by the fact that the consumption of IR heaters is 20-30% less than that of similar models with heating elements.

Currently, there are 2 types of heating devices of the heating system operating in the IR range:

• Film heaters. Resistor conductors are deposited on the surface of the polymer film, which emit infrared waves when an electric current passes through them. They can be mounted both as a warm floor and on the ceiling of a room - PLEN;
• Carbon heaters. A carbon spiral is placed in a special sealed glass flask. When the device is turned on, it generates infrared waves that heat objects. For efficiency, such devices are equipped with a reflector made of stainless metal or aluminum.

It is noteworthy that the latter type of devices for heating rooms can be installed anywhere in the room. They are often used to maintain normal temperature outside the home in a specific area.

However, for these IR heating devices of a private house there are a number of restrictions on their use. First of all - you can not close the surface of the film. This can lead to overheating and failure.

Gas heating of the air in the room

Analyzing the efficiency of the above devices, the question of reducing the cost of heat supply remains relevant. Therefore, as an alternative, it is recommended to consider gas appliances heating. These include not only traditional boilers, but also other, no less productive designs.

The simplest type of this type of heater is considered to be a gas convector. It can be connected both to the main gas and to a liquefied gas cylinder. The burner is located in a housing that does not come into contact with the air in the room. The supply of oxygen to maintain the combustion process occurs through a two-channel pipe. Through it, carbon monoxide is removed.

If a mobile radiator model is needed, Catholic gas heating appliances are of particular interest. They have a slightly different way of working. The gas flows from a matrix of small nozzles to the ceramic surface where it ignites. As a result, a catalytic reaction occurs, which is the main source of heat.

What should be considered when choosing a gas heater?

• Be sure to follow the safety rules. Before connecting the device to the gas line, you must read the instruction manual;
• Organization of carbon monoxide removal. The most common consequence of a malfunctioning heater is an excess of CO2 in the room;
• Periodic cleaning of nozzles from accumulated soot.

It must be remembered that all heating devices must be adapted to specific operating conditions. First of all, this applies to safety regulations and compliance with the operating mode.

In the video you can see an example of making an IR heater with your own hands:

heating appliance- this is an element of the heating system, which serves to transfer heat from the coolant to the air of the heated room.

1. Registers from smooth pipes represent a bundle of pipes located in two rows and united on both sides by two pipes - collectors, equipped with fittings for supplying and discharging the coolant.

Registers of smooth pipes are used in rooms where there are increased sanitary and hygienic requirements, as well as in industrial buildings with a high degree of fire hazard, where a large accumulation of dust is unacceptable. The devices are hygienic, easy to clean from dust and dirt. But not economical, metal-intensive. Estimated heating surface 1m smooth pipe.

2. Cast iron radiators. The block of cast-iron radiators consists of cast iron sections interconnected by nipples. They are 1-2 and many channel. In Russia, mainly 2-channel radiators. According to the mounting height, radiators are divided into high 1000 mm, medium - 500 mm and low 300 mm.

M-140-AO radiators have inter-column finning, which increases their heat transfer, but reduces aesthetic and hygienic requirements.

Cast iron radiators have a number of advantages. It:

1. Corrosion resistance.

2. Fine-tuned manufacturing technology.

3. Ease of changing the power of the device by changing the number of sections.

The disadvantages of these types of heaters are:

1. High consumption of metal.

2. The complexity of manufacturing and installation.

3. Their production leads to environmental pollution.

3. Finned tubes. They are a cast iron pipe with round ribs. The fins increase the surface of the instrument and reduce the surface temperature.

Ribbed tubes are mainly used in industrial plants.

Advantages:

1. Cheap heaters.

2. Large heating surface.

Flaws:

Do not meet sanitary and hygienic requirements (difficult to clean from dust).

4. Stamped steel radiators. They are two putty steel places, interconnected by contact welding.

There are: columnar radiators RSV 1 and serpentine radiators RSG 2.

Column radiators: form a series of parallel channels, interconnected at the top and bottom by horizontal collectors.

Serpentine radiators form a series of horizontal channels for the passage of the coolant.

Steel plate radiators made in single and double rows. Double-row are made of the same standard sizes as single-row, but consist of two plates.

Advantages:

1. Small weight of the device.

2. Cheaper than cast iron by 20-30%.

3. Less cost for transportation and installation.

4. Easy to install and meet sanitary and hygienic requirements.

Flaws:

1. Small heat dissipation.

2. Special treatment of heating water is required, since ordinary water corrodes with metal. Found wide application in housing in public buildings. Due to the rise in the price of metal, the release is limited. High price.

5. Convectors. They are a series of steel pipes through which the coolant moves and steel finning plates mounted on them.

Convectors are available with or without casing. They are made of various types: For example: Comfort convectors. They are divided into 3 types: wall-mounted (hung on a wall h = 210 m), island (installed on the floor) and stair (built into the building structure).

Convectors are made end and through. Convectors are used for heating buildings for various purposes. Used mainly in central Russia.

Non-metallic heating devices

6. Ceramic and porcelain radiators. They are a panel cast from porcelain or ceramic with vertical or horizontal channels.

Such radiators are used in rooms with increased sanitary and hygienic requirements for heating devices. Such devices are used very rarely. They are very expensive, the manufacturing process is laborious, short-lived, subject to mechanical impact. It is very difficult to connect these radiators to metal pipelines.

7. Concrete heating panels . Represent concrete plates with coils of pipes embedded in them. Thickness 40-50 mm. They are: window sill and partition.

Heating panels can be attached and built into the construction of walls and partitions. Concrete panels meet the most stringent sanitary and hygienic requirements, architectural and construction requirements.

Disadvantages: difficulty of repair, large thermal inertia, which complicates the regulation of heat transfer, increased heat loss through additionally heated external structures of buildings. They are used mainly in medical institutions in operating rooms and in maternity hospitals in children's rooms.

Plumbing heating appliances must meet the heat engineering, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic requirements.

Thermal engineering assessment heating devices is determined by its heat transfer coefficient.

Sanitary and hygienic assessment- characterized constructive solution appliance to make it easier to keep clean.

The temperature of the outer surface of the heater must meet sanitary and hygienic requirements. In order to avoid intense burning of dust, this temperature should not exceed 95 ° C for residential and public buildings, and 85 ° C for medical and children's institutions.

Aesthetic evaluation- the heater should not spoil the interior appearance of the room, should not take up much space.

In the heating system, heating devices are used, which serve to transfer heat to the room. Manufactured heating devices must meet the following requirements:

1. Economic: low cost of the device and low material consumption.
2. Architectural and construction: the device must be compact and match the interior of the room.
3. Production and installation: mechanical strength products and mechanization in the manufacture of the device.
4. Sanitary and hygienic: low temperature surface, small horizontal surface area, easy to clean surfaces.
5. Thermotechnical: maximum heat transfer to the room and controllability of heat transfer.

Instrument classification

The following indicators are distinguished in the classification of heating devices:

• - the value of thermal inertia (large and small inertia);
• - the material used in the manufacture (metal, non-metal and combined);
• - method of heat transfer (convective, convective-radiation and radiation).

Radiation devices include:

• ceiling emitters;
• sectional cast iron radiators;
• tubular radiators.

Convective-radiation devices include:

• floor heating panels;
• sectional and panel radiators;
• smooth tube devices.

Convection devices include:

• panel radiators;
• ribbed tubes;
• plate convectors;
• tubular convectors.

Consider the most applicable types of heaters.

Aluminum sectional radiators

Advantages

1. high efficiency;
2. light weight;
3. ease of installation of radiators;
4. efficient operation of the heating element.

Flaws

1. 1. not suitable for use in old heating systems, as heavy metal salts destroy the protective polymer film of the aluminum surface.
2. 2. long-term operation leads to the unusability of the cast structure, to rupture.

Mainly used in central heating systems. Operating pressure of radiators from 6 to 16 bar. Note that the greatest loads can withstand the radiators, which were cast under pressure.

Bimetal Models

Advantages

1. light weight;
2. high efficiency;
3. the possibility of prompt installation;
4. heat large areas
5. withstand pressure up to 25 bar.

Flaws

1. have a complex structure.

These radiators will last longer than others. Radiators are made of steel, copper and aluminum. The material aluminum conducts heat well.

Cast iron heating appliances

Advantages

1. not subject to corrosion;
2. transfer heat well;
3. withstand high pressure;
4. it is possible to add sections;
5. the quality of the heat carrier does not matter.

Flaws

1. significant weight (one section weighs 5 kg);
2. brittleness of thin cast iron.

The operating temperature of the heat carrier (water) reaches 130°C. Cast iron heaters serve for a long time, about 40 years. Heat transfer performance is not affected by mineral deposits inside the sections.

There is a wide variety of cast iron radiators: single-channel, two-channel, three-channel, embossed, classic, enlarged and standard.

In our country economical option cast-iron appliances received the greatest use.

Steel panel radiators

Advantages

1. increased heat transfer;
2. low pressure;
3. easy cleaning;
4. simple installation of radiators;
5. small weight compared to cast iron.

Flaws

1. high pressure;
2. metal corrosion, in the case of using ordinary steel.

The steel radiator of the present time heats up better than cast iron.

Steel heaters have built-in thermostats that provide constant temperature control. The design of the device has thin walls and responds quickly enough to the thermostat. Inconspicuous brackets allow you to mount the radiator on the floor or wall.

The low pressure of steel panels (9 bar) does not allow them to be connected to the central heating system with frequent and significant overloads.

Steel tubular radiators

Advantages

1. high heat transfer;
2. mechanical strength;
3. aesthetic look for interiors.

Flaws

1. high price.

Tubular radiators are quite often used in interior design because they decorate the room.

Due to corrosion, conventional steel radiators are currently not produced. If the steel is subjected to anti-corrosion treatment, this will significantly increase the cost of the device.

Radiator made of galvanized steel is not subject to corrosion. It has the ability to withstand a pressure of 12 bar. A radiator of this type is often installed in multi-storey residential buildings or organizations.

Heating appliances of convector type

Convector type device

Advantages

1. small inertia;
2. small mass.

Flaws

1. low heat transfer;
2. high demands on the coolant.

Convector-type appliances quickly heat the room. They have several manufacturing options: in the form of a plinth, in the form of a wall block and in the form of a bench. There are also floor convectors.

This heater uses a copper tube. A coolant moves through it. The tube is used as an air stimulator (hot air goes up and cold air goes down). The process of air change takes place in a metal box, which does not heat up.

Convector type heaters are suitable for rooms with low windows. Warm air from a convector installed near the window prevents the incoming cold air.

Heating appliances can be connected to a centralized system, as they are designed for a pressure of 10 bar.

Towel dryers

Advantages

1. variety of shapes and colors;
2. high pressure indicators (16 bar).

Flaws

1. may not perform its functions due to seasonal interruptions in water supply.

Steel, copper and brass are used as manufacturing materials.

Towel dryers are electric, water and combined. Electric ones are not as economical as water ones, but allow buyers not to depend on the availability of water supply. Combined heated towel rails must not be used if there is no water in the system.

Radiator selection

When choosing a radiator, it is necessary to pay attention to the practicality of the heating element. Next, you need to remember the following characteristics:

• overall dimensions of the device;
• power (per 10 m2 of area 1 kW);
• working pressure (from 6 bar - for closed systems, from 10 bar for central systems);
• acidic characteristics of water as a heat carrier (this heat carrier is not suitable for aluminum radiators).

After clarifying the main parameters, you can proceed to the choice of heating devices according to aesthetic indicators and the possibility of its modernization.

Types of heaters in the heating system

Types of heating devices: aluminum, sectional, bimetallic, cast iron, steel panel and tubular radiators, convective type devices and heated towel rails.

Water heating devices. What to choose?

If ten years ago, Russian consumers had access to almost nothing but cast-iron radiators, now we have a wide selection of various heating appliances. However, starting only from the appearance when choosing them, you can create considerable problems for yourself. You should be aware that the operating conditions of heating devices in Russia (single-pipe heating system, the presence of water hammer) do not always meet the operating requirements of many imported radiators. Therefore, the main criterion for choosing a device should be its maximum adaptation to specific operating conditions. You should be aware of the limitations that sales consultants will not always inform you about.

Cast iron sectional radiators.

This type of heating appliances is installed in most old Russian houses. A classic example of such a radiator is the domestic model MS-140, which has an operating pressure of 9 atm, a test pressure of 15 atm.

What are the advantages of cast iron radiators? They are resistant to corrosion and not very picky about polluted water, which is very important when used in city houses with central heating.

Corrosion resistance is very important in conditions when the water from the heating system is drained for the summer, and it turns out that the radiator remains to rust during these “dry” months, which is typical for centralized heating in most Russian cities. The large diameter of the passage hole and the low hydraulic resistance of most cast iron radiators allow them to be successfully used in systems with natural circulation.

The disadvantages of cast iron radiators are obvious. Firstly, cast iron is heavy, which complicates installation, transportation, etc. Secondly, cast iron radiators have a high thermal inertia, which makes it difficult to adjust the temperature in the room. Thirdly, most of them are far from a work of art, often they do not fit into the interior (with the exception of some stylized imported models).

And the last significant drawback is the difficulty of removing dust that accumulates between sections.

Up to 70% of the heat from cast iron radiators is transferred into the room through radiation and only 30% through convection.

Aluminum sectional radiators.

In recent years, aluminum radiators have won a significant part Russian market in cast iron. Due to what did this happen? First of all, due to high heat transfer and lightness - the weight of one section without water is only about 1 kg, which greatly facilitates transportation and installation. Often the choice in favor of aluminum radiators (which, of course, are made not from pure aluminum, but from an alloy) is made due to their attractive design.

Aluminum radiators are less inertial than cast iron radiators, and therefore quickly respond to changes in temperature control parameters.

The most common models with a center distance of 500 and 350 mm, but many companies also offer non-standard options- 400, 600, 700, 800 mm, etc. The length of the aluminum radiator determines its power. By “assembling” the device from separate sections, it is possible to accurately select the parameters necessary for heating a particular room.

There are two options for aluminum radiators:

- cast (each section is cast as a single piece, to which the bottom parts are welded);

- produced by extrusion. In this case, each section consists of several elements mechanically connected to each other.

The working pressure of aluminum radiators from different manufacturers differs quite significantly. We can conditionally distinguish two types of aluminum sectional radiators:

- standard "European", designed for a working pressure of about 6 atm, but it should be borne in mind that it is good for use only in cottages and other autonomous systems heating;

- "reinforced" - a radiator with a working pressure of at least 12 atm.

The most significant drawback of aluminum radiators is their corrosion dependence, which increases when other metals are present in the heating system, which leads to the formation of galvanic couples. However, if you take into account all the requirements and follow the recommendations for the operation of these radiators when designing and installing a heating system, then they will serve you faithfully for many years.

Bimetallic sectional radiators.

Bimetallic radiators are structurally made of an aluminum body and a steel pipe through which the coolant moves. Them operational properties better than aluminum. Due to the strength of steel, they withstand greater pressure (the working pressure for many of them is 20-30 atm or more) and allow you to slightly reduce the requirements for the quality of the coolant, which are very significant for ordinary aluminum ones. On the other hand, they took their main advantages from aluminum radiators - good heat dissipation and modern design.

Roughly speaking, a bimetallic radiator is a steel frame filled with aluminum. The coolant in them almost does not come into contact with aluminum. It moves along steel tubes, which in turn transfer heat aluminum panels, and they heat the surrounding air. Outwardly, such radiators are very similar to aluminum ones.

Bimetal devices are suitable for urban district heating systems, but like any other metal pipes, they are gradually overgrown with sludge deposits. In addition, as for all radiators in which the coolant comes into contact with steel, the high oxygen content is harmful to the "bimetal", which contributes to the development of corrosion.

Steel panel radiators.

Steel panel radiators are one of the most commonly used in individual heating systems (for example, in country houses). They are distinguished by a small thermal inertia, which means that it is easier to control the temperature in the room with their help. The working pressure of most models of steel panel radiators is 9 atm. Thanks to the widest range of models, it is possible to choose the panel radiator that is optimal in terms of parameters for almost any room. standard height these heaters - 300, 350, 400, 500, 600 and 900 mm (there are also lower ones - 250 mm), width - from 400 to 3000 mm, depth - from 46 to 165 mm. The range of panel radiators of each of the leading manufacturers consists of several hundred models of different depths, widths and heights.

The name of this type of heating devices gives a fairly accurate idea of ​​​​their appearance. It is a rectangular panel in the vast majority of cases white. Structurally, a panel radiator consists of two steel sheets welded together (usually 1.25 mm thick) with vertical channels, in the cavity of which the coolant circulates. To increase the heated surface, and, as a result, heat transfer, steel U-shaped ribs are welded to the back side of the panel.

If we talk about the shortcomings, then, like all steel products, they corrode when in contact with water, are sensitive to hydraulic shocks and are designed for low pressure. Steel radiators can be used in individual systems, and their installation in city houses is highly undesirable!

There are three types of panel radiators: bottom, side and universal connection. Radiators with a bottom connection can be fitted with a thermostatic valve, on which a thermostat can be installed to maintain the set temperature in the room. As a rule, the cost of radiators with a bottom connection is higher than those with a side connection.

Typically, manufacturers of panel radiators include brackets (brackets) for mounting the radiator on the wall in the scope of supply. But if placement on the wall is undesirable for some reason, then you can purchase special legs for installing the device on the floor.

Panel radiators are perhaps the most common type of heating devices in most civilized countries.

Steel tubular radiators.

Radiators of this type are among the most beautiful. Due to the relatively small volume of coolant, they quickly respond to all commands of thermostats. Operating pressure tubular radiators quite high (usually 6-15 atm). Their advantages include the fact that, unlike most other heaters, they are very easy to wipe and wash.

Disadvantages - in the absence of an internal protective coating, the high price, which limits the distribution of this type of heating devices in Russia, is subject to corrosion.

Convectors (plate heaters).

Steel convectors quickly became popular in modern Russian city houses. This is not surprising - thanks to their simple design, they are easy to manufacture and quite cheap. Structurally, this is one or more pipes with metal "ribs-plates" put on them. Convectors are considered highly reliable devices, since there is practically nothing to break. There are no joints in them, respectively, they will not flow. Convectors can be both with a protective decorative casing, and without it. The first option is more aesthetic. In devices of this type, almost all heat is transferred by convection. By placing the convector under the window, you can effectively cut off the cold air penetrating into the room. The thermal inertia of such heaters is low, which ensures fast regulation. Usually they are designed for a fairly high operating pressure (about 15 atm).

It seems that such a mass of advantages should allow the simplest convectors to displace all other heating devices from the market. Why isn't this happening?

One of the reasons is the uneven heating of the premises, especially when high ceilings. As you know, convectors practically do not radiate heat into the room. They help move warm air up, under the ceiling. In addition, when using convectors, some of the dust is carried away from the floor by air currents. Also, it should be borne in mind that the heat transfer of convectors is low, respectively, their efficiency in systems with a low coolant temperature is low.

In addition to the simplest, cheapest and not very efficient convectors, there are options with good design and high heat output. These devices are made not only from steel, but also from copper, or copper in combination with aluminum. Models of convectors built into the floor are produced.

Water heating devices

Water heating devices. What to choose? If ten years ago Russian consumers had access to almost nothing but cast-iron radiators, now we have

Devices and equipment for water heating system

Equipment for the water heating system includes a heat generator, heaters and heat pipes. Modern water heating devices effectively heat the room and at the same time save energy. True, water heating systems require a longer and complex installation, and pipes and radiators "steal" part of the room, but so far they are the most preferred.

AT recent times in houses began to install wall gas boilers. They contain a pump safety valve, expansion membrane tank, control panel. Such boilers are both single- and double-circuit. The former only heat the house, the latter also supply hot water.

Types of water heating devices: heat generator and boilers

A heat generator (hot water boiler) is one of the devices of a water heating system, which is a unit that, in the process of burning fuel, heats the coolant. The layout of modern hot water boilers is the same: a heat exchanger is placed inside the metal case, the differences are only in the design of the case.

The material for the body of the heat generator is steel or cast iron. The cast-iron boiler is not subject to rust, but it weighs quite a lot, which makes it difficult to transport and install. In addition, such a device is afraid of sharp temperature contrasts, unlike a steel boiler, which does not suffer from temperature changes. The service life of a cast-iron boiler is 50-60 years, a steel boiler is no more than 15 years, after which it will need to be repaired and worn parts replaced.

A heat exchanger for water heating equipment is also made of steel or cast iron, sometimes copper (the latter material is the best), but more importantly, is there a protective coating on its inner walls. If so, then soot will not settle on it, which will increase heat transfer and save fuel.

Gas and liquid fuel boilers are united by the fact that they work in automatic mode the entire heating season, do not need special care and have a high efficiency - 96%.

A liquid fuel boiler can operate exclusively on high-quality fuel. According to Russian standards, the market sells summer (marking "L"), winter (marking "3") and arctic (marking "A") diesel fuel. The air temperature during operation must be at least -5; not lower than -30 and not lower than 50 °С, respectively.

Liquid fuel (diesel oil) is the most expensive. However, it will have to be stored, for which it will be necessary to equip a room or platform for containers immersed in the ground (in this case, it will be necessary to put up with bad smell). When diesel fuel is burned, sulfur compounds are formed that settle on the walls of the boiler (steel boilers are more susceptible to this, therefore, as a rule, cast iron is used to make the boiler, but the weight of the unit increases significantly).

At present, gas is a relatively cheap fuel. He gives more useful heat than other fuels. In addition, it is more environmentally friendly; almost completely burns out, leaving no soot in the firebox; does not require storage; easily metered with a gas meter. For a metal boiler body, gas is more practical because it does not suffer from corrosion and, therefore, is more durable.

Solid fuel boilers (operating on coal, wood) will require time and effort for maintenance, since you will have to load fuel into them (it will still need to be harvested and stored somewhere), remove ash, clean out soot, and the efficiency of this type of heat generator does not exceed 65 %. There are, however, considerable advantages, in particular, a solid fuel boiler is multifunctional (it can be combined with a stove); durable (up to 20 years); easy to repair, as it often involves replacing a burned-out part; cheap.

The operation of an electric water boiler is expensive, although there is an opportunity to save money, since the equipment is equipped with a convenient temperature control system, allows you to use the economy mode, etc. However, you need to be sure that there will be no interruptions in the power supply (although this can be overcome - you can install an emergency power supply). To heat a house up to 150 m2, the boiler must have a power of up to 16 kW, for a house of 200-300 m2-24-32 kW.

Combined boilers for water heating

It is clear that a heat generator operating on one type of fuel, such as gas, is preferable. But different situations are possible, the way out of which will be the purchase of a combined boiler in which a replaceable burner is installed that can operate on both gas and diesel fuel.

However, this type of water heating devices has its own nuances, in particular:

• such a heat generator will cost a little more than a boiler designed for one type of fuel;
• its efficiency is approximately 10-20% lower than that of a gas or liquid fuel boiler;
• since the boiler is a large-sized unit, a separate room will have to be allocated for it;
• some of its components (fuel pump, blower fan, etc.) are powered by the mains. Prolonged power outages in winter can result in a pipeline rupture. For such situations, you need to buy a powerful electric generator.

The heating boiler must have a certain power, and it must exceed the heat loss of the house by about 15-20%, which still need to be able to calculate. For reinsurance, you can buy a more powerful unit (the price of the equipment also depends on this parameter), but then it is possible that part of its heat output will not be used, i.e., in fact, the money will be wasted. If you buy a less powerful boiler, you can freeze all winter, even if it works at full capacity. Thus, it is better to seek the advice of a specialist.

In models of boilers of previous generations, a decrease in power entailed a decrease in efficiency. Modern equipment is equipped with several power levels, thanks to which it is possible to reduce the heat output of the unit and the amount of fuel, and this will not result in heat loss. The latest invention hot water boilers with modeling heads, in which the stepless power reduction does not affect the efficiency of the equipment.

Heating can be combined with a hot water supply system, for which it is enough to install a double-circuit hot water boiler. They are various types- flow, accumulative or in combination with a boiler.

To transfer heat from the coolant to the air, heating devices are used, without which the efficiency of the water heating system would be extremely low. Due to the special design of heating devices, it is possible to extract the maximum amount of heat from the coolant.

Parameters of water heating equipment

Heating appliances of water heating systems are classified according to such parameters as:

• heat transfer method. According to this criterion, convective (convectors and finned tubes), radiation (ceiling radiators) and convective-radiation (sectional, panel, smooth-tube) heating devices are distinguished. Convectors in a casing and sectional radiators have the maximum heat transfer, the minimum is smooth-tube devices and convectors without a casing (here it is appropriate to note that for 100; the heat transfer of a sectional radiator with a depth of 140 mm, made of cast iron, is taken);
• type of heating surface, which can be smooth and ribbed;
• the value of thermal inertia. There are heaters with high inertia (sectional radiators) and low inertia (convectors); S material from which the device is made. It can be metal, ceramics, plastic, a combination of different materials;
• instrument height. On this basis, high heaters (more than 65 cm), medium (from 40 to 65 cm), low (from 20 to 40 cm) and plinth (up to 20 cm) are made.

Elements of the water heating system: fittings and expansion tank

To be able to regulate the operation of a water heating system, various shut-off and control valves are used, which include:

• heat generator piping fittings, which include a pressure gauge, an air vent, a safety valve, pressure and flow sensors, a hydraulic separator, make-up units and air removers;
• radiator fittings, the function of which is to regulate the flow of coolant entering the heater and its heat transfer.

For this purpose, adjusting, locking and drain taps, thermostats, air vents, bottom fittings, side injection unit: pipe fittings.

Another important element water heating system is expansion tank. The need for its inclusion in the system is dictated by the property of water to increase in volume when heated and return to its original volume when cooled. The part that balances this expansion is the expansion tank, or damper.

Its functions include the following:

• contain the excess coolant formed when its temperature rises;
• compensate for the lack of water when cooling or a small leak;
• collect air that is released from hot water and that enters the heating system with cold water.

Among the damper disadvantages, the following are known: the probability of losing useful heat, which can be given off through the walls of the tank when it is installed outdoors; bulkiness. The damper is open and closed. The first is rectangular or cylindrical. A place for him is allotted in the attic, i.e. in the very top point heating systems. A closed damper is installed in the boiler room, leading to the return line in front of the circulation pump.

Heating devices of water heating systems and their types

Types of water heating devices: heat generator, heating appliances and heat pipes | Online magazine about the construction site "Build a House!" - only reliable information.

A brief overview of modern heating systems for residential buildings and public buildings

The right choice, competent design and quality installation heating systems are a guarantee of warmth and comfort in the house during the entire heating season. Heating must be of high quality, reliable, safe, economical. To choose the right heating system, you need to familiarize yourself with their types, features of installation and operation of heating devices. It is also important to consider the availability and cost of fuel.

Types of modern heating systems

A heating system is a complex of elements used to heat a room: a heat source, pipelines, heating devices. Heat is transferred with the help of a coolant - a liquid or gaseous medium: water, air, steam, fuel combustion products, antifreeze.

Heating systems of buildings must be selected in such a way as to achieve the highest quality heating while maintaining comfortable air humidity for a person. Depending on the type of coolant, the following systems are distinguished:

Heating devices of the heating system are:

As a heat source can be used:

• coal;
• firewood;
• electricity;
• briquettes - peat or wood;
• energy from the sun or other alternative sources.

air heating

The air is heated directly from the heat source without the use of an intermediate liquid or gaseous heat carrier. The systems are used to heat private houses of a small area (up to 100 sq.m.). Installation of heating of this type is possible both during the construction of a building and during the reconstruction of an existing one. A boiler, heating element or heating element serves as a heat source. gas-burner. The peculiarity of the system is that it is not only heating, but also ventilation, since the internal air in the room is heated and the fresh air coming from outside. Air streams enter through a special intake grille, are filtered, heated in a heat exchanger, after which they pass through the air ducts and are distributed in the room.

Adjustment of temperature and degree of ventilation is carried out by means of thermostats. Modern thermostats allow you to pre-set a program of temperature changes depending on the time of day. The systems also operate in air conditioning mode. In this case, the air flows are directed through the coolers. If there is no need for space heating or cooling, the system works as a ventilation system.

Installation air heating is relatively expensive, but its advantage is that there is no need to warm up the intermediate coolant and radiators, due to which fuel savings are at least 15%.

The system does not freeze, responds quickly to changes temperature regime and warms up the room. Thanks to the filters, the air enters the premises already purified, which reduces the number of pathogenic bacteria and contributes to the creation of optimal conditions for maintaining the health of people living in the house.

The lack of air heating is overdrying of the air, burning out oxygen. The problem is easily solved by installing special humidifier. The system can be upgraded to save money and create a more comfortable microclimate. So, the recuperator heats the incoming air, due to the output to the outside. This reduces the energy consumption for its heating.

Possible additional cleaning and air disinfection. To do this, in addition to the mechanical filter included in the package, electrostatic fine filters and ultraviolet lamps are installed.

Water heating

This is a closed heating system, it uses water or antifreeze as a coolant. Water is supplied through pipes from the heat source to the heating radiators. In centralized systems, the temperature is regulated at the heating point, and in individual systems - automatically (using thermostats) or manually (tap).

Types of water systems

Depending on the type of connection of heating devices, the systems are divided into:

According to the method of wiring, they distinguish:

In single-pipe systems, the connection of heating devices is in series. To compensate for the loss of heat that occurs during the successive passage of water from one radiator to another, heaters with different heat transfer surfaces are used. For example, can be used cast iron batteries With large quantity sections. In two-pipe, a parallel connection scheme is used, which allows you to install the same radiators.

The hydraulic mode can be constant and variable. In bifilar systems, heating devices are connected in series, as in single-pipe systems, but the heat transfer conditions for radiators are the same as in two-pipe systems. Convectors, steel or cast iron radiators are used as heating devices.

Advantages and disadvantages

Water heating is widespread due to the availability of the coolant. Another advantage is the ability to equip the heating system with your own hands, which is important for our compatriots who are accustomed to relying only on own forces. However, if the budget allows not to save, it is better to entrust the design and installation of heating to specialists.

This will save you from many problems in the future - leaks, breakthroughs, etc. Disadvantages - freezing of the system when turned off, long time space heating. Special requirements apply to the coolant. Water in the systems must be free of impurities, with a minimum salt content.

To heat the coolant, a boiler of any type can be used: on solid, liquid fuel, gas or electricity. Most often, gas boilers are used, which involves connecting to the main. If this is not possible, then solid fuel boilers are usually installed. They are more economical than electric or liquid fuel designs.

Note! Experts recommend choosing a boiler based on a power of 1 kW per 10 sq.m. These figures are indicative. If the ceiling height is more than 3 m, the house has large windows, there are additional consumers, or the premises are not well insulated, all these nuances must be taken into account in the calculations.

Steam heating

In accordance with SNiP 2.04.05-91 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning", the use of steam systems is prohibited in residential and public buildings. The reason is the insecurity of this type of space heating. Heaters heat up to almost 100°C, which can cause burns.

Installation is complex, requires skills and special knowledge, during operation there are difficulties with the regulation of heat transfer, noise is possible when filling the system with steam. For today steam heating limited use: in industrial and non-residential premises, in pedestrian crossings, heating points. Its advantages are relative cheapness, low inertia, compactness of heating elements, high heat transfer, no heat loss. All this led to the popularity of steam heating until the middle of the twentieth century, later it was replaced by water heating. However, in enterprises where steam is used for industrial needs, it is still widely used for space heating.

Electric heating

This is the most reliable and easiest type of heating in operation. If the area of ​​the house is not more than 100 m, electricity is a good option, but heating a larger area is not economically viable.

Electric heating can be used as an additional in case of a shutdown or repair of the main system. Also this good decision for country houses in which the owners live only occasionally. Electric fan heaters, infrared and oil heaters are used as additional heat sources.

Convectors, electric fireplaces, electric boilers, floor heating power cables are used as heating devices. Each type has its own limitations. So, convectors heat the rooms unevenly. Electric fireplaces are more suitable as a decorative element, and the operation of electric boilers requires significant energy costs. The underfloor heating is mounted with advance consideration of the furniture arrangement plan, because when it is moved, the power cable may be damaged.

Innovative heating systems

Separately, mention should be made of innovative heating systems, which are becoming increasingly popular. The most common:

infrared floors

These heating systems have only recently appeared on the market, but have already become quite popular due to their efficiency and greater economy than conventional electric heating. Warm floors are powered by the mains, they are installed in a screed or tile adhesive. Heating elements (carbon, graphite) emit infrared waves that pass through flooring, heat up the bodies of people and objects, from which, in turn, the air heats up.

Self-adjusting carbon mats and foils can be mounted under furniture legs without fear of damage. "Smart" floors regulate the temperature due to the special property of the heating elements: when overheated, the distance between the particles increases, the resistance increases - and the temperature decreases. Energy costs are relatively low. When the infrared floors are turned on, the power consumption is about 116 watts per linear meter, after warming up it decreases to 87 watts. Temperature control is provided by thermostats, which reduces energy costs by 15-30%.

Heat pumps

These are devices for transferring thermal energy from a source to a coolant. In itself, the idea of ​​a heat pump system is not new; it was proposed by Lord Kelvin back in 1852.

How it works: A geothermal heat pump takes heat from the environment and transfers it to the heating system. The systems can also work to cool buildings.

There are pumps with open and closed cycle. In the first case, the installations take water from the underground stream, transfer it to the heating system, take thermal energy and return to the place of the fence. In the second, a coolant is pumped through special pipes in the reservoir, which transfers / takes heat from the water. The pump can use the thermal energy of water, earth, air.

The advantage of the systems is that they can be installed in houses that are not connected to the gas supply. Heat pumps are complex and expensive to install, but they save on energy costs during operation.

Solar collectors

Solar installations are systems for collecting solar thermal energy and transferring it to a coolant

Water, oil or antifreeze can be used as a heat carrier. The design includes additional electric heaters, which are included if the efficiency solar installation decreases. There are two main types of collectors - flat and vacuum. An absorber with a transparent coating and thermal insulation is installed in the flat ones. In vacuum, this coating is multilayer, in hermetically sealed collectors a vacuum is created. This allows you to heat the coolant up to 250-300 degrees, while flat installations can only heat it up to 200 degrees. The advantages of the installations include ease of installation, low weight, and potentially high efficiency.

However, there is one “but”: the efficiency of work solar collector depends too much on the temperature difference.

Our compatriots still most often prefer water heating. Usually, doubts arise only about which specific heat source to choose, how best to connect the boiler to the heating system, etc. And yet there are no ready-made recipes suitable for absolutely everyone. It is necessary to carefully weigh the pros and cons, take into account the features of the building for which the system is selected. If in doubt, a specialist should be consulted.

Types of heating systems: an overview of traditional and innovative heating methods

Modern building heating systems. Which heating systems are better: traditional or innovative. What to consider when choosing a heating system and

Their absence would make the water heating system inefficient, since the walls of the pipeline are minimally adapted for this. The heat transfer capacity of a radiator depends on a number of factors:

1. area of ​​its heating surface;
2. type of device;
3. location in the room;
4. scheme, in accordance with which it is connected to the pipeline.

One of the indicators characterizing heating devices is the test pressure. During pressure testing of the heating system, heating devices are subjected to hydraulic shocks (here it should be noted that in Russia, during testing, it is customary to raise the pressure pressure to 15 atm, which cannot be maintained by imported heating devices, since in the West the pressure is increased to 7-8 atm), and in during operation, the internal surfaces suffer from chemical and electrochemical corrosion. If the devices successfully withstand such tests, then they will last a long time, as they are of high quality. In addition, heaters must comply
requirements of a different nature.

Among them are the following:

1. thermotechnical, i.e. heating appliances must provide the maximum specific density heat flow falling per unit area;
2. assembly, which means the minimum labor and time costs during installation and the necessary mechanical strength of the devices;
3. operational, i.e., heating devices must be heat-resistant; waterproof, even if the hydrostatic pressure reaches the maximum permissible value during operation; having the ability to regulate heat transfer;
4. economic. This means that the ratio of the cost of heating devices, their installation and operation should be optimal, and the consumption of materials in their manufacture should be minimal;
5. design;
6. sanitary and hygienic, i.e. have a minimum horizontal surface area, so as not to turn into a dust collector.

Classification of heating appliances

Options	Instrument type	Varieties
Heat transfer method	convective Radiation Convective-radiation	Convectors Finned tubes Ceiling emitters Sectional radiators Panel radiators Plain tube heaters
Type of heating surface	FROM smooth surface Ribbed surface
The value of thermal inertia	With low thermal inertia With large thermal inertia
Material	metal Ceramic plastic Combined
Height	Skirting	over 65 cm 40 to 65 cm 20 to 40 cm

Briefly characterize different types heating appliances.

A convector is a ribbed heater equipped with a casing made of some material (cast iron, steel, asbestos cement, etc.) which increases its heat transfer. The convection of the heat flow of a convector with a casing is 90-95%. The functions of the casing can be performed by a finned heater. Such a heater is called a convector without a casing.

The casing plays not only a decorative role - it is functional - it increases air circulation near the surface of the heater.

Despite the rather low heat transfer coefficient, lack of resistance to hydraulic shocks, increased requirements for the quality of the coolant, convectors are widely used. The reasons for this are low metal consumption, light weight, ease of manufacture, installation and operation, fashionable design. It would be unfair not to notice that convectors have one more very an unpleasant disadvantage- the convection air currents arising during their operation raise and move dust and other small particles around the room.

The convective type heater is a ribbed tube. The material for it is a flanged cast-iron pipe 1-2 m long, the outer surface of which is thin ribs cast during the manufacture of the pipe. Thanks to this area outer surface increases many times, which favorably distinguishes it from a smooth pipe with the same diameter and length, which makes it possible to make the device more compact. In addition, the device is quite simple to manufacture and quite economical, i.e., the cost of its production is low. A number of serious shortcomings:

1. low temperature observed on the surface of the fins, despite the circulation of a high-temperature coolant;
2. big weight;
3. low mechanical strength;
4. unhygienic (ribs are difficult to clean from dust);
5. out-of-date design.

Nevertheless, ribbed tubes are used - usually in non-residential premises, such as warehouses, garages, etc. They are mounted horizontally in the form of a coil, connected with bolts, flanged cast-iron double bends (practitioners call them rolls) and counterflanges.

A variety of radiative heating devices is a ceiling radiator, which, when heated, begins to give off heat, which, in turn, is first absorbed by the walls and objects in the room, then reflected by them, i.e. secondary radiation occurs. As a result, a radiant interchange takes place between the heating devices, the enclosing structures of the house, and objects, which makes the stay of a person in such a room very comfortable. If the temperature drops by 1-2 °C, the convective heat transfer of a person increases, which has a positive effect on his well-being. Hence, if with convective heating the optimum temperature is 19.3 0С, then with radiation - 17.4 °С.

Ceiling radiators differ in the design of one element and come with a flat or wavy screen.

Of the advantages of a ceiling radiator, it should be noted such as a favorable atmosphere in the room; an increase in the temperature of the surface of the room, which reduces the heat transfer of a person; savings in thermal energy used for heating. However, this type of heating devices also has disadvantages, including significant thermal inertia, heat losses through cold bridges that occur in those places of enclosing structures in which heating elements are installed; the need to install fittings that regulate the heat transfer of concrete panels.

Heating of the premises can be solved by installing convective-radiation heating devices - radiators. Them distinctive feature is that they simultaneously give off heat with the help of convection, which accounts for 75% of the heat flux, and radiation, on which the remaining 25% fall.

Structurally, radiators are presented in two options:

1. sectional;
2. panel.

Sectional radiators differ in the material from which they are made.

First of all, it is cast iron. Radiators from it have not lost their popularity since the beginning of the 20th century. And even now, when aluminum and steel radiators are quite affordable, cast iron ones are only strengthening their positions, especially since the former are less durable and therefore endure the cataclysms of domestic heating networks worse.

Sectional aluminum (more precisely, from an alloy of aluminum with silicon) radiators are pressed sections and collectors. They are cast and extruded. Firstly, each section is a single piece, and secondly, these are three elements connected by bolts using sealing elements or put on glue. Aluminum radiators have a number of positive qualities that distinguish them favorably from cast iron appliances. Firstly, they have a high heat transfer due to the finned sections; secondly, they heat up faster themselves and, accordingly, the air in the room; thirdly, they allow you to regulate the air temperature; fourthly, they are light in weight, which facilitates both the delivery and installation of the device; fifthly, they are aesthetic and modern in design. There are also very significant disadvantages: weak convection ability; increased gas formation, which contributes to the formation air locks in system; the risk of leaks; heat concentration on the ribs; exactingness to the coolant, primarily to the pH level, which should not exceed 7-8; incompatibility with elements in the heating system made of steel and copper (in such cases, galvanized adapters should be used to avoid electrochemical corrosion).

The fins of all radiators must be strictly vertical.

Steel panels are produced in different versions - single and double row, with a smooth or ribbed surface, with and without a decorative enamel coating. Heating devices of this type have certain advantages, in particular, high heat transfer; insignificant thermal inertia; small mass; hygiene; aesthetics. Of the minuses, it is necessary to indicate the small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe heating surface (in this regard, they are often mounted in pairs - in 2 rows with a gap of 40 mm) and susceptibility to corrosion.

Concrete panel radiators are panels that have concrete, plastic or glass channels that differ in their configuration, and heating elements different forms - serpentine or register. Heating devices, in the manufacture of which two metals are used (aluminum for fins and steel for conductive channels), are called bimetallic. The section of such a radiator is two vertical steel pipes(it should be noted that the diameter of the internal channels is rather small, which is a disadvantage), covered with an aluminum alloy (the process is carried out under pressure), connected by means of steel nipples. Gaskets made of heat-resistant rubber rubber can withstand temperatures up to 200 ° C and provide the necessary tightness.

Water heating risers can move when heated, damaging the plaster, therefore, during installation, they must be passed through pipes larger than the diameter or sleeves made of roofing steel.

Such models are devoid of the disadvantages characteristic of aluminum and steel radiators, but have an important advantage - thanks to the aluminum case, they have high heat dissipation. The ability of aluminum to heat up quickly allows you to control and regulate heat consumption.

The working pressure for bimetallic devices is 25 atm, the crimping pressure is 37 atm (due to the latter, bimetallic radiators are preferred for systems with high pressure), the maximum coolant temperature is 120 ° C. In addition, they are suitable for installation in different heating systems, while the number of storeys of the house is does not have.
As heating devices, steel pipes with a smooth surface, which are given a serpentine or register shape and which are placed at intervals smaller than the diameter of the pipes (the latter is important in detail, since greater decrease distance, mutual irradiation of the pipes begins, which leads to a reduction in the heat transfer of the device). Heating devices of this design show the highest heat transfer coefficient, but due to their significant weight, large dimensions, unaesthetics, they are usually installed in non-residential premises, for example, in greenhouses.

The place where the thermostat with a built-in air temperature sensor will be located must be located in a heated room at a height of 150 cm from the floor, protected from drafts, UV radiation and not adjacent to other heat sources.

Thus, having an idea of ​​what heating devices are offered by modern industry and the market, it remains only to make the right choice. In doing so, the following criteria must be followed:

1. type and design of the heating system;
2. open or hidden pipeline laying;
3. the quality of the coolant intended for use;
4. the value of the working pressure for which the heating system is designed;
5. type of heating devices;
6. house layout;
7. the thermal regime that is supposed to be maintained in the premises, and the duration of the tenants' stay there.

In addition, we must remember that the operation of heating devices is associated with such problems as corrosion, water hammer. Need to study carefully available material, consult a specialist, find out from the seller or look for information about manufacturing companies, find out how long they have been working on the domestic market, which particular heating devices are best adapted to the conditions of our reality. All this will help to avoid a rash purchase and will be the key to a successfully operating heating system.
After the heating devices are purchased, it becomes necessary to place them in the premises of the house. And there are options here (by the way, this should also be foreseen in advance in order to buy heaters of the appropriate height).

So, metal heaters are placed along the walls or in niches in 1 or 2 rows. They can be mounted behind screens or open.

However, usually heaters take their place under the window near the outer wall, but even so, a number of requirements must be observed:

1. The length of the device must be at least<50-75 % длины окна (об этом уже было сказано, но, следуя логике изложения, считаем возможным повторить). Это не относится к витражным окнам;
2. the vertical axes of the heater and the window must match. The error can be no more than 50 mm.

In some situations (subject to short and warm winters, short-term stay of people in the room), heaters are placed near the inner walls, which has certain advantages, since the heat transfer of heaters increases; the length of the pipeline is reduced; the number of stands is reduced.

There are wishes regarding the height and length of heating devices.

With high ceilings in the house, it is preferable to install high and short batteries, with standard ones - long and low.