Ramming for crushed stone and sand. Compaction of various types of soils. The advantages of buildings on a sand cushion

Creating a dense sand layer is one of the main tasks of the stage of preparing bases for screeds or foundation structures, it is important to use the right methods and tools to expel air and compress particles. The price when attracting professional firms depends on the depth of processing and other factors and varies from 70 to 900 rubles per 1 m2. The choice of a specific method determines the purpose of the interlayer, the captured area and the budget.

It is carried out during the preparation of sandy and finely dispersed soils before the construction of houses, backfilling pillows under slab or strip foundations, the formation of a rigid underlying layer when arranging floors on the ground or laying the base under paving stones and fences. Among the tasks are:

Protection of erected structures from frost heaving and removal of moisture from them.
Leveling the base and strengthening its rigidity.
Prevention of deformation of structures under the influence of compressive and bending loads, elimination of the risk of their destruction during shrinkage processes.
Obtaining a dense and stable layer separating the base of the foundation or screed and straight soil.
Elimination of voids and distillation of air.

An overview of the methods used, the choice of the best option

Depending on the equipment and the direction of the applied efforts, the following methods of preparing and compacting the sandy base are distinguished:

Rolling with rollers or wheels of self-propelled or trailed construction equipment, carried out in 1 or several passes.
Slabs dropped by a crane weighing 1-2 tons.
Vibration device.
Manual tamping with an expanded beam or channel with an attached plate.

When compacting soils and sands by rolling, the desired effect is achieved due to the static pressure of rollers having different gripping widths and weights from 10 to 25 tons for single-axle self-propelled varieties, up to 50 tons for biaxial and up to 100 for trailed ones. Lighter models are attracted to loose areas, they provide successful processing of a layer of 20-30 cm in one pass. The heaviest and most productive equipment is used for ramming 40-50 cm with a width pass of up to 30 at a time.

The choice of a specific type of ice rink, in addition to the thickness of the layer, depends on the size of the site and the convenience of the entrance. Small self-propelled rollers are distinguished by good maneuverability, heavy semi-trailers work only in conjunction with a tractor.

To achieve the optimal result, tamping is carried out in several passes, most often according to the spiral-annular pattern of movement of the rollers and sequential filling of the missing bulk material. The advantage is high quality preparation of sand foundation pads with a thickness of 20 to 50 cm (impossible when carried out manually), minus the use of expensive equipment.

A rammer using the drop compactor method is selected if it is necessary to expel air from cohesive soils with voids or interlayers of dusty sand and clay. When it is implemented with the help of a crane or an escalator, solid slabs weighing up to 2 m are lifted and thrown off to a height of 1 to 2 m. Such a load allows processing the base to a depth of 2 m, maximum effect achieved when preparing round or rectangular slab foundations. The tamper remains attached to the crane boom or escalator, the process is continuous and fast.

An analogue of the previous method is manual, selected with a small thickness of the pillow or with its small area. The easiest way to make a tool is by stuffing a thick board to a wooden beam, welding or screwing sheet metal to the channel or a combination of these materials. The output should be a heavy, but manually lifted expanded plate with a vertical handle. To enhance the effect, the part in contact with the ground is recommended to be weighted with cement or metal. The pluses include independence from expensive equipment and the possibility of processing hard-to-reach areas, the minuses are laboriousness, when tamping manually, it takes more time and effort to distill the air.

most wanted and effective method the use of vibration equipment is recognized: mechanical high-frequency vibrations directed at the sand help to make it as compressed and even as possible. For these purposes, a technique with different design and type of drive, namely:

1. Vibratory rammers are compact and ergonomic tools that transmit impacts from gasoline or electric drive to a relatively wide heel - a flat strip of compacted rubber with a width of 15-30 cm and a length of up to 33. Their power and dimensions vary, but the principle remains the same - the impact is directed vertically. Involved in any construction sites both in combination with rollers and plates, and on their own, their use is especially important when it is impossible to move large equipment, for example, in trenches.

2. Vibratory plates with a wider working platform and, based on weight and performance, are divided into light, universal, heavy and extra heavy. Their range includes manual and remote models with electric, diesel, gasoline or hydraulic drive, each with its own pros and cons. Vibrating plates have universal sphere applications, but for soil, cushion or sand under the screed, light varieties with a weight in the range of 75 and 200 kg, respectively, are best suited.

3. Vibratory rollers that combine wheel pressure with mechanical vibration and are selected primarily when tamping large areas is necessary. Their functions depend on the model, the most advanced are quite accurate in processing edges and difficult sections without the use of vibrorammers or plates.

The choice of drive type is directly influenced by the working conditions and safety requirements. In the absence of connected electrical networks and large area processing layers of medium thickness, the best solution would be to use a vibrating plate with a gasoline or diesel drive. If it is necessary to compact soil and sand to a depth of 1 m and similar conditions, preference is given to the same vibrotamper. In enclosed spaces (e.g. when preparing floors for screed) or where ventilation is limited, use an electric vibrating plate or similar equipment.

It is advisable to combine the process with wetting with water. AT this case it is important to know the measure, moisture should not be excessive or accumulated, but in general, wet particles adhere better. The achieved result is also largely influenced by the quality of the bulk material, namely: the size of its grains, the purity of the composition, the proportion of fine fractions and dust. In some cases, it is advisable to completely change the soil in the pit to coarse-grained or gravelly sand, the increase in construction costs is justified by obtaining a reliable foundation.

The number of passes of a vibrating plate or roller depends on the specified compression ratio, the recommended average value for foundation pads and screeds is 0.95. This parameter is easily checked using a density meter. The traffic pattern is selected in advance; it is not worth walking or moving loads on the prepared surface. During compaction, the equipment is protected from dirt and overheating, and the corresponding filters are cleaned on the vibratory tool without fail.

At the heart of any building - from a small private house to a large shopping center, there is a foundation. The strength of the entire building and the life of its operation depend on its quality. But not only the quality of the concrete used is important, but also the exact observance of all technological process. For example, poor-quality compaction of sand for the foundation can lead to the fact that the erected building can shrink, accompanied by the formation of cracks, both in the foundation itself and in the walls of the building. This, in turn, can lead to an increase in heat loss and, as a result, an increase in the cost of heating and air conditioning the entire building.

The choice of sand for the sand cushion

Not every sand is suitable for building a sand cushion for the foundation. Its quality should be given Special attention in the event that a do-it-yourself manual rammer is used, gravel sand with a fairly large fraction is needed for these purposes. Applying sand fine fraction, it is impossible to prevent a strong shrinkage of the building after construction, and it can be very uneven.

The most suitable for construction is river sand, but if it is impossible suitable for use and pure career. In order for the service life of the sand cushion not to decrease as a result of its mixing with the soil and the action of groundwater, it is desirable to lay a layer of geotextile on the bottom of the pit, the strips of which, if possible, should be sewn together. Such a simple and inexpensive technique will significantly increase the life of the building, as well as eliminate its shrinkage even after many years of operation.

A simple tool for complex work

Despite the fact that the creation of a sand cushion requires the involvement of special equipment - an excavator and a dump truck, which are used to dig a pit and deliver sand, otherwise, all other tools for tamping are simple and affordable:

wooden / metal pegs used for high-quality marking;
building level (laser is quite convenient);
long tape measure;
manual vibrator or vibrating plate, and in their absence, you can use round bar sufficient diameter.

A properly created sand cushion ensures the complete absence of shrinkage (or its minimum values), protects the foundation from the destructive influence of water and the process of natural soil movements. Most often, such a pillow is created under a monolithic or strip foundation.

Sand cushion under the foundation - when it is needed

Before starting construction, it is necessary to assess not only the condition of the soil in the area where the house is being built (bearing capacity, proximity to underwater waters), but also the climate conditions, as well as total weight designs. Without fail, heaving soil is rammed, which is significantly deformed in the process of freezing and thawing. If you make a mistake with the choice of material for installing the slab under the foundation, most likely the building will give a strong shrinkage, which will lead to the formation of cracks in the walls and the foundation itself. In addition, if the soil in the construction area is highly bearing capacity, and the groundwater level is extremely low, you can do without creating a sand cushion.

Of all the materials that are used to create a pillow, sand is the most acceptable. It not only allows you to save a decent amount, compared with a slab of crushed stone or concrete, in addition, tamping sand with your own hands is quite acceptable - for example, it is much more difficult to work with crushed stone. There is only one restriction on the construction of a sand cushion - heavy buildings cannot be built on it ( apartment buildings, shopping centers), but for private low-rise construction, it is an almost ideal material.

A properly created sand cushion has numerous advantages:

The base created with the help of sand fully complies with all the standards used in low-rise construction.
Full protection of the entire building from the negative effects of groundwater.
Creation of a perfectly flat site for construction without the use of complex and expensive technologies.
Ability to carry out all work on their own.
Quite affordable price milestone works.

Features of an independent sand cushion device

Before starting work, it is necessary to determine several points on which the quality of the resulting base directly depends:

the thickness of the pillow must be at least 200 mm;
most good option is a trapezoidal shape of the pillow;
the optimal thickness of the base is considered to be a value that does not exceed the width of the foundation by more than 3 times.

All work on the installation of a sand cushion can be divided into several main stages.

It should be borne in mind that if you provide for the presence of special drainage in heaving soil, this will eliminate the possibility of flooding the sand cushion with water in the off-season, which directly affects the durability of the foundation and the entire structure as a whole.

The advantages of buildings on a sand cushion

Among the numerous advantages that are worth noting when using the sand cushion technology, it is almost impossible to single out the main and secondary ones. Each individual characteristic makes its own unique "contribution" to the strength and reliability of the entire structure. The first and obvious advantage of the sand cushion is its cheapness and simplicity of all work on the device, which will require a minimum amount of time.

A house with such a foundation can be built on almost any soil - weak, watery or heaving. At the same time, the service life of the building can be significantly increased if high-quality geotextiles are located under the pillow, and high-quality drainage system. As a result of this, such frequent problems with a new home as:

the formation of cracks in the walls and the foundation itself, caused by uneven shrinkage of the building;
freezing of the foundation and, as a result, an increase in the cost of heating the house;
congestion in basements water, often observed in houses that are located on sites with high level groundwater, especially in spring;
constantly high humidity, which is noted throughout the house, and not just in the basement, which leads to the formation of mold, damage to furniture, and the appearance of various allergic reactions in residents;
the need to install a serious system supply and exhaust ventilation, the cost of the device and operation of which can be quite decent amounts.

During installation paving slabs, very important aspect is tamping sand. Properly prepared base under the tile is the key to its long-term operation. We will consider further about the methods of compacting sand under the tile and about which sand the paving slabs are laid on.

Paving slabs: scope and advantages of the material

The wide distribution of paving slabs is explained by the practicality and durability of its use. This material, subject to the technology of its installation, will serve you for decades.

In addition, paving slabs are also used in public construction. It trims paths in parks and squares, areas in front of schools, hospitals, supermarkets. A tile coating is ten times stronger than a concrete or asphalt coating.

There are several options for paving slabs, depending on the method of its production. The first and most common type of tile is a coating made using a vibropress installation. Manufacturing process consists in preparing a concrete solution, installing it in special forms that determine its size and thickness.

Next, the process of pressing the solution begins directly, during which air bubbles are removed from the mixture and it acquires the desired strength. Upon completion of pressing, the tile is placed in a thermal oven and dried.

Then it is cut into the necessary shapes and prepared for sale. It is possible to make tiles with your own hands using a vibropress. In this case, the last drying process in the thermal oven is not carried out. The material dries to outdoors. If the tile will be painted in the desired color, then the dye is added directly at the time of preparation of the solution. Such a tile has a surface with slight roughness.

The second type of tile is made by vibrocasting. This material is more aesthetically attractive, due to the smoothness of the surface, for its manufacture, in addition to concrete mortar, different kind additives that increase the plasticity of the solution and its operational properties.

In addition, in relation to the composition, pavement tiles can be:

concrete - for the production of which a solution of water, sand and cement is used;
stone - mined from stones such as sandstone, granite, etc.

In turn, in relation to the processing method, the tile is chipped and cut. The first option is cheaper, but less practical to use. It is difficult to walk on such tiles and it is dangerous to drive by car. The cut tile has smooth edges and is easy to install, while forming an even coating.

Among the advantages of using paving slabs as a finishing material, we note:

1. Good performance properties - such a tile, with proper care, regular sprinkling of sand in the gap between the tiles, will serve you for several decades.

2. Opportunity partial dismantling or replacement of damaged material. If it is necessary to perform work on laying communications, the tile can be easily removed and installed back. If you need to replace several tiles, then this is quite simple.

3. Resistance to negative factors external environment. Paving slabs are resistant to temperature changes, moisture, sun, wind, etc. It is established in various climatic regions, regardless of the severity of their winters.

4. Easy installation material is quite realistic to perform even for a beginner. The main rule for high-quality installation of tiles - proper preparation grounds for laying it.

5. Aesthetic appeal appearance. On modern construction market you can purchase paving slabs of various shapes, colors and textures, which will become a real decoration of your site.

6. The ability to make tiles with your own hands significantly reduces its cost. Having a vibropress on the site, you have the opportunity to make tiles at home.

The only drawback of paving slabs is the too high cost, which pays off in the process of its use.

Is it possible to lay paving slabs on sand: how to lay the material

Paving slabs are laid on the base in several ways. The relevance of the use of one or another option for mounting the material is determined by the operational load on the tile, as well as its thickness.

If the tile is regularly exposed to cars or other vehicles, then it is recommended to resort to more qualitative way its laying, which involves fixing the tiles on the concrete solution.

In this case, the tile is securely fixed to the surface and is not able to deform under the influence of a large load. This method of installing paving slabs is quite expensive, but it is quite justified in conditions with a high production load.

The second laying method involves setting the tiles on the sand. At the same time, the tile is deepened by a third into the sandy base and fixed in it in this way. A carefully prepared sand pad allows moisture that falls on the tiles during rain to seep into the joints between the tiles and not remain on the surface.

This method is less expensive and more popular in private construction. In order for the tiles to be held in the sand during use, sand is also poured between the cracks and compacted well with a brush. Also, it is recommended to initially install curbs around the perimeter of the site, which also serve as tile clamps.

In order to securely fix the tiles without resorting to the installation method with concrete mortar, cement is added to the sand, in a ratio of three to one. Thus, after the cement gets wet, the sand acquires additional strength to fix the tiles. This installation method is more reliable than laying tiles on a sandy base. It is possible to use instead of sand with cement, a special dry composition for gluing tiles.

What sand is best for laying paving slabs

No matter which way you choose to lay paving slabs, sand for holding installation work required in any case. Since after cleaning the base from the topsoil, it is imperative to install a sand cushion, which must be carefully compacted.

For the manufacture of such a pillow, you must choose high-quality sand. The presence of clay inclusions in the sand will lead to further heaving of the base and deformation of the tile. Therefore, when choosing sand, pay attention to its quality, it must be uniform and the same in color.

Squeezing the sand in the palm of your hand, it should crumble easily, so the material will easily withstand the entire load placed on it. If you squeezed the sand in your hand, but it does not crumble and forms a lump, then you should refuse to buy such material.

The presence of clay in the sand also leads to the fact that the tile becomes covered with cracks during operation and loses its attractiveness. The presence of small lumps in the sand is evidence of improper storage conditions for the material; such sand is also not worth buying.

Choose material from a reliable manufacturer at an average or high price for your region. Don't save money by buying cheap material, because in a few years, you will have to face the negative consequences of this savings.

If choosing sand, you cannot decide between the two options, then we recommend that you follow these steps:

take a handful of each sand;
wet the sand with water;
water must be salty and alkaline;
make a ball out of it;
wait for it to dry.

The drying time of the ball determines the quality and performance characteristics material. We recommend opting for sand that dries faster. Thus, you will find out which sand for laying paving slabs will be of better quality.

In answering the question of what kind of sand is used for laying paving slabs, it is difficult to determine the type of sand. There are two main types of sand:

quarry sand;
river sand.

Choosing between these two options, let's get acquainted with the characteristics of each.

In any case, the quarry version of sand is distinguished by the presence of a small amount of clay or soil. Therefore, it is best to refuse to buy it. There will be no such additives in river or sea sand, due to the fact that water washes them out. Since sea sand is exposed to moisture, the grains of sand in it become smoother. Such sand has lower adhesive characteristics.

In some cases, an artificial version of it is used as quarry sand, which is made by crushing rocks. This sand is not recommended for use in the process of laying paving slabs.

Therefore, in response to the question on which sand it is better to lay paving slabs, we still recommend stopping at its quarry version. Because given material characterized by the presence of a denser structure, creates a dense base and does not shrink. The river version of the sand still shrinks, which, during the operation of the tile, adversely affects the evenness of the resulting base.

If the question is about what to make paving slabs from, then both river and quarry sand options are suitable for these purposes. However, using quarry sand, it must be thoroughly washed and sieved. Only after its complete disposal of foreign impurities, it is included in the work.

How to ram sand under tiles: features of installing sand under paving slabs

Compaction of sand in the process of laying paving slabs is needed in order to obtain a dense layer that is not subject to shrinkage, heaving and compression, which will become a reliable support for taking the load from the tile.

Carefully compacted sand is not subject to such processes as compression or stretching. In addition, the sand cushion prevents moisture from under the lower layers of soil from entering the tile. In order to achieve thorough tamping of sand, it is necessary to pour it onto the base in small portions, which are constantly wetted with water.

In addition, work should begin with the cleansing of the soil from its fertile layer. Next comes the thorough tamping of the soil itself using a special roller or hand tool. Only after this, the arrangement of the sand cushion begins, every 3 cm of which is very carefully rammed. To check the density of compaction, you should put on boots and walk on the sand, the absence of traces indicates the quality of the work.

Used for compacting sand hand tool or a special vibrator. The use of a vibrating plate can significantly speed up this process. However, if you don’t have a tool for compacting sand on the site, it’s enough to take an ordinary bar and attach handles to it. With the help of such a tool, it is possible to carefully compact the sand under the tile, although this process takes a little longer in time.

Sand is laid on the base in layers of 20-30 mm, and the next layer is poured only after the previous one has been carefully and completely compacted. By using building level control the horizontality of the backfill. We recommend equipping the sand cushion with the use of coarse-grained sand, which perfectly resists compression.

Further, it is recommended to lay materials based on geotextiles and lay a pillow of gravel on them. The thickness of the layer of such a pillow is about 150 mm. After that, the base is again covered with sand and carefully compacted. Next is the laying of tiles. The tile should be immersed in the sand by a third, to control the correctness of its location, use a rubber mallet. After laying each row of tiles, check the levelness with a level.

The installation of the sides and the drainage system for water is done before laying the tiles on the sand. The fixation of these elements is ensured by laying them on concrete mortar. Lay tiles away from you. Upon completion of the installation work, all the gaps between the tiles are covered with sand. Next, the surface is filled with water and wait three days. After that, the tile is ready for use.

Soil compaction and other bulk materials is an event that constantly accompanies various construction work. Previously, they were tamped by hand, but now they use the vibro-tamping method using vibrating plates. Manufacturers offer a wide range of equipment of this type, equipped with diesel, gasoline or electric engines. When starting to operate the equipment, in order to achieve the result of the required quality, it should be borne in mind that the rammer different materials has its own characteristics. In order for the sealing mechanism to serve for a long time, it is necessary to work correctly. At the same time, following safety precautions will help to avoid injury.

The vibrating plate is designed for compacting with vibrational impact such bulk materials:

gravel;
sand;
crushed stone;
loose soil.

Separate particles of these materials in a freshly poured pillow under the foundation of the building are located loosely to each other. To bring them as close as possible to each other, tamping is performed. This improves the bearing properties of the poured layers, allowing the construction of various objects on their surface.

The scope of vibrating plates affects many areas of construction. Vibrotamping is widely used in the following works:

road construction;
arrangement of lawns;
arrangement of backfill pads for foundations various types for a variety of buildings, as well as under the floors of large buildings;
laying asphalt pavement;
construction of car parks, sports grounds;
sealing the bottom of pits and trenches for various engineering communications.

Laying paving slabs and paving stones is also accompanied by the use of vibrating plates. This speeds up the performance of work at times.

Rules for tamping with a vibrating plate

The tamping of soil, sand, gravel or crushed stone has its own characteristics, which are associated with the properties of these materials. If they are not taken into account, then it will not be possible to qualitatively compact the poured layer, which will further affect the durability of the erected structure.

Vibrating plates by weight are divided into several groups. The greater the weight of the unit, the greater the thickness of the layer of loose bulk material that can be rammed with it. Getting started, you should take into account such nuances.

Light equipment(weighing up to 75 kg) is able to increase the density of a layer 15 cm thick, therefore it is widely used in landscape work and when laying paving slabs.
Universal Models technicians (weighing 75-90 kg) can already compact 25 cm of the poured material. They are used in asphalt paving and partial renovation roads.
Medium units(weighing 90-140 kg) are designed to work with layers up to 60 cm thick. With their help, the backfill of trenches and pits is compacted, as well as the construction of road embankments.
Heavy vibration equipment(weighing more than 140 kg) are used to perform the same work operations as medium-heavy equipment.

It can be seen from the table that loosely bound soils(dusty) it is more efficient to compact with vibration equipment weighing from 300 to 950 kg.

For sealing clay soils and loamy vibrating plates are not suitable. In such cases, vibrorammers or vibrorollers are used (for large volumes of work).

When working with a vibrating plate, the following general tips should be followed:

it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the compacted surfaces;
miss separate sections it is forbidden;
the optimal number of passes by the plate is from 4 to 6;
the maximum layer thickness should correspond to the capabilities of the technique used;
the surface of the prepared site should not have differences exceeding 2 cm;
each level of the multilayer cushion is sealed separately;
need to be used Construction Materials corresponded in their properties to GOST.

As for how many revolutions should be on the vibrating plate, there is the following pattern: the higher the frequency, the more convenient it is to work with fine-grained soils. So, for example, for compacting crushed stone or gravel with the size of individual stones up to 10 mm (or less), as well as sand, equipment with 6000 rpm is well suited. If the stone is 6 cm in size, then you can use a device with 3000 rpm.

The nuances of sealing various materials

Starting the compaction of crushed stone or other bulk material, it is necessary to first remove the existing on the surface of the working area trash, for example, pieces of boards, large cobblestones, bricks.

Sand

Vibrocompaction of sand is performed as follows:

fall asleep construction site sand layer with a thickness of not more than 0.6 meters, depending on the mass of the operated vibration equipment;
moisten the entire area of the compacted area evenly with water;
pass the entire area with a vibrating plate four times;
if the required degree of compaction is achieved, then the next layer is poured if necessary;
repeat the entire process of tamping the poured mass.

As a result sand compaction factor when ramming with a vibrating plate, it should be at least 0.95.

Additional (more compact) equipment may be required to work near columns or walls.

If sand compaction is performed without pre-wetting, then a lot of dust will be generated. This will quickly lead to clogging of the air cleaning filter during operation of gasoline units. At the same time, too much water should not be poured onto the sand filling so that it does not remain in the existing voids, thereby preventing the normal bonding of material particles (grains of sand). Only a moderate amount of liquid creates a cementing effect.

Sheben

Compaction of crushed stone is complicated by the fact that this material is presented fractions of various sizes. It is necessary to determine the maximum thickness of the poured layer for tamping immediately before work. After 4 passes of the vibrating plate along the treated surface, the crushed stone mass (or gravel) should be compacted by about 95%. If it is still loose enough, then subsequent tamping makes little sense: it is necessary to pour the material with less scrap.

It is recommended to start ramming with minimum thickness, gradually increasing this parameter until the desired ratio between productivity and quality of work is achieved. This will allow you to determine optimal height poured layer.

When using a calcareous type of crushed stone, it is often found clinking effect- the adhesion of the stones of the upper layer to each other when exposed to vibrations emanating from the slab. As a result, the underlying mass of material is not compacted. This effect can be overcome with the help of heavy (weighing more than 150 kg), powerful vibrating units. With a weight of the operated plate of 100 kg, only a crushed stone fraction with stone sizes from 10 to 20 mm is suitable.

paving slabs

When paving slabs are laid, special polyurethane or rubber mats so as not to damage the created coating. Polyurethane plates due to their operational properties preferred because they do not leave black marks on the surface of the tiles and are more durable.

Work safety

Compacting the soil with a vibrating plate must be carried out in compliance with safety regulations. Among the many recommendations, the following basic rules can be distinguished.

During operation, use funds personal protection : Appropriate clothing and footwear, glasses, headphones, headgear.
Before starting operation, it is necessary to check the equipment used for external damage: if there are any, then they should be eliminated first.
It is forbidden to leave the working equipment unattended, while the operator must be located behind it and move behind the unit in a timely manner.
Every 40 minutes, a break of approximately 10 minutes should be organized to prevent operator fatigue.
It is impossible to further accelerate the mechanism by applying additional efforts.
If you need to work on an inclined surface(when the angle does not exceed the norm), then the operating personnel must stand above the unit, while moving from top to bottom.
Forbidden to operate technical device near sources of explosive or flammable materials.
At overturning of the vibrating plate, it should first be turned off, and only then put into working position.
It is worth deploying the unit with one hand.
To prevent injury, keep your feet and hands away from the working plate sole.
In case of collision with any obstacle, stop the machine, and then remove the obstacle and possible breakdowns caused by them.
From the edges of trenches, pits, ravines and other excavations, it is required to be no closer than the minimum allowable distance, and preferably away.
It is strictly forbidden to allow people under the influence of drugs, alcohol, psychotropic drugs to work.

It should be taken into account that the higher the center of gravity of the vibration equipment (and the smaller the area of support), the easier it can turn over. This is very dangerous for the operator. Also, be very careful when turning on equipment that is not equipped with a soft start function.

To improve the safety of work, especially in enclosed space, it is recommended to give preference to models with the possibility of remote (remote) control, despite their high cost.

The use of a vibrating plate is required during all construction activities that are associated with the compaction of loose soils. It is imperative to take into account the characteristics of the rammed materials in order to achieve a high-quality result. It is necessary that the maximum depth of the poured layer correspond to the thickness that the operating unit is able to compact. In any case, safety must come first. non-compliance simple rules together with inattention can lead to serious injury.

Tamping is required when building on the ground, backfilling a pillow under the foundation (on any soil), arranging a sand layer for the floor, laying paving slabs. It is performed either manually (using a home-made or factory-made tool), or by a mechanized method, using various vibration devices. When working with equipment that operates by transmitting strong mechanical vibrations, it is imperative to use protective equipment for organs of hearing and vision, as well as special gloves, shoes and clothing.

The goal is to obtain a dense layer that is not subject to heaving, shrinkage, compression, to create a reliable support for the foundation, floor, pavement. According to the technology, several passes are usually made over the entire surface, then the quality of the seal is visually assessed. Well-compacted material does not fall through when stepped on.

Where is sand compaction needed?

1. Sandy soil.

home distinguishing feature is that it does not retain water well. Therefore, this type of soil is not subject to frost heaving, which means it is suitable for buildings, including residential ones, but only one-story or very light ones. Heaving soils in winter time start to push the foundation. This is because the water they contain freezes and expands. Such soils, unlike sandy ones, are little or completely unsuitable for construction. They, as well as weak soils, are often completely removed and replaced with sand. In any case, in preparation for the installation of the foundation, careful tamping by hand or with the use of special tools is required.

In the process, the site is passed three times. If after the third time it was not possible to achieve the desired result, then the layer is made thinner. When compacting sand, including when preparing the soil, it is necessary to wet it, but moderately. Dry bulk material does not hold together, and too wet material cannot be compacted with high quality. It is easy to check the degree of moisture - if, when squeezed in the hand, it does not stick together into a lump and does not crumble, then you can get to work. In the hot season, you will have to constantly wet the surface, as it dries quickly.

2. Sandy foundation pad.

Foundation bedding is used in the construction of light structures: frame, foam block or one-story from heavier materials. For mounting bases multi-storey buildings it is not suitable, as it does not have a high bearing capacity.

Coarse river or washed quarry sand is suitable for building a foundation cushion. Buying a cheaper (unwashed) is not worth it. The difference in price is insignificant, but at the same time, the dirty one has a high content of impurities, primarily clay, which adversely affects the strength of the foundation of the structure.

Positive characteristics of the foundation pillow:

ease of manufacture - ordinary backfill, without the use of complex equipment;
availability - sand is easy to buy with delivery in any region;
low price;
well reduces the load on the soil;
easy sealing even by hand.

Not recommended for soils with high water levels. If this material is the only possible variant, then geotextiles are laid at the bottom of the trench or pit. The thickness of the reservoir is selected taking into account the expected load, type of soil. Sand is poured in layers, moistened (but not filled with water) and compacted tightly.

3. Underlayment for the floor.

When arranging in houses on the ground, a non-rigid underlying layer is necessarily arranged. It includes two layers. They are poured over gravel or rubble, each layer is moistened and rammed. For backfilling, as well as under the foundation, river sand or washed quarry sand is used. To achieve uniformity of thickness, pegs are installed, after which they are removed.

4. Laying paving slabs.

When paving pedestrian roads, alleys and platforms with paving slabs, sand is also necessarily used. The first and final layers of the pillow under the paving stones are made from it. Between them, crushed stone is used as a layer. All layers of the cake under the tile, according to the requirements of the technology, are tightly tamped, in order to achieve best result moisturize periodically.

For backfilling, sifted river material is taken. The thickness of its layers is determined depending on the depth of the trench, the height of the pavement element. Often it is necessary to remove the soil to a great depth due to heaving, other problems that do not allow the soil to become a reliable basis for the installation of paving slabs. In these cases, it is necessary to add a lot of sand and carefully compact it. The final layer is made about 7 cm, dry cement is often added to it.

Rammer accessories

1. Manual.

Made of metal, it weighs from 5 to 10 kg. It consists of a handle and a base ("paw") - a plate about 20 x 25 cm in size or a channel (the smaller the dimensions of this part of the device, the greater the impact force). The handle of the tool is straight (in the form of a pipe) or T-shaped, with two handles on the sides. If necessary, a manual rammer with a channel can be weighted by pouring cement.

If there is a need to save money, then it is easy to make the device yourself. Two manufacturing options:

Make a handle out of heavy wooden beam about 1 m long and nail a "paw" from a solid board to it from below.
Buy a separately finished plate (costs about 1000 rubles) and plant it on a shovel handle or a metal stick.

2. Vibrorammer.

For compaction of soil and bulk materials, including sand, in a limited space, a “vibronog” is used. The engine of this device runs on gasoline or diesel fuel. At the base of the device there is a “heel” plate with a width of 15 to 30 cm and a length of about 33 cm. Vibratory rammers also differ in power. The principle of operation is based on a vertically directed force, like a manual device, but the efficiency is much greater. This type of equipment is used on sites where it is impossible to operate large-sized equipment: vibratory plates and vibratory rollers.

2.1. Vibrating plate.

For work on a large area, subject to the possibility of free movement, a rammer using a vibrating plate is suitable. This apparatus consists of an engine, a basket with a central shaft, a "heel" or "shoe" and a guide handle. The unit moves back and forth, transmitting a strong mechanical vibration (vibration) to the sand particles, due to which compaction occurs.

Types of equipment for soil and bulk materials with a slab base:

gasoline;
diesel;
hydraulic;
electrical;
with remote control.

Vibrating plates vary in weight. The lightest ones are suitable for sand.

2.2. Vibratory roller.

For the largest volumes of work, vibratory rollers are used. Their types:

With manual control due to the guide handle;
self-propelled with a cabin for the operator single-drum (rear on wheels);
with cab 2-roller;
trench with remote control.

The device of a high-quality vibratory roller allows compaction also along the edges of the site, that is, the use additional equipment(manual or vibrorammer) is not required.

Price

Service price professional builders for compaction sandy soil or sand bedding - from 90 to 600 rubles per m2. If the area to be compacted is large or permanent jobs, then you need to compare these prices with the cost of equipment. In many cases, it is advisable to purchase a fixture or rent it and do it yourself.

Renting a device for compaction by hand costs about 500 rubles per week, rental of a vibrating plate or vibrating rammer (depending on the model) - from 700 to 3000 per day.

Depending on the type of equipment, either a vertically directed impact force or vibration transmitted from the roller shaft or the plate base acts. In any case, the technology does not include any secrets and complexities.