More economical lighting control
Sooner or later, and thoughts about energy saving, especially in the entrances and stairwells visit every citizen. In most cases, it turns out that the entrances are either dark or the lights are on around the clock. A lot of smart people worked to solve this pressing problem, and the so-called energy saving program initially appealed to many. In the entrance or in the corridor, in several places, "stop" and "start" buttons were installed, with the help of which the light control relay is turned on and off. The positive side of this solution is the simplicity of the scheme and minimal cash costs, you won’t find better for savings. The negative side is that in the dark you have to examine the wall for a long time in search of these buttons, and then, which is important for energy saving, do not forget to turn off the light.
Unfortunately, this solution to the issue was defeated due to the human factor. After analyzing the previous errors, engineering thought gives the next solution to the problem - the shutdown timer. Switches were also located near each apartment, and the direct switching off of the light occurred after a certain time, which was quite enough to go down several flights of stairs. Thus, the creators got rid of the influence of the human factor, but they failed to study the wall every day in the dark.
In the process of further work on energy saving in entrances and stairwells, the third solution to this problem came - a motion sensor. Several sensors turn on any number of light bulbs, as long as movement is observed within the sensor's range, it will be turned on, after the movement has ceased to be observed, the timer starts counting down so that a person can open the door. Once the set time has elapsed, the sensors will turn off the light. As a result of such a device, the efficiency of energy saving increases several times, because as soon as a moving object enters the radius of action, the motion sensor will immediately turn on the light, and then turn it off itself. Motion sensors are successfully used in the corridors, on the landing, in the entrances.
Requirements for lighting stairwells of residential buildings
In houses with at least three floors, the staircases of which have sources of natural light, artificial lighting should be carried out by turning it on for a certain time, and there should be enough time for a person to climb to the last floor. The same devices should also illuminate the corridors. As for evacuation lighting, lighting for elevators, areas in front of elevators, the first floor, entrances and approaches to the house, it should be provided from control rooms automatically or remotely after dark and turn off at sunrise.
Houses with more than five floors and built before 1990, as an exception, may not use energy saving systems, and use light without short-term switching on. At the same time, it is necessary to provide lighting from control rooms.
Whatever lighting control systems are used in the building, blocking must also be thought out, which makes it possible to turn on and off the evacuation lighting from the switchboard house at any time of the day or night.
Devices that turn on and off lighting should be located in easily accessible places. In addition, each landing must have a device to turn on short-term lighting on all floors. To control the lighting on the floor, you should have one device per three apartments.
1. Overview of public lighting systems
As numerous observations show, the collective lighting system in multi-storey residential buildings is represented by incandescent lamps with an average power of 60 W. Lamps, as a rule, are installed without shades, which is a violation of fire safety requirements. The fire hazard of incandescent lamps is usually considered in two aspects:
Possibility of fire from contact of the lamp and combustible material;
the possibility of a fire from falling on the surrounding combustible materials of the incandescent elements of the lamp, which are formed during its destruction.
The first aspect is connected firstly with the fact that the temperature of the glass bulb of an incandescent lamp after 60 minutes of burning is from 110 to 360°C (with lamp power from 40 to 100 W). This explains the presence of dark sooty circles on the ceiling above the installed lamp.
Secondly, it is associated with improper operation, when one violation (the use of an open lamp without a diffuser (heat-resistant ceiling), which is removed by many residents so that the “lamp shines brighter”) is superimposed by another violation - non-compliance with the permissible approach distance of combustible materials. This phenomenon, quite often, occurs in cramped apartment vestibules, which residents use as improvised pantries.
Even having a sufficient distance does not guarantee safety - a fire can occur (second aspect) from incandescent metal particles formed during emergency conditions (lamp burnout) in defective lamps (melting of electrodes or inputs by arc discharges) and flying away from the lamp at a distance of about three meters. Vertically falling particles retain their incendiary ability even when falling from 8-10 m.
A widespread violation occurs when aluminum wires are lengthened with copper wires using twists. As a result, a galvanic couple is formed, leading to electrochemical corrosion (destruction of the contact) and an increase in contact resistance, which in the end can also become a source of fire due to heating of the wire junction.
Among the main options for power supply, the following main ones can be distinguished:
The whole system is switched on without diodes;
the whole system is switched on using diodes (centrally, in the switchboard);
combined solutions (diodes are partially installed in lamps and switches).
Diode- an electronic component that has different conductivity depending on the direction of the current. In homes, it is used to reduce the effective voltage on incandescent lamps in order to reduce energy consumption and increase the life of incandescent lamps.
The installed diodes in the power supply circuit of the house lighting system lead to the fact that incandescent lamps begin to flicker noticeably, which causes additional discomfort to residents.
The operating voltage is reduced from 220 to 156 V, but it should be noted that due to the fact that the incandescent lamp is a non-linear element and its real power consumption is reduced only by 42%, and the luminous flux, which depends on the square of the normal voltage, decreases to 27%.
Light flow- a physical quantity that characterizes the amount of "light" power in the corresponding radiation flux. It is the main characteristic of the light source for evaluating the illumination created by this light source.
As a result, the lamps become less energy efficient: if the original version has a luminous flux of 800
lm at a power of 60 W (light output 13.3 lm / W), then at
using a diode, the luminous flux is 216 lm
at a power of 34.8 W (light output 6.2 lm / W).
energy efficiency- efficient (rational) use of energy resources. In the case of lighting, it is the use of less electricity to provide the same level of illumination.
Light output of the light source- the ratio of the luminous flux emitted by the source to the power consumed by it. It is an indicator of the efficiency and economy of light sources.
To compensate for the reduced luminous flux, residents install lamps of higher power, reaching up to 200 W, which leads to an increase in electricity for the needs of general house lighting.
Ultimately, the illumination of entrances and vestibules does not comply with SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 (average illumination on landings, floor corridors, etc. should be at least 20 lux).
2. Overview of energy efficient light sources
Figure 1 - CLE device, where 1 - thickening of the tube; 2 - inner coating of the flask; 3 - electronic ballast; 4 - ventilation hole; 5 - base
The following energy-efficient light sources (EIS) suitable for use in residential buildings are widely available on the market: fluorescent lamps (including CLE (compact fluorescent with built-in electronic ballast (electronic ballast))), LED lamps and fixtures.
A significant disadvantage of fluorescent lamps is the presence of mercury vapor in their composition, which requires special disposal measures and the presence of a turn-on delay (the lamp reaches its nominal luminous flux after a noticeable period of time). The claimed service life of 25,000 hours is usually not met due to the frequent burnout of tungsten electrodes. During operation, the lamp heats up to 60 ° C, and if they are used as part of any closed fixtures, then heat generation leads to overheating of the electronics and premature failure of the lamp. There is no warranty period for these lamps. When used in cold rooms, their luminous efficiency and service life are reduced. Also, the human factor cannot be discarded - the lamps can be stolen by residents in order to use them to illuminate the apartment.
The only and significant disadvantage of lamps with LED light source is their high market price. But this price is paid off by their significantly lower power consumption, even in comparison with CLE. But when using this lamp in a standard luminaire, the light distribution on the illuminated surface may deteriorate, because This lamp produces a narrow beam of light. Thus, these lamps can only be effectively used when they are installed vertically towards the floor (for example, in a chandelier).
Figure 2 - The device of the LED lamp, where 1 is a diffuser; 2 - LEDs; 3 - circuit board; 4 - radiator; 5 - driver; 6 - ventilation holes; 7 - base
Figure 3 - LED lamp SLG-HL8
When choosing between an LED lamp and an LED lamp, it is advisable to make a choice in the direction of the LED lamp, since the LED lamp has a similar human factor and the possibility of overheating of the electronics (as in CLE).
At the moment, there are two types of LED luminaires on the market that are acceptable for use in the housing and communal services sector - based on a driverless circuit and using a driver. The price range of fixtures is in the range of 500-700 rubles. without using a driver and 700-1600 rubles. for luminaires with driver.
The main purpose of the driver is to convert alternating current and high voltage of the primary circuit into a constant stabilized current and low voltage acceptable for powering LEDs. In addition to this main function, the driver provides protection against short circuits, protection against overheating of the driver and the luminaire as a whole, as well as stable operation of the luminaire in a wide range of input voltage. Reduced voltage of the secondary circuit ensures safety during electrical work and maintenance of the luminaire.
The essence of the driverless circuit is that the luminaire uses a large number (2070) of low power LEDs (0.1-0.3 W) connected in series to power them with high voltage (> 70 V). But the reliability of any technical system is inversely proportional to the number of elements used, and the burnout of any of the LEDs (when using cheap LEDs of dubious quality) leads to the failure of the lamp. There are no security systems.
As a result of the lack of a driver (switching power supply), the LEDs are not powered correctly, which leads to their rapid aging (the service life is reduced from 50,000 to 30,000 hours). Also, the main disadvantages of these lamps include a large ripple coefficient, which can be conditionally put up with due to the short stay of residents in the entrance.
3. Automation tools
To control the lighting system in an apartment building, in addition to standard switches, various motion sensors can be used as an automation tool.
A motion sensor (DD) is a sensor that tracks the movement of any objects. As a rule, a motion sensor is understood as an electronic infrared (IR) sensor that detects the presence and movement of a person and switches the load - an alarm if it is used as a security system, or a lighting system when it is used as a means of reducing energy consumption (by reducing the time work) of these systems. After holding a certain period of time (usually - adjustable), DD turn off the load (in this case, the lamp).
A very useful feature built into most DDs is the presence of light sensors in them (DD will not work if the illumination in the room exceeds a certain level). Due to this, the lighting system does not turn on during daylight hours.
Figure 4 - The principle of operation of the infrared motion sensor
The disadvantages of IR DD is
Limited sector of coverage (review);
reduced sensitivity when installed at a height of more than 2 meters;
the impossibility of installation near strong heat sources (for example, radiators).
For example, when installing a motion sensor in a long corridor (about 6-8 meters), it works only when a person reaches approximately the middle of it, which causes certain inconveniences (the first third of the corridor has to be passed in the dark). The range of their view (about 6 meters) is quite enough for use in the entrance.
The solution for a limited coverage sector can be the installation of 2 DDs using the following installation schemes:
At the beginning and at the end of the corridor on the walls, the DDs are directed towards each other;
uniform distribution of DD on the ceiling.
In both cases, the DD must be connected in parallel so that the operation of any of the sensors turns on the lamp. The disadvantage of this solution is the increased consumption of the DDs themselves, which, given their high market price (about 250 rubles), will lead to significant financial costs with dubious savings in the case of using energy-efficient light sources. For example, 2 DDs constantly consume more than 10% of the power of a working LED lamp. Also, one should not forget that there is also a significant complication of the switching system - it is necessary to lay a wire to each of the sensors in both directions.
There are also cheaper options for DD - sound (photoacoustic). These sensors are often already found in certain luminaires (see figure 1.5). The presence of the word "energy-saving" in their name and a low market value of about 250 rubles. captivates many HOA and UK, but their serious drawback is the problem of setting the sensitivity to the sound level. If the sensitivity is set too high, for example, a resident wearing sneakers can walk past such a sensor and it will not work. Setting a low sensitivity leads to a lack of selectivity on the signal - DDs are triggered by almost any sound.
Figure 5 - Energy-saving lamp housing and communal services-03
A common disadvantage of any motion sensors is that the luminaire experiences a much larger number of on-off cycles during operation, which reduces its service life of the installed light source. For example, incandescent lamps burn out in 90% of cases at the moment of switching on with a concomitant current surge. In the case of CLE, the interval between switching on, established by the warranty conditions to achieve the required operating time, can be more than two minutes (this is due to the operation of simple preheating circuits). The use of soft starters in their composition does not allow the use of CLE and LED lamps.
The cost of saved electricity justifies the premature failure of light sources only in the case of using incandescent lamps, which have a relatively low market value. Also, motion sensors cause some discomfort to residents, especially if installed incorrectly.
The only area where the use of DD in a residential building is economically feasible are places of rare use, for example, an emergency fire escape.
As observations have shown, no more than 1 person per week uses the fire escape. Taking into account the number of storeys of houses where this staircase is present, it is possible to determine the energy savings in the case of using incandescent lamps and EIS.
In the case of using incandescent lamps, the energy savings in terms of power consumption is 60-0.5 \u003d 59.5 W, where 60 is the power of the LON-60 incandescent lamp, W .; 0.5 - DD power consumption in standby mode, W. In a month, when working around the clock, the savings will be: 0.0595 24 29.4-42 kWh (here 0.0595 is the released power, kW; 24 is the number of hours in a day; 29.4 is the average number of days in a month ). At a price for electricity of 2.367 rubles / kWh, the established DD at a price of 250 rubles. and the cost of installation is about 150 rubles. each, the DD equipment project will pay off within (250 + 150) / (42x2.367) -4 months.
In the case of using an EIS (see clause 1.2) with an average power of about 8-15 W, the released power is (15 ... 8) -0.5 \u003d 14.5 ... 7.5 W (here 15 is the power of the CLE, analogue of an incandescent lamp 60 W; 8 - the power of the LED lamp SLG-HL8, also an analogue of LON-60). At the same time, the average monthly energy savings will be (0.0145.,.0.0075) -24-29.4 \u003d 10.2 ... 5.6 kWh. The payback period is (250 + 150) / ((10.2 ...5.6)x2.367)~17...30 months, or one and a half to three years.
Thus, it is not economically feasible to install motion sensors complete with EIS - an incandescent lamp is enough. The only drawback of this decision is the ban on the production and sale of incandescent lamps in Russia in 2014.
The scheme for installing DD in emergency stairs is recommended to be non-standard (wall-mounted), since it provides coverage of two flights of stairs at once (see Figure 1.6). As practice shows, DD with this scheme works only when a person approaches in the middle of the landing (in front of the stairs itself), which, with a low intensity of use of the fire escape, can be attributed to an insignificant drawback.
Figure 6 - Application of motion sensors on the emergency stairs
4. Characteristics of the SLG-HL8 luminaire
LED luminaires of the SLG-HL8 series (Silen-LED Group, for House Light 8 W) are intended for general illumination of housing and communal services. They are specially designed according to lighting calculations for energy-saving lighting of technical and public premises provided by housing and communal services: entrances of residential buildings, stairs and stairwells, elevator shafts, corridors, vestibules, areas of residential buildings and other public premises.
Luminaires of this series can be used for duty and emergency lighting of any non-residential premises of public and private buildings, in addition, they are suitable for outdoor lighting under a canopy - under the canopies of entrances (there is a special version for outdoor use with increased characteristics of anti-vandal protection and resistance to temperature extremes).
The luminaire in a classic economical design is produced in the NPB 1301 housing with a degree of protection IP54, which allows installation on walls and ceilings. The body is made of aluminum alloy, which contributes to the removal of heat from the lamp, and is covered with borosilicate frosted glass to limit the glare from the LEDs. At the request of the customer, it is possible to develop and manufacture a lamp in other cases.
Luminaires are manufactured in Barnaul, undergoing comprehensive quality control. In the manufacture, various machine-building templates and conductors are used.
All luminaires have a 3-year warranty, during which there is a free replacement of failed luminaires. It should be noted that this period exceeds the maximum payback period for fixtures.
Table 1 - Characteristics of SLG-HL8
5. Installation of LED lamps
Since LED luminaires have a certain directionality, installing LED luminaires in places where incandescent lamps were installed is not the right solution. This is explained by the fact that the main "working surface" in the entrance is the floor, and if the lamp is installed on the wall, the main luminous flux will fall on the opposite wall to the installation site. As a result, the floor will be illuminated only by reflected lighting, which will reduce the required illumination. For this reason, the luminaires are installed on the ceiling (exceptions are cases when the installation of the luminaire on the ceiling is not possible).
Despite the fact that the installation becomes more complicated, since it is necessary to lay a long connecting cord from the connection point to the luminaire, this method, in addition to increasing the average illumination, improves light distribution and also reduces the human factor - the luminaire is located at a maximum height, which makes it difficult to freely access to it, reduces glare and the possibility of accidental damage.
Figure 7 - Scheme of a typical installation of LED lamps in the entrance of a house of 97 and 121 series
Installation of fixtures is made in the working days. In exceptional cases, installation can be carried out on Saturday. The day of installation is notified at least 24 hours in advance. Preparatory work for residents who have installed doors in vestibules boils down to cleaning things that are afraid of dust and providing access to the vestibule on a specified day.
The work is carried out by a specially trained installer who knows the device and the rules for installing LED lamps, who also conducts explanatory work with residents. The connection to the electrical network of the house occurs through the line of communal lighting without the need to open electrical panels. Be sure to carry out work to identify and eliminate installed diodes, which can reduce the life of LED lamps.
Electrical installation is reduced to the following operations:
Removal of the old lamp;
installation of a new junction box;
installation of LED lamp on the ceiling;
cable laying to the lamp;
connection (depending on the type of wire) through specialized clamps for lighting equipment to the wires.
Figure 8 - Typical installation of an LED lamp
The average installation speed is about 30 fixtures per day, which corresponds to 1 entrance of a 9-storey building.
6. Economic calculations
The payback period in the case of lighting systems is understood as the period of time that has passed after the purchase and installation of more energy-efficient light sources, during which the price of saved electricity will exceed the price of the lamp, taking into account its installation.
Payback \u003d Investment / Annual Savings (1.1)
The initial option is a working LON-60 lamp in 2 main versions (see clause 1.1) - using a diode in the power circuit and without it. It is necessary to determine how much it costs to operate this light source in both options.
We will carry out calculations for the following replacement options (through a dash - the abbreviation adopted below):
Compact fluorescent lamp SPIRAL-econom with a power of 12 W, 600 Lm (manufactured by ASD) - KLL12.
LED lamp with a power of LED-A60-standard with a power of 7 W, 600 Lm (ASD) - LL7.
LED lamp SPP-2101 with a power of 8 W, 640 Lm (ASD) - LED8
LED lamp SLG-HL8 with a power of 8 W, 660 Lm (Silen-Led) - SLG-HL8.
Light sources were selected according to the principle of equality of the luminous flux of an incandescent lamp of 60 W (600 Lm).
To assess the payback period, it is necessary to have initial data for calculations, which include the price for electricity (since 2015 for houses equipped in the prescribed manner with stationary electric stoves - 2.5 rubles) and the average daily operating time - 14 hours;
6.1 Operating costs of incandescent lamps
The consumed electricity per year R el can be calculated using the following formula:
R el \u003d R light / T day * 365 (1.2)
Where P light is the power of the lamp, W; T days - average daily operating time, h; 365 is the number of days in a year.
According to clause 1.1, if an incandescent lamp is connected through a diode, then its power consumption is reduced by 42%. Accordingly, for LON-60 connected through a diode, this power will be 60 - 42% \u003d 35 W.
In further calculations, we denote this design case as an option for using an incandescent lamp with a power of 35 W (LON35). A lamp turned on without using a diode will be designated as LON60.
R el LON35 \u003d 35 * 14 * 365 \u003d 178.85 kW * h (1.3)
R el LON60 \u003d 60 * 14 * 365 \u003d 306.6 kW * h (1.4)
In monetary terms, the cost of consumed energy can be calculated using the following formula:
C el \u003d R el * Ts kWh (1.5)
Where C kWh is the cost of a kilowatt-hour, rubles / kWh.
According to this formula, for the given design cases, the cost of consumed electricity will be:
S el LON35 \u003d 178.85 * 2.5 \u003d 447.12 rubles (1.6)
S el LON60 \u003d 306.6 * 2.5 \u003d 766.5 rubles (1.7)
It should be noted that lamps switched on without a diode work in the nominal mode, and they burn out during operation, and lamps switched on using a diode practically do not burn out.
So it is necessary to determine how much is spent per year to replace burnt out lamps. This C replacement cost is the cost of the lamp multiplied by the number of replacements.
C deputy \u003d Ts l * n s (1.8)
Where Ts l - the cost of the lamp, rub.; n s - the number of replacements, pieces / year;
The number of replacements n s for can be determined based on the average daily operating time of the light source T days and the average life of the light source T sl.
N s \u003d (T day * 365) / T sl (1.9)
Where T day is the average daily operating time h, T sl is the average life of the light source, h.
The average service life for an incandescent lamp with a rated power of 60 W (for example, B220-230-60-1) is given in GOST 2239-79 and is 1300 hours.
For llama LON-60, the number of replacements is:
N z LON60 \u003d (14 * 365) / 1300 \u003d 3.9 pieces (1.10)
For this lamp, the average price in Barnaul for 2014 was 13.3 rubles. Therefore, the annual cost of replacing lamps is:
With deputy LON60 \u003d 3.93 * 13.3 \u003d 52.28 rubles (1.11)
In total, we find that the annual cost of operating a 60 W incandescent lamp is:
RUB 485.45 - in case of using diodes;
766.5 + 52.28 \u003d 818.78 rubles. - without their use. At the same time, these calculations do not take into account the cost of the work to replace them.
6.2 Payback periods for replacement options
To determine the payback period for various options for replacing LON-60 with EIS, according to formula 1.1, two main parameters are determined - the cost of purchase (investment) and annual savings.
C s \u003d C EIS + C mon (1.12)
Where C EIS - the cost of EIS, rub.; C mon - the cost of dismantling old lamps and installing new ones, rub. This cost refers to capital costs.
Annual energy savings Сecon can be calculated using the following formula:
C econ \u003d C el LON + C el EIS (1.13)
Where Ts el LON is the annual energy consumption of an incandescent lamp in (in both design options), kWh; C el EIS - annual energy consumption of EIS, kWh.
If the purchase cost (see formula 1.12) is divided by the annual savings (see formula 1.13), then you can determine the payback period in years:
T payback \u003d C s / C econ (1.14)
To translate the resulting value from the resulting fraction, it is necessary to subtract an integer part - these will be whole years - and multiply the remainder by 12 to get months.
It should be noted that the calculations do not take into account inflation and the annual increase in the electricity tariff, which lead to an additional reduction in the payback period.
Replacement option for CFL 12 W:
C s KLL12 \u003d 130 + 100 + 100 \u003d 330 rubles
Here 130 is the cost of a 15 W CLE with an E27 base, rub.; 100 - the cost of the most popular lamp NBB 64-60 with diffuser RPA-85-001, rub.; 100 - cost of replacement work, rub.
R el KLL12 \u003d 12 * 14 * 365 \u003d 61.32 kW * h
C el KLL12 \u003d 61.32 * 2.5 \u003d 153.3 rubles
n s KLL12 \u003d (14 * 365) / 8000 \u003d 0.64 pieces
With deputy KLL12 \u003d 0.64 * 130 \u003d 83.2 rubles
Also, to this cost, it is necessary to add the cost of disposing of a failed mercury-containing lamp (12 rubles), which, taking into account delivery, will cost about 20 rubles.
In case of violation according to Art.8.2. Citizens of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation will have to pay from 1 to 2 thousand rubles, officials - from 10 to 30 thousand rubles, entrepreneurs - from 30 thousand to 50 thousand rubles (or an administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days), and legal entities - from 100 thousand to 250 thousand rubles (or administrative suspension of activities for up to ninety days).
With deputy + utility KLL12 \u003d 83.2 + 20 * 0.64 \u003d 96 rubles
C exploit KLL12 \u003d 153.3 + 96 \u003d 249.3 rubles
With economy \u003d 818.78 - 249.3 \u003d 569.48 rubles
With economy diode = 485.45 - 249.3 = 236.15 rubles
T payback \u003d 330 / 569.48 \u003d 0.58 \u003d 7 months
T payback diode \u003d 330 / 236 15 \u003d 1.4 \u003d 1 year 5 months
Replacement option for a 7W LED lamp:
C z LL7 \u003d 200 +100 +100 \u003d 400 rubles
Here 200 is the cost of a 7 W LED lamp with an E27 base, rub.; 100 - cost of the lamp NBB 64-60 with diffuser RPA-85-001, rub.; 100 - cost of replacement work, rub.
R el LL7 \u003d 7 * 14 * 365 \u003d 35.77 kWh
C el LL7 \u003d 35.77 * 2.5 \u003d 89.43 rubles
n z LL7 \u003d (14 * 365) / 30000 \u003d 0.17 pieces
With deputy LL7 \u003d 0.17 * 200 \u003d 34 rubles
C exploit LL7 \u003d 89.43 + 34 \u003d 123.43 rubles
With economy \u003d 818.78 - 123.43 \u003d 695.35 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 123.43 = 362.02 rubles
T payback \u003d 400 / 695.35 \u003d 0.58 \u003d 7 months
T payback diode \u003d 400 / 362.02 \u003d 1.1 \u003d 1 year 1 month
Replacement option for the lamp SPP-2101:
C s LED8 = 500 + 200 = 700 rubles
here 500 is the cost of the SPP-2101 LED lamp, rub.; 200 - cost of replacement work, rub. The increase in the cost of installation is due to the fact that the lamp is not placed in its original place, but on the ceiling (see Figure 8)
P el LED8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 40.88 kWh
C el LED8 = 40.88 * 2.5 = 102.2 rubles
n z LED8 \u003d (14 * 365) / 30000 \u003d 0.17 pcs
With deputy LED8 = 0.17 * 500 = 85 rubles
Here it is more appropriate to use the term not “replacement cost”, but “depreciation deductions”, since the lamp is an integral part of the light source and the entire complex has to be replaced.
C exploit LED8 \u003d 102.2 + 85 \u003d 187.2 rubles
With economy \u003d 818.78 - 187.2 \u003d 631.58 rubles
With eco diode = 485.45 - 187.2 = 298.25 rubles
T payback \u003d 700 / 631.58 \u003d 1.11 \u003d 1 year 1 month
T payback diode \u003d 700 / 298.25 \u003d 2.35 \u003d 2 years 4 months
Replacement option for SHG-HL8:
C s SG-HL8 = 750 + 200 = 950 rubles
Here 750 is the cost of SLG-HL8, rub.; 200 - cost of replacement work, rub.
R el SG-HL8 = 8 * 14 * 365 = 4°, 88 kWh
C el SG-HL8 \u003d 4 °, 88 * 2.5 \u003d 1 ° 2.2 rubles
n s SG-HL8 \u003d (14 * 365) / 50000 \u003d 0.1 pcs
In the case of the SLG-HL8 LED luminaire, at the end of the service life of 50,000 hours, with the expected good condition of the ceiling, it is possible to replace the light module without replacing the ceiling itself and cooling systems. The price of these works is 500 rubles.
With deputy SG-HL8 \u003d 0.1 * 500 \u003d 50 rubles
C exploit SG-HL8 \u003d 102.2 + 50 \u003d 152.2 rubles
With economy \u003d 818.78 - 152.2 \u003d 666.58 rubles
With econom diode \u003d 485.45 - 152.2 \u003d 333.25 rubles
T payback \u003d 950 / 666.58 \u003d 1.43 \u003d 1 year 5 months
T payback diode \u003d 950 / 333 25 \u003d 2.85 \u003d 2 years 10 months
7. Conclusions
We will summarize all the technical characteristics and the obtained economic data for the considered lamps in a single table. Luminaires are listed in the order in which they are described.
Table 2 - Characteristics of light sources
Options | |||||
Specifications |
|||||
Luminous flux, lm | |||||
Power consumption, W | |||||
Light output, lm/W | |||||
Average service life, h. | |||||
Presence of mercury | |||||
Price characteristics |
|||||
Lamp price, rub. | |||||
Lamp price, rub. | |||||
The price of the kit with installation, rub. | |||||
Payback, months |
|||||
without diodes | |||||
with diodes | |||||
Performance characteristics |
|||||
Number of replacements, pcs. | |||||
Annual consumption, kWh | |||||
Probability of theft | |||||
Based on the study, we will give a brief description of each light source, indicating its main advantages and disadvantages.
60 W incandescent lamp. Typical lighting system for entrances of apartment buildings. It has the highest power consumption and the lowest light output and service life. Fire hazardous. When used with diodes, it does not provide rated illumination. The main advantage is the low price of the lamp.
12W compact fluorescent lamp. Contains mercury in its composition, which requires special measures for its disposal (and, as it should, disposal costs). The main advantage is improved light output and service life at a moderate cost and ease of replacement.
7W LED lamp. Provides the lowest power consumption. The cheapest option for LED light source. But at the same time, the probability of theft is maximum (or the installation of a special lamp is required). The main advantage is the shortest payback period and ease of replacement.
LED lamp SPP-2101 (8 W). Variant of the LED lamp in the luminaire housing. Due to the high price, the payback period is 2 times longer. The main advantage is the reduced probability of theft compared to the LED lamp.
LED lamp SLG-HL8 (8 W). The most expensive replacement option. Version of the LED lamp in a metal case. The longest payback periods. Repairable, while repairs are carried out in Barnaul. The main advantage is that the payback period in all cases is less than the warranty period of operation (3 years).
8. An example of the modernization of lighting systems in an apartment building in Barnaul
The object of modernization was a panel residential building of the 97th series for 205 apartments.
Average illumination index 8.7±0.1 lux
Illumination measurement results according to GOST R 54944
The house has been managed by the homeowners association (HOA) "Altai" since 1997. At the meeting of the Board on April 7, 2011, it was decided to replace the collective lighting system, presented in the form of 170 incandescent lamps installed in the entrances and vestibules, with energy-efficient light sources. All lamps were centrally (in the switchboard) turned on through power diodes. The ceiling height is 2.63 m. The walls are half painted with light paint, the upper part of the walls and the ceiling are whitewashed. The results of measuring the illumination in the floor corridor are presented below.
As an EIS of light, an LED lamp of the brand SLG-HL8 was chosen. The cost of carrying out the work is 170,000 rubles. Term of performance of works - 2 months.
According to the calculated data, the payback period was 2 years. After carrying out the work, to verify the calculation data, a log was taken to register the readings of electric meters, based on the results of which a graph was built, shown in the figure below. For improved visualization, a stepwise approximation of the obtained data was carried out.
Figure 9 - Energy consumption at home for 2010-2013
The graph shows that after November 2011, when the work was completed, the cost of lighting from 45005500 kWh decreased to 1000-1200 kWh, and the total energy consumption decreased by 2 times (from 8000 to 4000 kWh). The energy consumption of elevators has remained unchanged, but in the future plans have been developed to carry out energy saving works in elevators as well.
Figure 10 is another data visualization option designed to represent the structure of overall energy consumption.
Figure 10 - The structure of energy consumption at home for 2010-2014
From the above diagram it can be seen that before the modernization, the cost of lighting was 2/3 of the ODN, after the modernization it was less than 1/3. At the same time, the average annual electricity saving is about 4000-12=48,000 kWh, which in monetary terms in electricity prices for 2011 is 48,000 1.79=85,920 rubles. With energy saving costs, the payback period was 1 year and 10 months. The reduction in the payback period is justified by bringing all the lamps to a single face value - many residents installed up to 200 W instead of standard 60 watt lamps to improve illumination. Lighting control systems - switches - were also restored. The introduction of automation tools partially played a role - motion sensors were installed on the emergency stairs.
A prerequisite was to bring the level of illumination in the entrances to the standard. The results of the illumination measurement after the upgrade are shown in the figure and table below.
The average indicator of illumination is 25.3±0.1 lux. Illumination results after modernization
An important feature of the measurements is that they were taken in 24-hour increments at the same time and with the same camera settings.
As the above data show, the average in both cases exceeds 20 lux and averages 22 lux. These readings fully comply with SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10. This confirms the correct choice and LED lamps.
In 2014, incandescent lamps were replaced with LED lamps in elevator batches and in elevator cabins. It also reduced the energy consumption of the house, bringing it down to 25% of the original value (from ~8000 to ~2000 kWh).
Comfortable living of tenants in an apartment building is provided in different ways. One of them is the lighting in the entrance. While many residents continue to use incandescent bulbs, alternative lighting sources are growing in popularity as they are more economical, durable, and low incandescent.
High-quality lighting in the entrance is a necessary condition for the safe and comfortable living of residents.
Lighting of entrances can be arranged in an economical way. Innovative light bulbs produce a soft light that is at the same time more intense and less expensive. This is not done on your own. It is necessary to contact the management company, which is obliged to respond if the lighting does not meet the established requirements.
Currently, many entrances are installing an automatic system. Thanks to this, it significantly reduces the cost of electricity. It also complies with the requirements that are established in legislative acts.
Sample application for the modernization of lighting in the entrance.
Each entrance of the MKD is necessarily equipped with lighting fixtures. The regulatory documents indicate what the illumination should be (in lux). There are no categorical indications for certain lighting devices in the rules.
However, there is an indication that lamps should be economical, with greater light output and service life.
These conditions are met by both fluorescent and LED lamps, including LED strips.
Norms of illumination of various parts of the entrance and utility rooms
Lighting in the entrances of different premises has its own standards and rules (GOSTs, construction SNiP). The main ones include the following:
- rationing is carried out according to table VSN 59-88, which contains two types of standards: light from incandescent or fluorescent lamps;
- in elevators, lamps have an illumination power of 20 lux (for fluorescent lamps) and 7 lux (for incandescent bulbs);
- wheelchair rooms are illuminated with incandescent bulbs;
- elevator shafts - incandescent bulbs of 5 lux;
- basement and attic rooms, as well as switchboard rooms, garbage collection rooms and others, are illuminated with 10 lux incandescent bulbs.
Incandescent lamps are gradually becoming a thing of the past. And the leading positions are increasingly confidently occupied by LED devices, as the most economical and durable.
Entrance lighting control standards
Automation undergoes regular modernization. Normative documentation does not always have time to change in connection with emerging technologies. Therefore, often the norms of lighting in the entrances of residential buildings are advisory in nature. In this case, you need to remember the following points:
- the automatic system must be switched on and off manually;
- when installing a system that reacts automatically, the light should turn on with varying degrees of illumination;
- if sensors are used, then emergency lighting is provided, which is switched on in stairwells in automatic and manual mode;
- the devices illuminating the attic are located outside this room.
Who pays for lighting in the entrances, and how the amount is determined
Lighting in the entrances refers to the general needs of the house. If earlier the consumption of electricity for general house needs was registered separately in the receipt, then from the beginning of 2017 this item was removed. Currently, the calculation is performed depending on the presence or absence of a common house meter.
If a common house meter is installed, then the indicators are determined by the employees of the supervisory authority together with representatives of the house. After that, the difference between the amount received and the accounting values in each apartment is calculated.
The number of square meters not equipped with sensors also matters. The result is distributed among the homeowners depending on the area of the premises. The more square meters in the apartment, the more you have to pay for electrical energy for ODN.
If there is no meter, then payment is made in accordance with the current regulations established in the region.
Motion sensor in the entrance - reacts to the movement of objects in its "area of responsibility".
Who is replacing the lighting in the entrances
If there is no light in the entrance, then the reason can be determined independently. It may be as follows:
- bulb burnout;
- ceiling lamp malfunction;
- closure;
- damage to switches;
- breakage of the switchboard;
- accident;
- planned work.
After finding out the cause of the breakdown, they report it to the management company or homeowners association. These organizations are responsible for providing light in the entrances of an apartment building (the obligation does not apply to balconies, the lighting decision of which is made by the homeowners).
Expert opinion
Mironova Anna Sergeevna
Generalist lawyer. Specializes in family matters, civil, criminal and housing law
Replacing light bulbs is the responsibility of the management company. Troubleshooting and replacement are performed based on the results of scheduled inspections. They are held according to a set schedule.
Where to go if there is no lighting in the entrances
Residents can call or come to the Criminal Code and submit an application. The specialists of the management company must carry out the necessary work the very next day after the request. In case of delay, tenants have the right to contact the housing inspectorate or the prosecutor's office. In some cases, the period during which the work is performed can be extended up to 7 days.
What are the possible consequences for the Criminal Code if there is no lighting in the entrances
Lighting in the entrance is very important, because in addition to its direct purpose, it ensures the safety of residents and protection against theft. Therefore, authorized organizations are obliged to urgently respond to these requests.
If after 7 days after filing the application the problem has not been resolved, the management company may be held legally liable under the Code of Administrative Offenses. In accordance with Article 7.22 of the Code, officials are fined in the amount of 4,000 to 5,000 rubles. And the fine for legal entities ranges from 40 to 50 thousand rubles.
Art. 7.22 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. Violation of the rules for the maintenance and repair of residential buildings and (or) residential premises.
The rights and legitimate interests of citizens are controlled by the State Housing Inspectorate. The specialists of this organization and the administration have the right to draw up protocols if relevant violations are revealed.
Driveway lighting automation schemes
Lighting in the entrances of apartment buildings is carried out in different ways. Each scheme has its own characteristics. They can combine each other or have similar characteristics. Below are the options that are most common.
Lighting control with push buttons
The method is more suitable for low-rise buildings, the residents of which are distinguished by a conscious attitude. With it, it is possible to save money, but it depends only on the tenants. The main advantage of this method is the affordable price.
Management is carried out in two ways.
The first is a push-button post located at the entrance at the entrance and on each floor.
The second - makes it possible to turn on and off the light only in the stairway. Basements and attics have outdoor lighting in the form of a standard switch or a special sensor.
If the apartment owners do not show conscientiousness in general house issues, then the light can be turned off by means of a timer.
Using Light Sensors
When there is good natural light, a system with light sensors is a suitable option. This is not the most economical option, but is used as an alternative to the standard switch.
The sensor is installed in a dark place. The device works when it gets dark. In this case, lighting can be switched on in the entrance or outside the premises. In utility rooms, it is advisable to use standard switches.
Using Motion Sensors
This scheme appeared not so long ago, but its popularity is growing every year. When using motion sensors, savings are achieved. Moreover, attention from the residents is not required.
In this case, sensors are installed on each floor, but sometimes one at the entrance to the entrance. After the device has been triggered, the time until the device is turned off is counted. In the presence of an elevator, the inclusion of light is carried out in different ways. Most often, the sensor is triggered when leaving the elevator. Utility rooms of the entrance are best equipped with standard switches.
Combined lighting schemes
Often, combined lighting schemes are used in the entrances. At the same time, they are guided by the type of premises and the tasks assigned. For example, a light sensor is installed as the main starter, which works in low light and gives a signal to motion sensors mounted outside, in the lobby and in the elevator.
In another example, a motion sensor is used as the main one. Other rooms can be switched on using standard switches.
(5
votes, average: 5,00
out of 5)
Electricity tariffs are increasing every year, along with them, general house payments for lighting common areas are growing. In this regard, many management companies are beginning to consider how to upgrade the lighting in the entrances to LED. What solutions exist today and how to make the right choice?
Are built-in sensors required?
The main goal of introducing LED lighting technology in the housing and communal services sector is savings. The LED solution itself is 8-10 times more economical than the similar one with an incandescent lamp and about 2 times more economical than the solution with a compact fluorescent lamp, so we can limit ourselves to the introduction of luminaires without sensors.
But a product with built-in "intelligence" will additionally save another 60-80% of electricity. At the same time, additional costs will be very small. It can be concluded that lighting equipment with a built-in sensor is an economically sound solution for the housing and communal services sector.
What type of detection to choose?
Most often, the presence of a person on the stairwell is determined by sound or by movement. Smaller volumes of application of lighting equipment with motion sensors in apartment buildings are due to the fact that this type of device is directional, which imposes significant restrictions on the location of the lamp in the staircase. It turns out that in the limited space of the entrance it is not always possible to replace the existing point-to-point lighting equipment while maintaining the installation location. At the same time, the supply of electrical networks to a new place is always an additional cost.
Equipment with sound detection does not have this drawback, the accuracy of determining the presence of a person does not depend on the location of the lamp. This is probably one of the reasons that such products are widely used in all regions of Russia without exception. The disadvantages of the acoustic method include false positives, for example, due to extraneous noise on the street or in apartments. But such trips in general, for all solutions installed at the facility, rarely account for more than 3% of the total operation time.
The second sensor that manufacturers build into the housing and public utilities luminaire is an optical one. Its function is to ensure that the light in the entrance does not turn on during daylight hours, if there is enough natural light. It is permissible to conclude that the best solution is a combination of two sensors in the product, namely optical and acoustic. Such "smart" lighting technology can save up to 98% of electricity. There are facilities where consumers have been able to reduce the cost of each light point from 1,500 rubles to 27 rubles a year.
Why is standby mode necessary?
To increase comfort and safety, some lamps have a "standby" mode. In this mode, the equipment operates at full capacity only when there is a person in the staircase, and the rest of the time it emits 20-30% of the declared luminous flux.
There is no longer total darkness in the room, there is enough light for the operation of video surveillance systems, in order to see through the peephole what is happening on the landing. At the same time, electricity consumption is extremely low. Perhaps, we can already say that the presence of a standby mode is one of the standard requirements of customers for lighting equipment with sensors in the housing and communal services sector.
What power to choose?
Other things being equal, the higher the power of the equipment, the brighter it will be in the room. Today, the optimal total power consumption for housing and communal services lamps is in the range of 6-8 W. Such a product will replace an analogue with an incandescent lamp with a power of up to 60-75W.
What degree of protection against ingress of moisture and dust is sufficient?
The degree of protection is indicated in accordance with GOST 14254 by the letters IP and two numbers. From IP20 to IP68. The higher the index, the higher the protection.
For entrances and other dry premises, IP20 protection is sufficient; for basements and similar premises, protection from IP54 and above is desirable. For lighting at the entrance to the entrance, it is better to choose fixtures with IP64 and higher.
For products with acoustic sensors, a relatively low degree of IP is typical, since technological holes in the body are necessary for more accurate operation of sensors of this type.
How to protect equipment from vandals and theft?
Vandal resistance is a rather important parameter when choosing solutions for entrances of residential buildings. Lighting equipment for the housing and communal services sector must withstand significant shock loads, while remaining operational.
If the body of such lamps has a streamlined shape, this will also complicate its unauthorized dismantling from the wall or ceiling. Anti-removable fasteners, plugs, and other design solutions are able to provide sufficiently reliable protection against equipment theft.
Luminaires SA-7008U of the Perseus series, as one of the most common solutions in housing and communal services
It seems that the need to replace existing equipment in the housing and communal services sector with modern LED lighting equipment with sensors is quite obvious and even inevitable.
As an example of a specific solution that is already widely used in apartment buildings, let's cite the SA-7008U lamp of the Perseus series. This series is produced by the Aktey company, located in the city of St. Petersburg.
SA-7008U of the Perseus series is a multi-mode LED luminaire with built-in optical and acoustic sensors.
Power consumption - 8 W, luminous flux - 800 lumens. Power consumption in standby mode - no more than 2 watts. Three modes of operation in one product significantly expand the possibilities for application, while the design and installation organization and storage facilities of the manufacturer and customer continue to work with only one nomenclature position.
Application of SA-7008U
Lighting of stairwells, halls, corridors, lobbies and other premises with periodic stay of people in residential and public buildings. The SA-7008U "Persey" multi-mode luminaire with a standby mode of operation and a full off mode is designed to work in an alternating current network with a voltage of 220 volts.
SA-7008U series "Perseus" is designed to work on stairwells, so the degree of protection is IP30. The anti-vandal case maintains very aggressive external influences. Each product is supplied with anti-theft hardware and the required tool for installation on site. Thanks to the polycarbonate body, SA-7008U has an electrical safety class II, which means that it does not require a ground line.
The high reliability of SA-7008U leads to the fact that customers who have started using lighting solutions of the Perseus series continue to use them on the next floor, in the next entrance, in the next apartment building.
Characteristics of SA-7008U
– Operating voltage - 160…250 V
– Mains frequency - 50 Hz
- Nomin. power consumption in active mode - 8 W
– Power consumption in standby mode - ≤2 W
– Nominal luminous flux - 800 lm
– Acoustic switching threshold - 52±5 dB (adjustable)
– Optical response threshold - 5±2 lx
– Lighting duration - 60…140 sec. (adjustable)
– Automatic restart of the light off timer
– Sensitivity adjustment
– Adjustment of duration of illumination - is
– Power factor - > 0.85
– Class of protection against electric shock - II
Features SA-7008U
– To replace NBB, NBO and SBO luminaires in housing and communal services.
- The body of the LED lamp is made of impact-resistant polycarbonate.
– Acoustic sensitivity adjustment.
– Adjustment of lighting duration.
– Original patented impact resistant design.
– Special fixing screws that make unauthorized dismantling difficult.
– Overvoltage protection in the network.
- Soft start system.
– Nichia, Samsung LEDs.
– No flicker or stroboscopic effect.
– Electromagnetic interference suppression filter (EMI filter).
– Protective earth is not required.
- Multi-mode with the ability to turn on the standby mode (backlight).
Company Aktey develops and manufactures innovative electrical appliances for energy saving in housing and communal services (HUS), individual apartments, cottages and household plots.
The company's products allow saving up to 95% of electricity used to illuminate entrances, stairwells, corridors and vestibules of public places: modern light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, lamps with built-in optical-acoustic or infrared presence sensors, as well as built-in energy-saving sensors for the needs of serial lighting equipment manufacturers.
The Aktey company carries out custom (OEM, ODM) development, production or modernization of existing lighting equipment according to the technical requirements of the customer. The products are characterized by easy installation, simple operation, reliability and low price.
REQUIREMENTS FOR EMERGENCY LIGHTING
When designing emergency lighting for residential buildings, apartment buildings, residential premises, it is necessary to be guided by the requirements of current regulatory documents, building codes and rules.
In accordance with the requirements of SP52.13330.2011 (updated version of SNiP 23-05-95), the set of rules "Natural and artificial lighting" - emergency lighting for residential buildings and premises should be provided in case of power failure of the main (working) lighting. Emergency lighting should be turned on automatically when the power supply to the main (working) lighting fails, as well as by the signals of fire and emergency alarm systems or manually if there is no alarm or it has not worked.
Emergency lighting of residential buildings, houses, premises connects to a power source independent of the work light power source.
In residential buildings, houses and premises, emergency lighting should provide the necessary level of illumination along evacuation routes. Escape emergency lighting should be tripled:
- in corridors and passages along the evacuation route;
- in places of change (difference) in the level of the floor or coating;
- on stairs - each march should be lit by direct light, especially the upper and lower steps;
- in the zone of each change in the direction of the evacuation route;
- at the intersection of aisles and corridors;
- in places where emergency communications and other means intended for notification of an emergency situation are located;
- in places where primary fire extinguishing equipment is located;
- at the locations of the evacuation plan;
- outside - in front of each final exit from the building.
Along with evacuation emergency lighting of evacuation routes, safety lighting should be provided. Lighting of areas of increased danger should be provided in the premises of the input distribution devices, the main switchboard, in the premises where emergency power supplies are located or equipment connected to standby independent power supplies is located.
When designing emergency lighting for residential buildings, houses, premises, it is necessary to limit the glare from emergency lighting fixtures located on escape routes or in high-risk areas. Glare limitation should be achieved by limiting the luminous intensity of the luminaires depending on the installation height of the luminaires. Limit values of light intensity are reflected in SP52.13330.2011.
In multi-storey residential buildings, along with emergency evacuation lighting, emergency lighting in elevators should be provided. Requirements for emergency lighting of the elevator cabin are given in GOST R 53780-2010 “Elevators. General safety requirements for the device and installation.
According to SP-267.1325800.2016 “High-rise buildings and complexes. Design Rules - emergency lighting refers to the safety system of high-rise buildings.
In multi-storey high-rise residential buildings, emergency lighting is designed taking into account the requirements of SP 253.1325800.2016 "ENGINEERING SYSTEMS OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS". In accordance with these requirements, emergency lighting belongs to the 1st category of electrical receivers, for which, according to the technical specifications for design, a third, independent power source can be provided to ensure operation in emergency mode for 3 hours. As an independent power source for electric receivers of a special group of the 1st category, Diesel power plants (DES) or Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) can be used, which should turn on automatically when the external power is turned off.
Additionally, the set of rules SP 253.1325800.2016 defines the requirements for cable lines for electrical wiring of emergency lighting systems on escape routes.
AUTONOMOUS LIGHTS FOR EMERGENCY LIGHTING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS, HOUSES AND ROOMS
On the one hand, emergency lighting fixtures must meet all the requirements for emergency lighting equipment, and on the other hand, they must comply with the operating conditions.
For corridors, entrances and stairwells of multi-apartment residential buildings, lamps and indicators in a shock-resistant anti-vandal case, with IP44 / IP54 / IP65 protection against dust and moisture, are well suited. As an additional anti-vandal protection, the luminaires can be used in conjunction with a protective metal mesh.
Emergency lights
|
|
|
|
|
ORION LED |
COSMIC QUAD |
ONTEC S |
|
|
|
|
|
EDGE S |
Loading...