Schavel A.I. The main features and problems of the modern labor market in the Russian Federation. In new, more efficient organizational conditions, there is a connection between the labor force and jobs, the inclusion of creativity in the innovation-production process.

In modern socio-economic conditions, the labor market is one of the most complex elements of a market economy. The labor market includes a wide range of socio-economic relations and phenomena, it plays an important role in the process of forming an effective system of employment of the population, reducing unemployment, implementing constitutional labor rights citizens. Through the labor market, two fundamental functions of the life of society are realized. This is, firstly, economic function, which consists in large-scale provision of the production and non-production spheres with the necessary number of workers and, secondly, a social function, which implies the need to ensure a decent level and quality of life for the population of Russia by providing workers with wages, as well as various labor and social guarantees. In addition, the labor market also regulates such issues as:

• the formation of wages for labor through the ratio of supply and demand in the market;
• determination of the procedure and conditions for hiring and dismissal to ensure equal opportunities for citizens and exclude discrimination;
• formation and adoption of normative legal acts regulating the conditions and safety of work;
• improvement of the education system in order to adapt it to modern requirements of the labor market.

The main categories of the labor market, like any other market system, are supply and demand. In the context under consideration, demand characterizes the required number of workers of a certain specialization. The supply of labor is understood as the number of able-bodied population that is ready to start work.

Despite the fact that the labor market can be called a self-regulating system, the state plays a significant role in its improvement and development. So, for example, the state is able to create new jobs, form state bodies to work with the unemployed category of citizens, their employment, implement state programs and national projects to ensure employment of the population and improve its material well-being. The state also influences the level of wages, the level of social security of citizens, including the vulnerable segments of the population, through the adoption of relevant regulatory legal acts.

Currently, the labor market is significantly influenced by political events and economic phenomena both within the state and at the international level. For example, such factors as the adoption of new legislation (changes in the pension system of the Russian Federation, an increase in the minimum wage), the level of labor productivity, the degree of modernization of production, can be attributed to internal ones. While the influx of migrants from areas where armed conflicts are taking place, the outflow of highly qualified personnel is to external .

Characterizing the Russian labor market, we can distinguish the following features that affect the current state and prospects for its development.

First, like other market mechanisms, the modern labor market was formed on the basis of the approaches to the distribution of labor force and the establishment of its price that were in effect in the Soviet era. Further development took place against the backdrop of deep structural transformations and economic downturns. The sharp need to adapt the labor market to new socio-economic conditions instead of the evolutionary development of a flexible system of labor relations has led to an increase in the share of the shadow economy and the shadow labor market, as well as low labor costs.

The problem of shadow employment is becoming increasingly important due to its prevalence and causing negative consequences for the state and society in the form of shortfalls in taxes, social contributions, and the inability to control the legality of the activities of workers. The following types of labor activity can be attributed to the shadow labor market: self-employment, part-time work, contracts, home work, cooperatives, that is, all those organizational forms of employment that are not subject to accounting by state bodies.

Secondly, in Russia the problem of regional differentiation of the level of production, innovativeness of economic activity, level of income of citizens and quality of life is quite acute. In this regard, labor markets in Russia also differ significantly by subject. So, for example, the unemployment rate in different regions can differ by more than 3 times, and the level of average wages by 5 times. Such serious disproportions in the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation can lead to the emergence of depressed regions, unwanted migration outflows, and a drain of highly qualified personnel.

Thirdly, the Russian labor market is not sufficiently balanced, since, on the one hand, it is redundant in volume, and on the other hand, it is labor-deficit in its structure due to the fact that there is an overaccumulation of the labor force in some areas and a shortage in others. . The reason for this imbalance can be both demographic problems and shortcomings in the system of education, training and retraining of personnel.

The labor market is an integral part of the market economy, the effectiveness of which depends on national well-being, social stability and the effectiveness of socio-economic transformations. Therefore, the problems of labor market development in present stage become obstacles to increasing the competitiveness and economic growth of regions and the country as a whole. The main problems of the Russian labor market are:

• the heterogeneity of the distribution of demand for labor and its supply by territory and type of activity;
• qualitative discrepancy between the parameters of demand for labor and its supply in the regional, vocational and other sections;
• low labor productivity and inefficient use of labor force;
• "aging" of the labor force and the decline in the working-age population;
• lack of coordination between the functioning of the education system and the demand of the economy for a labor force of certain professions and qualifications, which affects, first of all, the low level of employment among young people;
• low level of labor mobility of the population;
• a significant discrepancy between general and officially registered unemployment, insufficient coverage of state programs and measures of social support for unemployed citizens.

All this makes it necessary to develop an appropriate Russian employment policy, as well as strategies and tactics for the mechanism of regulation of the Russian labor market.

The general conditions for solving the problems of the Russian labor market at the present stage in the conditions of economic and political systems is not only work to improve the efficiency of employment policy, but also the revival of the Russian economy as a whole by modernizing and ensuring the innovativeness of production, increasing the rate of economic growth. The development and improvement of the Russian labor market at the present stage should take place on the basis of coordinated and interrelated measures and programs aimed at improving the standard of living and the quality of work of citizens.

For economists from all over the world, the Russian labor market is a very strange and fascinating mystery. The economic crisis that swept the country in 2014 led to a rapid drop in the salaries of Russians, but they, however, are in no hurry to change jobs, and unemployment in the country is at a relatively stable and low level. At the same time, experts are seriously concerned about the situation when, with age, the population's labor incomes fall significantly: with the same professional qualities, an employee who is 15-20 years younger will receive a significantly higher salary.

Russian economists from the HSE have repeatedly described the state of the labor market in their regular reports. After analyzing several of them, the Karyerist.ru Analytical Center managed to identify 7 main problems that most Russian workers have to face in one form or another. They have taken place before, but will continue to influence in 2018. Let's start with the age-old problem - a very dubious increase in wages.

Wages rise but fall

The Russian labor market is characterized by a specific reaction to all economic crises that have occurred in the country. If in the West people usually lose their jobs en masse at such times, in the Russian Federation employment remains at a relatively stable level. For example, during the crisis of 2008-09, unemployment increased to only 8%, but the figures soon returned to the past. Economic shocks have a much greater impact on the labor income of Russians. Thus, according to the HSE, for 3 full-fledged crisis years, salaries lost about 10% of their volume. In 2017, the situation leveled off somewhat, and the government did not cease to announce the growth of real wages - for example, in the first 10 months of 2017, the annual growth was 4.3% compared to 2016. This, however, only provides a foundation for the future - there is no need to talk about compensating for the indicators of past years.

The situation is aggravated by the “traditions” of Russian employers. First, the massive introduction of a variable part of wages in the private sector has a significant negative impact. It is not news that for many, a specific salary depends on the productivity indicators or economic indicators of the enterprise. It is no wonder that in the conditions of an economic downturn, wages will be massively reduced.

Secondly, we often see a pattern of massive transfers of staff to part-time jobs. Naturally, the reduction in working hours reduces wages. Thirdly, only rare employers practice indexing. So, even if the worker even managed to keep the size of the salary at the same level, this does not mean at all that its purchasing power will not fall as a result of inflation.

The law that does not exist

If we proceed from the dry letter of the law, then Russian labor legislation is really tough in relation to the employer and his relationship with employees, in particular, in matters of dismissal. The dismissal of an employee at the initiative of the employer, for example, is possible only in exceptional cases, and even then with certain costs on the part of the employer. Such strict rules carry serious risks for business. Therefore, employers en masse prefer to simply not perform it. This applies to many aspects of labor relations.

First of all, there are employment issues. It is much easier for an employer to refuse to formalize an employee, which will allow him not only to save on paying taxes and insurance premiums, but also to dictate his own rules to the employee. According to the HSE, the illegal labor market covers about 30 million workers, despite the fact that the able-bodied citizens of the Russian Federation are about 71-72 million people. In addition, employers do not hesitate to shift their costs onto the shoulders of employees. So, despite the presence of serious sanctions, in Russia you will not surprise anyone with a salary delay. Often there are cases of forced dismissal, when an employee is forced to quit "on their own".

Such legal nihilism of employers is connected with the weakness of state institutions that are engaged in supervisory activities. As a result, there is a complete lack of trust in the employer on the part of employees, as well as a lack of trust in the state as an impassive judge.

A burden for the union

In fact, violations of labor legislation by the employer have reached such a scale that the employee, even if he officially gets a new job, he has no confidence that the labor contract concluded with him will be fully executed. Why, there is no complete certainty even that he will be paid the first salary until the employee receives it in his hands. The same situation develops in cases where part of the salary is variable, according to the HSE.

In theory, hundreds of Russian trade unions should control the situation, operating either within the entire country, or in its individual regions, or even at individual enterprises. However, they prefer to remain silent, remembering their members only when they stop paying their dues regularly.

In general, ordinary people have the impression that Russian trade unions are much more likely to defend the employer, with whom, logically, they should, on the contrary, be “on opposite sides of the barricades”. Nevertheless, they prefer not to interfere in relations between the employer and employees, confining themselves to a modest collection of membership dues. It's about big money, by the way.

For example, the largest trade union organization in Russia is the Federation of Independent Trade Unions. It includes about 21 million members, 80% of which regularly transfer 1% of their salary every month. Thus, according to our rough calculations, the FNP annually accumulates about 70 billion rubles only through contributions. What, with such funding, their contribution to the protection of workers' rights, it is very difficult for us to assess.

Legacy Jobs

According to average estimates, the annual increase in the number of modern jobs in the world is 10-15% - a similar number of old jobs is shrinking. That is, there is a gradual modernization and increase in the productivity of jobs, which, of course, is typical primarily for developed countries, the status of which Russia also claims. However, in the Russian Federation this process is hampered not only in comparison with advanced, but even with developing countries, the HSE is sure.

So, over the past 10 years, the number of jobs in large and medium-sized businesses has decreased by 5 million units, from 39 to 34 million. That is, in fact, it turns out that employers cut jobs in a much larger volume than they created new ones. According to experts, even if the enterprise is growing, the share of new jobs created in it does not exceed 4-5% per year. First, it is much less than in the West and even in neighboring China. Secondly, we are not talking about high-tech jobs at all. That is, the growth of productivity in the workplace is only in exceptional cases.

1.2 The concept of "Employment": essence, types and forms

1.3 The concept of "Unemployment": causes, classification, consequences

2.1 Labor market statistics, problems of employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation

2.3 Employment and unemployment rates in the Chelyabinsk region

2.4 State policy of labor market regulation in the Russian Federation

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

In the modern era, employment has become one of the acute socio-economic problems. modern states with a developed market economy, and with each new decade its severity is growing more and more. Some states solve this problem more or less successfully, while others experience significant difficulties. How more people engaged in socially useful and effective work, the greater the country's gross domestic product (ceteris paribus). The presence of high and growing unemployment does not allow to produce a potential GDP (production output at full and effective employment), which creates significant difficulties for the state. Persons who do not work for a long time and do not have sources of livelihood, except for benefits allocated in accordance with certain state programs, find themselves in a particularly difficult situation. This pushes them to search for means of subsistence illegally, increases the criminal situation and other negative phenomena in society.

Unemployment is a macroeconomic problem, because the loss of a job for most people means a decline in living standards and causes serious psychological trauma. Therefore, it is not surprising that the problem of unemployment is often the subject of political debate. Economists study unemployment to determine its causes, as well as to improve public policies that affect employment. Some of the state programs, for example, for the professional retraining of the unemployed, facilitate the possibility of their future employment. Others, such as unemployment insurance programs, alleviate the economic hardship faced by the unemployed.

Due to the decline in production in the 90s. In Russia as a whole, the situation on the labor market has become tense and unstable. At this time, the number of unemployed grew very rapidly, and the scale of unemployment exceeded the socially acceptable level.

Today, unemployment is becoming an indispensable element of the life of the Russian Federation, which has a significant impact not only on the socio-economic, but also on the political situation in the country. The priorities of the state policy in the field of employment, its financial support are repeatedly adjusted. At the same time, there is a clear trend towards increased financial and administrative restrictions regarding the provision of assistance to the unemployed.

Employment policy should be formed taking into account the possibility of working for different categories of the population. Closer attention should be paid to the risk group, i.e. employment of women, youth, the disabled, etc., the stability of their income, the exclusion of discrimination in these matters. The latter also applies to migrants, people of a different race, color, religion, political views and social origin. Therefore, such a policy, as relatively independent, can be implemented only with close cooperation, coordination of economic and social policies to ensure full, productive and freely chosen employment.

Purpose of the study:economic and statistical analysis of the labor market, problems of employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation.

An object:current state and development trends of the labor market in the Russian Federation.

Subject:state policy of labor market regulation in the Russian Federation.

Tasks:

1.To reveal the essence of the concepts "Labor market", "Employment" and "Unemployment";

.Examine the state modern market labor in the Russian Federation;

3.To identify the influence of various factors on the level of unemployment in the Russian Federation;

.Analyze employment and unemployment rates in the Chelyabinsk region;

.Determine ways to overcome the federal problem of regulating the labor market, employment and unemployment.

Research methods:theoretical analysis of literature on the research problem, graphical method, method of averages, tabular method, synthesis, systematization, generalization.

labor market unemployment employment

Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of the problem under study

1.1 The concept of "Labor market": features and character traits

In its most general form, a market is a system of economic relations between sellers and buyers of goods and services. The market can also be considered as an economic and geographical space in which the process of commodity circulation takes place, the exchange of goods for money and, accordingly, money for goods. The market is also understood as a mechanism that brings together sellers of both goods and services.

Among the markets, a special place is occupied by the labor market, which is the foundation of market relations, since economic management involves, first of all, the management of labor activity. The labor market is an organic component of any market economy, performing the functions of a mechanism for the distribution and redistribution of social labor in spheres and sectors of the economy, types and forms of employment, according to the criteria of labor and production efficiency in accordance with the structure of social needs and forms of ownership.

There are several scientific definitions of the labor market:

According to Lipsits I.V., the labor market is a set of economic and legal procedures that allow people to exchange their labor services for wages and other benefits that firms agree to provide them in exchange for these services.

Nikolaeva I.P. believes that the labor market - is the area of ​​contacts between sellers and buyers, labor services, as a result of which the price level and the distribution of labor services are established. It includes a wide range of employment relationships and the persons involved in them. Through the labor market, the majority of the working population receives jobs and incomes.

Kibanov A.Ya. the concept of "labor market" means a socio-economic system that includes a set of social relations associated with the purchase and sale of labor. This economic space is the sphere of employment, in which buyers and sellers of labor interact; finally, it is a mechanism that ensures the harmonization of prices and working conditions between employers and employees.

The labor market can be viewed broadly - as an aggregate labor market, covering the entire aggregate supply (all economically active population) and aggregate demand (the total need of the economy for labor). In a narrow sense, it is customary to talk about the current labor market as an integral part of the total labor market, the main characteristics of which are the supply of labor, i.e. the unemployed population seeking work; and the demand for labor or understaffed jobsa, reflecting the unmet part of the economy's overall labor demand.

The current labor market consists of individual elements:

?open market of labor - this is the economically active population looking for work and in need of training and retraining, as well as all vacancies in all sectors of the economy;

?hidden labor market - these are persons who are formally employed in the economy, but at the same time, due to a reduction in production or a change in its structure, they can be released without prejudice to production.

Both markets have official (registered) and unofficial parts.

Features of the functioning of the labor market:

.Inseparability of property rights to goods - labor power from the owner. In the labor market, it is not labor itself that is sold and bought, but labor services, so the buyer (employer) acquires only the right to use and partially dispose of the ability to work (labor force), functioning for a certain time.

2.A significant duration of contact between the seller and the buyer of labor, which leaves its mark on their relationship and plays an important role in ensuring the viability of the organization.

.The presence of a large number of institutional structures of a special kind (an extensive system of legislation, socio-economic programs, employment services, etc.).

.A high degree of individualization of transactions associated with a different professional and qualification level of the workforce, a variety of technologies and work organization, etc.

.The peculiarity in the exchange of labor power in comparison with the exchange of any other, real commodity. The first exchange also begins in the sphere of circulation of goods - labor power, i.e. in the labor market, continues in the sphere of production and ends in the sphere of circulation of vital goods, i.e. in the market for goods and services. The second - begins and ends in the sphere of circulation of real goods.

.The significance for the employee of non-monetary aspects of the transaction: the content and working conditions, the microclimate in the team, the possibility of promotion, etc. .

The labor market as a system includes the following elements:

Subjects of the labor market- these are employees and their associations - trade unions, employers (entrepreneurs) and their unions, the state, as well as legislative acts, norms, rules governing the relationship between market entities, clearly defining their rights, creating equal opportunities for the realization of the ability to work of all participants market relations, providing for social insurance in case of job loss, etc. Such norms are defined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation", etc.

Labor market conditions - it is the ratio of labor demand and supply. It can be of three types:

?labor shortage, when the labor market lacks the supply of labor;

?labor surplus, when the labor market has a large number of unemployed and, accordingly, an excess supply of labor;

?equilibrium, when the demand for labor corresponds to its supply.

Labor market infrastructure - it is a system of institutions, institutions and organizations dealing with the problems of labor movement and ensuring the functioning of the labor market ( government agencies, labor exchanges, non-governmental structures for the promotion of employment, personnel services of enterprises, public organizations, funds, data banks on jobs, statistical information, etc.).

The presence and interaction of all elements of the labor market are necessary for its normal functioning, which refers to the situation when all conditions are created for the performance of the functions of the labor market. These features include:

· organizing a meeting of sellers and buyers of labor;

· ensuring a competitive environment within each of the parties to market interaction;

· establishment of equilibrium wage rates;

· assistance in solving the issues of employment of the population;

· implementation of social support for the unemployed .

The most important component of the labor market is the mechanism of functioning of the labor market, which is the interaction and harmonization of social different interests diverse groups of employers and the working-age population in need of work and willing to work for hire.

The main components of the labor market mechanism are:

.The price of labor power is the price of the means of subsistence that are necessary for the normal reproduction of labor power. The price is paid to employees not automatically, but is the subject of an agreement (bargaining) between them and employers. As a result, each of them comes with its own price. The hired worker (seller) tries to sell at a higher price, and the employer (buyer) tries to buy cheaper. As a result, the contractual wage is set at a level below the seller's price but above the buyer's price.

.The demand for labor is the solvent need of employers for the labor force for the organization and development of production. Main factors:

?labor productivity;

?use of modern technologies;

?the state of the economy and its individual sectors;

?demand for consumer goods needed by society.

3.The labor supply is the totality of the economically active population offering its labor force on the labor market. Main factors:

?population and its able-bodied part;

?skill level;

?the level and structure of wages;

?social and tax policy of the state.

4.Competition is rivalry, the struggle to achieve the highest benefits, advantages. Competition in the labor market is rivalry between independent buyers and between sellers of labor power. It can be of various types: for attracting employees, for filling vacant positions, for changing working conditions, etc.

Thus, the labor market is one of the elements of a market economy and is a system of social relations in coordinating the interests of employers and hired labor. It is important to note that the Russian labor market is currently unbalanced, as evidenced by serious structural distortions on both the demand and supply sides.

.2 The concept of "Employment": essence, types and forms

The problem of employment of the population is one of the most important socio-economic problems. Employment is inextricably linked both with people and their labor activity, and with the production, distribution, appropriation and consumption of material goods. Because of this, the category of employment is a general economic category, characteristic of all socio-economic formations.

There are theoretical and practical interpretations of employment.

Theoretically, employment is a socially useful activity of citizens associated with the satisfaction of personal and social needs and, as a rule, brings earnings or labor income.

In practice, employment is the ratio between the number of able-bodied population and the number of employees, characterizing the degree of use of the labor resources of society and the situation on the labor market.

However, both interpretations do not take into account the underlying processes inherent in employment. Employment has a pronounced social character and reflects people's need for income and self-expression through socially useful activities, as well as the degree of satisfaction of this need at a certain level of socio-economic development of society.

The current situation in the field of employment is inadequate to the requirements of a market economy, therefore, the Russian economy can get out of the crisis and further progress of society is possible if the economy can reflect the interests of a person in the world of work.

In Russia, on April 19, 1991, the Law "On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation" was adopted (with subsequent additions and changes), which formulated the basic principles of employment, giving employment relations a market character:

First principle- ensuring freedom in work and employment, prohibition of forced, compulsory labor. A person has the priority right to choose: to participate or not to participate in social work.

Second principle- creation by the state of conditions for ensuring the right to work, to protection from unemployment, to assistance in finding employment and material support in case of unemployment in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

According to the Legislation, the employed population, along with all employees, students, and military personnel, also includes citizens who independently provide themselves with work and engage in entrepreneurial activities.

The unemployed population includes two groups of citizens:

.voluntarily unemployed citizens living on the funds of one of the spouses, parents, etc.;

2.forcedly unemployed citizens, who, in turn, are divided into job seekers independently or with the help of employment services, unemployed citizens receiving unemployment benefits.

It is important to determine the employment status for the economically active population, including the unemployed:

Wage-earners- these are persons working under a concluded written contract (agreement) or under an oral agreement with the management of the enterprise on the conditions of labor activity, for which they receive the payment agreed upon when hiring.

Working on an individual basis- persons who independently carry out activities that bring them income, do not use or use employees only for a short period.

Employers- persons managing their own enterprise or authorized to manage a joint-stock company, business partnership, etc. The employer can fully or partially delegate his functions to a hired manager, leaving behind the responsibility for the well-being of the enterprise.

Unpaid family workers- persons working without pay in a family business owned by their relative.

Persons not classifiable by status in employmentThese are the unemployed who were not previously engaged in labor activity that brought them income. This includes persons who are difficult to attribute to a particular employment status.

According to the degree of quantitative and qualitative correspondence between the economy's need for labor and the population's need for jobs, the following types of employment are distinguished: full, productive, freely chosen, rational, efficient and optimal.

· Full employment is a state in which all those who need it and want to work are provided with work, which corresponds to the presence of a balance between the demand and supply of labor;

· Productive employment is employment that meets the interests of increasing the efficiency of production, introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress, and increasing labor productivity. According to the definition of the International Labor Organization (ILO), productive employment is the employment of those whose product of labor is accepted and paid for by society;

· Freely chosen employment assumes that the right to dispose of one's own ability to work (labor force) belongs exclusively to its owner, i.e. the worker himself. This principle guarantees the right of every worker to choose between employment and unemployment, prohibiting any administrative involvement in work;

· Rational employment is employment that is justified from the point of view of the processes of formation, distribution and use of labor resources, taking into account their gender, age and educational structure, the modes of reproduction of the able-bodied population and its placement on the territory of the country. Rational employment characterizes the share of productively employed in the total number of economically active population;

· Efficient employment presupposes the ability of public administration to reproduce the socio-economic conditions for the development of workers, dictated by the criteria of the way of life on this stage development of society. The effective nature of employment involves engaging in socially useful activities that provide a decent income, health, elevation of the individual, the growth of the educational and professional level for each member of society based on the growth of social labor productivity, as well as the economic and social expediency of jobs.

· Socially useful employment is determined by the number of able-bodied people employed both in social production, military service, in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and full-time students, leading a household (caring for children, the elderly, sick relatives).

The practical need to take into account the population makes it necessary to identify the types (structure) of employment, the distribution of the active part of labor resources by spheres and sectors of the economy.

There are also various forms of employment:

.By way of participation in social work:

?Employment for hire is a relationship between the owners of the means of production and workers who have no means of production and sell their labor in exchange for a certain value in the form of wages;

?self-employment is a relationship (economic, legal, etc.) that people enter into regarding participation in socially useful work and which are based on personal initiative, independence and responsibility, are aimed, as a rule, at obtaining labor income and determine self-realization and self-assertion of personality;

2.According to the working time regime, it is customary to allocate full-time employment (40 hours per week) and part-time (partial) employment;

3.According to the regularity of work:

?permanent (regular) employment implies that the employee must work a certain number of hours every week, less often - every month;

?temporary employment has two varieties: fixed-term employment (fixed-term employment contract) and business travel (through the mediation of certain firms);

?seasonal employment involves working during a certain season;

?casual employment means the performance of various short-term works in order to receive material remuneration without concluding an employment contract;

4.According to the legitimacy of employment:

?formal employment is employment registered in the formal economy;

?informal employment - employment that is not registered in the official economy, which has a source of jobs in the informal sector of the economy and its individual types.

5.According to the terms of the organization labor processes:

?standard (typical) employment is employment that involves the permanent work of an employee for one employer in his industrial premises at standard load during the day, week, year;

?non-standard (flexible) employment goes beyond this and includes the following forms:

· employment associated with non-standard working hours (flexible working year, compressed working week, flexible working hours, etc.);

· employment related to the social status of workers: self-employed workers, helping family members;

· employment at work with non-standard jobs and labor organization (home-based work, "call workers", shift, etc.);

· employment in non-standard organizational forms: temporary workers, part-time jobs.

.3 The concept of "Unemployment": causes, classification, consequences

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon, acting as a lack of employment for a certain, greater or lesser part of the economically active population, able and willing to work.

In accordance with the provisions of the ILO, the unemployed is a person who does not have an occupation that generates income, is ready to work and is looking for work.

In Russia, the status of the unemployed is defined more strictly. According to the Law "On Employment in the Russian Federation", the unemployed are able-bodied citizens who did not have a job and earnings, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for a job and are ready to start it; in addition, the law stipulates that citizens under the age of 16 and pensioners by age cannot be recognized as unemployed.

In the modern economy, unemployment is seen as a natural and integral part of the market economy. It promotes:

· improvement quality structure and competitiveness of the labor force;

· the formation of a new motivational mechanism and an appropriate attitude to work;

· increasing the value of the workplace and strengthening the connection between the person and work;

· the presence of a labor reserve in case of launching a new production.

In economic theory, there are many different points of view on the causes of unemployment. There are three main positions on this issue:

1.The cause of unemployment is the excessive demands of the workers themselves, presented to the employer regarding the size of the desired wage.

2.The reason for unemployment is too low demand for labor. The state must fight unemployment: by raising government revenues or lowering taxes, it is possible to increase the demand for labor.

3.The cause of unemployment is the inflexibility characteristic of the labor market. There is some discrepancy between the needs of job seekers and the needs of employers willing to provide jobs.

In this regard, the classification of forms of unemployment according to various criteria is of great interest (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1

Forms of unemployment and their characteristics

№Form of unemploymentCharacteristic Causes of unemployment1 Frictional Associated with a voluntary job change in connection with the search for higher earnings or more prestigious work, with more favorable working conditions, etc. 2 Institutional It is generated by the very structure of the labor market, factors affecting its supply and demand. 3Voluntary Occurs when part of the able-bodied population, for one reason or another, simply does not want to work. 4 Structural It is caused by changes in the structure of social production under the influence of scientific and technological progress and improvement in the organization of production. 5Technological Associated with the transition to new generations of equipment and technology, mechanization and automation of manual labor, when for a given production process part of the workforce is either unnecessary or requires a new, higher level of qualification or reprofiling. 6 Conversion A type of structural unemployment associated with the release of workers from the military industry, as well as from the army. 7 Cyclic Occurs when there is a general sharp drop in demand for labor during an economic crisis. 8Regional Has a regional origin and is formed under the influence of historical, demographic, socio-psychological circumstances. 9Economic Caused by market conditions, the defeat of part of the producers in the competitive struggle. 10Seasonal Caused by the seasonal nature of activities in certain industries. 11 Marginal Unemployment among vulnerable populations. Duration of unemployment12 Short term Up to 4 months. 13 Long lasting 4-8 months. 14 Long lasting 8-18 months. 15 Congestive More than 18 months. The external form of manifestation of unemployment16Open Includes all unemployed citizens looking for work. 17 Hidden Includes workers who are actually employed in the economy, but in reality are "superfluous".

It should be noted that the sum of frictional and structural unemployment is the natural rate of unemployment, i.e. the rate of unemployment at full employment, which is considered normal in today's economy, generated by the increase in job search time under the unemployment insurance system and the relative stability of wages. Unemployment is characterized by indicators of its level.

General unemployment rate =

The logical continuation of the proposed classification of forms of unemployment is its structuring according to the following criteria:

?by gender, with the allocation of the least protected socially unemployed - women;

?by age, with the allocation of youth unemployment and unemployment of persons of pre-retirement age;

?by social groups (workers, intelligentsia, employees, technical performers);

?by the level of education and professional-experience groups;

?by level of income and security;

?for reasons of dismissal.

Unemployment entails serious economic and social costs. At the same time, only the economic effect of unemployment is often assessed in the form of the number of laid-off workers and the amount of benefits paid; social consequences are practically not assessed. However, the degree negative impact unemployment on the situation in the country depends on the specific parameters of the social situation. Thus, due to the low material well-being of Russians (especially the unemployed), as well as due to high social tension in society, the unemployment rate, which can cause social upheavals, is much lower than in the West. In this regard, there is a need for a detailed consideration of both the economic and social consequences of unemployment, as well as a critical analysis and further adaptation to the specific conditions of the methods used abroad for studying and assessing the consequences of unemployment. Such studies are of undoubted interest, since they make it possible to more clearly define the boundaries of the problem and outline ways out of the crisis at the present stage of the country's development. It is possible to offer a detailed classification of the most significant, in our opinion, social and economic consequences of unemployment, considered from the point of view of negative and positive impact on the system (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2

Consequences of unemployment

# Negative Consequences Positive Consequences Social Consequences of Unemployment1 Aggravation of the crime situation. Increasing the social value of the workplace. 2 Increased social tension. Increase personal free time. 3Increase in the number of physical and mental illnesses. Increasing freedom to choose where to work. 4Increase social differentiation.Increase social significance and labor values. 5Decrease in labor activity. - Economic consequences of unemployment1Devaluation of the consequences of learning. Creation of a labor reserve for the restructuring of the economy. 2 Reducing production. Competition between workers as an incentive to develop the ability to work. 3Expenses to help the unemployed. Break in employment for retraining and education. 4 Loss of qualification. Stimulating the growth of labor intensity and productivity. 5Decrease in living standards. -6Underproduction of the national income. -7Decrease in tax revenues. -

The economic and social consequences of unemployment indicate that this is a rather dangerous phenomenon for society, requiring an active employment policy aimed not only at eliminating the consequences of unemployment, but also at preventing and preventing its uncontrolled growth above the minimum. acceptable level.

Chapter 2. The current state of the labor market, problems of employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation

.1 Labor market statistics, problems of employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation

Labor market statistics are among the most developed in international statistics and are concentrated in the International Labor Organization (ILO). Currently, domestic labor market statistics have switched to international standards and include three aspects: labor force and economically active population statistics, labor productivity statistics and wage statistics, consistently considering indicators of quantity, quality and wages in terms of its quantity and quality.

The modern Russian labor market is unbalanced: on the one hand, it is redundant in terms of volume, and on the other hand, it is labor-deficient in its structure, i.e. there is an overaccumulation of the labor force at enterprises, the accumulation of an excess number of employees, while an increase in demand for labor leads to a labor shortage.

The labor market in the Russian Federation is characterized by the following phenomena:

-rapid decline in the economically active population;

-shifts in the structure of employment - its redistribution to the service sector, where more than half of the employed work, and the private sector - 37% of the employed; 63% of employees work outside the public sector;

-high concentration of employment in large and medium-sized enterprises (67% of all employees);

-high labor mobility of workers (the ratio of the amount of departures and hiring to the average annual number of employees exceeds 30%; at the same time, migration for labor reasons is low - 20% of all migrants);

-the discrepancy between the growth and differentiation of real accrued wages and the growth and differentiation of labor productivity;

-the predominance of latent processes over open ones (unpaid or partially paid vacations, forced transfers to part-time work regimes, delays in the payment of wages, informal employment due to regular time);

-intensification of layoffs due to the reduction in the number of employees (still less than 10% among the causes of unemployment);

-an increase in the average duration of unemployment.

Over the past years, the number of employed people has decreased by 9%. Currently, according to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, more than 5.9 million people do not have an occupation, but are actively looking for it; almost 1.5 million people are registered with the employment service as unemployed. In connection with the change in the sectoral structure of employment (a decrease in the number of people employed in the manufacturing industry, especially in engineering and light industry), regional employment problems have become more acute. In 47 out of 89 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, unemployment exceeds the national average, in some cities there is mass unemployment. The differentiation of Russian regions in terms of the composition of the unemployed is interesting. Initially, the bulk of the unemployed in Russia were women, people with higher and secondary specialized education, and people of pre-retirement age. But then, in those regions where the unemployment rate was above average, the proportion of men, the proportion of people with a low level of education, and the proportion of young people began to grow.

In Russia, acute unemployment is observed in two types of regions:

.regions with high natural population growth (Dagestan, Kalmykia, Tuva, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chechnya, Aginsky Buryat Autonomous District, etc.). Here, a large number of young people are constantly entering the labor market, while the number of jobs in the conditions of the economic crisis not only does not increase, but even decreases. Regions where a high natural increase is combined with a massive influx of refugees (Ingushetia and North Ossetia) are distinguished into a special subtype. In regions of this type, unemployment also existed in the past in the form of agrarian overpopulation.

2.depressed regions, i.e. with a predominance of the most crisis industries. At the moment, these are the light industry and the military-industrial complex, which are characterized by the largest reduction in production volumes. This type includes: Ivanovo, Vladimir, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Kirov and other regions, Udmurtia, Mordovia, Mari El.

Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the unemployment rate according to the ILO methodology ranges from 1.6% in Moscow to 46% in the Republic of Ingushetia. A high unemployment rate according to the ILO methodology is noted in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and the Republic of Dagestan (26-27%), in the Republic of Tyva and the Republic of Kalmykia (20-22%), in the Republic of Buryatia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Republic of Adygea (15-18%). %). Up to 5% unemployment - in St. Petersburg (2.7%), Evenk and Chukotka Autonomous Districts, Moscow, Lipetsk regions (3-4%), Ivanovo, Tula and Yaroslavl regions about 5% (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Unemployment rate (according to ILO methodology)

Thus, one can speak of an aggravation of the shortage of labor resources in some of the main industrial regions of the country. At the same time, in almost every third region of the country, the unemployment rate exceeds 10% of the economically active population. A similar problem is also revealed in the analysis of intra-regional labor markets. In most Russian regions, one or several economically developed centers can be distinguished with a more or less favorable situation on the labor market; however, those living outside them have a minimal choice of potential employers (mainly budgetary institutions) or are forced to engage in subsistence farming (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. Dynamics of the economically active population

According to the Federal Service for Labor and Employment, at the end of November 2013, 1.8 million unemployed people were registered with the state employment service, including 364.5 thousand people in the Chechen Republic. Compared to November 2012, the number of registered unemployed increased by 274 thousand people, or 17.5%. In November 2011, the total number of unemployed exceeded the number of registered unemployed for a comparable group of people (ie, of working age without students, students and pensioners classified as unemployed) by 2.7 times. The average age of the unemployed was 34.9 years, the employed population - 39.5 years. Young people under 25 years of age account for 28% of the unemployed and 11% of the employed population, persons aged 55 years and older, respectively, 6% and 9% (Table 2.1). Almost 11% of the unemployed had a higher education and 21% had a secondary vocational education. Among the employed, this ratio was 25% and 26%, respectively (Table 2.2).

Table 2.1

Indicators of the economically active and inactive population (age 15-72, thousand people)

God8MuzhchinZhenschinGorodskoe naselenieSelskoe naselenie20083780,53218,65142,71856,420093410,82892,644601843,420103322,22831,34214,91938,620113007,42675,93812,41870,9201229022873,23898,61876,620132725253833891874

Table 2.2

Unemployment rate by level of education (%)

YearHigher vocationalIncomplete higher vocationalSecondary vocationalBasic vocationalSecondary (complete) generalBasic generalPrimary general; (Do not have an initial total) 200811,04,22,713,53,613,72,12,23,42,824,412,434,913,91,22,23,22,720,716,23,22,720,22,201,10,2,720,518,333,113,51,12,201,11,21,1201

Among the unemployed, there is still a high proportion of female workers. On average in Russia in 2004, according to surveys of the population of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, this share was 49.8% (slightly increased compared to 2003, when it was 47.1%). Women in most cases remain in a state of open unemployment for a longer time. Part-time employment of female workers is widespread, especially in the light industry, primarily textile and clothing.

The position of young people in the labor market is deteriorating. Since the youth contingent is extremely heterogeneous in terms of age, educational and professional level, each of them needs its own approach to solving employment problems. First of all, we are talking about the primary employment of both those who have an education and a specialty, and those who have neither.

However, over the past 10 years, unemployment in Russia has, in general, a downward trend. This is true both for studies conducted according to the methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO), based on population surveys, and for statistics on the number of officially registered unemployed in Russia. In 2013, one of the lowest unemployment rates in 10 years was reached, and this level continues to decline. If in January 2013 1.072 million unemployed were officially registered in Russia, in November their number decreased to 848.9 thousand people (Table 2.3).

Table 2.3

The main indicators of the activities of the employment service of the Russian Federation

№IndicatorsJanuary-August 2012 2013 1Number of those who applied in search of work (thousand people) 447045282Number of those recognized as unemployed (thousand people) 218719593Number of those who found work with the assistance of the employment service (thousand people) 292830994Number of citizens participating in public works (thousand people) 3894985Number of citizens who received training in direction of the employment service (thousand people) 2372806 The number of unemployed citizens registered for early retirement (thousand people) 23,321.67 The number of unemployed registered with the employment service at the end of the reporting period (thousand people) 176616078 The share of unemployed receiving unemployment benefits at the end of the reporting period (thousand people) 83,381.49 The need for employees declared to the employment service at the end of the reporting period (thousand people) 1048102110 The level of registered unemployment at the end of the reporting period (%) 2,42,211 The average duration of unemployment at the end of June (month) 5 ,86,612 Share of registered unemployed more than a year (at the end of June) (%) 12,220.4

The Employment Service of the Russian Federation has a database with more than 1.5 million vacancies throughout the country, i.e. for every officially registered unemployed, there are almost two vacant jobs. Moreover, for these vacancies there is a rather high salary, reaching hundreds of thousands and even up to 1 million rubles.

However, there is some imbalance between the demand and supply of jobs, depending on the position. So, if the largest number of jobs in the category of employees falls on the vacancies of doctors and engineers, then the vacancies of an accountant, lawyer and economist are in the greatest demand from job-seekers. According to the recruiting company ANCOR, in the first half of 2013, the growth in requests for personnel compared to 2012 was 44%. The largest growth was recorded in the professional services sector (74%), industrial production (62%), sales of high-demand goods (47%) and the pharmaceutical industry (31%). But the need for IT specialists decreased by 14% compared to last year, and the largest decline was observed in the insurance market - a fall of 29%.

Along with the decline in unemployment, since the beginning of 2013, the total wage arrears of enterprises to employees have almost doubled. The number of employees who did not receive their wages on time at the beginning of 2013 was approximately 53 thousand people, as of November 2013 this number increased to 95 thousand people. The amount of debt itself also increased - from 1.5 billion rubles at the beginning of 2013 to almost 3 billion rubles as of November 2013. At the same time, it should be noted that in October the arrears of budgets of all levels on the payment of wages to public sector employees were almost completely repaid. Gradually accumulating since the beginning of 2013, the budget debt amounted to about 77 million rubles in October 2013, and by November of the same year it had already decreased to 3.5 million rubles. The wage arrears of organizations, due to the lack of their own funds, tend to increase, which indicates a deterioration in the economic situation at enterprises.

As for mid-term estimates, according to P. Andreev, Managing Director of BCS Forex, official unemployment in Russia by the end of 2013 will increase. can reach 5.5% of the economically active population.

However, in 2014 the level of employment in the Russian Federation will decrease due to the stagnation of the Russian economy. The Ministry of Economic Development for 2014 predicts an increase in the number of unemployed in relation to the economically active population from 5.8 to 5.9%. It would seem that the increase is quite small, but these figures mean that they may lose their jobs<#"center">.3 Employment and unemployment rates in the Chelyabinsk region

Analysis of statistical data for the Chelyabinsk region for the reporting period 2011 2012 (Table 2.4) shows that the unemployment rate continues to decline in this region.

Table 2.4

The state of the labor market of the Chelyabinsk region

No. Indicators 2011 2012 1 Coefficient of tension in the registered labor market 2.7 pers. / 1 vacancy1.9 people / 1 vacancy2 Declared need for employees of regional organizations 13105 people. 13237 people 3Number of citizens recognized as unemployed6024 people. 4179 people 4Appeal of residents to the Employment Centers for assistance in finding a job95.9%96.7%5Appeal of residents for information about the situation on the labor market11474 people. 7768 people 6Residents who found work with the assistance of the employment service3375 people. 3155 people 7 Registered as individual entrepreneurs 14 people. 0 people 8Number of citizens who started paid public works460 people. 311 people 9 Employment of citizens seeking to resume their labor activity after a long (more than 1 year) break 480 people. 414 people 10Citizens from among the unemployed citizens who experience difficulties in finding work28 people were employed for temporary work. 8 people 11Employment rate of job seekers6.03%7, 20%12Removed from the register of unemployed citizens: due to employment; started vocational training; assigned a labor pension; for other reasons3857 people 41.9%46.7%9%1.4% 3.8%3.6%45.3%48.3%13 Unemployment movement index0.940.92

The level of registered unemployment in the region is 1.7% (2.3% in 2011) of the economically active population. In 7 territories, the unemployment rate did not exceed 1.7%, in 17 territories it was two or more times higher than the regional average. The highest unemployment rate in urban districts and municipal areas:

Karabash - 5.4% (5.6%);

Nyazepetrovsky - 10.3% (13.1%);

Katav-Ivanovsky - 7.6% (10.4%);

Chesme - 5.7% (7.0%);

Bredinsky - 5.6% (6.3%);

Kizilsky - 5.5% (6.0%).

Figure 3. Unemployment rate, %

Thus, the situation in the registered labor market that developed in January 2012 was characterized by:

-a decrease in the number of citizens who applied in search of a suitable job;

-a decrease in the number of citizens registered as unemployed;

decrease in appeals to the Employment Center of those dismissed for redundancy;

an increase in the number of announced vacancies;

reduction of tension in the labor market;

decrease in the level of registered unemployment.

Comparative figures for the regions of the Ural Federal District are presented in Table. 2.5.

Table 2.5

Comparative indicators for the Ural Federal District (01.01.2012)

Region Ural Federal District Number of registered unemployed citizens, pers. Registered unemployment rate, %Tension in the labor market, unemployed / 1 vac. Kurgan region 96372.12.6 Sverdlovsk region 389581.61.2 Tyumen region 44550.70.2 Chelyabinsk region 320631.71.6 KhMAO79070.90.4 YaNAO 38291.20.6 UrFO968491.50.9

Since the beginning of 2013, 76,984 people have applied to the regional employment service; for assistance in finding a job - 48,165 people; 26773 unemployed were employed.

The number of registered vacancies is 35362 units.

The highest unemployment rate in 2013 was observed in February - 1.59% (29891 unemployed).

According to the average statistics for 2013, the number of residents of the Chelyabinsk region recognized as unemployed reached minimum value since the beginning of the year - 24948 people.

The downward trend in the number of registered unemployed continues .

.4 State policy of labor market regulation in the Russian Federation

In essence, the problem of unemployment is one of the main problems facing the state of a market economy. Its solution is carried out in two directions:

.by macroeconomic regulation of the economy and unemployment (level and duration) on the basis of methods that ensure the growth of aggregate demand and business activity and at the same time do not cause inflation;

2.the implementation of social protection for people who have lost their jobs (information about jobs, a retraining system, public works, unemployment benefits, etc.).

When analyzing the problem of unemployment in Russia, it should be taken into account that the transition to market relations is taking place in very difficult conditions due to economic instability, the heavy legacy of the administrative-command management system, and the unfavorable demographic situation. It should also be understood that Russia is only at the beginning of the path of market transformations, while market relations have been developing in developed capitalist countries for more than one hundred years, so Russia cannot be compared with countries with developed capitalist relations.

The most threatening factor in the growth of unemployment and the mass release of people from production is the denationalization and curtailment of production at large and super-large enterprises. A specific type of unemployment arises among highly qualified persons who are professionally unsuitable for use in the lower economic levels of the production and non-production spheres.

Among the many problems facing any country in its transition to a market economy, one of the most acute is the threat of mass unemployment and mitigation of its social consequences. In Russia, mass unemployment is generated by a structural economic crisis, which reflects the contradictions in the conditions for the transition from a command economy to a market economy and is not cyclical, but structural. To overcome this crisis, profound structural transformations are needed in the country's economy as a whole and in the national economy. However, in relation to the sphere of employment, regulatory participation must be maintained.

Many agree that the government will be able to reduce unemployment if it can prevent or reduce fluctuations in economic growth (business cycles). All support job training programs that help laid-off workers acquire new skills to find new jobs.

It would be logical to assume that the government could reduce the unemployment rate by eliminating unemployment benefits. This would increase the costs for laid-off workers to find new jobs and thus shorten the search period. The economic argument against this approach is that a job search that is too short is just as wasteful of valuable resources as a job search that is too long.

State policy in the field of promoting employment of the population and processes in the labor market as a whole in modern conditions. RF Law "On Employment in the Russian Federation": the state is pursuing a policy of promoting the realization of citizens' rights to full, productive and freely chosen employment; state policy in the field of promotion of employment of the population is aimed at the implementation of diverse elements of the socio-economic conditions for the rational and productive use of the available labor potential of society.

In order to promote full, productive and freely chosen employment of the population, the state is called upon to develop measures of financial and credit, investment and tax policies aimed at the rational distribution of productive forces, increasing the mobility of labor resources, developing temporary and self-employment, encouraging the use of flexible working regimes and other measures contributing to the preservation and development of the system of jobs; legal regulation in the field of employment based on the observance of the legitimate rights and interests of citizens and relevant state guarantees, further improvement of legislation on employment of the population: development and implementation of federal and territorial programs to promote employment of the population; establishment of a public employment service.

special role it is the state labor exchanges (employment centers), which are the central link of the state employment service, that play in solving the problems associated with unemployment.

Thus, the state policy in the field of promoting employment of the population is aimed at:

1.development of human resources for labor;

2.ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens in exercising the right to voluntary work and free choice of employment;

3.creation of worthy living conditions and free development of a person;

4.strengthening guarantees in the field of wages and solving the problem of non-payment of wages;

5.support for the labor and entrepreneurial initiatives of citizens, carried out within the framework of the law, as well as promoting the development of abilities for productive, creative work;

6.ensuring social protection in the field of employment of the population, holding special events that contribute to the employment of citizens experiencing difficulties in finding work;

7.ensuring legal protection of employees;

8.prevention of mass and reduction of long-term unemployment;

9.development of the unemployment insurance system:

-increasing the share of contributions to the employment fund, which allows stimulating the restructuring of enterprises;

-the use of insurance principles, when, along with the employer, the employee himself participates in the formation of the fund;

-state funding of special programs to help specific social groups in the labor market - military personnel who have fallen under the reduction, refugees, youth, etc.;

-adaptation of the unemployed to the changing requirements of the market through the system of vocational training;

-simplification of the procedure for registering the unemployed in employment services;

10.encouragement of employers who maintain existing and create new jobs, primarily for citizens who are in special need of social protection and who experience difficulties in finding a job;

11.a combination of independence of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments in ensuring employment of the population;

12.coordination of activities in the field of employment of the population with activities in other areas of economic and social policy;

13.coordination of the activities of state bodies, trade unions, other representative bodies of employees and employers in the development and implementation of measures to ensure employment of the population;

14.creation of an effective system for the protection of employees through the mechanism of social partnership

An active government policy in the field of employment is carried out through the development and implementation of federal and regional employment programs, which are formed based on the situation on the labor market and the forecast of its development.

The long-term policy of the state at the federal level includes a set of measures to prevent mass unemployment, maintaining it at a socially acceptable level; training and retraining of the workforce that meets the requirements of the market and scientific and technological progress; development and implementation of major programs and projects that ensure the withdrawal of depressed regions from stagnation.

The regional aspect of the state employment policy is implemented through territorial programs for the promotion of employment of the population, annually adopted by the subjects of the Russian Federation, taking into account special factors and conditions that affect the state of the labor market in the regions.

State policy at the regional level is implemented within the framework of the federal program, through the implementation of regional and local programs to promote employment of the population, taking into account the specifics of the demographic and socio-economic development of the territories.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian labor market in the transition period, we can conclude that the officially proclaimed course for the efficient use of resources (including labor), including through the introduction of various forms of economic activity, at the current stage of reforms is still accompanied by the destruction of labor potential. Therefore, the Russian Federation should create the most flexible, legalized labor market that guarantees low unemployment (approximately 4-5% of the economically active population) and sustainable high economic growth rates (3-5% per year with a corresponding increase in wages).

Many shortcomings of previous state programs in the field of employment and the labor market were taken into account in the latest "Concept of Actions on the Labor Market of the Russian Federation", which quite objectively, including in quantitative terms, presents the trends that have developed in the Russian labor market, takes into account all the most his acute problems.

The key task in the labor market is to increase the efficiency of employment, and a number of priority areas have been identified for its solution. These include:

· providing social guarantees to the unemployed and weakly competitive groups of the population;

· delimitation of powers in the field of employment policy and the labor market between levels of government;

· free movement of labor resources across the territory and sectors of the country;

· support for small business and regulation of attraction and use of foreign labor force .

It is planned to develop a forecast of the need for workers and specialists by types of economic activity and regions, and, accordingly, to determine the volume of training of these workers and specialists, as well as the budgetary funds necessary for this.

To solve problems in this direction, a wide, but rather targeted range of measures is provided, such as: expert assessment of the consequences of the country's accession to the WTO; tax incentives for new jobs in "promising sectors of the economy"; development and implementation of special programs to increase labor productivity; analysis of opportunities to increase employment in "problem sectors" (coal, metallurgical, fuel and energy, light industry); support for small businesses both to create jobs, including in rural areas, and to develop the infrastructure of closed administrative-territorial entities, territories of city-forming organizations; development of mechanisms for interaction between subjects of social partnership; development of social planning in organizations; creation of consultation points at enterprises where the release of workers is envisaged, etc.

In the direction of assistance to citizens who are in particular need of social protection, the task of accurate accounting of the unemployed by individual groups and categories has been put forward in the first place in order to implement the principle of targeting in the work of employment services; it also provides for the development of special employment programs for the least protected groups of citizens.

In the field of optimization of employment services, the task was set to develop an information support system for employment service bodies, to provide accessible information for clients of these services.

In general, this Concept is a step forward in comparison with similar previous documents of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Conclusion

The labor market is one of the elements of a market economy and is a system of social relations in coordinating the interests of employers and hired labor.

The formation of the labor market in Russia, its forecasting, is an integral part of the formation market mechanism. The main directions of its regulation should be the struggle against a further decline in production; prevention of mass unemployment; taking measures to improve the standard of living of the population, etc.

At the same time, the problem of employment and unemployment is a key issue in a market economy, and without solving it it is impossible to establish an effective operation of the country's economy.

Until recently, the Government of the Russian Federation did not pay due attention to this problem, which caused fairly fair concerns, because, as a result of unemployment, there is a shortfall in output - a deviation of actual GDP from potential as a result of incomplete use of the total labor force (the higher the unemployment rate, the more GDP lag); reduction in the revenue part of the federal budget as a result of a decrease in tax revenues and a decrease in revenue from the sale of goods; direct losses in personal disposable income and lower living standards for those who become unemployed and their families; an increase in society's costs of protecting workers from losses caused by unemployment: the payment of benefits, the implementation of programs to stimulate employment growth, professional retraining and employment of the unemployed.

At the moment, the unemployment rate in Russia exceeds the level of natural unemployment accepted in the West by 0.6% and amounts to 7.6%, however, in general, over the past 10 years, the total number of unemployed has been gradually decreasing. At the same time, the least employed group is 20-24 years old (graduates of universities), the average age of the unemployed is decreasing. The number of unemployed women is still less than the number of unemployed men, however, the share of the unemployed female population is growing from year to year. The largest number of unemployed in our country have a secondary (complete) general education.

The main way to solve the problem of unemployment in the labor market is the economic growth of production (restoration of mothballed production capacities), which will lead to an increase in the growth rate of the number of people employed in the economy.

In Russia, specific mechanisms of state regulation of the labor market are being formed. Certain steps have already been taken here: the Law on Employment has been adopted, a state employment service has been created, a system of retraining of personnel is being deployed, a living wage and a minimum wage are officially established.

However, in 2014 the level of employment in the Russian Federation will decrease due to the stagnation of the Russian economy. The Ministry of Economic Development for 2014 predicts an increase in the number of unemployed in relation to the economically active population from 5.8 to 5.9%.

The decline in employment is not only a negative factor, belatedly indicating a slowdown in economic growth, but also very positive from the point of view of some minority shareholders. Many investors are betting on companies that are actively cutting staff during a slowdown in the global economy. It is believed that in this way companies reduce costs, and this, in turn, allows them to allocate more funds for development. own production.

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Main functions

The labor market is characterized by two main functions in which its significance is manifested:

• social function means ensuring a decent standard of living for the population by providing employees with wages and other guarantees. Also here we are talking about the quality of education, which should ensure the replacement of qualified personnel.
• economic function is to provide the production and non-production sphere with a sufficient number of personnel to achieve the maximum effect.

The role of the labor market

More narrowly, the essence of the labor market can be reflected in the following functions:

• the establishment of wages for labor, which occurs under the influence of the balance of supply and demand;
• determining the conditions under which hiring and firing are carried out, thus avoiding discrimination;
• formation of norms regarding safety and working conditions;
• education and advanced training in the case when production goes to a fundamentally new level.

Supply and demand

The main categories by which the labor market can be characterized are supply and demand. So, the first concept implies the number of workers of a certain specialty and qualification required at the moment. It is worth noting that, as in the case of the goods market, demand begins to decline as the average wage rises.

Speaking of labor supply, it must be said that this is the number of able-bodied population that is ready to start working. This indicator is also characterized by the qualifications and level of education of potential personnel. Unlike demand, the supply of labor will rise steadily as the average wage rises.

Features of the labor market

Most people are accustomed to apply the concept of "market" only to the economic environment where it is a question of buying and selling certain goods. However, this category also applies to the labor force. Thus, the features of the labor market can be described as follows:

• self-regulation of this mechanism occurs on the assumption that relationships in the economic environment are free and based on the priority of private property;
• each person has the right to independently choose the place and type of work, and no one has the right to force him to do anything (exceptions are forced labor assigned by the verdict of the courts);
• each participant in labor relations has the full right to start his own entrepreneurial activity, both independently and on the basis of partnerships (in this case, he later becomes an employer himself).

The labor market in Russia

In each individual state, working relations are built according to approximately similar principles, but with their own specific points. Thus, the development of the labor market in Russia under the influence of various political and historical processes, which determined some of its features. Before the collapse of the USSR, this area was completely under the control of the state, which excluded such concepts as "shortage of personnel" and "unemployment". With the collapse of the Union, the situation in the economy deteriorated sharply, which led to crisis phenomena and a sharp reduction in the number of employed citizens. Nevertheless, after going through a long period of rehabilitation, the labor market began to return to its normal state again, which is reflected in the balance of labor supply and demand.

An analysis of the labor market, based on statistical data and sociological research, indicates that at the moment the number of unemployed citizens does not exceed 5%, which is a completely acceptable indicator. Nevertheless, it is averaged, and therefore does not provide absolutely objective information. The fact is that unemployment in a number of regions is much more significant, which is due to natural conditions, geographic location and lack of industry.

The main problems of the domestic labor market

The labor market in Russia can be characterized by the presence of a number of significant problems. The main ones can be considered the following:

• Millions of labor migrants arrive in the country every year. Considering that their requirements for wages and working conditions are much more modest than those of citizens of the state, it is quite natural that employers prefer them. This situation is mainly observed in the market of unskilled labor.
• Mismatch between demand and supply of labor force. This is not only about quantitative indicators. The main problem is that employers cannot offer job applicants the desired level of remuneration. This leads to a decrease in the income of the population, as well as to a drain of qualified personnel who find suitable conditions in foreign companies.
• It is quite difficult for citizens from regions with a high unemployment rate to find a job in other areas. This is due to the fact that in almost all organizations, a prerequisite for employment is the presence of a local residence permit or temporary registration.

Legislative regulation

The main legislative act on the basis of which the labor market is regulated is the Law "On Employment of the Population of the Russian Federation". It highlights the following points:

• the procedure for recognizing citizens as unemployed and their respective registration;
• promoting the realization of the right to work;
• the main postulates of state policy regarding the functioning of the labor market;
• measures to improve the situation in the field of employment;
• the order of activity of employment services in the regions;
• defining the rights and obligations of all participants in the labor market;
• the procedure for compiling and analyzing statistical reporting;
• labor rights granted to special unprotected categories of citizens.

In addition to the above law, working relations are also regulated by the Labor and Civil Code.

Structure of the labor market

The modern labor market is characterized by a rather complex structure, which includes the following elements:

• subjects of labor relations, which are applicants for a certain position, as well as directly employers;
• market conditions, which is a combination of supply and demand, as well as working conditions, average wages, education and qualifications;
• legislative acts that contain norms governing labor relations;
• state bodies authorized to resolve issues related to employment;
• alternative employment, which may be expressed in temporary work or part-time employment;
• a system of social guarantees for the unemployed, as well as people unable to work due to physical condition or due to old age;
• educational and informational component aimed at training and retraining of personnel reserves, as well as improving their qualifications.

Competitive labor market model

The labor market, functioning on the basis of a model with pure competition, is characterized by the following features:

• the number of firms operating in the industry is quite large, and therefore there is a high level of competition for labor resources;
• the number of employees of certain qualifications applying for similar positions is also at a significant level;
• the current market situation does not give any party of labor relations the opportunity to dictate conditions regarding wages.

Thus, the system is regulated independently based on market conditions. An increase in the average wage provokes an increase in supply and a decrease in demand. And vice versa.

Monopoly in the labor market

In order for the labor market to be considered monopolistic, it must have a number of mandatory features, namely:

• the bulk of workers of a certain specialty and qualifications are concentrated in a single organization;
• workers do not have alternative employment opportunities (this may be due to economic and geographical features, as well as the specifics of the education received);
• all rights and powers regarding the setting of wages belong exclusively to the hiring company (figures can vary significantly depending on the number of employees).

This situation is typical for small and remote settlements, where there is only one city-forming enterprise or there is a tense situation in terms of employment. The activities of such firms should be monitored by trade unions in order to prevent violations of the rights of the working population.

international experience

The goal of most advanced economies in the world (American, Japanese and many others) is absolute (or full) employment, and the labor market in this case will be considered optimal. To achieve this goal, the following activities are often used:

• support for emerging firms, as well as tight control of large organizations in order to somehow equalize the wages they can offer applicants;
• a rule follows from the previous provision, which obliges enterprises to be solidary in the policy of wages (for example, small organizations overestimate this indicator, while large ones, on the contrary, somewhat underestimate it);
• entrepreneurs receive some benefits and subsidies, in exchange for which they undertake to hire unqualified personnel with decent pay and working conditions;
• those sectors of the economy that produce socially significant products or services receive comprehensive state support even in the case of unsatisfactory economic results.

It should be noted that the labor market is not static, but is prone to constant changes. They can occur both under the influence of market factors, and as a result of intervention by state bodies.

Integral elements of a market economy are the modern labor market and unemployment. In the current conditions of the formation of the market, it is necessary to create effective mechanisms for the use of labor resources in order to move to a new level, reducing the growth of unemployment and social vulnerability of the population.

The labor market in modern economic conditions operates according to the same rules as the market for goods and services. Only the law of supply and demand forms the price of a special commodity - labor power. The object in the labor market are. Obviously this ratio is:

1. If the number of offers in the labor market is greater than the demand for them, a surplus of labor is formed and unemployment occurs.
2. When supply is less than what employers need, there will be a shortage of workers, causing the economy to suffer as well.

If the state does not fully use the available labor resources, then the economic system does not work to the full extent. With more jobs, more social product is produced and people's material needs are better met.

The ideal market model would be a situation where the number of applicants offering their services is equal to the number of required vacancies. Unemployment will then be zero. In a real economy, this cannot be, but the lower the real unemployment rate, the better for the country's economy.

Today's labor market is a system of various mechanisms, legislative norms, public and state institutions, due to which the consumption and reproduction of labor force takes place. It coordinates the interests of employers and employees regarding pay for work and its conditions.

The modern labor market and its requirements for a professional on the part of employers are clearly formulated: not only is a person a good specialist, it must be mobile and versatile.

State regulation

The main role in creating positive trends in the modern labor market should be played by the state, since it can directly regulate employment throughout the country by such measures:

• support for small and medium businesses;
• organization of retraining programs;
• creating conditions for resettlement in regions with a shortage of specialists;
• granting benefits to certain categories of employees;
• creation of additional jobs.

In 2012, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the implementation plan for the program to promote employment of the population for the next three years. It includes various activities that should help speed up the solution of the labor market problem.

Unemployment and the labor market: Video

Features of the Russian labor market

To understand what the modern labor market in Russia is like, you need to familiarize yourself with what individualizes it:

1. High levels of hidden unemployment. It's destabilizing social relations and worsen the economic situation.
2. The private sector is a fairly large consumer of labor.
3. A large number of idle enterprises, and, as a result, part-time employment.
4. There is a very large differentiation by regions within the country in terms of the number of employees and the most demanded industries.
5. The level of unemployment benefits is insufficient.
6. The boundaries between official and shadow employment are rather arbitrary.
7. The employment model is widespread, when the labor force is neither used nor released to other industries.
8. Monopolies are characteristic of certain segments of the labor market.

Unemployment in Russia

A characteristic of the labor market at the present stage is the normal level of unemployment (as of August, Rosstat announced the level of 4.8%). From 4 to 6% is an adequate indicator of unemployment, if it is higher, then we can talk about stagnation in the economy. This level is explained by the fact that only those who applied to public service employment. While many do not have the opportunity or desire to be registered due to the extremely low amount of benefits.

According to official statistics, frictional unemployment is the most common in Russia, followed by structural unemployment, but mostly as a regional problem. The number of unemployed, therefore, can be reduced by a competent redistribution of the labor force.

Regional unemployment is an acute problem in modern Russia, since it not only worsens economic performance, but leads to social tension and the emergence of tendencies for the isolation of individual regions, the development of crime and regional conflicts. On a territorial basis, this is, first of all, North Caucasus. In addition, the crisis is experienced by regions in which industries that are now irrelevant are developed.

Hidden or latent unemployment, which is a problem of the current state of the labor market in Russia, on the one hand, is a normal stage of transition from a planned to a market economy, on the other hand, this period has been excessively prolonged in our country. This contributes to the adaptation of workers to work with changed working conditions, and is an obstacle to the development of mass, officially registered unemployment.

Latent unemployment:

• complicates the formation of effective employment;
• hinders the mobility of labor resources by industry;
• low wages reduce the standard of living of the general population and reinforce the trend towards its stratification.

Causes of unemployment in Russia

To a large extent, the modern labor market and unemployment are influenced by socio-economic causes. The unemployment rate is often used as an indicator of economic development.

For our country, the following main reasons for the lack of jobs can be identified:

1. Structural changes in the economy, the essence of which is that the development of new technologies and equipment requires the reduction of excess labor.
2. The cyclicality of the economy as a whole, when employers are simply forced to reduce their needs, including in labor resources.
3. Seasonal changes.
4. Government labor policy.

Simultaneously increasing the economic efficiency of production and striving for full employment would be utopian. After all, the main factor in the growth of the economy and production - scientific and technological progress - is at the same time one of the main factors in the emergence of unemployment.