Many fundamental questions that arise again and again in every generation among the majority of thinking people do not and cannot have a specific answer, and all arguments and disputes on this issue are nothing but empty polemics. What is the sense of life? What is more important: to love or to be loved? What are feelings, God and man on the scale of the universe? This kind of reasoning also includes the question of in whose hands is the dominance over the world - in the cold fingers of the mind or in the strong and passionate embrace of feelings?
It seems to me that in our world everything is a priori organic, and the mind can have some value only in conjunction with feelings - and vice versa. A world in which everything is subject only to reason is utopian, and the complete primacy of human feelings and passions leads to excessive eccentricity, impulsiveness and tragedies, which are described in romantic works. However, if we approach the question directly, omitting all sorts of "buts", then we can come to the conclusion that, of course, in the world of people, vulnerable beings who need support and emotions, managerial role take on the feelings. It is on love, on friendship, on spiritual connection that the true happiness of a person is built, even if he himself actively denies it.
In Russian literature, there are many contradictory personalities who unsuccessfully deny the need for feelings and emotions in their lives and proclaim reason as the only true category of existence. Such, for example, is the hero of the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time". Pechorin made his choice towards a cynical and cold attitude towards people as a child, faced with misunderstanding and rejection from the people around him. It was after his feelings were rejected that the hero decided that the “salvation” from such emotional experiences would be the complete denial of love, tenderness, care and friendship. Grigory Alexandrovich chose mental development as the only correct way out, a defensive reaction: he read books, talked with interesting people, analyzed society and "played" with people's feelings, thereby compensating for his own lack of emotions, but this still did not help him replace simple human happiness. In the pursuit of mental activity, the hero completely forgot how to be friends, and the moment when in his heart is still sparks of a warm and tender feeling of love lit up, he forcibly suppressed them, forbidding himself to be happy, tried to replace it with travel and beautiful landscapes, but in the end he lost all desire and desire to live. It turns out that without feelings and emotions, any activity of Pechorin was reflected in his fate in black and white and gave him no satisfaction.
The hero of the novel, I.S., found himself in a similar situation. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The difference between Bazarov and Pechorin is that he defended his position in relation to feelings, creativity, faith in a dispute, formed his own philosophy, built on denial and destruction, and even had a follower. Eugene stubbornly and not in vain worked scientific activity and all your free time dedicated to self-development, but the fanatical desire to destroy everything that is not subject to the mind, in the toga turned against him. The whole nihilistic theory of the hero was shattered by unexpected feelings for a woman, and this love not only cast a shadow of doubt and confusion on all of Yevgeny's activities, but also greatly shook his worldview position. It turns out that any, even the most desperate attempts to destroy feelings and emotions in oneself are nothing compared to the seemingly insignificant, but such a strong feeling of love. Probably, the resistance of the mind and feelings has always been and will be in our lives - such is the essence of a person, a creature that is "amazingly vain, truly incomprehensible and eternally hesitant." But it seems to me that in this totality, in this confrontation, in this uncertainty, lies the whole charm of human life, all her excitement and interest.
Based on a brief commentary on the first direction for the final essay, I tried to find quote topics for it. I invite colleagues to discuss them, I suggest that my students choose the quote closest to their soul and try their hand at presenting thoughts.
"The direction involves thinking about reason and feeling as the two most important components of a person's inner world, which influence his aspirations and actions. Reason and feeling can be considered both in a harmonious unity and in a complex confrontation that constitutes the internal conflict of the individual.
The theme of mind and feeling is interesting for writers different cultures and eras: heroes literary works often find themselves faced with a choice between the command of feeling and the prompting of reason.
Topics reflecting the unity of mind and feelings:
1. "Wisdom is a combination of knowledge and feelings." Ivan Efremov
2. "Morality is the mind of the heart." Heinrich Heine
3. “Reason gains value only when it serves love.” A. de Saint-Exupery
4. “When the heart sings from love, the mind should not sing along, but conduct.” Vadim Panov
5. "Heart and mind are strong only when they are at the same time." Ludmila Tatyanicheva
6. “An enlightened mind ennobles moral feelings; the head must educate the heart.” Friedrich Schiller
7. "Reason and passion - the rudder and sails ... of the soul floating on the sea." Joubran Hamil (Lebanese writer)
8. “The heart, imagination and mind are the environment where what we call culture is born.” K.G. Paustovsky
9. "All knowledge originates from the mind and comes from the senses." Francesco Patrici (Italian and Croatian philosopher)
Topics reflecting the confrontation between mind and feelings, which constitutes the internal conflict of the personality:
1. When the mind and heart are out of tune
2.« If the heart and mind started a dispute, do not wait for yourself of good". Ludmila Tatyanicheva
3. "The main reason for the mistakes made by a person lies in the constant struggle of feelings with reason." Blaise Pascal
There is huge scope for argumentation of judgments expressing the essence of each topic. Moreover, in most of the works one can find both heroes "possessing the mind of the heart" and those whose "mind and heart are not in harmony." Sometimes the same character finds himself in one situation or another.
I will name only a few such works from Russian and foreign literature: A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", V.V. Veresaev "Competition", A.I. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet", I.A. Bunin. Stories from the series Dark alleys", A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor", V. G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera", I. Efremov "The Andromeda Nebula", A. de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince", Ray Bradbury "451 degrees Fahrenheit" and etc.
"Reason and feelings." Interpretation of concepts
Intelligence
- Mind is the highest stage of human cognitive activity, the ability to think logically, generalized and abstractly. (Efremova T.F. New dictionary Russian language. Explanatory derivational)
- The ability to think universally, in contrast to the directly given individual facts, with which the thinking of animals is exclusively occupied. (Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary)
- Reason as a moral category is the ability of a person to be responsible for his actions, to predict the consequences of words and actions.
- Reason allows a person to weigh everything, comprehend the main thing, the essence of what is happening, and, having comprehended, accept the right decision about their actions and deeds.
- The mind is able to objectively assess what is happening, not to succumb to emotions, to reason sensibly. This is an understanding of what is happening around and in the person himself.
- It is the mind that allows a person to control his actions, not to go beyond what is permitted, those laws and moral principles that are accepted in society, that is, to behave "reasonably"
- Reason is the ability of a person to single out true values in life, to distinguish them from imaginary, false ones. Reasonably reasoning and analyzing, a person is able to choose the right moral guidelines, ideals.
- Each person chooses his own path in life, for this he was given reason.
The senses
- The ability of a living being to perceive external impressions, to feel, to experience something. (Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language. Edited by D.N. Ushakov)
- The internal, mental state of a person, what is included in the content of his spiritual life. (Efremova T. F. New dictionary of the Russian language. Explanatory and derivational)
- Feelings as a moral category is the ability of a person to emotionally perceive everything around, experience, sympathize, suffer, rejoice, grieve.
- A person can experience many different feelings. A sense of beauty, justice, shame, bitterness, joy, dissatisfaction, empathy and many, many others.
- Feelings alone make him stronger. Others are ruined. And here the mind comes to the rescue, helping to take the right step.
- Feelings make a person's life brighter, richer, more interesting, and simply happier.
- Feelings allow a person to subjectively perceive the environment, evaluate what is happening depending on the mood in this moment. This assessment will not always be objective, and often very far from it. Feelings can overwhelm a person, and the mind is not always able to calm them down. Over time, things can look very different.
- Feelings are the prevailing attitude of a person towards something. Many feelings become the basis of his character: a feeling of love for the Motherland, respect for loved ones, elders, a sense of justice, pride in the country.
- Don't confuse feelings with emotions. Emotions are short-lived, often momentary. Feelings are more stable. They often define the essence of the individual.
- A person lives by both reason and feelings. Both of these human abilities make life richer, more diverse, more valuable. Harmony of mind and feelings is a sign of high spirituality of a person. It allows him to live his life with dignity.
Final essay- this is an exam format that allows you to evaluate several aspects of a student's knowledge at once. Among them: vocabulary, knowledge of literature, the ability to express their point of view in writing. In a word, this format makes it possible to assess the student's general knowledge of both the language and subject knowledge.
1. 3 hours 55 minutes are allotted for the final essay, the recommended length is 350 words.
2. Date of the final essay 2016-2017. In 2015-2016 academic year it was held on December 2, 2015, February 3, 2016, May 4, 2016. In 2016-2017 - December 7, February 1, May 17.
3. The final essay (statement) is held on the first Wednesday of December, the first Wednesday of February and the first working Wednesday of May.
The purpose of the essay is reasoning, a competently and clearly built point of view of the student using examples from the literature within the framework of a given topic. It is important to note that the topics do not indicate a specific work for analysis, it is of an oversubject nature.
Topics of the final essay on literature 2016-2017
Topics are formed from two lists: open and closed. The first is known in advance, reflects approximate general themes, they are formulated as concepts that contradict each other.
A closed list of topics is announced 15 minutes before the start of the composition - these are more specific topics.
An open list of topics for the final essay 2016-2017:
1. "Mind and Feeling",
2. "Honor and dishonor",
3. "Victory and defeat",
4. "Experience and mistakes",
5. "Friendship and enmity".
The topics are presented in a problematic way, the names of the topics are antonyms.
An approximate list of references for all those who will write the final essay (2016-2017):
1. A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
2. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
3. A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter", "Eugene Onegin", "The Stationmaster"
4. B.L. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists",
5. V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
6. V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
7. V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
8. Henry Marsh "Do No Harm"
9. Daniel Defoe "Robinson Crusoe",
10. Jack London "White Fang",
11. Jack London "Martin Eden",
12. I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"
13. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
14. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
15. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
16. M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
17. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "The Idiot"
18. E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea",
19. E.M. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front",
20. E.M. Remarque "Three Comrades".
Argumenyou to the topic "Mind and feeling"
The point of view must be argued, in order to correctly formulate it, one should involve literary material corresponding to the topic. The argument is the main component of the essay, is one of the evaluation criteria. It has the following requirements:
1. Relevant to the theme
2. Include literary material
3. Be inscribed in the text logically, in accordance with the overall composition
4. Be communicated through quality writing
5. Be well-designed.
To the topic "Reason and Feeling" one can take arguments from the works of I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa", Jane Austen "Sense and Sensibility".
Examples of final essays
There are a number of essay templates. They are evaluated according to five criteria, here is an example of an essay that scored the highest score:
An example of an essay on the topic: "Should reason prevail over feelings?"
What to listen to, to reason or feelings - every person asks such a question. It is especially acute when the mind dictates one thing, and feelings contradict it. What is the voice of reason, when a person should listen more precisely to his advice, a person decides for himself, the same with feelings. Undoubtedly, the choice in favor of one or the other depends on specific situation. For example, even a child knows that in a stressful situation one should not panic, it is better to listen to reason. It is important not only to listen to both reason and feelings, but also to really learn to distinguish situations when it is necessary to listen to the first or to the second to a greater extent.
Since the question has always been relevant, it has found wide circulation both in Russian and in foreign literature. Jane Austen in the novel "Sense and Sensibility" on the example of two sisters reflected this eternal contradiction. Elinor, the eldest of the sisters, is sensible, but not devoid of feelings, she just knows how to manage them. Mariana is in no way inferior to her older sister, but prudence is not inherent in her in anything. The author showed how their characters affected in the test of love. In the case of her older sister, her prudence almost played a cruel joke on her, thanks to her reserved nature, she did not immediately let her lover know what she felt. Mariana, on the other hand, became a victim of feelings, so she was deceived by a young man who took advantage of her gullibility and married a wealthy lady. Eventually elder sister was ready to put up with loneliness, but the man of her heart, Edward Ferras, makes a choice in her favor, refusing not only the inheritance, but also his word: engagement with an unloved woman. Marianna, after a serious illness and deceit, grows up and agrees to an engagement with a 37-year-old captain, for whom she does not have romantic feelings, but deeply respects.
A similar choice is made by the characters in A.P. Chekhov "About Love". However, Alekhin and Anna Luganovich, succumbing to the call of reason, give up their happiness, which makes their act right in the eyes of society, but deep down in their souls, both heroes are unhappy.
So what is the mind: logic, common sense Or just a boring mind? Can feelings interfere with a person's life or, on the contrary, provide an invaluable service? There is no unequivocal answer in this dispute, whom to listen to: reason or feeling. Both are equally important for a person, so you just need to learn how to use them correctly.
Do you have any questions? Ask them in our group in VK:
Thematic direction
"Mind and Feelings"
Universal intro
- Feelings are our reaction to the events of the external world, our internal installations. Like or dislike, admire or leave indifferent, cause fear or confidence. Reason is the ability to discover and cognize the laws of the world.
Alexander Evgenievich Gavryushkin
- There are no feelings without reason, and reason without feelings. How many colors, tones, shades. "I love you" - breaks out of the mouth, And the mind with feelings go wall to wall. Are they enemies, friends, antibodies? What do they have in common, and what distinguishes them? For the mind, the most important thing is And feelings of love only think ... When they are united, it is an explosion. An explosion of happiness that illuminates everything around, And if apart - a painful abscess, Which, inflamed, interferes with life. All knowledge without feelings is, alas, dead. We cannot build happiness on knowledge. What good is it that we are so intelligent? Our mind without love is worth so little!
- Feelings whisper to us: “Give everything to love ...”, And the mind says: "Actually You're making a mistake, don't rush! Wait a little, at least a week ... " So what's more important? Almighty, tell me... Perhaps the mind doing miracles, Or our feelings, because without them, alas, We do not know true love? There are no feelings without reason and no reason without feelings. White helps to see black. A world without love is so uncomfortable empty In it, our rebellious mind is lonely.
Possible abstracts
- "GOOD FEELINGS" GET OVER THE MIND. THE VOICE OF MERCY IS STRONGER THAN REASONAL REASONS.
(Very often there are situations when a person acts according to the dictates of the heart against the voice of reason. For example, this happens when we are driven by sympathy.
Sometimes, helping someone, you have to break the rules, act contrary to your interests. The voice of mercy is stronger than the arguments of reason.)
Arguments
Many writers have addressed the theme of mercy. So, in the story of Valentin Petrovich Rasputin "French Lessons" tells about the teacher Lidia Mikhailovna, who could not remain indifferent to the plight of her student (game for money) ....
In the story of Andrei Platonovich Platonov "Yushka" main character, whose name the story is named, also lives more by feelings than by reason (almost all the money earned at the forge is an orphan. And he himself ...)
Possible abstracts
2. NEGATIVE FEELINGS SOMETIMES OVERCOME THE CONCEPTS OF GOOD AND EVIL. THE CONSEQUENCES OF ACTION DUE TO SUCH FEELINGS CAN BE TRAGIC.
(Sometimes it happens that a person is possessed by negative feelings: anger, resentment, envy. Seized by them, he commits deeds worthy of condemnation, although, of course, he is aware that he is doing evil. The consequences of such actions can be tragic)
Arguments
Let us turn to the story of Anna Mass "The Trap", which describes the act of the girl Valentina. The heroine has a dislike for her brother's wife Rita. This feeling is so strong that Valentina decides to set a trap for her daughter-in-law: ...
The story allows you to think about the fact that you can not succumb to the power of negative feelings, as they can provoke cruel acts, which you will then have to bitterly regret.
Anna Vladimirovna Mass (b. 1935)
Her characters go on hikes, help their parents, go to school, read a lot, do their homework, correct bad grades, fall in love, get jealous, quarrel... Most often, the story is told from the perspective of a teenage girl who is going through the time of growing up, becoming a person.
Possible Arguments
3. MIND OVERCOMES FEELINGS. THIS COULD BE TRAGIC.
( Should a person always listen to the voice of reason? At first glance it seems that yes. However, the mind does not always give the right advice. Unfortunately, sometimes it happens that actions dictated by rational arguments lead to negative consequences)
Arguments
Let us turn to the story of A.P. Chekhov "In the pharmacy". The author describes the home teacher Svoykin, who, being seriously ill, immediately after seeing the doctor came to the pharmacy ...
After reading this short story, we see that not always reasonable decisions lead to good. Sometimes they have very tragic consequences.
Arguments
And in the story of A.P. Chekhov "About Love" we get to know
sad story of the relationship of the main characters ...
… . Love cannot be guided by any
rules, however Alekhin and Anna Luganovich
succumbing to the call of reason, abandon their
happiness, lock love in a case, and both deeply
unhappy
The story of Albert Likhanov "Labyrinth".
(Giving in to the pressure of the family, the hero sacrifices his feelings to reason: he refuses his favorite job in favor of earning)
Possible abstracts
4. MIND AND FEELINGS. THE TRAGEDY OF CHOICE
(Feelings or reason? Sometimes situations arise in our lives in which there is no right choice. Listening to feelings, a person will sin against moral standards and doom himself to tragic consequences; listening to reason, he too will suffer. There may not be a path that would lead to a successful resolution of the situation)
Arguments
- A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" (The tragedy of the fate of Pushkin's heroine is that the choice between reason and feeling in her situation is a choice without a choice, any decision will only lead to suffering (Episodes of Tatyana's meeting with Onegin after marriage))
- The story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" (Andriy's love for a beautiful Polish girl)
Possible abstracts
5. "LEARN TO CONTROL YOURSELF." A PERSON SHOULD BE ABLE TO COME WITH NEGATIVE FEELINGS.
(Succumb to feelings or overcome them? Probably, there is no definite answer. Of course, if we are driven by “good feelings”, for example, compassion, a desire to help, then we should listen to them. If these feelings are negative, destructive, we need to be able to tame them, listen to reason)
Arguments
So, in the story of Anna Mass "A Difficult Exam" it is said about a girl, Anna Gorchakova, who managed to withstand a difficult test ...
The writer wants to teach us a lesson: no matter how strong negative feelings are, we must be able to cope with them and go towards our goal, despite disappointments and failures.
Homework(by Tuesday)
Using the first thesis, write an essay on the topic
“Do the rational and the moral always coincide?”
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