How to calculate heating radiators so that the temperature in the apartment is extremely comfortable is a question that arises for everyone who decides to repair. Too few sections will not fully warm up the room, and the excess will only entail too much spending on utilities. So, what needs to be considered in order to correctly calculate the dimensions of the batteries?
Preliminary preparation
What must be considered to calculate the power of a heating radiator per room:
- determine the temperature regime and potential thermal losses;
- develop optimal technical solutions;
- determine the type of thermal equipment;
- establish financial and thermal criteria;
- take into account the reliability and technical parameters of heating devices;
- draw up heat pipe diagrams and the location of batteries for each room;
Without the help of specialists and additional programs, it is quite difficult to calculate the number of sections of heating radiators. In order for the calculation to be most accurate, one cannot do without a thermal imager or programs specially installed for this.
What happens if the calculations are done incorrectly? The main consequence is a lower temperature in the rooms, and consequently, the operating conditions will not correspond to the desired. Too powerful heating devices will lead to excessive spending both on the devices themselves and their installation, and on utilities.
Self calculations
You can roughly calculate what the battery power should be using only a tape measure to measure the length and width of the walls and a calculator. But the accuracy of such calculations is extremely low. The error will be 15-20%, but this is quite acceptable.
Calculations depending on the type of heating devices
When choosing a model, keep in mind that the thermal power depends on the material from which they are made. Methods for calculating the size of sectional batteries do not differ, but the results will come out different. There are averages. They should be guided by, choosing the optimal number of heating devices. Power of heaters with sections of 50 cm:
- aluminum batteries - 190 W;
- bimetallic - 185 W;
- cast iron heating devices - 145 W;
- aluminum - 1.9-2 sq.m.;
- aluminum and steel - 1.8 sq.m.;
- cast iron - 1.4-1.5 square meters;
Here is an example of calculating the number of sections of aluminum heating radiators. Let's say that the dimensions of the room are 16 square meters. It turns out that a room of this size needs 16m2 / 2m2 = 8 pcs. By the same principle, count for cast iron or bimetallic appliances. It is only important to know exactly the norm - the above parameters are correct for models with a height of 0.5 meters.
At the moment, models from 20 to 60 cm are produced. Accordingly, the area that the section can heat will differ. The most low-power models are curb ones, 20 cm high. If you decide to purchase a thermal unit of non-standard sizes, then you will have to make adjustments to the calculation formula. Look for the necessary data in the data sheet.
When making adjustments, it should be borne in mind that the size of the batteries directly affects heat transfer. Therefore, the smaller the height with the same width, the smaller the area, and with them the power. For correct calculations, find the ratio of the heights of the selected model and the standard one, and use the data obtained to correct the result.
Let's say you have chosen models with a height of 40 cm. In this case, the calculation of the number of sections of aluminum heating radiators per room area will look like this:
- we will use the previous calculations: 16m2 / 2m2 = 8 pieces;
- calculate the coefficient 50cm / 40cm = 1.25;
- correct the calculations according to the main formula - 8pcs * 1.25 \u003d 10 pcs.
The calculation of the number of heating radiators by volume begins, first of all, with the collection of the necessary information. What parameters need to be taken into account:
- Housing area.
- Ceiling height.
- The number and area of door and window openings.
- Temperature conditions outside the window during the heating season.
The norms and rules established for the power of heating parts regulate the minimum allowable indicator per square meter. apartment meter - 100 watts. The calculation of heating radiators by the volume of the room will be more accurate than the one in which only the length and width are taken as the basis. The final results are adjusted depending on the individual characteristics of a particular room. This is done by multiplying by the adjustment factor.
When calculating the power of heating appliances, the average ceiling height is taken - 3 m. For apartments with a ceiling of 2.5 meters, this coefficient will be 2.5m / 3m = 0.83, for apartments with high ceilings of 3.85 meters - 3.85m / 3m = 1.28. Corner rooms will require additional adjustments. The final data is multiplied by 1.8.
The calculation of the number of sections of the heating radiator by the volume of the room should be carried out with adjustments if the room has one large window or several windows at once (factor 1.8).
The bottom connection will also require you to make your own adjustments. In this case, the coefficient will be 1.1.
In areas with extreme weather, where winter temperatures reach record lows, capacity must be doubled.
Plastic double-glazed windows, on the contrary, will require a downward adjustment, a coefficient of 0.8 is taken as the basis.
In the above data, average values are given, since they were not additionally taken into account:
- thickness and material of walls and ceilings;
- glazing area;
- flooring material;
- the presence or absence of insulation on the floor;
- curtains and curtains in window openings.
Additional options for more accurate calculations
An accurate calculation of the number of heating radiators per area will not do without data from technical documents. This is important in order to more accurately determine the value of heat loss. The best way to determine the level of heat loss is with a thermal imager. The device will quickly determine the coldest areas in the room.
Everything would be much easier if each apartment was built according to a standard layout, but this is far from being the case. Each house or city apartment has its own characteristics. Given the many characteristics (the number of window and door openings, the height of the walls, the area of \u200b\u200bhousing, etc.), the question reasonably arises: how to calculate the number of heating radiators?
The peculiarities of the exact technique are that more coefficients are needed for calculations. One of the important values to calculate is the amount of heat. The formula is different from the previous ones and looks like this: CT \u003d 100 W / m2 * P * K1 * K2 * K3 * K4 * K5 * K6 * K7.
More about each value:
- CT - the amount of heat that is needed for heating.
- P - the dimensions of the room m2.
- K1 - the value of this coefficient takes into account the quality of window glazing: double - 1.27; plastic windows with double glazing - 1.0; with triple - 0.85.
- K2 - coefficient taking into account the level of thermal insulation characteristics of walls: low - 1.27; good (for example, two-layer brickwork) - 1.0; high - 0.85.
- K3 - this value takes into account the ratio of the areas of window openings and floors: 50% - 1.2; 40% - 1.1; 30% - 1.0; 20% - 0.9; 10% - 0.8.
- K4 - coefficient depending on the average temperature indicators of air in the winter season: - 35 ° С - 1.5; - 25 ° С - 1.3; - 20 ° С - 1.1; - 15 ° С - 0.9; -10 ° С - 0.7.
- K5 depends on the number of external walls of the building, the data of this coefficient are as follows: one - 1.1; two - 1.2; three - 1.3; four - 1.4.
- K6 is calculated based on the type of premises located on the floor above: attic - 1.0; heated attic room - 0.9; heated apartment - 0.8.
- K7 - the last of the correction values \u200b\u200band depends on the height of the ceiling: 2.5 m - 1.0; 3.0 m - 1.05; 3.5 m - 1.1; 4.0 m - 1.15; 4.5 m - 1.2.
The described calculation of heating battery sections by area is the most accurate, since it takes into account much more nuances. The number obtained during these calculations is divided by the heat transfer value. The final result is rounded up to an integer.
Temperature adjustment
The data sheet of the heater indicates the maximum power. For example, if the water temperature in the heating pipeline is 90°C during supply and 70°C in reverse mode, the apartment will be +20°C. Such parameters are usually denoted as follows: 90/70/20, but the most common capacities in modern apartments are 75/65/20 and 55/45/20.
For a correct calculation, you must first calculate the temperature difference - this is the difference between the temperature of the battery itself and the air in the apartment. Please note that the average value between the flow and return temperatures is taken for calculations.
How to calculate the number of sections of aluminum radiators, taking into account the above parameters? For a better understanding of the issue, calculations will be made for aluminum batteries in two modes: high temperature and low temperature (calculation for standard models with a height of 50 cm). The dimensions of the room are the same - 16 sq. m.
One section of an aluminum radiator in the 90/70/20 mode heats 2 square meters. Therefore, to fully heat the room, you will need 16m2 / 2m2 = 8 pcs. When calculating the size of batteries for the 55/45/20 mode, you first need to calculate the temperature difference. So, the formulas for both systems are:
- 90/70/20 - (90+70)/2-20 = 60°С;
- 55/45/20 - (55+45)/2-20 = 30°C.
Therefore, at low-temperature conditions, it is necessary to increase the size of the heaters by 2 times. Given this example, in a room of 16 sq. meters need 16 aluminum sections. Please note that for cast iron appliances you will need 22 sections for the same area of \u200b\u200bthe room and for the same temperature systems. Such a battery will turn out to be too large and massive, so cast iron is least suitable for low-temperature structures.
Using this formula, you can easily calculate how many sections of radiators are needed per room, taking into account the desired temperature regime. In order for the apartment to be + 25 ° C in winter, simply change the temperature data in the heat head formula, and substitute the resulting coefficient into the formula for calculating the size of the batteries. Suppose, with parameters 90/70/25, the coefficient will be as follows: (90 + 70) / 2 - 25 \u003d 55 ° С.
If you do not want to spend time calculating heating radiators, you can use online calculators or special programs installed on your computer.
How to use the online calculator
Calculate how many sections of heating radiators per sq. you will need a meter, you can use special calculators that will calculate everything in the blink of an eye. Such programs can be found on the official websites of some manufacturers. These calculators are easy to use. Just enter all the relevant data in the fields and you will instantly receive the exact result. To calculate how many sections of heating radiators you need per square meter, you need to enter data (power, temperature, etc.) for each room separately. If the rooms are not separated by doors, add up their total dimensions, and the heat will spread through both rooms.
During the cold season, heating is the most important communication system that is responsible for comfortable living in the house. Heating batteries are part of this system. The general temperature regime of the room will depend on their number and area. Therefore, a correctly calculated number of radiator sections is the key to the efficient operation of the entire system, plus fuel savings used to heat the coolant.
In this article:
What you need for independent calculations
Things to consider:
- the size of the rooms where they will be installed;
- the number of windows and entrance doors, their area;
- materials from which the house was built (in this case, walls, floor and ceiling are taken into account);
- the location of the room relative to the cardinal points;
- technical parameters of the heating device.
If you are not a specialist, it will be very difficult to independently carry out calculations using all the listed criteria. Therefore, many private developers use a simplified methodology that allows you to calculate only the approximate number of radiators for a room.
If you want to make accurate calculations, use the calculated calculations according to SNiP.
Calculation method according to SNiP
Table of approximate calculations
The SNiP stipulates that the optimal variant of the required number of radiator sections depends on the indicator of the thermal energy that they emit. It should be equal to 100 W per 1 m² of room area.
The formula is used for calculation: N=Sx100/P
- N is the number of battery sections;
- S is the area of the room;
- P - section power (this indicator can be found in the product passport).
But since additional indicators must be taken into account in the calculation, new variables are added to the formula.
Corrections to the formula
- If the house has plastic windows, you can reduce the number of sections by 10%. That is, a coefficient of 0.9 is added for the calculation.
- If a ceiling height is 2.5 meters, a factor of 1.0 is applied. If the ceiling height is greater, then the coefficient increases to 1.1-1.3
- The number and thickness of the outer walls also affect this parameter: the thicker the walls, the lower the coefficient.
- The number of windows also affects heat loss. Each window adds 5% to the coefficient.
- If a heated attic or attic is organized above the room, the number of sections can be reduced specifically in this room.
- corner room or room with balcony add an additional 1.2 coefficients to the formula.
- Batteries hidden in a niche and covered with a decorative screen add 15% to the final figure.
Using additional adjustments, you will find out how many sections to put in each room. And you can easily find out how many radiators you need per square meter.
How to calculate the number of sections: an example on cast iron batteries
Let's calculate how many cast-iron radiator sections need to be installed in a room with two two-chamber plastic windows with a ceiling height of 2.7 m, the area of which is 22 m².
Mathematical formula: (22x100/145)x1.05x1.1x0.9=15.77
We round the resulting number to a whole - it turns out 16 sections: two batteries for each window, 8 sections each.
Explanation on coefficients:
- 1.05 is a 5% markup for the second window;
- 1.1 is an increase in the height of the ceiling;
- 0.9 is a reduction for the installation of plastic windows.
Let's face it - this option, as noted above, is difficult for a simple consumer. But there are simplified ways, which will be discussed below.
Effect of material on the number of sections
Developers often face the question, in the context of the material from which they are made. After all, steel, cast iron, copper, aluminum has its own heat transfer index, and this must also be taken into account in the calculations.
As mentioned above, this parameter can be found in the product passport.
For example:
- Cast iron radiator has a heat output of 145 watts.
- Aluminum - 190 W.
- Bimetallic - 185 watts.
From this list, we can conclude that the number of aluminum sections will be used less than, say, cast iron. And more than bimetallic. And this is with all the other parameters mentioned above being the same.
Calculation by room area
The same formula is used here - N \u003d Sx100 / P, with one caveat: ceiling height should not exceed 2.6 m.
We use the parameters that were taken into account in the example with a cast-iron battery, but we will make some changes regarding the number of windows.
- For simplicity of the example, let's take just one window: 22x100/145=15.17
You can round down to 15 sections, but keep in mind that the missing section can reduce the temperature by a couple of degrees, which will lead to an overall decrease in the comfort of being in the room.
Calculation by room volume
In this case thermal energy is the main indicator, equal to 41 W per 1 m³. This is also a standard value. True, in rooms with double-glazed windows, a value equal to 34 watts is used.
- 22x2.6x41 / 145 \u003d 16.17 - rounded up, it turns out 16 sections.
Pay attention to one very subtle nuance.
Manufacturers, indicating the amount of heat transfer in the product passport, take it into account according to the maximum parameter. In other words, they believe that the temperature of the hot water in the system will be maximum. In real life this is not always true. Therefore, we strongly recommend that you round the final result up.
And if the power of the section is determined by the manufacturer in a certain range (a plug is set between two indicators), then choose a lower indicator for calculations.
Calculation by eye
Heat loss in an apartment building
This option is suitable for those who absolutely do not understand anything in mathematical calculations. Divide the area of \u200b\u200bthe room by the standard indicator - 1 section per 1.8 m².
- 22 / 1.8 \u003d 12.22 - rounded up, it turns out 13 sections.
Keep in mind: the ceiling height should not exceed 2.7 m. If the ceiling is higher, you will have to calculate using a more complex formula.
As you can see, you can calculate the required number of sections for a room in different ways. If you want to get an accurate result, use the calculation according to SNiP. You will not be able to decide on additional coefficients - choose any other simplified option.
A properly built heating system creates comfortable conditions for staying in a house, apartment or any other type of room. Its main element is a battery or, as it is often called, a heating radiator. When designing a system on your own, it is important not only to select a product according to technical characteristics, but also to calculate heating radiators. Only in this case the system will be effective and balanced.
When installing radiators in a house, not only the characteristics are important, but also the number of batteries
The device of heating systems
In any heating system that uses water as a heat carrier, two basic elements always apply- pipes and radiators. The heating of the room occurs as follows: heated water is supplied through pipes under pressure or by gravity into the water supply system. This system contains water-filled batteries. After filling the radiator, water enters the pipe leading it back to the place of heating. There it is again heated to the desired temperature and re-directed to the battery. That is, the movement of the coolant occurs in a circle.
The heating system must have pipes and batteries To achieve the greatest efficiency, the batteries are arranged according to the developed rules. It is customary to place them in places where cold air enters, so they are mounted under window sills.
As a result, cold air mixes faster with warm air coming from the radiator, and there are fewer zones of different temperatures.
During installation, the following recommendations should be observed:
The installation of a wide heating device forms a thermal curtain, but it is undesirable to exceed the calculated number of radiator sections so as not to lose battery power. Therefore, if the window is wide, the heating device should be selected so that it is elongated, or several radiators should be installed.
Covering the heaters with any object may reduce the heat dissipation efficiency of the system.
This is due to an increase in dust formation due to the increased speed of air movement and an artificial barrier to warm flows.
Types of heating devices
Batteries are used to transfer heat from heated water to the environment. The principle of operation of products is based on the use of materials as heaters that are able to take energy from the coolant and transfer it in the form of heat radiation. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of a radiator is transmission efficiency.
The efficiency of radiators is affected by the material and shape of the sections. In addition to the material used, this characteristic is also affected by the design features of the products. They must take into account that warm air is lighter than cold air due to its rarefied state. Passing through the heating radiator, it heats up and rises, drawing in a portion of cold air, which also heats up.
There are several options that differ in appearance, the shape of the sections and the material used to create the product. Modern batteries, depending on the material used for their manufacture, are divided into the following types:
- cast iron;
- aluminum;
- steel;
- bimetallic;
- copper;
- plastic.
Modern radiators can consist of different metals, and also contain several types of metals. In addition to heat transfer, an important parameter is the ability of radiators to withstand the required pressure created in the heating system. So, when heating a multi-storey building, a pressure of about 8–9.5 atmospheres is considered the norm. But when the circuit is built incorrectly, it can drop to 5 atmospheres. For two-story buildings, the value of 1.5–2 atmospheres is considered the best indicator. The same value is acceptable for private households.
If the battery is designed for lower pressure and a water hammer occurs in the circuit, then it will simply break with all the ensuing consequences. Therefore, most often preference is given to cast iron, aluminum and bimetallic structures.
Cast iron products
Cast iron radiators look like an accordion. Them distinguishes simplicity of design and accuracy. Today they are especially popular with designers when creating a retro style. Batteries made of cast iron are characterized by low thermal conductivity: in order to warm up the radiator to +45°C, the carrier temperature should be around +70…+80°C. The devices are mounted on reinforced brackets or installed on special legs.
Cast iron batteries have a rather low thermal conductivity, but cool down for a long time Batteries of this type are recruited from sections that are interconnected using a key. The points of attachment of the parts are carefully sealed with paronite or rubber gaskets. As a rule, one section of a modern radiator has a thermal power of about 140 W (against 170 W of the Soviet model). One section holds about one liter of water.
The advantage of cast iron is that it does not corrode, so it can be used with any quality of water.
The service life of the device is about 35 years. Special care for this type of battery is not needed. Cast iron batteries heat up for a long time, but at the same time they cool down for a long time. They calmly endure pressure of 12 atmospheres. On average, one section can heat from 0.66 m² to 1.45 m² of area.
aluminum heater
There are two ways to make aluminum batteries - casting and extrusion. The first type of device is made in the form of a single piece, and the second - sectional. Cast batteries are designed for use at a pressure of 16-20 atmospheres, and extrusion - from 10 to 40 atmospheres. Preference is given to cast radiators due to greater reliability.
Aluminum radiators have good thermal conductivity, but are prone to rapid contamination. The heat dissipation of the battery, according to the manufacturers, can reach 200 W at a carrier temperature of + 70 ° C. In practice, when the coolant is heated to +50°C, an aluminum section measuring 100 x 600 x 80 mm heats about 1.2 m³, which corresponds to a heat transfer of 120 watts. The volume of one section is about 500 ml.
It should be noted that such heaters are sensitive to the quality of the coolant and quickly become contaminated with the risk of gas formation. When installing them, a water purification system is required.
Recently, aluminum models have appeared on the market that use anodized oxidation treatment. This makes it possible to practically eliminate the occurrence of oxygen corrosion.
Bimetallic structures
Bimetal radiators are assembled from steel pipes and aluminum panels. Due to the use of aluminum, they are characterized by high heat transfer. These types of batteries are durable, their service life is about 20 years. At a coolant temperature of +70°C, the average heat transfer is 170–190 W. Such a device can withstand pressure up to 35 atmospheres.
This type of radiator contains two types of metals and combines their properties Bimetallic radiators are available with different center distances: 20, 30, 35, 50, 80 cm. This allows them to be built into various niche shapes, even into completely square ones. Sections can be typed in any number, while they are completely identical on the left and right.
To protect against corrosion, the inner pipes are coated with polymers. They are not subject to electrochemical corrosion. Such radiators are not afraid of water hammer and high temperatures. Therefore, bimetal radiators are products with the best performance provided by the aluminum casing, they are strong, durable and stable due to the internal steel structure.
Their only drawback is their high price.
Simple calculation
If everything is decided with the type of batteries used, then you can begin to determine the optimal number of batteries and their sections. To do this, you need to measure the area of \u200b\u200bthe room in which it is planned to install radiators, and find out the power of one section of the battery planned for installation. Its value is taken from the passport for the product. After that, it will not be difficult to calculate the required number of batteries per room.
Calculating the number of sections in the house is very simple using the formula The calculation of the volume of the room is carried out according to the formula: V = S * H, m³, where:
- S - room area (width times length), m².
- H - room height, m.
It is believed that for heating 1 m² it is necessary to provide a thermal power of 100 W per hour. This rule was applied in Soviet times for rooms with a ceiling height of 2.5–2.7 m and did not take into account the thickness and type of partitions in the building, the number of windows and doors, and the climate zone.
K = Q1 / Q2 where:
- K - number of sections, pcs.
- Q1 - required thermal power, W.
- Q2 - heat transfer of one section, W.
For example, for a room of 20 m² with two windows and a ceiling height of 2.7 meters, you will need 2 kW of power per hour. Therefore, when using a bimetallic radiator with a section power of 170 W, you will need their number equal to: K \u003d 2000 W / 170 W \u003d 11.7. That is, 12 battery sections are needed for the entire area. Since the radiators are located under the windows, depending on their number, the number of batteries is determined. For the case under consideration, it will be necessary to purchase 2 batteries of 6 sections each.
But if the height of the room differs from 2.7 m, then the number of sections should be determined taking into account the volume. To do this, a coefficient is introduced equal to 41 W of thermal power per 1 m² in the case of a panel house and 34 W if the house is brick. The calculation is carried out according to the formula: P = V * k, where:
- P - calculated power, W.
- V is the volume of the room, m³.
- k - thermal power factor, W.
Calculation with coefficients
To accurately calculate heating radiators for the area of \u200b\u200bthe room, a number of parameters must be taken into account. The calculation is still based on the rule of needing 100 W per 1 m² of area, but the formula, taking into account the coefficients, will already look different:
Q = S * 100 * K1 * K2 * K3 * K4 * K5 * K6 * K7 * K8 * K9, where:
- K1 - the number of external walls. By adding this parameter to the formula, it is taken into account that the more walls border on the external environment, the more heat loss occurs. So, for one wall, it is taken equal to one, for two - 1.2, three - 1.3, four - 1.4.
- K2 - location relative to the cardinal points. There are so-called cold sides - northern and eastern, which are practically not warmed by the sun. If the outer walls are located relative to the north and east, then the coefficient is taken equal to 1.1.
- K3 - insulation. Considers the thickness of the walls and the material from which they are made. If the external walls are not insulated, the coefficient is 1.27.
- K4 - features of the region. To calculate its value, the average temperature of the coldest month in the region is taken. If it is -35°C or lower, K4 = 1.5, when the temperature is between -25°C and -35°C, K4 = 1.3, not lower than -15°C - K4 = 0.9 , more than -10°C - K4 = 0.7.
- K5 - room height. If the ceiling is up to 3 meters, K5 is taken equal to 1.05. From 3.1 to 3.5 - K5 = 1.1, if 3.6-4.0 m, K5 = 1.15, and more than 4.1 m - K5 = 1.2.
- K6 takes into account heat loss through the ceiling. If the room above is unheated, then the coefficient is taken equal to one. If it is insulated, K6 = 0.9, heated - K6 = 0.8.
- K7 - window openings. With a single-chamber package installed, K7 is taken equal to one, with a two-chamber package - 0.85. If frames with two glasses are installed in the openings, K7 = 0.85.
- K8 takes into account the connection scheme of the radiator. So, this coefficient can vary from one to 1.28. The best connection is diagonal, in which the coolant is supplied from above and the return is connected from below, and the worst is one-sided.
- K9 takes into account the degree of openness. The best position is when the battery is located on the wall, then the coefficient is taken equal to 0.9. If it is closed from above and from the front with a decorative lattice, K7 = 1.2, only from above - K7 = 1.0.
By substituting all the values, the answer is the heat output required to heat the room, taking into account many factors. And then the calculation of sections and the number of batteries is done by analogy with a simple calculation.
When living in a house for a long time, many people are faced with the need to replace the heating system. Some apartment owners at some point decide to replace a worn-out heating radiator. In order for a warm atmosphere to be provided in the house after the necessary measures have been taken, it is necessary to correctly approach the task of calculating the heating for the house by the area of \u200b\u200bthe room. The efficiency of the heating system largely depends on this. To ensure this, you need to correctly calculate the number of sections of installed radiators. In this case, heat transfer from them will be optimal.
If the number of sections is insufficient, then the necessary heating of the room will never occur. And due to the insufficient number of sections in the radiator, a large heat consumption will occur, which will negatively affect the budget of the apartment owner. You can determine the need for a particular room for heating if you make simple calculations. And in order for them to appear accurate, a number of additional parameters must be taken into account when performing them.
Simple area calculations
In order to correctly calculate heating radiators for a particular room, it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the area of \u200b\u200bthe room. The easiest way - focus on plumbing standards, according to which for heating 1 sq. m. requires 100 watts of heating radiator power. It should not be forgotten that this method can be used for rooms in which the ceiling height is standard, that is, it varies from 2.5 to 2.7 meters. Performing calculations using this method allows you to get somewhat overestimated results. In addition, when using it, the following features are not taken into account:
- the number of windows and the type of packages installed in the room;
- the number of external walls located in the room;
- wall materials and their thickness;
- type and thickness of insulation used.
The heat that radiators must provide to create a comfortable atmosphere in the room: in order to obtain optimal calculations, it is necessary to take the area of \u200b\u200bthe room and multiply it by the heat output of the radiator.
Radiator calculation example
Let's say if the room has an area of 18 square meters. m., then it will require a battery with a capacity of 1800 watts.
18 sq. m x 100 W = 1800 W.
Received the result must be divided by the amount of heat, which is emitted by one section of the heating radiator within an hour. If the product passport indicates that this figure is 170 W, then further calculations will be as follows:
1800W / 170W = 10.59.
The result must be rounded to the nearest integer. As a result, we get 11. This means that in a room with such an area, the best solution would be to install a heating radiator with eleven sections.
It should be said that this method is only suitable for rooms that receive heat from a centralized main, where a coolant with a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius circulates.
There is another way that surpasses the previous ones in its simplicity. It can be used to calculate the amount of heating in the apartments of panel houses. When using it, it is taken into account that one section is able to heat an area of 1.8 sq. m., that is, when performing calculations, the area of \u200b\u200bthe room should be divided by 1.8. If the room has an area of 25 sq. m., then to ensure optimal heating, 14 sections in the radiator will be required.
25 sq. m / 1.8 sq. m. = 13.89.
However, this method of calculation has one nuance. It cannot be used for devices of low and high power. That is, for those radiators in which the output of one section varies in the range from 120 to 200 watts.
Heating calculation method for rooms with high ceilings
If the ceilings in the room have a height of more than 3 meters, then the use of the above methods does not make it possible to correctly calculate the need for heating. In such cases, it is necessary to use a formula that takes into account the volume of the room. In accordance with the SNiP standards, 41 watts of heat is required to heat one cubic meter of room volume.
Radiator calculation example
Based on this, to heat a room whose area is 24 sq. m., and the ceiling height is at least 3 meters, the calculations will be as follows:
24 sq. m x 3 m = 72 cu. m. As a result, we get the total volume of the room.
72 cu. m x 41 W = 2952 W. The result obtained is the total power of the radiator, which will provide optimal heating of the room.
Now it is necessary to calculate the number of sections in the battery for a room of this size. In the event that the passport for the product indicates that the heat transfer of one section is 180 W, in the calculations it is necessary to divide the total battery power by this number.
As a result, we get 16.4. Then the result must be rounded. As a result, we have 17 sections. Batteries with so many sections are enough to create a warm atmosphere in a 72 m 3 room. Having performed simple calculations, we obtain the data we need.
Extra options
After completing the calculation, correct the result taking into account the characteristics of the room. They should be taken into account as follows:
- for a room that is a corner room with one window, when calculating, an additional 20% must be added to the received battery power;
- if the room has two windows, then an upward adjustment of 30% should be made;
- in cases where the radiator is installed in a niche under the window, its heat transfer is somewhat reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to add 5% to its power;
- in a room with windows facing north, an additional 10% must be added to the battery power;
- decorating the battery in your room with a special screen, you should know that it steals a certain amount of thermal energy from the radiator. Therefore, it is additionally necessary to add 15% to the radiator.
Specificity and other features
In the room for which the heating demand is calculated, there may be other specifics. The following indicators become important:
Climate zones
Everyone knows that each climate zone has its own heating needs. Therefore, when developing a project, it is necessary to take into account these indicators.
Each climate zone have their own coefficients to be used in calculations.
For central Russia, this coefficient is 1. Therefore, it is not used in calculations.
In the northern and eastern regions of the country, the coefficient is 1.6.
In the southern part of the country, this figure varies from 0.7 to 0.9.
When performing calculations, it is necessary to multiply the thermal power by this coefficient. And then divide the result by the heat transfer of one section.
Conclusion
The calculation of indoor heating is very important to ensure a warm atmosphere in the home in winter. There are usually no big difficulties with performing calculations. That's why each owner can implement them independently without resorting to the services of specialists. It is enough to find the formulas that are used for calculations.
In this case you can save on the purchase of a radiator, as you will be spared the need to pay for unnecessary sections. By installing them in the kitchen or in the living room, a comfortable atmosphere will reign in your home. If you are unsure of the accuracy of your calculations, because of which you will not select the best option, then you should contact the professionals. They will make the calculations correctly, and then they will qualitatively install new heating radiators or competently install the heating system.
A well-arranged heating system will provide housing with the necessary temperature and it will be comfortable in all rooms in any weather. But in order to transfer heat to the air space of residential premises, you need to know the required number of batteries, right?
The calculation of heating radiators, based on the calculations of the thermal power required from the installed heating devices, will help to find out.
Have you never done such calculations and are afraid to make a mistake? We will help you deal with the formulas - the article discusses a detailed calculation algorithm, analyzes the values of individual coefficients used in the calculation process.
To make it easier for you to understand the intricacies of the calculation, we have selected thematic photographic materials and useful videos explaining the principle of calculating the power of heating appliances.
Any calculations are based on certain principles. The calculation of the required thermal power of the batteries is based on the understanding that well-functioning heating devices must fully compensate for the heat losses that occur during their operation due to the characteristics of the heated premises.
For living rooms located in a well-insulated house, located, in turn, in a temperate climate zone, in some cases a simplified calculation of heat leakage compensation is suitable.
For such premises, calculations are based on a standard power of 41 W required to heat 1 cubic meter. living space.
The formula for determining the heat output of radiators required to maintain optimal living conditions in the room is as follows:
Q = 41 x V,
where V- the volume of the heated room in cubic meters.
The resulting four-digit result can be expressed in kilowatts, reducing it at the rate of 1 kW = 1000 watts.
Detailed formula for calculating thermal power
In detailed calculations of the number and size of heating batteries, it is customary to start from a relative power of 100 W, which is necessary for normal heating of 1 m² of a certain standard room.
The formula for determining the heat output required from heating appliances is as follows:
Q = (100 x S) x R x K x U x T x H x W x G x X x Y x Z
Factor S in calculations, nothing more than the area of \u200b\u200bthe heated room, expressed in square meters.
The remaining letters are various correction factors, without which the calculation will be limited.
The main thing in thermal calculations is to remember the saying “heat does not break bones” and not be afraid to make a big mistake
But even additional design parameters cannot always reflect all the specifics of a particular room. It is recommended, in case of doubts in the calculations, to give preference to indicators with large values.
It is easier then to lower the temperature of the radiators with the help than to freeze with a lack of their thermal power.
At the end of the article, information is given on the characteristics of collapsible radiators from different materials, and the procedure for calculating the required number of sections and the batteries themselves based on the main calculation is considered.
Image gallery
If the area of \u200b\u200bthe room allows, then you can produce. And there is always a way to protect the walls from the cold outside.
A well-insulated corner room according to a special calculation will give a significant percentage of savings in heating costs for the entire living area of the apartment
Climate is an important factor in arithmetic
Different climatic zones have different indicators of minimum low street temperatures.
When calculating the heat transfer power of radiators, the coefficient "T" is provided to take into account temperature differences.
Consider the values of this coefficient for various climatic conditions:
- T=1.0 up to -20 °С.
- T=0.9 for winters with frost down to -15 °С
- T=0.7– up to -10 °С.
- T=1.1 for frosts down to -25 °С,
- T=1.3– up to -35 °С,
- T=1.5– below -35 °С.
As you can see from the list above, winter weather down to -20 ° C is considered normal. For areas with such the least cold, a value of 1 is taken.
For warmer regions, this design factor will lower the overall calculation result. But for areas of harsh climate, the amount of heat energy required from heating devices will increase.
Features of calculating high rooms
It is clear that from two rooms with the same area, more heat will be required by the one with a higher ceiling. The coefficient "H" helps to take into account the correction for the volume of heated space in the calculations of thermal power.
At the beginning of the article, it was mentioned about a certain normative room. This is considered a room with a ceiling of 2.7 meters and below. For it, take the value of the coefficient equal to 1.
Consider the dependence of the coefficient H on the height of the ceilings:
- H=1.0- for ceilings 2.7 meters high.
- H=1.05- for rooms up to 3 meters high.
- H=1.1- for a room with a ceiling up to 3.5 meters.
- H=1.15- up to 4 meters.
- H=1.2– heat demand for a higher room.
As you can see, for rooms with high ceilings, 5% should be added to the calculation for every half a meter of height, starting from 3.5 m.
According to the law of nature, warm heated air rushes up. To mix its entire volume, heaters will have to work hard as it should.
With the same area of \u200b\u200bthe premises, a larger room may require an additional number of radiators connected to the heating system
Estimated role of the ceiling and floor
Not only good leads to a decrease in the thermal power of batteries. The ceiling in contact with the warm room also minimizes losses when heating the room.
The coefficient "W" in the calculation formula is just to provide for this:
- W=1.0- if at the top there is, for example, an unheated, uninsulated attic.
- W=0.9- for an unheated but insulated attic or other insulated room from above.
- W=0.8- if the room above is heated.
The W index can be corrected upwards for the premises of the first floor if they are located on the ground, above an unheated basement or basement space. Then the numbers will be as follows: the floor is insulated + 20% (x1.2); the floor is not insulated + 40% (x1.4).
The quality of the frames is the key to warmth
Windows were once a weak point in the thermal insulation of a living space. Modern frames with double-glazed windows have significantly improved the protection of rooms from the cold outside.
The degree of quality of windows in the formula for calculating heat output describes the coefficient "G".
The calculation is based on a standard frame with a single-chamber double-glazed window, in which the coefficient is 1.
Consider other options for applying the coefficient:
- G=1.0– frame with single-chamber double-glazed window.
- G=0.85- if the frame is equipped with a two- or three-chamber double-glazed window.
- G = 1.27- if the window has an old wooden frame.
So, if the house has old frames, then heat loss will be significant. Therefore, more powerful batteries are required. Ideally, it is advisable to replace such frames, because these are additional heating costs.
Window Size Matters
Logically, it can be argued that the greater the number of windows in the room and the wider their view, the more sensitive the heat leakage through them. The "X" factor from the formula for calculating the thermal power required from the batteries just reflects this.
In a room with huge windows and radiators, there should be a number of sections corresponding to the size and quality of the frames.
The norm is the result of dividing the area of window openings by the area of \u200b\u200bthe room equal to from 0.2 to 0.3.
Here are the main values of the X coefficient for various situations:
- X=1.0- at a ratio of 0.2 to 0.3.
- X=0.9– for area ratio from 0.1 to 0.2.
- X=0.8- at a ratio of up to 0.1.
- X=1.1– if the area ratio is from 0.3 to 0.4.
- X=1.2- when it is from 0.4 to 0.5.
If the footage of window openings (for example, in rooms with panoramic windows) goes beyond the proposed ratios, it is reasonable to add another 10% to the X value with an increase in the area ratio by 0.1.
The door located in the room, which is regularly used in winter to exit to an open balcony or loggia, makes its own adjustments to the heat balance. For such a room, it would be correct to increase X by another 30% (x1.3).
Losses of thermal energy are easily compensated by a compact installation under the balcony entrance of a channel water or electric convector.
Effect of closed battery
Of course, the radiator that is less protected by various artificial and natural obstacles will give off heat better. For this case, the formula for calculating its thermal power has been extended by the “Y” coefficient, which takes into account the operating conditions of the battery.
The most common location for heating appliances is under the windowsill. In this position, the value of the coefficient is 1.
Let's consider typical situations of radiator placement:
- Y=1.0- just below the window sill.
- Y=0.9- if the battery is suddenly completely open on all sides.
- Y=1.07– when the radiator is obscured by a horizontal protrusion of the wall
- Y=1.12– if the battery located under the window sill is covered with a front cover.
- Y=1.2– when the heater is blocked from all sides.
Shifted long thick curtains also cause a cooling in the room.
The modern design of heating radiators allows them to be operated without any decorative covers - thereby ensuring maximum heat transfer
Efficiency of connecting radiators
The efficiency of its work directly depends on the method of connecting the radiator to the indoor heating wiring. Often, homeowners sacrifice this indicator for the sake of the beauty of the room. The formula for calculating the required thermal power takes into account all this through the “Z” coefficient.
Here are the values of this indicator for various situations:
- Z = 1.0- the inclusion of a radiator in the common circuit of the heating system by taking it "diagonally", which is the most justified.
- Z = 1.03- another, the most common due to the short length of the liner, the connection option "from the side".
- Z = 1.13- the third method "from below from two sides." Thanks to plastic pipes, it quickly took root in new construction, despite its much lower efficiency.
- Z = 1.28- Another, very inefficient way "from the bottom on one side." It deserves consideration only because some radiator designs are equipped with ready-made assemblies with both supply and return pipes connected to one point.
The air vents built into them will help to increase the efficiency of heating devices, which will save the system from “airing” in a timely manner.
The principle of operation of any water heater relies on the physical properties of a hot liquid to rise up, and after cooling, move down.
Practical example of heat output calculation
Initial data:
- A corner room without a balcony on the second floor of a two-story cinder block stucco house in a windless region of Western Siberia.
- Room length 5.30 m X width 4.30 m = area 22.79 sq.m.
- Window width 1.30 m X height 1.70 m = area 2.21 sq.m.
- Room height = 2.95 m.
Calculation sequence:
Below is a description of the calculation of the number of radiator sections and the required number of batteries. It is based on the obtained results of thermal power, taking into account the dimensions of the proposed installation sites for heating devices.
Regardless of the results, it is recommended to equip radiators in corner rooms not only with window sill niches. Batteries should be installed near "blind" external walls or near corners that are most exposed to freezing under the influence of street cold.
Specific thermal power of battery sections
Even before performing a general calculation of the required heat transfer of heating devices, it is necessary to decide which collapsible batteries from what material will be installed in the premises.
The choice should be based on the characteristics of the heating system (internal pressure, heating medium temperature). At the same time, do not forget about the greatly varying cost of purchased products.
With a coolant of 70 °C, standard 500 mm sections of radiators made of dissimilar materials have an unequal specific heat output "q".
- Cast iron - q = 160 watts(specific power of one cast iron section). Radiators are suitable for any heating system.
- Steel - q = 85 watts. Steel can work in the most severe operating conditions. Their sections are beautiful in their metallic sheen, but have the least heat dissipation.
- Aluminum - q = 200 watts. Light, aesthetic should be installed only in autonomous heating systems in which the pressure is less than 7 atmospheres. But in terms of heat transfer, their sections have no equal. The sectional principle of assembling heating devices allows you to get a radiator with the required heat output from modular elements
Sections of an obsolete cast iron battery
Colored powder coated sections
Calculation of the number of radiator sections
Collapsible radiators made of any material are good because individual sections can be added or subtracted to achieve their design heat output.
To determine the required number of “N” battery sections from the selected material, follow the formula:
N=Q/q,
- Q= previously calculated required heating output of room heating devices,
- q= specific thermal power of a separate section of batteries intended for installation.
Having calculated the total required number of radiator sections in the room, you need to understand how many batteries need to be installed. This calculation is based on a comparison of the dimensions of the intended places and the dimensions of the batteries, taking into account the connection.
The battery elements are connected by nipples with multidirectional external threads using a radiator key, at the same time gaskets are installed in the joints
For preliminary calculations, you can arm yourself with data on the width of sections of different radiators:
- cast iron= 93 mm,
- aluminum= 80 mm,
- bimetallic= 82 mm.
In the manufacture of collapsible radiators from steel pipes, manufacturers do not adhere to certain standards. If you want to put such batteries, you should approach the issue individually.
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