Adjectives in Russian. They are indispensable when it is necessary to compare one characteristic of an object or phenomenon with another. Let's try to understand the intricacies of this topic.
Adjective
Before you start studying the topic "Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian", you need to find out how this part of speech differs from all others. And she really has a lot of features. It is hard to imagine our speech without this colorful, graceful group. With the help of adjectives, we describe appearance (short, handsome, unsightly), character (kind, grouchy, difficult), age (young, old). However, not only human qualities, but many other things can be represented with their help. For example, not a single work of art is complete without the use of adjectives. And even more so the lyrics. Thanks to this part of speech, stories, poems, novels acquire expressiveness and figurativeness.
It helps to form such artistic means as epithets (dazzling beauty, wonderful morning), metaphors of a stone heart), comparisons (looks like the happiest; the sky is like an azure watercolor).
A distinctive feature of adjectives is their ability to form short forms. The latter always play the role of a predicate in a sentence, which gives this part of speech another advantage - to give any text dynamics.
What is a degree?
Anyone who studies the Russian language faces this question. The degree of comparison of adjectives is a characteristic that helps to compare one object with another.
For example, we have two balls in front of us. They are exactly the same, only one of them is slightly different in size. We need to compare them with each other and conclude: one ball more another. We can approach this issue from a different angle and note that one ball less than the second one. In both cases, we used a word that characterizes the degree of comparison of these objects.
Now let's add to our objects one more of the same, but much larger. We need to distinguish it from others. How are we going to do it? Of course, use comparison. Only now you need to indicate that the third ball is different from the first and second at once. In this case, we say that he the biggest among them.
It is for this that we need. We will describe each of their types in detail below.
comparative
When we have an adjective in front of us, which no one compares with anything, then it is characterized positive degree. But if one object needs to be compared with another, then we will use the comparative degree of the adjective.
It has two subspecies. The first is called simple, or suffixal. This means that the word used in this degree has a suffix characteristic of it.
For example: This table chic. Neighbor's table smarter ours.
In the first case, the adjective is in the positive degree. In the second, the suffix "her" was added to it and with the help of this they compared one table with another.
The second type is the composite degree. As the name implies, its formation does not occur with the help of morphemes, but with the use of special words.
For example: This project is very successful. The last project was more successful.
The word "more" helps us compare one project to another.
Another example: We have valuable information. The previous one turned out less valuable.
Now, with the help of the word "less", we indicated a sign that manifested itself to a lesser extent.
It is worth remembering that the degrees of comparison of adjectives in the Russian language, regardless of varieties, are formed only from neither possessive nor relative ones possess this ability.
Superlatives
In some situations, we need not only to compare one object or phenomenon with another, but to distinguish it from all similar ones. And here we will also come to the aid of the degree of comparison of adjectives in Russian. This degree of comparison is called excellent, which already implies the highest limit.
Like comparative, it has two varieties.
With the help of suffixes, a simple degree is formed.
For example: Ivanov strongest of all the athletes on the team.
The word "strong" with the suffix -eysh- formed and singled out the athlete Ivanov among other members of the team.
Next example: New tulle the most beautiful from what I have seen.
AT this case auxiliary word"most" gave this sentence the same meaning as in the previous example. This form is called composite.
Sometimes it can be accompanied by the prefix nai- to enhance: the most beautiful.
Peculiarities
In some cases, the forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives have exceptions.
These include the words "good" and "bad". When we begin to compare objects with their help, we will encounter some difficulties.
For example: We have good evening. Let's try to form a chain of degrees of comparison.
In a simple comparison, we will see that the word "good" does not exist. He is replaced by "better". And for the word "bad" let's choose "worse". Such a phenomenon in Russian is called suppletivism of the foundations. This means that the word needs to change dramatically in order to form a comparative degree.
Conclusion
Thus, we managed to find out not only the basics, but also some nuances on the topic "Degrees of comparison of adjectives in Russian".
Now this rule will not cause you any difficulties, because it is quite simple.
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
· Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
· Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
· Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: above, its merry, the highest, the most cheerful, or with the help of words: more, less, most . Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:
· simple forms: higher, highest,
· compound forms: higher, less high, highest.
Among the simple forms in Russian, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different stem. Examples:
good, bad - positive degree
better, worse - comparative degree
best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change differently:
Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
Superlatives (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
Superlatives (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
Adjectives in a simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. AnnaolderIvan. She used towas higher, and nowaboveIvan.
The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:
I approached more matureguys.
Guys were older than I thought.
I turned tothe oldestguys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.
The difficulty of using quality adjectives also lies in the ability to form them degrees of comparison.
- positive degree all adjectives have the simplest, since it simply says that this feature is present in the subject: cheerful, bright etc.
- comparative indicates that some feature is manifested in the subject to a greater or lesser extent. This degree is formed only from qualitative adjectives. It is simple and complex. A simple one is formed with the help of parts of a word - morphemes, and a complex one - with the help of additional words. Moreover, words in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change, that is, they are not declined.
Ways to form a simple comparative degree:
⇒Do not form a simple comparative degree:
- adjectives that have moved into the category of qualitative from possessive and relative: golden (guy), fox (character);
- adjectives that do not change in degrees, as they denote a constant feature: blind, deaf, single;
- adjectives with suffixes -SK-, -ESK-, -OV-, -K-, -ONK-, -OVAT-, etc.: prickly, comradely, businesslike, tiddly, whitish;<.li>
- adjectives denoting the colors of animals: black, gray, bay.
Moreover, words in the form of a complex comparative degree can be easily inclined according to cases, gender and numbers.
Ways of forming a simple superlative degree:
⇒Words that do not form a simple superlative:
- those that do not form a simple comparative degree (see above);
- separate adjectives with suffixes -CHIV-, -LIV-, -K-: hot, trusting;
- adjectives with suffixes -IST-, -AST-: vociferous, vociferous.
Here
Adjectives can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.
The comparative degree of the adjective indicates that the feature characteristic of the object is manifested in it to a greater or lesser extent than in another object or objects:
Your briefcase is heavier than mine.
Your briefcase is heavier than mine.
A superlative degree indicates that, in one respect, a given subject is superior to all other subjects:
Yerevan is the most ancient city peace.
The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms:
simple and compound.
Simple form of the comparative degree of the adjective
formed by adding suffixes -ee (s), -e, -she to the base initial form adjective:
kind - kinder (s), young - younger, thin - thinner.
The adjective suffix -k- (-ok-, -ek-) can drop out if a simple
the form of the comparative degree is formed using the suffixes -e, -she.
In this case, there is also an alternation of consonants in the root:
low - lower, high - higher, thin - thinner.
Some adjectives have a comparative form with a different stem:
good is better, bad is worse, small is less.
The prefix po- can be attached to the forms of the comparative degree in -ee (s), -e, -she, which enhances or softens the degree of manifestation of the attribute in one of the objects:
kinder (s), softer, thinner.
These forms, as well as those of the bold type, are characteristic of colloquial speech:
By nightfall the wind got stronger. The nights got warmer.
The simple form of the comparative degree is invariable,
has no endings, and in the sentence acts as a predicate
or (less commonly) definitions:
Kind words are better than soft pie. Put on a warm coat.
A simple form of a comparative degree can not be formed from all adjectives (timid, tall, businesslike, etc.).
The compound form of the comparative degree is formed by adding the words more, less to the initial form of the adjective:
fast - faster, loud - less loud.
The second word in the compound form of the comparative degree changes according to gender, cases and numbers:
deeper snow, deeper river, along deeper rivers.
Adjectives in the compound form of the comparative degree in a sentence are predicates and definitions:
Our arguments are more subtle and deeper. No one could come up with a more convincing argument.
When forming a composite form of a comparative degree
avoid type errors more beautiful.
Superlative adjectives have two forms:
simple and compound.
The simple superlative form of adjectives is formed by adding the suffixes -eysh- (-aysh-) to the base of the initial form of the adjective:
modest - the most modest, great - the greatest.
Before -aysh- there is an alternation of consonants:
strict - the strictest, quiet - the quietest.
The suffix -to- may fall out: close - nearest.
The simple superlative form varies by gender, number,
cases. In a sentence, it is a predicate or (less often) an attribute:
The journey is interesting. It was a story about an interesting journey.
The simple superlative form is most often used in book speech.
Adjectives can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. The comparative degree shows that in this or that subject the sign is manifested in more than in another, for example: Left bank of the river cooler right; Left bank of the river more steep than the right one.
A superlative degree shows that one or another object is superior to other objects in some way, for example: Baikal - deepest lake on earth Baikal - the deepest lake on earth.
Adjectives in the form of a comparative degree in a sentence are predicates, and in the form of a superlative degree they are definitions.
281 . Write off, underlining adjectives in the comparative and superlative forms as members of the sentence. Above adjectives in the form of a comparative degree, inscribe sr., in the form of a superlative degree - prev. Is it possible to insert synonyms in place of the highlighted word? Why?
1. On the territory .. of our Motherland, even the largest river in Europe .. - Volga. 2. Central Siberian .. plateau - one of the largest in the world .. . 3. Klyuchevskaya Sopka - the highest volcano in Asia .. 3. 4. The pr..genus Severn.. Ural is more severe than the pr..genus Middle.. and South.. Ural.
The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms: simple and compound.
A simple form of the comparative degree is formed by adding adjective suffixes to the base of the initial form -her(s) , for example: friendly - more friendly (her); -e(there is an alternation of consonants before it), for example: loud - louder; -she, for example: thin - thinner.
Sometimes when adding suffixes -e and -she the suffix is cut off from the base of the initial form -to- (-ok, -ok), for example: sweet - sweeter, thin - thinner.
Adjectives small (small), bad, good form a simple comparative degree from other bases: less, worse, better.
Adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by numbers, or by cases. In a sentence, they are predicates.
282 . Form a simple form of the comparative degree of adjectives. In what meaning is the highlighted word taken in the formation of the form of the comparative degree in the 2nd paragraph? in the 3rd?
- Beautiful - more beautiful; pr..intelligent, happy..living, calm, comfortable, terrible, pr..red, pr..lying, pr..quirky, pr..attractive, pr..visual, old, skillful, free..
- Long - longer; early, old, thin, distant, bitter.
- Small - less; bad, good.
283 . Write off, forming from the names of adjectives given in brackets, a simple comparative degree. Underline them as part of the sentence. Which adjectives have a simple comparative form taken from a different stem?
1. Health (expensive) gold. 4 2. Good words..va (good) me..whom p..horns. 3. After work 3 meals (delicious). 4. True (bright) sun. 5. Rainy., summer (bad) autumn ...
(Proverbs.)
The compound form of the comparative degree is usually formed by adding the word more to the initial form of the adjective: friendly - more friendly, loud - louder.
In adjectives in the form of a compound comparative degree, the second word changes in gender, case and number, for example: at a higher price.
In a sentence, compound comparative adjectives are usually predicates and attributives, for example: This year the winter is snowier than last; We returned home along a wider road.
The compound form of the comparative degree is more often used in scientific style.
284 . Form a compound form of the comparative degree by using adjectives in all three genders. Make up 2-3 sentences with the written words.
Sad (?) ny, clear (?) ny, dangerous (?) ny, ruthless (?) ny, pr.. lying.
285 . Write off with missing commas. Underline the adjectives as part of the sentence. Name the types of orthograms in place of gaps and brackets.
My Fatherland Russia
Ural
I live in the depths .. not Russia ..,
In the land of lakes and ore rocks.
Here the rivers are blue 3 mountains are blue
And in blue 3 o.. lights meta (l, ll).
By cr.hote by hidden forces ..
I have nothing to compare my Urals with.
Another view here .. tsya Russia,
Severe, perhaps.
Or maybe she's younger...
St..zhey here time..no frontier(?).
But the Russian heart is still the same.
And kindness. And those songs!
And the faces are the same as in Ryazan ..,
And it also sounds (?) us to them .. on.
Like the sun in a precious grain..,
In the Urals .. Russia is reflected.
(L. Tatyanicheva.)
Comparison of two objects on any basis can be expressed in different ways, for example: A brother is more attentive than a sister; Brother is more attentive than sister.
286 . compare in some way following items. Write down the resulting suggestions. Label the members of the sentence. How did you express the comparison? Express the same thoughts in a different way.
Sun and Earth. Moon and Earth. Ural and Caucasian mountains. Barents Sea and Black Sea. Vegetation 3 tundra and taiga vegetation. Yenisei and Volga.
The superlative degree of adjectives has two forms: simple and compound.
The simple superlative form is formed by adding an adjectival suffix to the stem. -eysh- (-aysh-) , for example: fair - fairest. Before -aysh- alternation of consonants, for example: deep - deepest. This form of adjectives is most often used in book speech.
Adjectives in the simple superlative form are inflected.
The compound superlative form is a combination of the words most, most and the initial (initial) form of the adjective, for example: the most fair, the most strict.
In the compound superlative degree of adjectives, the word most is invariable, for example: in the most inaccessible place.
Superlative adjectives in a sentence are most often definitions.
287 . Write the adjectives in simple and compound superlative forms. Highlight the suffix, underline the alternating consonants.
288 . Write off by inserting the missing adjectives in the form of compound superlatives. Write the words in brackets into desired form. Why are some proper names enclosed in quotation marks? Which of the proper names are not inclined? And in what case are they?
At the meeting of the "Club of famous captains" gathered - - seamen.. swimmers, travelers, towns.. swarms of adventure novels 4. - - among them was Dick Send, Mr..roy r..mana (Jules Verne) "Fifteen-year-old c..pit." - - everyone considered Tartarin from Tarascon, the hero of the novel (Alphonse Daudet), and - - was, of course, Baron Munchausen from books .. (Raspe). All members of the club 3 reckoned with the opinion - - of them Captain Nemo, one of the city of swarms of books .. (Jules Verne) "The Mysterious Island".
Reference: wise, cheerful, young, "truthful", famous.
289 . What rivers, lakes, mountains, cities are there in your area? Compare rivers by width and length, mountains by height, lakes by depth, cities and villages by size. Use synonyms when making sentences high-water, full-flowing; deep, bottomless; shallow, shallow, shallow. Underline the comparative adjectives.
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