Instruction

There are special tables for converting fuel into conditional tons.

To convert a given mass of fuel into conventional tons, simply multiply the number of tons by the appropriate coefficient. So, for example, one Altai coal corresponds to 0.782 conditional tons of fuel.
To convert one ton of coal to conditional tons, use the table below.
COAL:
Altai, 0.782

Bashkir, 0.565

Vorkuta, 0.822

Georgian, 0.589

Donetsk, 0.876

Intinsky, 0.649

Kazakh, 0.674

Kamchatsky, 0.323

Kansk-Achinsk, 0.516

Karaganda, 0.726

Kizelovsky, 0.684

Kyrgyz, 0.570

Kuznetsky, 0.867

Lviv-Volynsky, 0.764

Magadansky, 0.701

Podmoskovny, 0.335

Primorsky, 0.506

Sakhalin, 0.729

Sverdlovsk, 0.585

Silesian, 0.800

Stavropol, 0.669

Tajik, 0.553

Tuva, 0.906

Tunguska, 0.754

Uzbek, 0.530

Ukrainian brown, 0.398

Khakassian, 0.727

Chelyabinsk, 0.552

Chitinsky, 0.483

Ekibastuz, 0.628

Yakutsky, 0.751

To convert other types of fuel into conditional tons, use the following table (just multiply the number of tons of fuel by a factor):
Milled peat, 0.34

Sod peat, 0.41

Peat crumb, 0.37

Metallurgical coke, 0.99

Koksik 10-25 mm, 0.93

Fuel briquettes, 0.60

Dry refinery gas, 1.50

Leningrad slates, 0.300

Estonian shales, 0.324

Liquefied gas, 1.57

Fuel oil, 1.37

Navy fuel oil, 1.43

Oil, incl. gas condensate, 1.43

Used oils, 1.30

Diesel fuel, 1.45

Domestic stove fuel, 1.45

Aviation gasoline, 1.49

Unload a ton of picket fence small space where no one will be to you (for example, in your country house). Armed with a measuring tape or tape measure, measure each plank, fixing everything on a piece of paper. The process is laborious, please be patient. It is recommended to put all measured boards in a separate pile so as not to confuse them with boards that have not yet been measured.

When all the boards have been measured and all the data has been recorded, do some simple math. Add the lengths of all the boards to each other. You can use a calculator, perform calculations in or mentally calculate. The result will be the value you need. You have converted the mass of the picket fence () into its length ().

Useful advice

It is possible that all planks from a ton of picket fence will be the same length. In this case, the task is simplified - you will need to measure the length of one board, count the number of boards and multiply one value by another.

Conventional fuel is a unit of accounting for organic fuel, that is, oil and its derivatives, natural and specially obtained from the distillation of shale and coal, gas, coal, peat, which is used to compare the useful action various kinds fuel in their total account.

Simply put, fuel equivalent is the amount of energy in a given type of fuel.

Distribution and production of resources are calculated in units reference fuel, where 1 kilogram of fuel with a calorific value of 7000 kcal/kg or 29.3 MJ/kg is taken as a calculation.

For reference: one is equivalent to 26.8 m³ of natural gas at standard pressure and temperature. One terajoule is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 joules, and with the help of 1 megajoule, 1 gram of water can reach a temperature of 238846 degrees! Such a calculation is accepted in the domestic. In international energy organizations, the oil equivalent is taken as a unit of conventional fuel, which is the abbreviation TOE - Tonne of oil equivalent - oil, which is equal to 41.868 GJ.

The formula for the ratio between conditional and natural takes into account the mass of the amount of conventional fuel, the mass of natural fuel, the lower calorific value of this natural fuel and the caloric equivalent.

The operation of standard fuel is especially convenient for comparing the efficiency of various thermal power plants. To do this, the following indicator is used in the energy sector - the amount of conventional fuel consumed to generate a unit of electricity.

AT recent times in countries that feel a shortage of energy resources, especially in the United States, energy prices are determined in. The concept of “thermal price” of fuel has become especially widespread. Among specialists, the concept of thermal price, or rather, the British thermal unit (BTU) is calculated as follows: 1 Btu is equal to 1054.615 J. Thermal prices are especially high for liquid and gaseous fuels. Controlling stake oil fields belongs to the USA. 56.4% of the world's natural gas reserves are located in Russia and Iran.

Sources:

• conditional fuel is

Watt, W, W - in SI, this unit of power is named after its creator James Watt. Watt as a measure of power was adopted in 1889, before that they used hp. - horsepower. It will not be superfluous to know how power can be converted to other units of measurement.

You will need

• - calculator.

Instruction

For electric power (say thermal power) to some other unit of measure, use the data on the ratio of units. To do this, simply multiply the specified power by a factor corresponding to the unit of measurement into which you are converting.
1 Watt-hour 3.57 kJ;
1 watt corresponds to: 107 erg/s; 1 J/s; 859.85 cal/h; 0.00134 hp
For example, the organization indicated the number of 244.23 kW that is needed.
244.23 kW => 244.23 * 1000 W \u003d 244.23 * 1000 * 859.85 => \u003d 210,000,000 cal / h or 0.21 G cal / h.

In calculations related to power, standard ones are usually used, especially when the measured values ​​\u200b\u200bare too small or, conversely, . This simplifies calculations related to the order of the value. A watt by itself is practically never . Translate the multiple of the integer form according to the diagram below.

1 micro (mk) => 1*0.000001
1 miles (m) => 1*0.001
1 centi (s) => 1 * 0.01
1 deci (d) => 1 * 0.1
1 deck (da) => 1*10
1hecto (g) => 1*100
1 kilo (k) => 1*1000
1 Mega (M)=> 1*1 000 000
1 Giga (G) => 1* 1,000,000,000

Find out in which unit of measurement of thermal energy it is necessary to convert the power. Possible options: J or Joule - unit of work and energy; Cal (Calories) - a unit of heat energy, can be written as simply kcal, or it can look like this - kcal / hour.

note

Ton of standard fuel (t.c.f.) - a unit of energy measurement equal to 29.3 MJ / kg; is defined as the amount of energy released during the combustion of 1 ton of fuel with calorific value 7000 kcal/kg (corresponds to the typical calorific value of hard coal).

Fuel economy from the use of combustible VER is determined by the formula:

kg ce, (3.3.3)

where is the heat of combustible RES used for the calculation period (decade, month, quarter, year);

– calorific value of reference fuel, =29.3 MJ/kg;

ή 1 is the fuel utilization factor (FUE) in the furnace when operating on the fuel of the VER;

ή 2 - KIT in the furnace when operating on substituted fuel.

The amount of fuel saving when using waste heat boilers can be determined by the formula:

Kg c.t. , (3.3.4)

where is the heat of exhaust gases that have passed through the waste heat boiler during the period of calculation of fuel economy;

–thermal efficiency waste heat boiler, r.u.;

–thermal efficiency fuel boiler replaced by a waste heat boiler, r.u.

In ferrous metallurgy, up to 10% of imported fuel (natural gas, fuel oil, coal) is annually saved due to the use of thermal renewable energy sources. The amount of thermal energy generated by the utilization of VER in the total balance of consumption of metallurgical plants is 30%, and at some plants up to 70%.

Utilization of the heat of red-hot coke. The heat of incandescent coke is used in dry coke quenching units (DSC), see fig. 3.3.9.

Rice. 3.3.9. circuit diagram installations for dry coke quenching.

Legend for Figure 3.3.8:

1 – hot coke supply unit; 2 – outlet of cooled coke; 3 - dry quenching chamber, which includes (positions 4-7: 4 - prechamber for receiving hot coke; 5 - oblique gas channels for gas outlet; 6 - dry quenching zone; 7 - gas supply and gas distribution device; 8 - dust settling chamber; 9 - waste heat boiler (positions 10-16): 10 - feed pump; 11 - economizer; 12 - separator drum; 13 - circulation pump; 14 - evaporative heating surfaces; 15 - superheater; 16 - superheated steam outlet; 17 - silt cyclone, 18 - exhauster, which circulates the cooling gas, 19 - removal of coke breeze and dust.

Usagegas utilization non-compressor turbines.

Gas utilization compressorless turbines (GUBT) are turbo-expanders operating on excess pressure of gas generated during iron smelting in blast furnaces and during gas reduction in main gas pipelines. The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works became the first metallurgical plant in the world practice, which implemented a project with a 6 MW MGBT with a radial turbine. In 2002, JSC "Severstal" at the blast furnace 5500 m 3 was put into operation GUBT-25 jointly developed and manufactured by CJSC "Nevsky Zavod" and the German company "Zimmermann and Janzen".

From the point of view of energy saving in the gas transmission system, energy utilization is very promising today. overpressure natural gas in a turboexpander. In the gas industry, turboexpanders are used for:

1) start-up of the gas turbine plant of the gas compressor unit, as well as for turning its rotor when it is stopped (in order to cool it down); while the turbo expander operates on the transported gas with its release after the turbine into the atmosphere;

2) cooling of natural gas (during its expansion in a turbine) in its liquefaction plants;

3) cooling of natural gas in installations for its “field” preparation for transport through the pipeline system (removal of moisture by freezing it, etc.).

4) driving a high-pressure compressor to supply gas to peak storages;

5) power generation at gas distribution stations (GDS) of the natural gas transport system to its consumers using the gas pressure difference in the turbine between high and low pressure pipelines.

According to experts, there are about 600 facilities on the territory of the Russian Federation - GDS and GRP, which have the conditions for the construction and operation of turbo-expanders with a capacity of 1-3 MW, which can generate up to 15 billion kWh of electricity per year.

Fuel and energy resources. Conditional fuel

Conditional fuel

Different types of energy resources have different quality, which is characterized by the energy intensity of the fuel. Specific energy intensity is the amount of energy per unit mass physical body energy resource.

To compare different types of fuel, to summarize its reserves, to evaluate efficiency, use of energy resources, to compare indicators of heat-using devices, the standard fuel unit of measurement is adopted. Conditional fuel is such fuel, during the combustion of 1 kg of which 29309 kJ, or 7000 kcal of energy, is released. For comparative analysis 1 ton of reference fuel is used.

1 t t. \u003d 29309 kJ \u003d 7000 kcal \u003d 8120 kW * h.

This figure corresponds to good low-ash coal, which is sometimes called coal equivalent.

Abroad, reference fuel with a calorific value of 41,900 kJ/kg (10,000 kcal/kg) is used for analysis. This figure is called the oil equivalent. In table. 9.4.1 shows the values ​​of specific energy intensity for a number of energy resources in comparison with conventional fuel.

Table 9.4.1. Specific energy intensity of energy resources

It can be seen that gas, oil and hydrogen have high energy intensity.

Fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Belarus, prospects for its development

The main goal of the energy policy of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2015 is to determine the ways and formation of mechanisms for the optimal development and functioning of the sectors of the fuel and energy complex, reliable and efficient energy supply to all sectors of the economy, creating conditions for the production of competitive products, achieving standards of living standards similar to highly developed European states.

To achieve this goal, the State Energy Program of the Republic of Belarus provides for the use of non-traditional and renewable energy sources on an increasing scale. Taking into account the natural, geographical, meteorological conditions of the republic, preference is given to small hydroelectric power plants, wind power plants, bioenergy plants, plants for the incineration of crop and household waste, solar water heaters.

The potential of fuel and energy resources in the Republic of Belarus is presented in Table 9.5.1.

Table 9.5.1. Potential of local fuel and energy resources in the Republic of Belarus (million tce)

Since we have already considered the issue of the prospects for the use of local types of fuel in the republic, we will dwell in detail on the characteristics of the prospects for the development of non-traditional and renewable energy sources.

biological energy. Under the influence solar radiation are formed in plants organic matter, and chemical energy is accumulated. This process is called photosynthesis. Animals exist by directly or indirectly obtaining energy and matter from plants! This process corresponds to the trophic level of photosynthesis. As a result of photosynthesis, a natural transformation occurs solar energy. The substances that make up plants and animals are called biomass. Through chemical or biochemical processes, biomass can be converted into certain fuels: methane gas, liquid methanol, solid charcoal. The combustion products of biofuels are converted back into biofuels by natural ecological or agricultural processes. The biomass cycle system is shown in fig. 9.5.1.

Rice. 9.5.1. Biomass Planetary Circulation System

Biomass energy can be used in industry, household. Thus, in countries supplying sugar, up to 40% of fuel needs are covered by waste from its production. Biofuels in the form of firewood, manure and tops of plants are used in the household by about 50% of the world's population for cooking and heating homes.

There are various energy methods for processing biomass:

1. thermochemical (direct combustion, gasification, pyrolysis);
2. biochemical (alcohol fermentation, anaerobic or aerobic processing, biophotolysis);
3. agrochemical (fuel extraction). The types of biofuels obtained as a result of processing and its efficiency are shown in Table 9.5.2.

Table 9.5.2. Fuels derived from biomass processing

Recently, there have been projects to create artificial energy plantations for growing biomass and subsequent conversion of biological energy. To obtain a thermal power equal to 100 MW, about 50 m2 of energy plantation area will be required. The concept of energy farms has a broader meaning, which implies the production of biofuels as the main or by-product of agricultural production, forestry, river and sea management, industrial and domestic human activities.

AT. climatic conditions In Belarus, from 1 hectare of energy plantations, a mass of plants is collected in an amount of up to 10 tons of dry matter, which is equivalent to about 5 tons of c.e. With additional agricultural practices, the productivity of 1 hectare can be increased by 2-3 times: It is most expedient to use depleted peat deposits for obtaining raw materials, the area of ​​which in the republic is about 180 thousand hectares. This can become a stable environmentally friendly and biosphere-compatible source of energy raw materials.

Biomass is the most promising and significant renewable energy source in the country, which can provide up to 15% of its fuel needs.

It is very promising for Belarus to use waste from livestock farms and complexes as biomass. Biogas production from them can be about 890 million m3 per year, which is equivalent to 160 thousand tons. t. The energy content of 1 m3 of biogas (60-75% methane, 30-40% carbon dioxide, 1.5% hydrogen sulfide) is 22.3 MJ, which is equivalent to 0.5 m3 of purified natural gas, 0.5 kg of diesel fuel, 0 .76 kg of reference fuel. The limiting factor for the development of biogas plants in the republic is long winters, high metal consumption of plants, incomplete disinfection organic fertilizers. An important condition realizing the potential of biomass is the creation of an appropriate infrastructure from the procurement, collection of raw materials to the delivery of the final product to the consumer. The bioenergy plant is considered, first of all, as an installation for the production of organic fertilizers and, incidentally, for the production of biofuels, which makes it possible to obtain thermal and electrical energy.

How to convert tons of coal to Gcal? Convert tons of coal to Gcal not difficult, but for this, let's first decide on the purposes for which we need it. There are at least three options for the need to calculate the conversion of existing coal reserves into Gcal, these are:

In any case, except for research purposes, where it is necessary to know the exact calorific value of coal, it is sufficient to know that the combustion of 1 kg of coal with an average calorific value releases approximately 7000 kcal. For research purposes, it is also necessary to know where, or from which deposit, we received coal.
Consequently, burned 1 ton of coal or 1000 kg received 1000x7000 = 7,000,000 kcal or 7 Gcal.

Calorie grades of hard coals.

For reference: coal calorie content ranges from 6600-8750 calories. In Anthracite, it reaches 8650 calories, but the calorie content of brown coal ranges from 2000 to 6200 calories, while brown coal contains up to 40% of the fireproof residue - sludge. At the same time, anthracite flares up poorly and burns only in the presence of strong traction, but brown coal, on the contrary, flares up well, but gives little heat and quickly burns out.

But here, and in any of the following calculations, do not forget that this is the heat released during the combustion of coal. And when heating a house, depending on where we burn coal in a furnace or boiler, you get less heat, due to the so-called efficiency (efficiency factor) of the heating device (read boiler or furnace).

For a conventional furnace, this coefficient is not more than 60%, as they say, the heat flies into the chimney. If you have a boiler water heating in the house, the efficiency can reach steep imported ones, read modern boilers 92%, usually for domestic coal-fired boilers, the efficiency is not more than 70-75%. Therefore, look into the boiler passport and multiply the 7 Gcal obtained by the efficiency, and you will get the desired value - how much Gcal you will receive by spending 1 ton of coal on heating or which is the same as converting tons of coal into Gcal.

Having spent 1 ton of coal for heating a house with an imported boiler, we will get approximately 6.3 Gcal, but with a conventional stove only 4.2 Gcal. I am writing with a conventional oven, because there are many designs of economical ovens, with increased heat transfer or high efficiency, but, as a rule, they are large and not every master takes on their masonry. The reason is that with improper masonry or even with a slight malfunction of the economical furnace, under certain conditions, deterioration or complete absence of traction is possible. At best, this will lead to the crying of the furnace, its walls will be damp from condensate, at worst, the lack of traction can lead to the burning of the owners from carbon monoxide.

How much coal should be stored for the winter?

Now let us dwell on the fact that we are doing all these calculations in order to know how much coal we need to make for the winter. In any literature, by the way, and on our website, you can read that, for example, for heating a house with an area of ​​60 square meters, you will need approximately 6 kW of heat per hour. Converting kW to Gcal we get 6x0.86 \u003d 5.16 kcal / hour, from where we took 0.86.

Now, it would seem, everything is simple, knowing the amount of heat needed for heating per hour, we multiply it by 24 hours and the number of heating days. Those who wish to check the calculation will receive a seemingly implausible figure. We need to spend 22291.2 Gcal of heat or store 22291.2/7000/0.7=3.98 tons of coal for 6 months heating of a rather small house of 60 square meters. Taking into account the presence of a non-combustible residue in coal, this figure must be increased by the percentage of impurities, on average it is 0.85 (15% impurities) for hard coal and 0.6 for brown. 3.98/0.85=4.68 tons of hard coal. For brown, this figure will generally be astronomical, since it gives almost 3 times less heat and contains a lot of non-combustible rock.

What is the mistake, yes, that 1 kW of heat per 10 m square area we spend at home only in frosts, for Rostov region, for example it is -22 degrees, Moscow -30 degrees. The thickness of the walls of residential buildings is calculated on these frosts, but how many days do we have such frosts in a year? That's right, a maximum of 15 days. How to be, for a simplified calculation, for your own purposes, you can simply multiply the resulting value by 0.75.

The coefficient of 0.75 was derived based on the averaging of more accurate calculations used in determining the need for standard fuel in order to obtain limits for this same fuel in the authorities industrial enterprises(gorgazy, regionalgazy, etc.) and of course, officially, you can’t use it anywhere except for your own calculations. But the above method of converting tons of coal into Gcal, and then determining the demand for coal for own needs, is quite accurate.

Of course, one can bring a complete methodology for determining the need for conventional fuel , but it is quite difficult to perform such a calculation without errors, and in any case, the authorities will accept it only from an organization that has permission and certified specialists to perform these calculations. And besides the loss of time, he will not give anything to the simple townsfolk.

You can make an accurate calculation of the need for coal for heating a residential building in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation dated November 11, 2005 No. 301 “Methods for determining the norms for issuing free ration coal for domestic needs to pensioners and other categories of people living in coal-mining regions in houses with furnace heating and entitled to receive it in accordance with the law Russian Federation". An example of such a calculation with formulas is shown on.

For specialists of enterprises interested in calculating the annual need for heat and fuel, on one's own you can study the following documents:

- Methodology for determining the need for fuel Moscow, 2003, Gosstroy 12.08.03

- MDK 4-05.2004 "Methodology for determining the need for fuel, electrical energy and water in the production and transmission of thermal energy and heat carriers in public heating systems ”(Gosstroy of the Russian Federation, 2004) or welcome to us, the calculation is inexpensive, we will perform it quickly and accurately. All questions by phone 8-918-581-1861 (Yuri Olegovich) or by e-mail indicated on the page.