Our article today will be devoted to the topic of extinguishing fires in residential buildings. At all times, a fire in a house was a terrible and severe disaster for its residents, whole cities and villages burned out. Most people think that fires are much less now, but this is not true. Fires in residential buildings have long been a national problem, especially in rural areas. Every week over 1,000 apartments are damaged or destroyed by fires in Russia. The worst thing is the death of people, especially children.
Personnel training
Putting out a fire is a battle, they fight it day and night, in heat and cold, in basements and at heights, in order to win this battle, you must have special skills. The firefighters are carried out with the use of RPE and the firing line of psychological training. When extinguishing a fire, factors such as:
- discipline,
- composure,
- thinking,
- ability to calculate all variations,
- the ability to apply previous experience,
- the ability to model a competent approach and bear responsibility for it.
Fire extinguishing begins with reconnaissance, which begins from the moment a fire is reported and continues until it is completely eliminated. Reconnaissance reveals the source of the fire, possible ways of spreading and the calculation of the necessary forces and means to extinguish the fire, evacuation routes and rescue of people. When extinguishing fires in residential buildings, in accordance with regulatory documents, a GDZS link is created from among the gas and smoke protectors of one guard, consisting of at least 3 people with the necessary minimum of fire extinguishing equipment.
Most often, the death of people does not occur due to burns from fire, but from the combustion of synthetic materials with which the entire apartment is furnished (for example: TV, sofa, various plastic products, etc.), followed by the release of toxic combustion products. In the course of reconnaissance, it is necessary to take measures for smoke removal. The fire brigade is armed with special smoke exhausters and smoke exhaust vehicles. All these devices can work both on pumping out smoke and on forcing fresh air into the room. Thanks to such devices, firefighters will be able to reach the fire site much faster. If during extinguishing there is a threat of smoke spreading to neighboring rooms, it is necessary to install a tarpaulin lintel.
When working at heights, special attention should be paid to the observance of labor protection rules:
- mandatory insurance with rescue ropes when working on the roof (opening the roof);
- for the penetration of the fireman into the attic, the roof is opened at the eaves;
- to release smoke, the roof is opened at the ridge.
When extinguishing a fire on the floor or attic of a house, sprayed and finely sprayed water, as well as fire extinguishing powders, are used. If the hearth is not large, it is recommended to use it with minimal consumption, but with great efficiency, especially with the use of a foaming agent solution or use fire extinguishers (carbon dioxide or powder), thereby there will be less flooded apartments and material damage.
During the operation of the link, a sentry is mandatorily posted at the security post, who maintains contact with the link and controls the operating time of the gas and smoke protectors. The head of the fire extinguishing is obliged to monitor the supporting structures of the building, to promptly insert the trunks in the path of the fire.
Peculiarities
When fighting fires, it is extremely important to have sufficient training and knowledge. In the garrisons of the fire department, there is a constant search for ways and means to improve fire extinguishing in high-rise buildings. Fire ladders, main fire trucks are equipped according to the order sheet with all the necessary fire fighting equipment for rescue operations from heights. Modern fire trucks are equipped with high-pressure pumps capable of delivering water to a height of up to 100 meters. The use of a “high-altitude fireman’s bag” is practiced, in which the necessary minimum of fire fighting equipment is put (fire hoses, delays, rescue ropes and other necessary fire fighting equipment based on the circumstances of the fire).
All high-rise buildings are on a special record, if a message about a fire passes, then automatic dispatch of forces and means to the increased number (rank) of the fire is provided. For each such object, a fire extinguishing card is developed, which, even on the way, helps the extinguishing leader to find the right solution for conducting rescue operations and extinguishing the fire. This document reflects the features of the building and evacuation routes, layout, provision of extinguishing and smoke removal equipment, as well as the characteristics of external and internal fire water supply.
Extinguishing in residential buildings is very different from extinguishing at industrial enterprises, since the moment of communication with the population is important. It is very important not to panic. The task of firefighters is to make people who are in the danger zone believe in the rescue and help of professionals.
Fire reconnaissance
Pneumatic Jump Rescue Device (PPSU)
Conducting reconnaissance in multi-storey buildings is equated to rather difficult conditions, this is due to the presence of a large fire load with a large number of residential apartments, in this case reconnaissance is carried out by a group of 4-5 gas and smoke protectors and, depending on the complexity of the layout, reconnaissance is carried out in several directions. When carrying out work inside the building, a security post with a liaison is installed at the entrance, it provides control over the situation outside, records the data and commands received from the fire extinguishing manager and monitors the time spent by the GDZS link in an unbreathable environment.
Let's look at the direct actions of the RTP during reconnaissance:
- prevent panic among people inside the building by using a voice alert or loudspeaker;
- it is necessary to establish contact with the administration of the facility or a service organization (if it is a residential building) and find out the approximate number of people in the building;
- determine the safest ways to evacuate people (stairwells, emergency exits, balconies, etc.);
- determine the possibility of installing special equipment for evacuation using ladders, lifts, rescue tarpaulins and inflatable ones;
- determines the possibility of introducing forces and means of extinguishing and smoke removal methods;
- clarifies the possibility of using a stationary fire extinguishing system, if any
Fire development
In high-rise buildings, in the event of fires, the rapid smoke of the higher floors and stair-elevator units is typical, as well as the intense spread of fire within the floor, especially with corridor planning and engineering communications systems, lining of combustible materials and equipment to the upper floors. This is facilitated by the increased influence of wind, significant air pressure drops inside and outside due to the high height of buildings.
After 5-6 minutes from the moment of occurrence, the products of combustion spread throughout the stairwell, and the levels of smoke are such that they do not allow people to be without respiratory protection.
After 15-20 minutes from the start of the fire, the fire can spread up the balconies, loggias, window casings and through window and door openings go to the premises of the higher floors.
Upon arrival, the extinguishing leader:
- Conducts reconnaissance;
- Makes an appeal to the inhabitants of the house with a pre-prepared text:
Attention everyone! Attention everyone! The fire brigade has arrived, help is coming to you. Keep your composure and calm.
Depending on the situation, as well as the availability of forces and means, the first actions should be rescuing people or extinguishing a fire, but as a rule, these actions are carried out simultaneously. If it is not possible to rescue people using internal stairs, and it is also necessary to speed up the rescue work, specialized rescue equipment, such as auto-articulated lifts or ladders, comes to the rescue. Additionally, rescue ropes and other equipment may be used.
When extinguishing fires in high-rise buildings, a combined lifting method is often used. By creating a chain of assault ladders, it is practically possible to reach any floor. This method requires special attention to compliance with safety regulations! One wrong move can lead to tragic consequences. Compulsory insurance is required when climbing stairs.
All hose lines that are raised to a height from the side of the building are fixed with hose delays, the same is on the floors of buildings.
On the upper floors, use the internal fire hydrants and move the barrels in the way of the spread of fire and extinguishing the fire. In case of failure of fire hydrants and lack of high pressure pumps, in buildings above the 20th floor, intermediate elastic containers with a volume of 2-3 m 3 are used, an application option can be considered for the purpose of pumping.
When evacuating people, use rescue devices, such as a rescue sleeve, which is often supplied with articulated lifts, a pneumatic rescue device "Life Cube", individual rescue devices, and others. These activities with the use of rescue equipment must be carried out in compliance with labor protection and insurance.
Fire extinguishing actions depend to a large extent on the place where the fire occurred. If the source of fire is located on the lower floors, then rescuers can quickly send fire extinguishing agents and prevent the spread of flames. But at the same time, a significant number of people may be in danger, and many fire departments and special equipment will be required to save them. If the fire occurs on the upper floors, the situation is the opposite of the previous one. The threat of fire spread is not high, but extinguishing is complicated by the height, as well as the difficulty of delivering the necessary equipment for work
saving people
Rescue of people in case of fire on the ladder
What is the main purpose of fire departments in a fire?
That's right, saving human lives! That is why, first of all, all forces rush to save people. Let's look at the main options:
- self-evacuation before the arrival of firefighters;
- withdrawal of people capable of movement
- removal of the victims to the safest place inside the building or outside it;
- evacuation through smoke-free staircases or stationary fire escapes that are equipped in some houses;
- rescue with the help of fire equipment (manual and assault ladders, ropes, rope-rappelling devices, pneumatic jumping rescue devices);
- attraction of special equipment (fire ladders, lifts, helicopters)
For an organized mass evacuation and to prevent panic, firefighters are posted along the routes to ensure the movement of people.
With a large number of apartments, as well as the presence of elevators, when checking the premises, firefighters put marks on the checked areas for faster advancement and inspection of the fire site.
During the evacuation, fire departments jointly carry out actions to limit the spread of fire and smoke, for this, stationary fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems are used, in the absence of such systems, additional measures are taken and special equipment is involved.
Fire extinguishing
Areas for the elimination of fires can be created from the side of each staircase, thanks to them, at the same time, extinguishing and rescuing the victims takes place. When a fire occurs in buildings with a corridor layout, sections are created on several floors, from the side of the staircase, and one of the most experienced employees is appointed to coordinate their actions.
If the number of storeys of the house is up to 15 floors inclusive, then water can be supplied to the trunks by one autopump, with the location of water sources at a distance of 60-80 m from the object. If the building has 20 floors, then pumping is carried out from one pump to another, while it is worth noting that one pump is located near the building, and the second near the source of water intake.
To carry out the lifting of the sleeves, rescue ropes 50-60 m long are used, brackets with blocks for attaching to window sills and other devices, you can also use special equipment, such as car lifts and car stairs.
When laying a hose working line in high-rise buildings, two branches are installed - one directly in front of the entrance to the building or in the vestibule, the second below the burning floor. When connecting a working line to a branch located in front of the inlet, one free fitting should be left for discharging water after the fire has been eliminated.
Reading 4 min. Views 366 Posted on Mar 1, 2018
Fire
Stoves are still one of the main sources of heat in both private houses and multi-apartment residential buildings. Unfortunately, stoves in our homes do not always meet fire safety requirements, which cause numerous fires. About the fires that occurred for this reason in 2017 and at the beginning of 2018 in the Yuryevets municipal district, the inspector of the department of supervisory activities of the city of Kineshma, Kineshma and Yurievets districts A.V. Mishagin.
The cause of the fire is the furnace
In 2017, out of 30 registered fires, 15 occurred due to a malfunction or violation of the rules for operating stove heating. So, since the beginning of the year, there have been two fires for this reason. One fire happened in the building of a bathhouse on the territory of a household on the street. Karpushinskaya Yuryevets. Here, due to violations of the rules for the construction of the chimney of the heating boiler, the ceiling caught fire.
The second fire occurred in a residential building on the street. Korolenko, Yuryevets, where, due to a violation of fire safety rules during the operation of the heating boiler, firewood caught fire, which at the time of the fire dried close to the heating boiler, and later on the ceiling.
The owners are to blame
The following violations of the operation of furnaces most often lead to trouble: overheating (long-term combustion); storage of combustible materials near the walls of furnaces (paper, old things made of fabric); leaving heating stoves unattended.
Furniture, curtains and other combustible objects must not be placed closer than 0.5 m from the heating stove. You can not store wood chips, sawdust, shavings under the stove, you also can not dry firewood on the stove, hang clothes over it to dry.
The dangers of Buleryanov
As for the Buleryan type boilers, the danger during operation lies in the fact that tar deposits accumulate inside the chimney. When the pipes are reheated, they can begin to burn out.
In the absence or improper cutting of the furnace at the intersection of the chimney and the wooden ceiling in the pipe, ignition of combustible structures is possible.
Proper cutting required
It is the incorrect cutting of the pipe that is the most important and common cause of fires. Usually they do it, as it is more convenient and easier, the brick is released by 100-150 mm.
According to building codes and regulations, the fire cut is 380 mm when protecting the tree with non-combustible material (at least 10 mm thick asbestos) or 500 mm in the absence of protection.
iron
and ceramic pipes are dangerous
The second common reason is the use of a metal or asbestos-cement (ceramic) pipe as a furnace chimney. In this case, as in the first case, if the metal pipe crosses the ceiling, the wood heats up quickly (sometimes the metal pipe becomes red-hot) - and ignition occurs.
With prolonged use of an asbestos-cement pipe, especially if it is located in a steam room or on the street, asbestos exfoliates over time due to temperature differences. As a result, the pipe may burst or explode.
To avoid fires from these pipes, it is required to overlay it with brickwork, which should rise above the roof. And when using a metal chimney at the level of overlapping in the diameter of one meter, there should not be any combustible material around the pipe, and it is also impossible to wrap the pipe with insulating material, which begins to smolder when heated.
The height of the chimney is set depending on its distance from the roof ridge. So, when the pipe is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge, the pipe is raised 0.5 m above the roof.
Behavior in case of fire
If a fire is detected, immediately report it by calling “01”, “101”, “112” (giving the exact address of the fire site, your last name), and before the arrival of firefighters, if possible, take measures to evacuate people and extinguish the fire.
It should be remembered that during a fire in a room it is impossible to break windows, open doors wide open and create a draft, as this contributes to the flow of fresh air and the intensive development of a fire.
Guilty awaits
punishment
Violation of norms due to improper installation of heating stoves and chimneys, violation of the installation of electrical equipment qualifies as a violation of fire safety requirements, for which the legislation provides for administrative liability: for citizens - from 2 to 3 thousand rubles, for officials - from 6 to 15 thousand rubles .
By following the elementary rules of fire safety, you protect your property, yourself and your loved ones from big trouble. You should always remember that a fire is easier to prevent than to extinguish.
Prepared
Mikhail Krainov, photo from ONM archive
To stop burning, the following methods are used:
isolation of the combustion source from atmospheric oxygen (for most combustible substances, at an oxygen concentration of less than 14%, the combustion process stops);
cooling the combustion zone to a temperature below the self-ignition temperature;
Cooling the burning material below the ignition temperature;
dilution of burning materials with non-combustible substances;
inhibition (inhibition) of the burning rate;
· mechanical knocking down of a flame in the center of burning;
Isolation of combustible substances from the combustion zone, etc.
Water is the cheapest and most common means of extinguishing fires. Water has a high heat capacity and a significant increase in volume during vaporization (1 liter of water forms 1700 liters of steam).
Water is used to extinguish the combustion of solid combustible substances, create water curtains and cool objects (machine tools, structures, etc.) located near the combustion source.
Water must not be used to extinguish electrically energized equipment. A low effect is observed when extinguishing oil products with water.
A sprayed jet of water is more effective in extinguishing fires, especially when extinguishing flammable liquids. When surfactants (wetting agents) are added to the water, the water consumption decreases up to 2.5 times.
Extinguishing with foam is more effective, since the foam cover shields the combustible substance from the heat of the combustion zone. Foam, both chemical and air-mechanical, is used to extinguish solid substances and flammable liquids (flammable liquids).
Chemical foam is formed by the reaction between alkali and acid in the presence of a blowing agent.
Air-mechanical foam is a colloidal substance consisting of gas bubbles surrounded by liquid films. It is obtained by mixing water and a foaming agent with air. Air-mechanical foam is characterized by multiplicity, i.e. the ratio of the volume of the foam to the volume of its liquid phase. For extinguishing combustible liquids (FL) and flammable liquids, it is possible to use air-mechanical foam of medium expansion (from 40 to 120).
Extinguishing with powder compositions is very effective, as they have a high fire extinguishing ability. They are used when extinguishing a fire is not amenable to water and foams (metals, etc.). It is permissible to extinguish a fire with powder compositions at sub-zero temperatures.
The main role in extinguishing a fire with powders is played by their ability to inhibit the flame.
Inert diluents are used as fire extinguishing compositions for volumetric extinguishing - water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, flue gases, etc. Extinguishing when the medium is diluted with inert diluents is associated with heat losses for heating these diluents, which leads to a decrease in the rate of the combustion process.
Water vapor is used to extinguish fires in small rooms. Carbon dioxide is used to extinguish fires in warehouses of flammable liquids, etc.
The choice of extinguishing agent depends on the class of fire, for example:
class A - it is possible to use all types of fire extinguishing agents;
class B - water and all types of foam, powders are used;
class C - gas compositions are used in the form of inert diluents, powders, water;
class D - powders are used;
class E - powders, carbon dioxide, etc. are used.
Fire extinguishers are divided into primary and stationary.
Primary fire extinguishers are used to eliminate small fires. In this case, they use: fire nozzles, fire extinguishers, dry sand, thick blankets, etc.
Stationary fire extinguishing installations are constantly ready for action. Starting the fire extinguishing process can be carried out remotely or automatically. Sprinkler and deluge installations are used for automatic water fire extinguishing.
The most widespread are sprinkler installations, which are automatic fire extinguishing installations with sprayed water. They are a network of water pipes in which water is constantly under pressure and irrigation heads (sprinklers) are mounted. Their number is chosen from the condition of irrigation with one sprinkler from 9 to 12 m2 of the area of the room. Sprinkler head openings are brazed with a low melting compound rated at 72, 93, 141, or 182°C. In the event of a fire, these holes open up on their own and irrigate the protected area with water. The disadvantage of such a system is a relatively large inertia - the heads open approximately 2-3 minutes after the temperature rises.
It is possible to use drencher installations of group action. Instead of sprinkler heads, they have drenchers - open irrigation heads without locks. During normal times, the water outlet is closed by a group action valve. The valve can be opened manually or automatically along with an alarm. One bladed or rosette-type deluge is capable of irrigating up to 12 m2 of floor. The deluge sprayer with screw slots makes it possible to obtain sprayed water with a finer dispersion and, at a height of more than 5 meters, irrigates a floor area of up to 210 m2.
Fire extinguishers are widely used as primary fire extinguishers. According to the composition of the extinguishing agent, fire extinguishers are water, foam, powder, freon, carbon dioxide, air-foam and combined.
By capacity, fire extinguishers are divided into:
small-capacity (up to 5 l);
industrial manual (up to 10 l) and mobile (more than 10 l).
The marking of a fire extinguisher usually carries information about the properties of the fire extinguishing mixture and the volume of the fire extinguisher. For example, OHP-10 means: a chemical foam fire extinguisher with a capacity of about 10 liters.
Fire warning and signaling means
Fire alarms and communications are designed to provide quick notification of a fire, which greatly enhances the success of fire fighting. Depending on the purpose of the building or premises, the following systems and means of fire automatics can be arranged:
· fire alarm;
· Security and fire alarm.
The regulatory documents are:
· NPB 104-95. Designing fire warning systems for people in buildings and structures;
· NPB 110-99. List of buildings, structures, premises and equipment to be protected by automatic extinguishing and fire detection installations.
Fire alarms can be electrical or automatic. When using an electric fire alarm, a fire notification is carried out within a few seconds. In this case, the signaling system consists of a receiving station and detectors connected to it. The fire signal is given by pressing the detector buttons, which are installed in prominent places in the production premises.
In automatic fire alarms, detectors are divided depending on the method of detecting the initial stage of a fire: thermal, smoke, light and combined.
Heat detectors are activated when the ambient temperature rises. Their sensitive elements are various metal plates or spirals with ends brazed with low-melting solder. In the event of an increase in temperature, the plates bend and connect electrical contacts that actuate sound and light alarms. The detectors operate at predetermined temperatures of 60, 80 and 100°C, the response time is approximately 50 s, the controlled area is 15-30 m2.
In smoke detectors, the sensing element can be photocells or ionization chambers. In the latter case, due to the action of combustion products, the ionization current changes, which, through an electronic relay, activates the alarm system.
Light emitters react to the radiation of an open flame, i.e. to infrared and ultraviolet rays.
Combined emitters perform the functions of heat and smoke detectors. They are made on the basis of a smoke detector with the inclusion of elements of the electrical circuit used to operate the heat emitter. Controlled area approximately 100 m2.
Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect moving objects in enclosed spaces (oscillating flame, walking person, etc.).
Fire alarm systems are equipped with technological installations of increased fire danger, industrial buildings, warehouses.
Fire communication is subdivided into notification of fire extinguishing services, dispatch communication and communication on fire. Unique objects of the economy have their own firefighting forces and, in any case, have a direct connection with the communication centers of other firefighting forces.
Fire safety at the enterprise
In accordance with the law, business leaders have certain rights and obligations in the field of fire safety. Employers have the right:
create, reorganize and liquidate, in accordance with the established procedure, fire departments, which they maintain at their own expense;
Submit proposals to state authorities to ensure fire safety;
carry out work to establish the causes of fires that occurred at the enterprise;
· Establish measures of social and economic incentives to ensure fire safety.
The legislation places responsibility for the fire safety of the enterprise on the employer. Accordingly, the employer is obliged to appoint officials responsible for the fire safety of individual units (objects).
The employer is obliged:
appoint a person responsible for fire safety of the organization;
organize the fire protection of the facility;
organize training of workers and employees in fire safety rules;
· develop long-term plans for improving fire safety at the enterprise;
develop instructions on how to work with flammable substances and materials, as well as instructions on compliance with the fire regime, etc.
Responsible persons who are responsible for fire safety by the employer are obliged to:
Communicate fire safety rules to employees;
Participate in the development of fire safety instructions;
Monitor the good condition of heating, ventilation, electrical equipment, etc.;
Monitor the technical condition of fire extinguishing equipment;
organize the actions of personnel in the event of a fire (calling the fire brigade, using primary fire extinguishing equipment, evacuating workers).
Responsibility of officials for violation of fire safety legislation is possible in the form of: disciplinary action, administrative punishment and criminal liability.
Basics of fire safety in the office, in the car, in the forest
Fire safety legislation defines the duties of any citizen of Russia:
Comply with fire safety requirements;
· to have primary fire extinguishing means in personal premises and buildings;
If a fire is discovered, immediately notify the fire brigade about them;
Before the arrival of the fire brigade, take all feasible measures to save people, property and extinguish the fire;
Comply with the instructions of fire officials.
About 10,000 people die from fires every year in Russia. They die more often not from a flame, but from smoke and toxic combustion products. Approximately 80% of the victims of the fires were intoxicated.
Currently, industrial television is widely used in workplaces, many offices and rest rooms are equipped with television receivers and video systems. The following is the procedure to follow if the TV catches fire:
1. Disconnect the TV receiver from the network and cover with a thick cloth;
2. Since the kinescope may explode, stand on the side of the screen and pour water from the side of the ventilation grilles;
3. In the event of a kinescope explosion, given that the emitted smoke is very dangerous, the following is recommended:
hold your breath at the moment of the explosion;
immediately remove persons in the room;
· protect the respiratory tract with a wet cloth and continue extinguishing.
Install the TV receiver no closer than 70-100 cm from the curtains;
Avoid proximity to heating systems;
Do not place combustible objects and vases with water on the TV;
There must be free access of air to the ventilation grilles.
The order of action in case of fire at the workplace (office, workroom) is studied during the passage of a special fire safety briefing (or these issues are included in the introductory briefing on labor protection). Fire safety issues may also be included in the instructions for labor protection in the section "Actions in cases of emergency".
1. Call the number 01 (or the number indicated in the "instructions"). Wherein:
· clearly state the address, your surname and contact phone number;
if necessary, specify the floor, entrance and the possibility of access to the house of special vehicles;
if necessary, meet the fire engine;
2. Warn the management, other employees about the fire and start the evacuation in accordance with the approved scheme;
3. In case of a small fire, using primary fire extinguishing equipment, start extinguishing the fire on your own. In this case, it is necessary:
Turn off electrical appliances
close the windows, as the air flow will intensify the fire;
· take into account that it is necessary to open the door to the room where the fire is very careful, as the flame of the fire can blaze towards;
stay close to the floor and protect the respiratory tract from smoke with a wet cloth;
4. While on the top floor, try to assess the situation - perhaps it is better to stay in the working room, as loss of consciousness from combustion products during the descent is not excluded. In this case, it is necessary to fill all the cracks with wet rags;
5. When evacuating down, do not use the elevator, because when there is smoke, the elevator shaft works like a chimney and you can be poisoned by combustion products, and it is also possible to turn off the power supply;
6. If the workroom is located no higher than the 4th floor, and evacuation down is not possible, try to go down yourself.
When ensuring fire safety in a car, possible signs of a fire in a car should be considered:
1. The smell of burnt rubber, gasoline, a trickle of smoke from under the hood;
2. Light or sound signals of oncoming cars.
It should be borne in mind that a person can stay in a burning car for no more than 1-2 minutes, since burning synthetic materials emit potent toxic combustion products.
At the first sign of a fire in a car, you must:
1. Stop and pull out the ignition key;
2. Put the car on the handbrake and, taking a fire extinguisher and first aid kit, leave the car.
When extinguishing a burning car:
1. Carefully open the hood of the car, as a flame may be ejected due to the influx of oxygen;
2. When using a fire extinguisher, direct the jet of flame at the source of ignition;
3. If necessary, throw sand, snow on the fire, cover with a thick cloth;
4. Stop passing cars, as several fire extinguishers are more effective (the time factor is important);
5. Remember about personal safety - hands and clothes can be in gasoline or oil.
When charging the battery, hydrogen is released, and its mixture with air is explosive;
· store no more than 20 liters of gasoline and no more than 5 kg of oil in the garage;
It is forbidden to use open fire and electric welding in the garage;
· parts are not washed in the garage in gasoline, kerosene, etc.;
· when refueling the car, turn off the engine, it is better for passengers to leave the passenger compartment.
Fire safety in forests must be observed both by employees of organizations conducting work in the forest zone, and by all citizens while in the forest.
Prior to the start of work in the forest, organizations must register with the relevant territorial bodies. All employees should be instructed on fire safety in the forest and how to extinguish a forest fire. An organization working in the forest must have primary fire extinguishing equipment and a first aid kit.
Combustible and lubricating materials must be stored closed in a specially prepared place, remote from workers' housing. The place of storage of flammable materials is cleared of vegetation and dug in with a strip of at least 1.4 meters wide.
Logging works are carried out after issuance of the relevant permit. Wherein:
· the place of felling of the forest is cleared of logging residues;
· Burning of logging residues is carried out in a clearing no less than 25 meters from the edge of the forest.
General fire safety requirements:
· when moving, crossing, it is forbidden to throw away cigarette butts, burning matches, etc.;
during the transitions, a smoke break is arranged for everyone at once on the spot;
waste materials impregnated with flammable substances must be buried;
control the possibility of sparks from working tractor engines, etc.
When making a fire, the following safety requirements are observed:
a) a flat area is selected, at least 15 meters away from trees;
b) the selected place for the fire is cleared of debris, grass and dug in with a strip of at least 0.5 meters wide;
c) it is forbidden to make a fire:
In a strong wind
In dry forest
on peatlands;
on dry grass
in reeds;
in coniferous young growth;
· in plantings of cereals, corn, etc.
d) when extinguishing a fire, the fire is filled with water or covered with earth.
Remember that both administrative liability (fine) and criminal liability can be applied to violators of fire safety rules. By decision of the court, compensation for damage from a fire can be in the form of compensation:
for the cost of extinguishing a fire;
for damages from the loss of wood;
from the cost of cleaning up the area after a fire;
· from the costs of land reclamation and young forest growing.
The material damage caused by fires caused by improper operation of brick and metal stoves may seem insignificant in comparison with the damage from major man-made disasters. But the number of such incidents is high: statistics show that for every five fires in the Russian Federation, one occurs where there are unsafely used stoves.
Among the possible risk factors, the general fire safety requirements for furnaces include:
- operation of faulty and partially damaged stoves (the firebox of completely damaged stoves should not be discussed at all);
- open doors;
- heating using fuel not designed for this;
- drying and maintenance of firewood, coal, clothing and other combustible materials closer than a meter and a quarter;
- use ventilation (and similar devices) as chimneys.
Detailed instructions are attached to the article. by button DOWNLOAD, it addresses the following questions:
- General safety requirements;
- Safety requirements before starting work;
- Safety requirements during work and .
Even when developing a project for a recreational facility, numerous nuances should be taken into account, we will consider which ones:
- provide for the construction of the furnace after the period of shrinkage of the structure has passed;
- lay in the project retreats and cuttings for the hot parts of the furnace in relation to the walls of the room, as well as covering nearby surfaces with felt or asbestos cardboard impregnated with clay solution;
- in the absence of fire-resistant protection, the surfaces of the brick oven should be located at a distance of 40 cm from the walls, and if the metal oven is in the bath, then fire safety will be observed only if the interval is increased to 1 m;
- the premises will help to avoid fire from heating (with a tree this happens at t from 300 °), but it will not be possible to overheat the stove;
- between the floor and the ash pan, it is necessary to provide a space of 13-15 cm, a gap of 20-24 cm should be up to the bottom of the chimney.
Fire safety in the house
If violations of fire regulations at enterprises threaten to punish the manager (if it is arson, then the arson culprit), then domestic fires, even if they do not cause human casualties, cause significant damage to the owners of dachas, private houses, garages and outbuildings. In addition, there is always the risk of a fire spreading.
To make the house truly safe, it is enough just to be guided by the information from the "Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation".
Consider the basic requirements in detail:
- Even at the stage of building a house, it is necessary to accurately determine the location of the furnace in the house, taking into account the standards and fire indents. This means that the stove must have its own foundation and no connection to combustible (wooden) walls. The wooden floor must be isolated from interaction with coals falling out of the firebox using a metal sheet attached to the floor, the minimum parameters of which are 50 × 70 cm. It is absolutely impossible to stack firewood and kindling on this sheet.
- Before the beginning of each cold season, soot from the external and internal surfaces of the stove and chimney must be removed. Cleaning should be repeated throughout the heating season with a frequency of 1 time in 3 months, as often as possible.
- To easily detect the slightest cracks, it is necessary to periodically whitewash the pipes and the entire surface of the furnace.
- Pipes must be equipped with special metal meshes with mesh sizes no larger than 5 × 5 mm, they perform the function of spark arresters.
It is forbidden:
- use artisanal metal stoves if they do not meet safety standards;
- entrust the ignition and maintenance of the fire to small children.
- use too long firewood sticking out of the firebox.
Every homeowner, responsibly striving for complete fire safety, must understand that laying the stove must be entrusted to professionals who have a license from the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation, and not try to design stove heating on their own.
The danger of carbon monoxide
Employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia warn the population against possible mistakes when heating the stove. Carbon monoxide is toxic, has no smell or color, so people, especially in a state of sleep, will not be able to smell it.
In order not to risk life and health, the stove damper should not be closed completely (it is better to leave it slightly ajar) only after the disappearance of the blue lights over the coals. In addition, it is recommended to check with a poker whether there are unburned smuts inside the oven. It is better to extinguish them or give them time to burn out completely.
Firefighters are advised to finish heating the stove three hours before bedtime. Only correct equipment must be used.
When operating wood-burning stoves, you need to monitor the chimneys, clean them from soot and soot. The most important thing is not to close the damper until the coals are completely burned out.
With what intensity carbon monoxide can enter the room with faulty furnace equipment, as well as the time of exposure to the human body, it is difficult to establish, since it depends on many factors. Carbon monoxide is lighter than air under normal indoor conditions.
Given the fact that stoves are heated in cold weather, no one will open windows, since the meaning of all previously done measures with stove heating is lost. Therefore, you should follow the recommendations above.
Whether or not an open window will affect the degree of carbon monoxide poisoning of a person is difficult to say, but it will definitely reduce the concentration in the room.
We will give you reference data taken from open sources and a table, it remains to draw conclusions on your own.
In the cold season, many fires occur from stove heating devices.
On December 30, 2000, a residential building burned down in Tynda. While extinguishing the fire, firefighters found four dead. The owner managed to escape. As follows from the conclusion, the violation of the rules for the operation of the heating furnace led to the fire. The building was heated by a metal stove, the pipe of which went out to the street through the window. The stove stood on the floor, without a foundation, and there was no pre-furnace sheet. It was impossible to avoid a fire when using such a furnace. On this day, a resident of Svobodny was left without housing and property. The woman left the burning stove unattended.
On March 30, 2001, a resident of the village Dmitrievka, Svobodnensky district, was lighting the stove. To make the fire flare up faster, she splashed gasoline into the firebox. Vapors of flammable liquid flared up. The woman suffered burns and could not be saved.
Let's try to answer the question: why do such fires occur? There are several reasons:
- from the impact of flame, flue gases and sparks on combustible building structures through cracks in the laying of furnaces and chimneys;
- when combustible building structures come into contact with the surfaces of furnace elements that have a high temperature, due to the insufficient thickness of the walls of furnaces or chimneys, the absence or underestimation of the dimensions of fire cuts and retreats, as well as as a result of overheating of furnaces;
- when combustible objects (furniture, linen, clothes) and materials (firewood, peat, etc.) come into contact with overheated parts of stoves;
- when exposed to flame through open furnace and other operating openings;
- when coals and hot sparks fall on combustible elements of buildings and household items.
In a word, fires occur as a result of improper design and violations of fire safety rules during the operation of furnaces.
- the distance from the internal surfaces of furnaces and chimneys washed by flue gases to the combustible structures of the building should be 50, and to structures protected from fire - 38 cm; these cuttings are arranged in combustible ceilings, walls and partitions;
- when installing the furnace in the immediate vicinity of the surface of combustible walls or partitions, air gaps, fire-fighting retreats are provided; a distance of 35 cm from the upper plane of the furnace ceiling to the combustible ceiling must be maintained;
- to protect the wooden hearth in front of the firebox there should be a metal sheet of roofing steel measuring 70 x 50 cm;
- the stove and chimneys in the attic should be regularly whitewashed with lime mortar: it is easier to notice black cracks from the smoke passing through them;
- near burning stoves, you can not dry firewood, store flammable liquids, hang linen and clothes over the stoves;
- furniture should be placed no closer than 50 cm from the stoves;
- it is impossible to leave a heating stove unattended by adults, and even more so to entrust its firebox to young children;
- to avoid overheating, you should not heat the stove for a long time (it is better to heat the stove 2-3 times a day for 1.5 hours);
- in no case should gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, etc., as well as flammable plastic materials be used when kindling the stove, because this can lead to the ejection of the flame from the furnace;
- to prevent the ignition of soot, it is necessary to clean the chimneys at least once every three months;
- it is impossible to pour burning ash near combustible buildings, it can be stored only in a non-combustible, tightly closed container;
- it is not allowed to install temporary (home-made metal) stoves for heating residential premises, even for a short time;
- repair and laying of furnaces should be allowed to persons who have the appropriate qualifications, confirmed by a special certificate.
If you follow the above minimum fire safety rules and regulations when using the stove, you can be sure that a fire will not occur in the house.
Loading...