Fiber under the layer of earth and above. Geotextile: its scope and key characteristics. Video: Comparison of the qualities of geotextiles with different densities after a year of operation

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M Many would like to know: geotextile - what it is and how it is used. This is a knitted or woven cloth, which is characterized by considerable strength. The material is created by weaving threads from different polymers at a certain angle. Cloths are provided by manufacturers in rolls. Moreover, the density of matter can be different. A large number of positive qualities help geotextiles to be a versatile raw material.

The canvas is easy to use, as it is offered in ready-made rolls.

Before buying geotextiles, you need to decide: what it is and how it is used. This is a product that is a woven and non-woven fabric, which is created from components of polypropylene and polyesters.

Initially, this material was used only for drainage structures and the construction of construction projects, but then it began to be used for domestic and industrial purposes. Cloths are produced in different volumes and come in different types. The fabric is sold in rolls with a width of 2 meters to 5.5 meters. The length can be from 40 to 150 meters.

Helpful information! In summer cottages, needle-punched material is often used, the structure of which includes small holes. Such agrofibre is used as a protective and covering material.

How is geotextile used in building houses?

In the construction of houses, geotextiles are often used for the foundation. In order for the foundation under the building to be durable, a pillow or dumping is used for the future foundation.

Geotextile protects the structure from the pressure of melt and groundwater and from soil deformation. It is also worth highlighting the following points:

• the canvas prevents the mixing of sand, soil and gravel;
• the load on the base is evenly distributed;
• the bearing capacity of the structure is increased;
• the base becomes more stable and stable.

Protection of the foundation against the rise of groundwater

Related article:

Varieties of geotextiles

Having decided what geotextile is and how it is used, it is worth considering that this product may differ depending on the production technology. The following types of material are distinguished:

• calendered geotextiles are made by bonding fibers using high temperatures, while the fabric has high strength properties, which minimizes the likelihood of breaks;

• the needle-punched look is made from propylene and polyester fibers; water can flow through the fabric in the longitudinal and transverse directions;

• knitting-stitching material is made from special fibers of a certain length, for a strong connection of the fibers they are stitched with threads.

Knitting-stitched fabrics have a special structure

Helpful information! This material is made from polyester mass. On conveyor belts, pieces of fibers are torn off from bales of a similar mass, which, under an air stream, are converted into separate threads. Interestingly, 1 gram of such a thread has a length of 3 km. After the fluffing procedure, the threads in a special machine are transformed into a canvas.

Geotextile in the drainage system is used as a layer with filtration for perforated highways. Such a grating not only prevents the gravel bed from silting.

Such material does not mix different layers of soil. For drainage systems, a product with the following parameters is selected:

• density should be up to 150 g/m2.
• a needle-punched monofilament cloth is used;
• the filtration coefficient is about 130 m per day;
• pressure strength should not be less than 400-500 N;
• the width of the roll depends on the specific section of the filtration layer.

The installation of the canvas is carried out without tension. For overlap, allowances of 0.3-0.6 meters are left. When working on large areas, additional fixation of the fabric is required. After turning the edges of the canvas, the soil is laid and compacted.

Helpful information! When choosing a material, it is worth giving preference to products from trusted manufacturers. During installation, it should be borne in mind that the material is susceptible to the influence of sunlight, so the canvas must be covered with soil as soon as possible.

Geotextile: technical specifications

Geotextiles are affordable and versatile. In addition, the material has the following qualities:

• resistance to the oxidative process;
• resistance to various aggressive influences;
• resistance to fungal organisms;
• prevents the growth of weeds;
• stops soil erosion;
• has a filtering function;
• contributes to the acceleration of water drainage;
• has excellent reinforcing properties.

Geotextile is an affordable non-woven material made of polymer fibers, which is widely used in the country. Among its indisputable advantages, one can especially note wear resistance, not susceptibility to decay, strength.

1. Needle-punched geotextile (optimal for use in drainage systems, road construction, landscape design, small ponds, slope reinforcement). Filtration is longitudinal and transverse. In Russia, this material is often sold under its own name "Darnit".
2. Thermally bonded geotextile (stronger than needle-punched). Filtration is only transverse. Cannot be used for drainage work. The main applications are slope reinforcement, slab laying, weed control, waterproofing. A bright representative is TechnoNIKOL.
3. Knitting-stitched geotextile (the fibers are stitched with threads, so the strength is low). This option is now found on sale less and less, it is less suitable for garden work.

When choosing, pay special attention to the following parameters:

• surface density level (150 - 1000 g/1m2);
• composition (preferably 100% polypropylene);
• roll width (4-6 m).

Among the traditional material similar in use is roofing material. But in all respects it is much inferior to geotextiles.

Advantages:

• Retains water but lets moisture through.
• Does not dampen (does not accumulate moisture inside itself). Soil particles do not get stuck inside.
• It is resistant to most adverse effects: it is not afraid of high humidity, ultraviolet radiation, alkalis, acids, mold does not form on it.
• The load is distributed evenly over the entire canvas.
• With thermal deformations, the base of the geotextile expands.
• Frost resistance.

garden paths

A beautiful winding or straight path is often the basis for the composition of small areas. Geotextiles are excellent for their creation. They operate according to the following scheme:

1. take out part of the soil;
2. fill the groove with rubble;
3. lay geotextiles;
4. covered with sand, compacted and leveled the surface;
5. lay paving slabs.

Geotextile prevents sand from mixing with gravel, which protects the soil from subsidence in the future. Even after many years, garden paths will remain smooth and tidy.

Small areas are equipped in a similar way (for example, under gazebos, a barbecue area). The insulation between the soil and the bulk material prevents weeds from growing between the laid tiles. Excess moisture will quickly drain from the polymer surface, as a result of which large puddles will not appear on the tracks.

Waterproofing of a country pond

A beautiful decorative pond, albeit a small one, can become the pride of a summer cottage. To prevent water from leaving, you should first take care of creating a waterproofed bowl. From above, it can be masked with stones, soil, etc.

Geotextiles in this case are very suitable not only because of the affordable price, but also because of their incredible strength. Sooner or later, the reservoir will have to be cleaned, and mechanical contact with the surface of the insulating layer will be almost inevitable.

Geotextile is a waterproofing base for home swimming pools.

beds

Probably, you have already seen beds covered with a dark cloth with slots, from which plants neatly stick out. What is their meaning?

The fact is that holes are made only for planted cultivated plants (seeds are sown in them and seedlings are planted), and the weed particles located between them cannot develop without light and sufficient moisture.

Such mulch will completely relieve you of the need for weeding and will contribute to the long-term preservation of moisture in the soil. It will protect the plants from the midday sun. For those who visit the cottage only on weekends, geotextile can be a real find.

The second use case is as an impenetrable lining between the main soil and the surface (artificially created). The fact is that for the full development of a number of ornamental plants, special soil mixtures are needed.

Just create waterproofing pockets with the right substrate and plant plants in them that need special conditions. The nutrient layer will not be washed out and mixed with poor garden soil, and plant roots will not be able to penetrate deeper than the geotextile (into infertile layers).

Other Application:

• Foundation protection. Over time, groundwater can undermine the foundation, as a result of which the building may sag. Geotextiles laid close to the foundation will prevent contact with unwanted moisture. It will also allow you to separate the soil from the site and gravel bedding.
• Geotextiles are used as a covering material for the winter (roses, rhododendrons, juniper, boxwood, cypress, lavender, grapes, perennials, shrubs, seedlings in pots and flowerpots). Moreover, unlike natural mulch, it does not pollute the site, does not spoil its appearance and can be used repeatedly.
• Geotextiles can also be used when planting raspberries. It will turn out an analogue of a large pot dug into the ground. As a result, the shrub will not be able to grow in the district.
• Geotextiles are also indispensable for drainage. It is laid on the bottom of a previously dug trench, and a layer of rubble is poured on top. Next, pipes are installed.

There are actually many more applications, but within the framework of one article it will not be possible to talk about them. Feel free to share your additions and comments in the comments.

Gardeners have to constantly fight weeds. Regular weeding, the use of herbicides, and physical barriers help keep their growth in check. The latter includes geotextiles.

The use of geotextiles in the garden area makes it possible to destroy weeds without harmful toxic substances.

Geotextiles for weed protection are made from geotextiles of two tiers:

First tier. It is a needle-punched non-woven geotextile.

Second tier. It is a woven polypropylene fabric.

These two layers are combined by agglomeration or acupuncture treatment.

Where is this material used?

For soil mulching. Apply to all cultures.

– For landscape design. Weed protection.

– When arranging garden paths.

Geotextiles in weed control are widely used in agriculture and horticulture. It prevents the growth of weeds, as it does not allow the sun's rays to reach them. At the same time, the process of photosynthesis stops, the weeds die.

Properties of garden geotextile:

Easily passes water, air, liquid fertilizers.

Resistant to temperature changes, aggressive soils and UV radiation

The soil warms up perfectly and the evaporation of moisture is reduced.

This material passes water into the soil. During dry periods, it reduces evaporation and the soil does not lose moisture. Water and air pass freely and the soil maintains a constant temperature. When using this material, irrigation rates become smaller. Geotextiles are used to decorate paths in the garden and between the beds. This is how the main and bulk soil is distributed and reinforced, weeds do not grow, the slope of the beds is strengthened and the fertile layer is not washed out.

Geotextiles create the most suitable conditions for plant growth, and increase their survival.

Preparatory stage in the fight against weeds

In this situation, they began to use such properties of geotextiles as:

Resistance to rupture by plant roots.

Before laying, weeds are cut to the ground level. The entire root system is left in the ground. And parts of the stems remain above the ground. Next, the site is covered with geotextiles, and covered with a layer of rubble. Sand is often used instead of gravel. Sand is poured with a layer of at least 15 cm, and a layer of rubble may be less.

This preparatory work is best done in the spring, when weeds are growing heavily. And at the same time, they take a site where it is not planned to plant crops. The technological process of weed control with the help of geotextiles creates the necessary conditions for the soil to rest. The soil is enriched with additional organic fertilizers. They are formed from rotted grass.

When to expect results

When cleaning the soil from weeds using geotextiles, for a month the site remains completely clean from grass. And the land nearby is overgrown with weeds. After two months, the first shoots of weeds are shown. There are not many of them, these are several pieces per square meter of soil. Basically, such shoots appear at the junction of the geotextile web.

ADVICE. When laying geotextiles, it is better to lay the canvas with a large overlap, and fixing to the ground.

From the seeds that have fallen into the sand, or crushed stone, some more grass may appear. But, its growth quickly stops, as it rests on a layer of geotextile, and this grass dies off.

Experiments confirm that the use of geotextiles for weeds is well justified. Weeds at the same time lost opportunities for growth, and died. A year later, garden crops can be planted in such a plot where the soil has rested. And geotextiles can be used to protect against natural phenomena.

It is possible to lay garden textiles without the use of special equipment. And compact rolls can be transported in a car.

In modern construction, especially in the field of landscape design, paving slabs have become an indispensable material for laying sidewalks, paths, squares or adjacent territories. The variety of this material is huge.

What geotextile to use?
Geotextile is a synthetic material that today has found its application both in horticulture and in the field of construction. There are several types of geotextiles: thermally bonded, stitched and needle-punched.

Instructions for laying geotextiles

Geotextile dornite is one of the most affordable and reliable synthetic materials. In the formation of landscape design, it is indispensable, it is used when laying garden paths, decorative paths, alpine slides, and even when roofing.

Geotextiles in the garden: Can geotextiles protect the site from weeds?

With the onset of spring, many will want to transform the site in the country. Perhaps someone will need to repair the paths, and someone is just starting to think about building new facilities in the country or about how to use the ideas of landscape design. The changes are welcome, and the anticipation for them is fueled by the long winter. All landscape work in the country will help to make geotextile material. because it has many useful properties for working with the earth. Geotextile materials improve the ability of the soil of the site to load, but more about everything.

Application and installation of geotextiles in landscaping

The geotextile fabric is widely used in landscape design and in the tasks of arranging suburban areas due to the fact that it is inexpensive and easy to work with geotextile materials. Works are being carried out starting with the foundation and with the construction of artificial reservoirs and ending with garden paths. And for weed control, geotextiles have established themselves as an effective tool, because neither cutting, nor uprooting bushes and mowing weeds does not give that effect. Such a struggle is worth a lot of work, and the use of chemical agents is in many cases undesirable. Effective use of geotextile materials. which will protect alpine hills and flower beds, as well as many other objects of the future landscape from weeds.

How is geotextile used in a summer cottage?

You may need to lay geotextiles in your summer cottage in the following cases:

Weed protection;

To create artificial reservoirs;

Limiting the growth of the roots of shrubs and trees to the sides;

To create garden paths;

For the construction of play and work areas;

Car parking places;

Protection of plants from drought in the absence of summer residents.

Characteristics of geotextile

Garden geotextile is a non-woven needle-punched material made of polyester fibers using thermal strengthening, which guarantees its high physical and mechanical characteristics, resistance to alkalis and acids. The material is not subject to decay, does not collapse over time, is resistant to mold and fungi, and even rodents do not eat it.

Separate geotextiles. (the common name is dornit, it is applied to domestic material, according to the abbreviation of the former Soviet DOR Research Institute, which developed similar materials at one time), according to the density of the fabric in g / m. For landscape and construction work in a summer cottage, depending on the objects and characteristics of related materials , geotextiles with a density of 60 to 150 g / m are suitable. Ayascom offers Agrospan Geo garden geotextiles, just in the line of such densities and needle-punched geotextiledornite.

Is geotextile a barrier to weeds?

An experiment was conducted to suppress the growth and any occurrence of weeds using geotextiles. An impact study was carried out on the experimental site, in which geotextiles showed the possibility of growing various types of vegetation and their combinations. The geotextile fabric was laid into the soil in separate strips. Each strip was laid next to the next, capturing the growth zone of shrubs and grass. Before laying the geotextile, the top grass cover was cut. During cutting, the main part of the roots of shrubs and grass remained in the ground and was not damaged.

Work on the organization of the experimental plot was started in early spring, so that the observations covered the entire spring-summer-autumn period of plant vegetation. Geotextiles were laid on the base prepared in this way. it was covered with a layer of sand about 15cm thick. A rapid growth of vegetation was observed along the contour of the experimental plot. The length of the shoots in areas not covered with geotextiles reached 40-50 cm. At the same time, there was not a single case of plant germination in the experimental area in the first month of observations. Observations in the following months showed that by June-July, grass sprouting (1-3 plants per m) was noted in the areas where the material was laid. At the same time, most of the plants were located at the seams between the panels, which made it possible to conclude that it was necessary to slightly increase the width of the overlap of the panels.

By the end of the observation period, the situation remained practically unchanged. After the passage of intense rains, a small number of plants germinated from seeds from the surface of the sandy backfill were noted. However, when the roots of plants germinated to the surface of the geotextile, their growth stopped, since the roots could not penetrate it and remained in the surface layer of sand 10-15 cm. As the top layer of sand dried, the plants were oppressed and, without a sufficient amount of moisture, completely stopped growing.

Shrub germination was not observed during the entire observation period.

Thus:

Observations have shown that the use and timely laying of geotextiles on landscape objects completely stops the growth of shrubs and grass from cut rhizomes and from the root systems of plants adjacent to the sheltered area. Even in those areas where a small amount of grass has sprouted, it is possible to increase the effectiveness of the protective properties by changing the geotextile laying pattern and the size of the backfill material. It should be noted that in some cases the growth of the grass cover is quite acceptable and even necessary, for example, lawn grass, since the fight is only against weeds.

The germination of weed seeds from the surface of the backfill is of a single nature. When the roots germinate to the depth of laying the geotextile, the growth of the plant stops and the plant dies. When backfilling geotextiles with coarse-grained sand or a sand-gravel mixture, the growth of weeds and shrubs from the surface is practically excluded.

Conclusions on the use of geotextiles in landscape design

Laying the canvas does not require any qualification.

Adjacent canvases should be laid with an overlap, approximately 15-20 cm.

Eliminates washing out of sand from under paving slabs.

Prevents the growth of weeds.

Laying geotextiles under bulk soil eliminates the washing out of fertile soil.

Lawn, in the country made on geotextiles

Imagine that one fine evening the idea came to you to make a small lawn in your country house. But, you immediately drive away this thought ....
Digging virgin soil, shaking it from the roots of weeds ... brrr ... I don’t want to!
But it can really be done quickly enough, well, for example, over the weekend, and even not expensive! How do you like this arrangement?
Then read on and find out.

The basis of such a lawn is a geotextile material.
Of course, this technology is not suitable for building a lawn of several acres, but you can quickly build it, for example, around a garden path.
First you need to decide on the boundaries and mark them with pegs so that everything is smooth. Now you can calculate the area that it will occupy.
The next step will be the purchase of a geotextile sheet (several rolls) corresponding to the area of ​​​​the future lawn.

Do not forget that when forming a geotextile base, you need to lay each subsequent sheet of fabric with an overlap of 10-15 centimeters, respectively, adjust the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe purchased material in this direction.

Land preparation

Preparation of a site for a lawn consists in cleaning up garbage, leveling the site (filling holes, cutting off tubercles).
If weed grows in this place, we mow it. The beauty is that you don't have to clean the cut grass. It will serve us in the future as compost for grass. We will lay the geotextile sheets directly on it.

Geotextile laying

On the prepared site, we roll out geotextile rolls so that each next sheet is laid with an overlap of 10-15 centimeters.
In the place of overlap, the geotextile should be fixed with U-shaped metal or simple plastic sharp pegs every meter so that the geotextile sheets do not move when the earth is filled. Large nails with a styrofoam cap attached are also quite suitable - so that it is more noticeable. I do not recommend using wooden pegs, they will not be able to pierce the geofabric normally, but will only crush it at the puncture site.

After the grass has germinated and its root system is fixed, the pegs should be pulled out before the first cut, if they protrude somewhere.

If you have planting bushes or ornamental plants at the location of the lawn, then this problem is solved quite simply - we cut holes of the required diameter with scissors or make a cross-shaped cut with a sharp knife, for example, under a currant or gooseberry bush and simply put it on top.

Podsypka earth

Now it is necessary to live a layer of fertile soil on top of the laid and fixed geotextile. Here, of course, you have to break your head - where to get it? You can pull apart a couple of unnecessary beds or an old compost heap, in the end you can buy land .... It's up to you to think and decide. Do not forget to just select all the roots of weeds from the poured earth. In the case of purchased soil, this, of course, will not have to be done.
The layer of fertile soil on the geotextile should be at least 10 cm, which should provide maximum comfort for the initial growth and strengthening of lawn grass. In the future, lawn grass will pierce the geotextile with its roots if its density does not exceed 200 g/m2.

Planting lawn grass seeds, watering and care

On a fertile soil layer, we sow grass seeds or their mix in an even layer using a manual seeder (sold in stores) or with our own hands. After sowing the seeds, it is recommended to go through the entire area of ​​​​the lawn with a fan rake.
Next, you should tamp the ground with a special roller or improvised means, for example, using a sheet of plywood and your own weight.
And in conclusion, of course, you need to water everything, but in no case with a garden hose! We pour gently from a watering can or from a shower nozzle put on a hose. To avoid washing off the soil layer with seeds.
After about 7-10 warm days, you will be pleased with the shoots of young grass.
Otherwise, the care of a lawn created on geotextiles is the same as for a regular lawn: watering, aeration, fertilization and spring repair of damaged areas.

Soon after germination and strengthening, the root system of the new lawn will be integrated with the main soil, and the geotextile will not allow weeds to grow from below, and as a result you will have a magnificent fluffy lawn of your dreams.

Geotextiles in our time are an extremely necessary thing in backyard construction. And you need to know exactly which brand with what qualities to choose for certain works on your site. In drainage systems, the function of geotextile is to ensure the stability of the entire complex, to prevent subsidence of soil in the drainage trench, and it also eliminates the diffusion of crushed stone into the water. In any drainage system, the geotextile acts as a filter to prevent clogging of the drain pipe or drainage material.

What is geotextile

Geotextile is a building material made of synthetic, mineral, basalt or fiberglass, in the form of tapes, fabrics and three-dimensional structures. It is used in construction and other industries (medicine, light industry) for various purposes: for reinforcement, protection, drainage, filtration, hydro- and thermal insulation in soil, road surface, buildings to separate layers of materials of different fractions and, accordingly, create interlayers. On personal plots, due to its accessibility and convenience, it is more often used in drainage systems.

You can buy geotextiles in Ukraine from the Geo-synthetics company - http://geo-sintetika.com/geomaterialy/geotekstil/

The use of geotextiles in household plots for drainage

If the site stands on soils with high groundwater, in a lowland, if there is a river nearby or every rain becomes a natural disaster, then you cannot do without drainage systems that remove excess water from the site. This water undermines the foundations of buildings, provides the prerequisites for subsidence of the house and the conditions for the development of mold in the basement, prevents plants from developing normally, and creates wetlands.

Not a single modern drainage system on the site can do without geotextiles. She needs to be protected. Seeping water fills the drainage material with soil particles, over time this clogs the system and it stops working. Eco-friendly and strong geotextiles are widely used in private gardens.

It ensures the reliability and stability of the functioning of the drainage system:

• allows water to pass through and helps to drain it;
• does not allow mixing of drainage filler, coating and soil;
• assumes part of the load;
• prevents subsidence of soil in the system, clogging of drainage pipes with soil particles, penetration of drainage gravel and sand into the water;
• resists silting (covering over time with water silt and clay) of the components of the drainage - pipes and material.

Great for both open and closed drainage systems.

Types of geotextiles for drainage

Geotextiles are divided into types according to the composition and method of manufacture.

Composition of geotextile

Geotextiles are usually made from polyester (PES) or polypropylene (PP). For non-woven types, polyamide or fiberglass is sometimes used. In addition, there is a non-woven geotextile, which may contain threads of natural origin. If a woolen or cotton thread is added, then such geotextiles are called mixed.

Preparation method

According to the manufacturing method, geotextiles are divided into geofabric (woven or knitted fabric) and non-woven geotextile.

According to the manufacturing method, geotextiles are divided into two main types: woven and non-woven.

Woven geotextile has high strength characteristics, is resistant to deformation processes and is used as a separating reinforcing layer, for example, in road construction. Non-woven has higher water permeability, it is often used as a material for drainage systems (even on the most difficult soils) and in landscape design.

Geofabric

Woven fabric made of glass or polyester fibers is of two types. Sometimes it is a simple weave of threads (1-3 mm thick, formed from fibers), which is called "weft" - "warp".

Woven geotextile - a simple weave of threads

Sometimes such weaving is provided with different threads. For example, a longitudinal warp - a high-modulus polyester of a relatively large cross section - is intertwined with transverse thin threads of polyamide weft. This gives great tensile strength.

Sometimes these are not threads, but strips of synthetic material. And sometimes - just perpendicular threads or stripes are connected by a third thread.

Woven geotextiles are very durable, deform little and have good water permeability. Due to its high strength, it is often used for drainage in cases where it is located at great depths, for example, for draining foundations.

Geofabric also includes warp-knitted geotextile - knitted (knitted, woven), obtained by knitting loops, without weaving. But it is not very durable: once the fabric is damaged, it begins to unravel, like any knitted item.

Non Woven Geotextile

A nonwoven fabric consists of synthetic fibers or filaments that are oriented (in the same direction) or randomly. These are threads made of polypropylene or polyester, which, in turn, are monofilament (one endless thread) or staple (pieces of 5-10 centimeters). Staple geotextile is not used for drainage, it is soft and fragile.

"Non-woven" is fastened in different ways: needle-punched, thermal (welding), mechanical (pressing), physical and chemical methods (extrusion) or a combination of them (for example, injection molding), as well as the method of hydraulic bonding.

The needle-punched method means that the needles pierce the fiber, thereby creating a felting effect. It turns out something like synthetic felt. It stretches a lot, but is very flexible and is well suited for wrapping pipes with closed drainage.

If it is rolled with a hot roller (calender) and blown with hot air, a heat-fixed (calendered) geotextile is obtained. It becomes less ductile, thinner and much stronger, but passes moisture worse. Therefore, it is rarely used in drainage.

Thermally bonded non-woven geotextile is made by melting (welding), it is perfectly permeable and durable, it has the most important qualities: unlike other varieties, it is not afraid of ultraviolet radiation; not subject to silting, resistant to mold and fungi; designed for all types of drainage systems and landscaping.

Since the needles damage the monofilament and lose strength in the needle-punched method, very thin jets of water under high pressure are often used. Such hydro-bonded geotextiles are so strong that they are used even in the construction of runways; it is very resistant, is also not afraid of ultraviolet radiation and prevents the development of bacteria and mold. Therefore, it is widely used for all types of drainage.

Geotextile structure

The structure of geotextile provides it with unique properties not to accumulate moisture in itself, that is, not to become damp, without letting water through.

1. Geogrid - non-woven material: polymer strips interconnected in a checkerboard pattern that create cells.
2. The geogrid is a flat material: strips are either intertwined or connected by other methods to each other perpendicularly or at an angle. The cells in this case are much larger than the thickness of the strips.
3. Geomat: fibers or threads are randomly and loosely bonded by chemical, thermal, mechanical methods. It is a flexible, lightweight, air- and water-permeable geosynthetic material with a chaotic three-dimensional structure that provides effective protection against soil erosion both with vegetation and before it appears.
4. Geocell - bulk non-woven material with large cells.
5. Geostrip - a narrow, no more than 90 centimeters, strip that has technologically designed edges or is obtained by cutting out a larger width from a geosynthetic material.

   The geostripe is not very wide

6. Geomembrane - geotextile impervious to water; used for the bottom of artificial reservoirs and streams.

   The geomembrane is impervious to water

7. Clay geosynthetic geomembrane - a geomembrane with a clay layer, is used for the same purposes.

   Clay geosynthetic geosynthetic Geosynthetic Nonwoven geomembrane is designed for waterproofing

8. Geomembrane bitumen-geosynthetic - a geomembrane with a bituminous layer.
9. Clay mat - three layers, external - needle-punched geotextile, between them - clay. The layers are stitched together.
10. Bentonite is the same, but inside is sodium bentonite, which becomes waterproof when wet.
11. Geocomposite - at least two, and more often - many layers of different geotextiles. It is divided into reinforcing (armogeocomposites) and draining (geodrains) options.

    Geocomposites are the most commonly used drainage geosynthetics

Technical characteristics of geotextiles

Specifications include:

• high strength - tensile strength up to several hundred kN / m, elongation is not more than 18%;
• high density - is in the range from 80 to 1200 g / m 2.

Choosing geotextiles for drainage in the garden

In an open drainage system, drainage ditches are covered with geotextiles.

Geotextiles are also wrapped around pipes in closed drains.

Choice factors

Geotextiles are selected depending on certain geological conditions at the site of the system.

1. The most important factor is density. The higher the density (web weight per square meter), the smaller the pores, the lower the water throughput (and the higher the water retention capacity), which leads to silting of the system. Therefore, only low-density geotextiles (150–300 g/m3) are used for drainage. The optimal pore size is 175 microns. But if the density is too low, strength will suffer greatly.
2. The filtration coefficient (transverse coefficient), showing the water permeability, is calculated by the formula: the height of the liquid column that the material passes through itself at a given pressure at a given time. Ideally, it should be 100–150 m/day, up to 300 m/day, and is selected depending on the height of the groundwater, the amount of precipitation and the permeability of the soil. With a large amount of water coming to the site, you need to choose a geotextile with the highest transverse coefficient.
3. You can use all of the above types of hydrotextiles, focusing on the conditions of your drainage. But it is still desirable to use polypropylene geotextile, made of smooth monofilament, resilient and durable. It is more resistant to silting.
4. It is also desirable to use thermally bonded geotextiles. Needle-punched silts up faster and begins to pass water worse.
5. Mixed geotextiles cannot be used: non-synthetic components (wool, cotton) quickly begin to rot and clog pores.
6. Mechanical characteristics must also meet the needs. The tensile strength must be at least 1.9–3 kN/m (longitudinal strength) and 1.5–2.4 kN/m (transverse). The resistance to bursting is selected based on the material of the drainage layer you have (crushed stone, etc.), the depth of the drainage system (soil pressure on it), the soil's tendency to subsidence and displacement. Under normal conditions, it is enough that the durability is 400–500 N. If you have bought very large crushed stone and designed a large depth of occurrence (for example, when draining a foundation, where it sometimes reaches two or more meters), then it is better to choose more durability than these numbers . All these data must be indicated by the manufacturer on the packaging.
7. You can also choose the width of the canvas: it can be from the width of the tape (20 centimeters) to five meters and depends on the manufacturer.
8. The economic factor is of great importance. It is necessary to find a harmonic correspondence between price and quality. The price, as a rule, is set per square meter, but for narrow varieties it can also be per roll. Usually the price is small: from 10 to 20 rubles per m 2. Of course, good geotextiles are not cheap at all, but you can always find either high-quality domestic analogues of imported expensive materials, or choose the right geotextile for your conditions: open or closed drainage system, the presence of collectors or natural discharge into a river or sewer, the size of the water inflow to the site. Perhaps you do not need super-expensive material.

Table: comparative prices of non-woven geotextiles from different manufacturers

Photo gallery: geotextiles of all named brands with trademarks

First of all, you need to pay attention to the hydraulic properties of the canvas: permeability and density, and then to all the others.

In various applications of geotextiles, different types of geotextiles are required, and each type of drainage - for the foundation and site, for closed and open drainage systems - has its own particular indicators.

The choice of drainage geotextiles for arranging the foundation of a house

The main enemy of your home is water. It can cause subsidence, seep into the foundation into the basement and go further up the capillaries of the wall material, cause the development of fungus, rotting of wooden parts. To avoid all these troubles, it is vital to make the so-called wall drainage - around the foundation. Drainage can be open or closed. It will not be needed if your house is on sandy ground, which freezes shallowly in winter.

Geotextile for open foundation drainage

For open foundation drainage:

1. Mark the trenches.
2. Verify calculated slopes.
3. They dig trenches and a hole for a collecting well, which is called a collector.
4. Around the foundation, an internal (to collect water) and an external, deeper (to drain water) trenches are dug, which are connected by pipes or ditches, always at a slope.

Water from the soil, from rain and melted snow accumulates in the internal ditch, flows into the drainage ditch, flows down it into the collector, from where it is discharged either into a standard drainage ditch common to the site, or into a ready-made central sewerage system.

Open type system - the easiest way to drain

Near the house or in the blind area, the ditches are closed with shields or gratings. It is cheaper and simpler than a closed drainage system, easier to clean. But the walls of the ditches can crumble and look unaesthetic.

Choosing geotextiles for this purpose is quite simple. It is only necessary to take into account all the above characteristics. And you immediately pay attention to several brands. For example, on Terram 900 geotextile, which is very acceptable in its qualities: density - 115 g / m², ultimate tensile strength - 7.8 kN / m, elongation at break - 29%, puncture resistance - 1355 N, pore size - 160 microns, roll dimensions - 4.5 x 150 m, roll area - 675 m 2, average price per square meter - 34 rubles.

Wall type drainage

This is a complex and troublesome design, but it will ideally protect the house from any moisture. Usually it is built if the house has basements and semi-basements, even during the construction of the foundation, around the base of the house, half a meter deeper than the lowest point of the foundation. At the corners of the pipe, they approach manholes. In the deepest place there is a collector that diverts water from the site.

1. A so-called clay castle is made around the house, protecting the foundation from moisture.
2. Sand is placed in dug deep trenches, a layer 15 centimeters thick, then geotextiles are inserted and straightened, 10 centimeters of clean gravel or large gravel are poured onto it.

   Wall drainage - the ideal solution for groundwater protection

3. At points where the slope changes or in areas that are too long, wells are dug to revise the system (revision). Pipes with holes are laid on gravel in ditches.

   Holes in the drain pipe allow water to pass through

4. Pipes using a variety of fittings - tees, corners, and so on, are mounted between themselves, wells and a collecting manifold.

   Pipes with closed drainage are interconnected by fittings and manholes

5. Then they are carefully covered with washed gravel (10 centimeters), the edges of the geotextile are released, stretched, overlapped around the pipes and fixed with wire or tape. A layer of sand will serve as a filter to trap dirt.
6. From above, the entire structure is covered with loose soil.

   Backfilling of wall drainage is carried out in stages

In this case, the mechanical load on the geotextile will be much higher. Therefore, we can recommend Terram 2000 geotextile with higher characteristics: density - 215 g / m², ultimate tensile strength - 14.5 kN / m, elongation at break - 30%, puncture resistance - 2750 N, pore size - 110 microns, dimensions roll - 4.5 x 100 m, roll area - 450 m 2, average price per square meter - 55 rubles.

trench type drainage

Such drainage is laid around the foundation at a distance of one and a half to three meters. He will do his job if the soil on your site consists of clay and loam and there are no basements and semi-basements. The depth of the pipes is the same as with wall drainage: half a meter below the foundation.

In the case of trench-type drainage, the load will be as great as in the previous case. Accordingly, we can also use Terram 2000 geotextile.

Drainage system for a garden plot

Drainage in a garden plot is necessary with close groundwater, waterlogging of the soil, which leads to poor growth of garden plants. The principles of laying the system on the site practically do not differ from the principles of laying around the foundation, except for the depth of occurrence. Similarly, drainage is closed and open. According to the marking, trenches 40 centimeters wide and of sufficient depth - up to half a meter are dug. Slopes are made, pipes are brought to the wells and the collector.

Closed drainage is covered with soil, and plants can be planted on top.

Due to open or shallow occurrence, such drainage is characterized by low loads on the geofabric. Therefore, here you can save money and purchase a thinner and more flexible Terram 500 geotextile with high hydraulic qualities: density - 65 g / m², ultimate tensile strength - 3 kN / m, elongation at break - 35%, puncture resistance - 525 N, pore size - 300 microns, roll dimensions - 4.5 x 150 m, roll area - 675 m 2, average price per square meter - 30 rubles.

But there is an even more practical and not inferior to Terram in all respects domestic geotextile called Dornit.

Geotextile "Dornit"

This brand of nonwoven geotextile has become very popular recently. It was created from polyester or polypropylene fiber in Russia, at the Road Research Institute (DorNII), based on French developments and is produced by needle-punched and thermally bonded methods. Hence the name. Often, any needle-punched geotextile of different brands is called dornite. It is quite durable, it copes well in Russian conditions, withstanding from 60 degrees below zero to plus a hundred - the boiling point of water, has a good filtration coefficient and sufficient strength. At the same time, it costs less than imported analogues, and this is a good opportunity to save money. Therefore, it is safe to choose “Dornit” for absolutely all activities for drainage of the site, no matter what we start - drainage of the soil or foundation, in an open or closed way, selecting its suitable modifications. Its characteristics are varied and cover all our needs.

Table: characteristics of Dornit modifications suitable for different types of drainage of a personal plot

Position	Properties	units of measurement	Modifications "Dornita"
			200	300	400	500	600
	Density	g/m 2	200±25	300±35	400±45	500±55	600±65
H	more 210	more 290	more 400	more 500	more 590
	Elongation at maximum load, Longitudinal transverse	%	less 121 136	less 121 136	less 131 141	less 131 1410	less 131 141
	Thickness	mm	2,3	3,8	4,7	5,6	6,8
	Transverse filtration coefficient	m/day	more 131	more 131	more 131	more 131	more 131

But, of course, even when using it, it is very important to follow all the laying rules, since Dornit, like any geotextile, with all its outstanding qualities, is very sensitive to mishandling.

Rules for laying geotextiles in open and closed ditches and trenches

When laying geotextiles, the following rules must be observed:

• the ditch or trench must be dug extremely evenly and accurately;
• its bottom must be thoroughly cleaned of debris that can tear the geotextile;
• geotextile does not tolerate ultraviolet radiation, losing strength, so you need to unpack and lay it out before laying it;
• it is better to cut it in advance, it will turn out more precisely;
• when laying, geotextiles cannot be stretched, but folds and wrinkling are also unacceptable;
• it is necessary to consistently fix each subsequent section during installation so that there are no distortions;
• the drain must be backfilled into the ditch/trench immediately after laying the geotextile to avoid exposure to ultraviolet light;
• the edges of the fabric for wrapping must be at least 20 centimeters;
• which side of the geofabric should be laid to the drainage, which side to the ground - there is a lot of controversy about this. Smooth or rough, front or back: for each brand there are exact recommendations. As a rule, the manufacturer places them on the packaging.

The ability to understand a large assortment of geotextiles produced by modern industry, knowing the nuances and features of its installation, it will be much easier to competently design drainage, thereby saving a house or summer cottage from the destructive action of water flows and the high humidity they create.

There is a huge amount of building and finishing materials. But even against this background, geological textiles stand out favorably. It is important to understand the properties of such a coating and the features of its application.

Description

Geotextile is such a coating (cloth), which has become widely known only in the last ten years. Previously, even the most experienced developers and homeowners did not know about such products. The benefit of such material lies in the effective solution of many everyday problems. Construction on sites and their arrangement are noticeably simplified.

Geotextiles are created from various threads, and this feature should be paid attention first of all.

Peculiarities

Geotextiles are made from a variety of materials, most often polyester or polypropylene. The technology involves the use of woven or non-woven methods. Strict adherence to technological standards allows you to achieve excellent performance and long-term use. In the distribution network, geotextiles according to GOST can be represented by products of various formats - from 200 to 550 cm. The length of the rolls varies from 10 to 150 m, the thickness and density are very diverse.

Regardless of the specific type, this material is different:

• excellent elasticity;
• uniform distribution of the load created by bulk substances;
• resistance to oxidation;
• blocking the germination of weeds.

Geotextile flooring is also attractive because it allows water to pass through. The main characteristics of the material allow it to be used in construction, medicine, the agricultural and clothing industries. The reinforced substance endures a much greater mechanical load than a simple option. A safety net is provided even under heavy paving slabs, it will definitely not fall down if a protective layer is laid. Geotextiles are also suitable for the formation of underground drainage systems.

Kinds

Woven geotextile or geofabric is made in exactly the same way as the simplest sewing matter. The interlacing of threads can be simple or complex, but in any case it is organized according to a certain pattern. Even just by looking at the patterns formed by the fibers, it is not difficult to detect its specific appearance.

Polyester or glass are taken as raw materials. In order for the canvas to be of high quality, it is impregnated with reinforcing mixtures.

When the processing is done, the textiles are passed through special calenders. There, the threads partially melt, and the outer surface becomes stronger. Woven fabric allows you to separate layers of materials, providing:

• path formation;
• strengthening of structures;
• even distribution of loads.

Non-woven geotextiles are made on the basis of polyester and polypropylene fibers, such a fabric is obtained by a needle-punched method. In appearance, this product is very similar to a simple felt. The work begins with the formation of loose layers, which include fibers of different lengths. The cotton mass is compacted with jagged needles that intertwine the fibers and connect them. The result is a material that effectively passes water through itself.

In addition, the needle-punched tool is highly durable and lasts a long time. Additional reinforcement of the canvases is made by adding geological grids. To obtain a thermally bonded geotextile, the granules are melted and extruded. Then the canvas is covered with microscopic fibers. When such a coating is applied, the material is again treated with significant heat.

The melting of the threads leads to their sintering. The strength level of thermally bonded material is higher than that of other nonwoven varieties. Such products can be used to separate bulk layers, they are very elastic and can withstand significant loads. The geotextile fabric can also be made by knitting. In production, rolls are made from 200 to 520 cm, the material is wound from 30 to 130 running meters. m.

The choice of a suitable option is determined by the scale of the work performed. The less waste, the better the choice. Black and white types of geotextiles are widely in demand today, they are made from propylene with fine pores. Such material is used in large-scale capital construction, landscape design, as well as the cultivation of berry and vegetable crops.

The advantages of the described solution are:

• optimal product density;
• ability to carry loads up to 2 kPa;
• the same strength in the longitudinal and transverse planes;
• suitability for filtration;
• perfectly matched elongation for breaking.

This mat is difficult to install and continues to filter fluid easily even when subjected to significant vibration and high soil pressure. Elastic and durable material calmly tolerates the action of strong acids, caustic alkalis and many other substances of artificial and natural origin. The black color of geotextile means the possibility of its use in the construction of houses, roads, hydraulic complexes. Bulk materials are evenly distributed and will not settle even to a small extent.

Heat-treated geotextiles are by default categorized as needle-punched polypropylene-based materials. Its fibers can have a theoretically unlimited length. An increase in load tolerance is achieved due to the homogeneity of the material structure. It is easily stretched by 50% and does not tear up to this limit. Water, acids, alkalis are not dangerous, and plant roots will not grow through such geotextiles.

Such characteristics determine the main scope of heat-treated textiles:

• soil reinforcement;
• covering waterproofing membranes from destruction;
• creation of a green roof;
• landscape formation;
• drainage of foundation walls at various buildings.

Construction geotextiles are not necessarily heat-treated or needle-punched, but these varieties are considered by experts to be the most convenient and durable. The use of this material in construction helps to build not only houses, the contribution of geotextiles to the construction of roads, laying sidewalks and alleys is great. Along with the construction option, furniture and packaging geotextiles are sometimes also distinguished.

To figure out exactly what kind of modification is needed, you should familiarize yourself with the basic characteristics of this material. And it’s worth starting with the strength of the geotextile fabric.

Indicators and properties

The performance of 200g/m2 needle-punched thermally bonded geotextile is truly impressive. As a rule, this material is made from virgin polypropylene without additional additives. The purpose of use is the construction of layers and interlayers of various types, including the construction of roads. The peculiarity of the feedstock is also reflected in the color of this material. The additional heat treatment slightly improves tear resistance compared to the standard needle-punched solution.

The coating can not only guarantee a strength of 200 kN / m2, but also calmly spend under the scorching sun, in the open air for at least 30 days. It is not capable of becoming a container for mold and does not weaken mechanically even at frosts of 60 degrees. Passing and filtering water, such geotextiles themselves are not clogged with silt. During the entire period of use, the appearance of harmful emissions or destruction by ultraviolet rays is excluded. Other technical properties of the material are also at a high level.

Tensile strength (elongation) is 120% compared to the original length. This means that the substance will cope with the task, even with a very significant mechanical load. Zero hygroscopicity, that is, minimal water absorption, allows you to be sure of the reliability of the product used. The maximum unevenness in mass is only 7 - 10%. The perpendicular filter coefficient at a load of 2 kPa is 8 - 20 m / day.

The density of the material directly affects how it will be used. So, canvases with a density of 150 g per 1 m2 are in demand among summer residents and owners of home gardens. By adding 50 g, textiles can be used as the basis of foundations, footpaths and artificial reservoirs.

Material with a density of 0.25 and 0.3 kg is equally good in road construction, only for different purposes - the separation of soil and bedding of the roadbed.

Dimensions

The width of geotextile fabrics is usually the same and equals 430 cm. But a number of relatively new developments in width reaches 5 and even 5.4 m. The length in almost every case is taken at 100 linear meters. m. As a result, the total mass of especially dense textiles can be significant. At enterprises, the thickness of the sheets is measured both with a simple layout and under the action of a load of a normalized value, since both indicators are important.

The thickness of the geotextile can vary from 0.8 to 1.8 mm in the absence of load and from 2.4 to 3.8 mm when subjected to a force of 2 kPa. The order of tests and their smallest nuances are very strictly prescribed in state standards, so you should not be afraid of any problems and incorrect estimates.

It is important to take into account that thickness and density are interrelated concepts, and for the most difficult conditions of use, thick geotextiles will be more effective than thin ones.

Calculation of the required amount

Having dealt with the linear dimensions of the canvases and their technical properties, it is necessary to assess the need for geotextiles for a particular case. This avoids the purchase of both insufficient and excess quantities of goods. On unprepared foundations such as embankments, a geological canvas is laid between the slopes along carefully planned relief areas. The overlap of each other's canvases should be 200 - 300 mm. When anchors are planned to be placed in a certain area, this indicator grows by another 50 mm.

Overlaps for water drainage are taken equal to 0.15 m. Additionally, the diameter of the pipes themselves, which are insulated with textile blocks, is taken into account. When mounting on a base, it is useful to reserve 20 - 30 cm, this will ensure that there are no problems during work. When preparing garden paths and playgrounds, they usually begin with a careful calculation of their own area. Then the result is divided by the area of ​​a running meter of geological textiles.

What is it needed for?

Geotextile fabric is widely used in the construction of the foundation of various buildings and structures. Its tasks can be varied:

• cover from moisture;
• separation of bulk layers and prevention of their gradual siltation;
• maintaining the uniformity of the load exerted by building structures on the soil masses;
• improving the quality of crushed stone layers and strengthening drainage;
• assistance to reinforcing structures and technical solutions.

This application requires a reinforced web that lasts a long time, does not collapse from water and does not rot from freezing. But the reinforcing layer only slightly increases the characteristics of the material itself, and its density is of decisive importance. Therefore, in order to arrange drainage and remove moisture under the base of the house, you need to take a canvas with indicators of 0.15 - 0.2 kg per 1 sq. m. A fabric with a weight of 0.25 - 0.3 kg is recommended for external protection of foundations and delimitation of layers of crushed stone and sand. To disperse the load on the soil and block the action of heaving soil, use textiles of at least 0.35 kg per 1 sq. m.

Increasing the bearing capacity of the soil and blocking its heaving under poorly buried structures is achieved by removing up to 100 cm of earth. This layer is replaced by non-metallic loose minerals. As a reinforcement, geotextiles are taken from polypropylene monotonous threads; this step also prevents mixing of earth masses and backfill. The same material is recommended to be used to cover engineering communications from seasonal soil movements.

Drainage layers should be laid with geological fabric from above and below, then they will not overflow with silt.

Perforated drainage can also become clogged with silt. To avoid this, a non-woven polymer material with a specific gravity of 0.2 kg per m2 is wound. The same composition (or slightly less dense) is used to protect the liquid and thermal insulation of tape-type foundations. When digging trenches, textiles with a density of at least 0.3 kg per 1 m2 are placed on a sand cushion after tamping. This solution allows you to simultaneously block the wetting of the sole of the foundation and make the bedding stronger.

If the foundation is built from precast concrete, textiles are glued to the blocks using bituminous mastics or other water-resistant mixtures. It is very important to seal all seams separating adjacent canvases. Foundations on piles require the use of canvas only in the case of organizing a plinth. When the piles are driven in, the gap between them is freed from the soil. An overlay layer is mounted on a strip of geotextile:

• gravel;
• sand;
• gravel;
• simple cement.

During the construction of the foundation, a hydro-punching material based on continuous polypropylene threads is mainly used. An alternative to it is the use of needle-punched polyester fabric in the form of the same endless fibers. Staple and woven varieties of coatings cannot be used for this purpose. The drainage characteristics and density of the material are decisive in the final selection. Canvases supplied from Western European countries are generally of high quality, but transport costs make them very expensive.

The choice of geotextile fabric for the pond has its own characteristics. The material that gardeners and gardeners usually take to protect against weeds, in this case turns out to be excessively thin. It is necessary to take a coating with a greater thickness, outwardly resembling felt, which was subjected to thermal sintering. The advantage of this option is:

• strength (difficulty of breaking);
• no risk of decay;
• relative softness and duplication of the relief, the actual adaptation to it.

The role of geological textiles in the formation of artificial ponds is not limited to covering waterproofing from destruction and strengthening pits. It is very important that this tool blocks the flowering of water, and also prevents sand and pebbles from collecting in the same places. A waterproofing film laid on the bottom prevents water from leaving the reservoir. But only covering it from below with geological textiles makes it possible to avoid breaking through the protection with plant roots and sharp edges of stones. The reinforcing function is no less significant.

Shedding of the walls of a pit dug in dry sand is almost inevitable. If sandy rocks get wet, they will erode. An additional negative factor is the installation of heavy waterproofing of the walls. The geotextile reliably suppresses all these influences and processes, making the home pond a stable reservoir. It will even be possible to move along the substrate, performing various works and without fear of damage to the main part of the pit.

Prevention of water bloom and reduction of the need for cleaning the bottom is achieved by dark varieties of pond textiles.

In any case, it is laid in a prepared bowl. Since it is impossible to predict its exact volume in advance, there is no need to purchase the product in advance. Before the start of the layout, all sharp objects are removed from the bottom, and those uneven terrain that are not necessary are sprinkled with sand and soil or removed. As in the preparation of foundations, the work is carried out with the run of strips on each other equal to 150 - 200 mm.

Garden geotextile is, first of all, the so-called dornite, or non-woven needle-punched material. Do not confuse it with the Dornit trademark. Absolute resistance to putrefactive processes and pathological fungi, aggressive agricultural chemicals and weeds, the ability to adapt to a given shape make dornit very popular.

Using garden geotextiles, you can provide:

• complete drainage of moisture;
• air circulation in the soil;
• delimitation of layers of the earth, differing in composition and equally necessary;
• retention of small fragments of soil;
• prevention of soil erosion;
• prevention of the negative impact of harmful insects, soil frost or hail.

This material was highly appreciated not only by the owners of gardens and orchards, but also by landscape designers. After all, it is necessary to protect compositions from various plants from weeds to the same extent, or even more than the main plantings. Solving the problem is simple: the geotextile applied to the soil is equipped with recesses for the germination of only useful plants. You can consider this a high-tech analogue of such a procedure as mulching. In addition, by varying the placement of textiles, you can redirect the roots in the desired direction.

Garden geotextiles are good for sheltering fruit crops in winter or protecting them from sunburn on hot days. But in addition to agricultural and decorative use, its possibilities are great when strengthening slopes. A simple earth slope under the influence of precipitation and wind inevitably collapses.

In the absence of protective measures, collapses and landslides will begin very soon. And before that, the surface will lose its harmonious appearance.

A prerequisite for protecting slopes with a geological sheet is its combination with volumetric geogrids. The lining provides separation of substances and helps the filler stay in the cells. A lot of water passes through the textile barrier, so it can be considered a return filter. Laying is carried out in the form of layers at different heights, and thanks to it, the slope becomes more mechanically durable. Very good results are achieved with tilt up to 60 degrees.

Geotextiles are used not only when working with soil and water bodies, one more of its purposes is the arrangement of an exploited roof. A number of builders and architects have long paid attention to such material, since it successfully resists a large number of harmful factors.

For example, the TechnoNikol company, which was able to offer a durable and inexpensive needle-punched product, went to meet the emerging demand. Its performance is enhanced by thermal bonding.

Geotextiles are especially popular in the organization of green roofs, where it plays the role of a filter layer.

Thanks to the non-woven fabric, weeds cannot enter the main structure, and the overall service life increases dramatically. On simple flat roofs, the geosheet serves as a reliable protection for waterproofing membranes. It is advisable to cover them not only from above, but also from below. Needle-punched rolls are useful as a lining under soft tiles placed on roof slopes. The side that the geotextile is placed down does not really matter.

To tie the canvases, they are welded, sewn together or attached to each other with building brackets. For a welding joint, an overlap of 100 mm is required. The burner will need to be driven about 200 mm from the surface; the capture radius of the heated area is more important than the heating force. The porous structure almost completely eliminates the risk of clogging. Even a long increase in load does not affect the material negatively.

Overview of manufacturing companies

Having found out the main characteristics of geotextiles and its scope, you need to deal with the most preferred brands. In production, quite different types of raw materials and processing technologies can be used, which greatly affects the quality of the finished product. The TechnoNIKOL company supplies polyester materials with a density of 0.1 - 0.2 kg per 1 m2. They are obtained by needle-punched technology. The width of the sold rolls varies from 2 to 6 m.

It is possible to purchase Texpol brand materials in Russia for a variety of purposes. They have a density of 0.15 to 0.6 kg per m2. The Kanvalan and Geotex brands imply the use of 100% polypropylene and needle-punched processing. A product similar to the Russian one with the same characteristics can be offered by the Austrian concern Polyleft and the Belarusian company Pinema.

Among the products from far abroad, Taipar geotextiles (Luxembourg) have a significant position in the market. It is obtained from polypropylene by passing through calenders. The original material is distinguished by the rigidity of the silvery canvas and the coincidence of mechanical characteristics, resistance to deformation along and across. According to the developers, resistance to a variety of potent substances of artificial and organic origin is guaranteed. Rotting is excluded, and the service life before decomposition in the soil layer exceeds 100 years.

Geotextiles made in Luxembourg can withstand extreme climatic conditions, including both cold and heat. It does not decompose under the influence of ultraviolet light. But the resistance of polypropylene to light is still not great enough.

Therefore, you should not leave the canvas uncovered in the air for more than 24 hours. There is no emission of harmful substances during operation.

The Russian product "Kanvalan-MF" (also non-woven) is made using a needle-punched technique. Some of the products are additionally subjected to calendering, there are products with different levels of breaking load. The guaranteed service life is from 50 years, while various subspecies are better able to cope with specific tasks:

• hardening and protection;
• separation of materials of various fractions;
• liquid filtration and separation of substances;
• drainage and delimitation of soil layers;
• erosion prevention on slopes.

How to apply correctly?

Even the best and most reliable geological textiles must be used in the right way. Violation of the technology of use not only degrades the quality of the created layer, but can also cause serious problems. Any underlying surface must be clean, debris and plant roots are unacceptable. Laying textile fabric in most cases is overlapped. Only with the direct instructions of the manufacturer or by the decision of experienced engineers can it be carried out differently.

On a simple surface, the roll run is 0.3 m, and on uneven areas this distance is increased to 0.5 m. Note that the most economical welded joint works well even with only 0.1 m of material applied. It is recommended not to rely on your own knowledge and luck, but to invite experienced craftsmen who have already had experience with geotextiles before. It is recommended to cover the canvas with caterpillar special equipment, and all the work must be done meticulously.

The slightest mistake will lead to a breakthrough in even the most durable types of geotextiles and the need to redo it all over again.

The name of the product should not be taken simply as a marketing ploy, it indirectly indicates the characteristics of the product. So, geofabric is great for reinforcement and hardening. At the same time, geotextiles are recommended as underlayment layers. For drainage, it is unacceptable to use any natural threads, even in the smallest amount. They will quickly rot in the soil and only spoil everything.

Not suitable for drainage and thermally bonded geotextile. Such a product is very dense and is not at all intended for the passage of water. The average thickness for drainage structures is optimal: they will not tear, like very thin ones, but they will not be filled with silt, like a large layer.

To apply geotextiles against weeds, all harmful plants are cut in the spring, but their roots are left in the ground.

15 cm of sand or a little less gravel are poured over the canvas. It is advisable to do such manipulations where landing is not planned in the coming months. It is best to combine technological weed control with the natural rest of the soil. It will be saturated with organic matter that appears during the decomposition of the remaining shoots. The first landing can be done in a year.

Under paving slabs, textile sheets should have a density of 0.15 kg per 1 m2. Only under this condition they are guaranteed to transfer all emerging loads. Non-woven material, as well as dornite, are not suitable for this task.