Ergonomic process element.
Specificity.A graphical model that displays a dynamically changing functional and technical diagram of an object controlled by an operator. These are different types of displays, devices.
Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000 .
mimic
(English) mnemoschema) - graphic , conditionally displaying the functional and technical diagram of the managed object and information about its state in the amount necessary for the operator to perform the functions assigned to him. M. are implemented using different types of information display means (displays, pointer and digital indicators, projection equipment, etc.) and their complexes. They are widely used at control rooms for power facilities and systems, process control points in various industries.
To M. are presented a trace. requirements. M. should contain only those elements that are necessary for the operator to control and manage the object. Individual elements or groups of elements that are most essential for the control and management of an object, on the M. should be distinguished by size, shape, color, or other means. Selection allowed constituent parts managed object having autonomous control. When arranging the M., spatial correspondence should be ensured between the arrangement of elements on the M. and the location of the controls on control panel. It is allowed to place on the field M. control devices and controls, which at the same time should not close other elements of the M. from the operator. The layout should take into account the usual associations operator. The connecting lines on the M. must be solid, of a simple configuration, of minimum length and have smallest number intersections. A large number of parallel lines side by side should be avoided. The shape and dimensions of M. panels should provide the operator with an unambiguous visual perception of all the information elements he needs.
Big psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .
Synonyms:See what "mnemonic" is in other dictionaries:
mimic- mnemonic... Spelling Dictionary
mimic- Means of displaying information, designed for mnemonic representation of the structure and dynamics of the state of the object. [GOST 27833 88] mimic diagram Conditional image objects, their states, processes, phenomena. [GOST 25066 91] Topics… … Technical Translator's Handbook
Company POISK- Russian control panel manufacturer since 1995. Over the years, we have developed a whole technology for the design and production of mimic boards, which we call TECHNOLOGY SEARCH-SHIELD. The constant, continuous development of technology, the development of new solutions and components, the use of the best world achievements allow the company to successfully compete with any manufacturer of control panels and video walls. Currently several hundred shields manufactured by POISK work in the control rooms of power systems, network companies, urban networks, in the networks of large industrial and oil and gas producing enterprises, as well as at hydroelectric power plants.
In concept TECHNOLOGY SEARCH-SHIELD, which is ISO 9001:2011 certified, we invest not only technical:
- technology for designing and building shield frames (floor, wall, modular - with front or rear service access ...),
- technology for the production of typesetting fields (applicative POISK-SHIELD-A, mosaic POISK-SHIELD-M, film POISK-SHIELD-P, macromosaic POISK-SHIELD-MM, LCD panels, DLP video cubes, LED screens),
- technology for the production of mnemosymbols (applicative, mosaic, film, passive, active, indicators ...),
- control systems and nutrition
- management servers, graphics servers,
- software (including top-level dispatching software),
- selection of materials and components (plastics, films, aluminum profiles, electronic components, Decoration Materials…),
- overall design shield and mnemonic,
- professional control room furniture,
- detailed technical advice, development of solutions and a multi-variant commercial offer,
- multi-stage design and coordination of the mnemonic diagram,
- development of a full-fledged detailed set of design / working and operational documentation,
- obligatory full control assembly and debugging before shipment, which may be attended by the customer,
- consumer survey,
- warranty and post-warranty service,
- technical support throughout the life cycle.
According to POISK-SHIELD technology, they are produced as traditional control panels(two types: applicative and mosaic) with a plastic typesetting field, and video boards (video walls):
APPLICATION SHIELD
MOSAIC SHIELD
VIDEO SHIELD (VIDEO WALL)
All major components and components of the POISK-SHIELD technology, including:
- frames and elements of decorative cladding,
- tiles and board cells,
- mnemosymbols and digital indicators,
- controllers and control system components,
- software (top-level dispatching software - ZNZ software, controller drivers, programs in microcontrollers),
- all kinds of control room furniture…
In the production of shields using the POISK-SHIELD technology, materials High Quality in particular plastics the best foreign manufacturers. Thanks to this, increased strength and durability of mimic diagram elements are provided, a clear geometry of parts, saturation and color stability of mimic symbols, no tendency to fading, compliance with hygienic requirements and increased fire resistance of the mimic diagram are achieved.
Technology POISK-SHIELD covers the entire range of control panels(including non-standard ones). It is equally well suited for creating mnemonic diagrams:
- urban electrical networks,
- districts of electric networks (RES),
- enterprises of electric networks (branches of "oblenergo" from the structure of Rosseti),
- independent network companies,
- hydroelectric power plants (HPP), nuclear power plants (NPP), thermal power plant, state district power plant,
- internal power supply networks of large industrial enterprises,
- mnemonic diagrams of substations (PS) - small wall panels with a mnemonic diagram of one substation,
- power supply networks of oil and gas producing enterprises,
- power supply networks in / h,
- thermal and water networks,
- as well as other networks, such as, for example:
- mnemonic diagram of ventilation, heat supply, water supply and sewerage of the complex of buildings,
- mimic technological process in chemical (or any other) production,
- mnemonic diagrams of railway networks,
- mnemonic diagrams of networks made on a map of the area, etc.
For mnemonic diagrams of electrical networks for POISK-SHIELD technology there are no restrictions according to the voltage ratings of the displayed mnemonic circuits, but in general it is quite suitable to create any control panels with any mnemonic diagrams.
A special place in the production program of the POISK company is occupied by control panels for such facilities as hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants, thermal power plants, state district power plants ..., called Main control panels (MShU) or Central control panels (CPU). Such shields, in addition to a fairly developed mnemonic, also contain various bodies management, as well as a large number of measuring/recording devices and digital indicators. Most often, the main control panel / CPU boards are emergency (critical) facility control facilities, so many display and control elements on them have direct connections with the equipment they control. Such shields are presented special requirements in terms of design, information content, complexity and reliability.
A variety of control panels are produced by the company POISK built-in mosaic consoles and control and indication panels. Such panels are usually small (no more than 2 sq.m) and are designed to be built into consoles or operator/dispatcher tables.
POISK-SHIELD technology allows you to create control panels ranging from very simple passive (without LED indication and control system) wall boards less than 1 sq.m in size, to the most complex active boards (complexes of visualization of mimic diagrams) with an area of 100 or more sq.m, with a large list of options, equipped with video panels or built-in video walls, extremely saturated with electronic mimic symbols and indicators, and also allows you to create video boards (video walls).
POISK is always focused on fulfillment full cycle of works covering all stages - from technical consultations and design, to installation and commissioning with training. At the same time, to reduce the cost, it is possible to order any set of components for self assembly shield or video wall, as well as any scope of work from the full cycle.
In production video board(video walls), POISK, unlike its competitors, offers the customer the full range of services necessary for the full operation of the product (this is enough a rare combination that allows you to get started right away with video board):
- professional selection, production and supply of a set of video board equipment (hardware), its assembly and commissioning (including training),
- delivery of specialized ZNZ dispatching software of our own design (software part),
- information content of the software part - the creation of an electronic mnemonic diagram (or a complex multi-layer project) of the customer's network in the ZNZ dispatch software, as well as its configuration and implementation of the necessary initial settings.
The company POISK has been operating in the power industry market since 1993 and has unique experience in designing more than 400 mnemonic diagrams various types for all types of electrical networks, as well as other mnemonic circuits. The cycle of work proposed by the company includes a multi-stage sequential coordination of the electronic mnemonic diagram with the customer during the execution of work, which eliminates the possibility of obtaining a negative result at the stage of their acceptance.
All over life cycle of control panels and video panels (video walls) produced by the company SEARCH them accompanies ZNZ dispatch software– development of the company POISK.
Company POISK has necessary park of modern technological equipment , as well as own production facilities, providing POISK-SHIELD technologies with flexibility, adaptability and versatility, as well as allowing the development and manufacture of original structural elements, incl. corresponding to the individual wishes of the customer.
Just look at the photos of our billboards/video walls to see how diverse they are. Using various tricks technology POISK-SHIELD, we give an individual look to each product, but at the same time, all of them have features corporate style. When you see our billboard or video billboard, you will always recognize it as a product of the POISK company - a clear, expressive, bright, contrasting mnemonic pattern, high information saturation, a light elegant frame, a well-thought-out, fully finished and adapted to a particular room design, modern finishing materials ...
POISK-SHIELD technology provides the highest combination of price, quality and functionality control panels and video walls manufactured by POISK, which is confirmed by the number of orders we have completed.
The tactile mnemonic scheme is a special typhlotechnical means of spatial orientation of people with visual impairments, developed by the specialists of the Tiflocentre "Vertical". This device must meet many requirements in the field of typhlographic standards, and the map of space displayed on it must be made taking into account the peculiarities of the perception of the world by a blind person. The development and production of a tactile plan is a difficult and lengthy process carried out by typhoid specialists, in which it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the peculiarities of people's sensory perception and the necessary tactile effect, because only a blind person can really appreciate its quality.
What is a tactile mimic
Any tactile mnemonic, regardless of its functional purpose, consists of a tactile surface, a stand and a call button.
To ensure the real accessibility of buildings and premises, each tactile mnemonic must be equipped with an integrated system for calling for help. The call button must be equipped with a voice confirmation of activation and a voice notification function when the batteries are low.
Download terms of reference.
How to order a "real" tactile mimic for the blind
If you want to make not just a "decoration for front door” or “beautiful scheme”, but a truly full-featured device for a blind person, welcome to Tiflocenter “Vertical”, our specialists are ready to perform any tasks in the field of orientation for people with visual impairments.
In the last 10 years, namely for so many years, Tiflocenter has been developing them, the production process of tactile mnemonic circuits has evolved greatly. Hundreds of tests have been carried out with the blind on various technologies of tactile indicators, and as a result common solution was recognized as the best - a tactile layer-polymer indicator. Where the tactile surface consists of several UV polymerized layers. These products are protected by a patent for an invention (utility model), the rights to which belong to Vertikal LLC.
Requirements for tactile surfaces
The tactile surface, depending on the operating conditions, can be made in several versions with different anti-vandal and visual characteristics, limited only by the universal design conditions. It is important that the functional characteristics of the tactile panel have quality indicators available to any blind person, such as the optimal height of the tactile lift, Braille font size, a single logic for the development of tactile mnemonic diagrams and maps, adapted information descriptions, as well as many other characteristics, the quality of which can determine only "special" people.
The stand to which the tactile surface is attached is also an important factor, since it is designed taking into account the accessibility zones of blind people.
How to place an order for the development and production of a mnemonic diagram
In order to place an order for the development of a tactile mnemonic, you must first:
- prepare a floor plan for which it is planned to make a tactile mnemonic diagram
- it is very important to accurately and correctly indicate on the plan the location of the tactile mnemonic diagram
- select all available premises on the plan where access is planned for a blind person
- indicate on the plan the numbers of available rooms and send them in a separate list with a decoding for each separately
- indicate on the plan, the entrance, toilets, emergency exits, the area for obtaining information, as well as all that other information that you consider necessary to convey to a blind person
Based on this information, our audiovisual specialists will develop a tactile mimic field in accordance with all the criteria of the Braille literacy and regulatory documents.
After that, you need to decide on the type of tactile surface used in the Tactile Surfaces section.
To ensure the placement of information at a convenient angle and an accessible area for a blind person, you must select the method of installing the mnemonic diagram in the "Types of Mounts" section.
How to write a technical task for the production of a mnemonic diagram
In order to write the terms of reference for the auction, you need to download it by clicking on the icon, or request the writing of an individual TOR from Tiflocenter specialists. Properly drawn up terms of reference is the key to the supply of high-quality tactile indicators. After downloading the TK, you must select the type and insert the dimensions of the tactile field. It is necessary to download a separate technical task for racks.
For more than 10 years we have been developing and manufacturing various spatial orientation systems for people with limited vision. All products are created using a guide system that provides a continuous reference point from the starting point - mnemonics, with tactile cues along the route and at key points in the route, and especially at the junction points of the route to the final destination.
To solve the problems of orientation and development is really effective system navigation for the blind requires a comprehensive (diversified) approach to the issues of adapting social infrastructure facilities, as well as equipping them with auxiliary means of spatial orientation.
The use of a complex clear system of guides allows the blind person to move independently in space after receiving preliminary information from the tactile mnemonic diagram.
Sometimes it happens that the owners of objects, turning to various organizations that do not have knowledge and technologies in the field of adaptation of objects for the blind, get a result that not only misleads the blind, but sometimes completely disorients him and, as a result, can even lead to to a traumatic situation. Often there are situations of improper production of signs (lack of an appropriate tactile effect, incorrect use of the Braille system, falsification or visual imitation of tiflo means), as a result of which they either become useless means or also lead to a complication of orientation in space.
There are also similar mistakes when a client does not follow the recommendations of specialists in the field of orientation for the blind and independently decides where to place one or another tactile indicators specially designed for his organization.
Tyflocenter "Vertical" constantly conducts research and new developments in the field of improving tactile indicators. At present, we own a unique patent for Braille and tactile graphics technology, developed by our employees. This technique provides good effect, beautiful appearance and product quality. Each product is tactile tested and has a proprietary licensed hologram. Products that do not have the corresponding holograms are counterfeit (its production is illegal).
How to quickly order and make tactile pictograms:
Respectable partners! In order to make a quick order for the production of tactile products, you must fill out an online application in 4 steps on our website. An electronic application can significantly reduce the development time.
Our company has been largest producer tactile mnemonics and pictograms in Russia and the CIS, we produce hundreds of tactile pictograms per day. Therefore, to optimize orders for tactile products, it is recommended to use electronic application forms on our website. After filling out this form, you will receive an email with the parameters of the products you ordered, and our managers will immediately be able to see your order.
Designation:
SShMK.421457.008-DShch
As part of the automated power supply management system (APCS) of the software and hardware complex "Cosmotronics" (PTC "Cosmotronics"), various workplaces of specialists are provided, including the workplace of the dispatcher - the dispatcher mnemonic board.
The dispatching control panel is used for operational visual control and automatic registration of information about the state of objects included in the dispatch control system. reflects circuit diagram power supply of substations of association with the required level of detail, is equipped with telemechanics and lighting elements that allow you to fix operational switching in automatic mode.
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Picture 1. Appearance control panel |
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The main functions of the mnemoshield:
- visual display of the power supply scheme for supervisory control objects,
- registration of object states for the operator to perform the functions assigned to him;
- displaying the links and nature of the interaction of the managed object with other objects;
- signaling about changes in the operation of objects;
- rapid identification of the possibility of localization and elimination of faults.
The composition of the mnemonic shield
The control panel is a modern modular design and is characterized by increased reliability and workmanship. Consists of the following main units:
- load-bearing structure;
- self-supporting facade with a printed graphic scheme;
- control systems, including the mimic board controller, indicator control modules;
- power systems;
- software.
The composition of the equipment set depends on the parameters of the ordered mnemonic board, based on the developed project documentation.
Basic structure
The supporting structure of the shield is made of light steel profiles, interconnected with screws and special connecting elements. All elements of the supporting structure are protected from corrosion.
A set of structural profiles allows you to mount the supporting installation of any free-standing dispatching board with a height of not more than 6500 mm and a radius of curvature of the facade of at least 6000 mm, while the length of the board is not limited. The height and length of the shield can be changed in increments of 24 mm, while the radius of curvature of the facade can change smoothly. It is possible to make a shield with a changeable radius of curvature of the facade, for example, along a hyperboloid. The typical shield width is 580 mm if the shield is over 3000 mm high. For lower panels, the depth can be reduced to 400 mm.
Figure 3:
H - full height of the shield, L - total length shield, no restrictions;
s - height of adjustable props, from 30 to 80 mm;
p - stand height, > 0;
g - thickness of the edging of the facade, 5 mm;
But - the height of the facade, n × 24 mm;
Lo - facade length, m×24 mm.
In the standard version, the load-bearing structure of the switchboard is open at the rear. On request, it is possible to produce a structure completely covered with roll-up screens. Execution options are shown in Figure 4.
In Figure 4: 1 - direct location;
2 - curved shield with a bending radius of at least 6000 mm;
3 - broken shield.
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Figure 5. Example of a self-supporting facade |
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Self-supporting facade
The facade is built from mosaic elements with a module size of 24×24 mm. Mosaic elements are made of flame retardant ABS or PC plastic. Each element consists of a body and a mosaic chip. The housings are equipped with a system of clamps that ensure their interconnection, fastening of the mosaic chip, connection with the active module (alarm), as well as fastening of the elements that serve to connect the facade with the supporting structure of the dispatcher board. An example of a self-supporting facade is shown in Fig.5.
The facade is mounted to the upper and lower edges of the supporting structure in a strip two modules wide using leveling pins (4 pieces/m). The design of the facade allows you to mount in its plane a large number of typical measuring instruments, pointers, regulators and monitors. The thickness of the self-supporting facade is 37 mm.
Facade elements of the shield can be as follows:
- passive chips ( various elements schemes, letters and numbers of any colors);
- LED modules (passive chips with circuit elements and holes for LEDs and LEDs of various colors and sizes);
- digital indicators ( various heights and the number of displayed digits);
- rotary elements (used to display non-telemechanized switching devices);
- portable chips.
Control system
Designed to transfer data from the top-level software of the supervisory control system and display them on the control board.
Consists of the following elements:
- control modules for LED indicators (UDS-1);
- digital indicator control modules (UDS-2);
- interface converters;
- optical probe;
- control room controller.
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Designation:SShMK.468153.021 Short description:Designed to control the operation of individual LEDs, receive and transmit data via the RS-485 interface with an exchange rate of 1200 to 115200 bps. Provides function of two modes of brightness of a luminescence of light-emitting diodes: day and night. In the process of setting up the control panel, it gives the module number and channel number of a particular LED. It has a self-control mode (reading the state of the module's memory), as well as an echo mode (confirmation of the operation of the LED). Additionally, it has the ability to read data from an ambient temperature sensor, transfer via RS-485 and further display on the shield indicator. |
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- Number of channels: 64
- Module power supply: 5V±0.25V
- Maximum distance from the server at a data transfer rate of 115200 bps: 100 m
- Dimensions: 202 x 113 x 38 mm
- Module weight: 200 g
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Designation:SShMK.468153.031 Short description:Designed to control the operation of digital indicators, receive and transmit data via the RS-485 interface with an exchange rate of 1200 to 115200 bps. Provides the function of two modes of brightness of the glow of digital indicators: day and night. In the process of setting up the control panel, it gives the module number and channel number of a particular indicator. Additionally, it has the ability to read data from an ambient temperature sensor, transfer via RS-485 and further display on the shield indicator. |
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- Number of channels: 64
- Number of seven-segment characters controlled by one module: 8
- Switching current (day/night): 20mA / 10mA
- Module power: 5V±0.25V or 12V±1V
- Maximum distance from the server at a data rate of 115200 bps: 100 m
- Maximum number of modules in one RS-485 circuit: 256
- Self-monitoring time of one module: 0.2 sec
- Temperature range measured by the sensor: -55 ... +125С
- Sensor temperature measurement accuracy: 0.5С
- Temperature conversion time: 750ms
- Power consumption: no more than 6.5 W
- Dimensions: 202 x 113 x 38 mm
- Module weight: 200 g
Module for converting the RS-232 interface into the RS-422/485 interface
- 1 "RS-232" port (RXD and TXD lines)
- 1 RS-422/485 port (RXD and TXD lines)
- Maximum baud rate: 115200 bps
- Galvanic isolation: not less than 2500 V
- Module power supply: 5V±0.25V
- Power consumption: no more than 0.5 W
- Dimensions: 70x50 mm
- Operating temperature range: -40 С ... + 85 С
- Module weight: 50 g
optical probe
The optical probe is used in the process of setting up the control panel. Designed to determine the addresses of LED indicator control modules and their channels, with subsequent recording of the information received in the database of the Telemechanics workstation. The probe is a photo sensor with an open optical channel that converts the modulated light flux into an electrical signal and transmits it to the controller.
Control room controller
Personal Computer with the installed software of PTC "Cosmotronics". Performs the role of a managing controller, receiving data through local network, and issuing them to the UDS-1 and UDS-2 modules via the RS485 interface. A separate port is intended for connecting an optical probe during commissioning.
Supply system
The mimic board is powered by voltage alternating current 220V. Sockets are installed on each section of the control panel, to which a power cable is connected. Power supplies are connected to sockets. Each PSU can be connected from one to several control modules.
To implement the function battery life The mnemoshield is equipped with a source (s) of uninterruptible power supply.
Voltage transformer
Designed to power the LED indicator control module, digital indicator control module and interface conversion module.
Short description:
The 220/24V power supply is used to convert the 220V AC mains voltage into a stabilized 24V voltage. It has a built-in battery charger. Metal housing, mounted on a DIN rail.
Main technical characteristics:
- Input and output circuits are galvanically isolated
- Provides limitation of the initial impulse of current and voltage
- Output short circuit and overvoltage protection
- Embedded module charger batteries
- Input voltage
- AC: 90…264 V
- DC: 110…370 V
- AC input frequency: 47…63 Hz
- Output voltage: (24±1)V
- Output voltage (battery): 19…30V
- Maximum output current, A: 2.0
- Output current protection threshold, A: ≤2.4
- Battery capacity, Ah
- recommended: 1.3
- maximum: 4.5
- Overload protection: yes
- Overvoltage protection: yes
- Battery overcharge protection: yes
- Battery health test: yes
- No input power output: yes
- Discharge and battery failure monitoring output: yes
- metal body
- Case protection degree: IP20
- Mounting method: 35mm DIN rail
- Dimensions: 112 x 57 x 120 mm
- Weight: no more than 300 g
- Operating temperature range: -40°C ... + 65°C
Software
Software management of the dispatcher mimic panel is integrated into the automated control system of the PTK "Cosmotronics" and is included in the software of the AWP "Telemechanics". In the settings of the "Telemechanics" workstation, the "Shield control editor" module is activated. Therefore, when the dispatcher is running, there is no need to run third-party mnemonic control programs.
If the dispatcher board is supplied as part of a third-party dispatching system (not Cosmotronics), then the Customer is provided with the necessary software for integration with the top-level software system using standard protocols.
During the initial launch of the mimic board software and reconfiguration of the dispatcher mimic board during operation, it is necessary to use (configure) the following programs:
- Communication server "Cosmotronics";
- "Setting up the AWS database for work with a shield";
- "Setting up the control panel".
Communication server "Cosmotronics"
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The communication server is an intermediate link between the control panel controller, UDS-1, UDS-2 modules and the top-level program of the AWP "Telemechanics". It performs the following functions:
- organization of communication with existing system data collection
- organization of communication with controllers via various communication channels
- periodic testing of the communication channel and checking the status of communication with subscribers
- maintenance of the system protocol and the protocol of communication channels operation
- receiving information about the automation object from controllers
- entering information into a database
- retransmission of received data in various protocols to remote servers, workstations, control panels
- relaying telecontrol commands to controllers
- parameterization of controllers
- displaying the status and operation modes of communication channels in various windows
In addition, through the communication server, integration with third-party systems is carried out using standard protocols.
Configuring the AWP database to work with a shield
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The window of the program "Configuring the DB AWS to work with a shield" |
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The program "Adjusting the AWP database to work with the shield" is a part of the AWP "Telemechanika" software and is designed to automate the routine process of creating tables in the AWP settings database and screen forms when preparing to work with the shield.
Control panel setup
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Window of the program "Control panel settings" |
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The program is designed to automate the process of assigning LED outputs to USO (UDS-1) contacts during installation or reconfiguration of the switchboard. Using an optical probe, the USO number and channel number are determined. It is also possible to manually enter the USO number and channel number. The results of the assignment are entered into the tables of the AWP settings database for further use in the Telemechanics AWP. At any time, it is possible to visually check the correct binding of a specific signal by selecting it in the table and issuing a command to turn on the LED.
Real guidance material replaces the guidance material RM 4-65-68 “Drawings of mnemonic circuits on boards and control panels. Formatting Instructions". It sets out the basic rules for the implementation of drawings of mnemonic diagrams of monitoring and control systems. The material does not consider the task of determining the feasibility of using mnemonic diagrams, identifying required type mnemonic diagrams and other tasks solved by designers when developing functional diagrams of monitoring and control systems.
Since the implementation of mnemonic diagrams is one of the tasks of artistic design, the solution of which requires taking into account the specific requirements of technical aesthetics and engineering psychology, this material cannot be considered as a document strictly regulating the design of mnemonic diagrams. It is a design guide and its recommendations must be taken into account in conjunction with other requirements in the design of each particular control and management system.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the mode of non-automatic control of the object, the operator monitors the deviations of the parameters from the specified values. These deviations can be considered as output quantities that change due to changes in the input disturbances. Acting on the cause of the deviation, if possible, or on another input value, the change of which can compensate for the cause of the deviation (disturbance), the operator controls the object.
From the foregoing, it follows that the operator in the control process needs to identify cause-and-effect relationships in order to select those controls that will most successfully eliminate unwanted deviations. Since similar deviations of the same parameter can be caused by different reasons - disturbances acting through different channels - inputs, then identifying the necessary controls is a difficult task. One of the ways to help the operator in identifying the necessary cause-and-effect relationships is the use of mnemonic diagrams.
Mnemonic diagrams are graphic images of controlled technological objects and, as a rule, should be designed taking into account the requirements of technical aesthetics and engineering psychology. For this reason, in especially critical cases, for example, when designing mnemonic diagrams for typical objects, specialists in artistic design (designers) should take part in their development. The basics of artistic design and ergonomics can be found in the following literature:
1. Ioganek T. et al. Technical aesthetics and product culture. M., 1969;
2. Somov Yu.S. Composition in technology. M., 1972;
3. Sidorov O.A. Physiological human factors that determine the layout of the machine control post. M., 1962.
The example mnemonic diagram attached to this material is intended only to demonstrate the application of recommendations. this material when developing mnemonic diagrams. The types and modifications of the components used in the example should not be considered as recommended. Their use in the example does not mean that it is these products that should be given preference when designing mnemonic diagrams.
2. THE ROLE OF MIME IN THE CONTROL SYSTEM
The logic underlying the measures used by the operator to eliminate abnormal deviations in the course of the technological process is in many respects similar to the logic of the work of a master repairing complex electrical and other industrial devices and systems. Knowledge and understanding technological scheme managed (or repaired) object is a necessary prerequisite successful work both the operator and the repairman. It is for this reason that for objects with a complex, hard-to-remember or quickly changeable technological scheme, it is sometimes advisable to place a conditional simplified graphic image of a controlled technological object on the control panel (or console), that is, to use a mnemonic diagram.
3. SOME RULES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF MNEMOCHARTS
The need to take into account the requirements of technical aesthetics and engineering psychology in the development of mnemonic diagrams was indicated in the introduction of this material. It follows from the above that, at least in difficult cases, a specialist in artistic design should participate in the creation of mnemonic diagrams. In simpler cases, the development of mnemonic diagrams is sufficient to be carried out, guided by the following rules, the observance of which usually gives acceptable results:
a) the mnemonic diagram should not show secondary elements of the technological process that distract the operator's attention and make it difficult to find the information and control bodies he needs;
b) the mnemonic diagram should give the operator the possibility of a quick overall assessment of the progress of the process. Therefore, it should reflect all the main control loops, however, the degree of detail should not be excessive, making it difficult to assess the course of the process;
c) the image of the process diagram should be not only beautiful, but also compact enough, visible;
d) the density of placement of symbols on the field of the mnemonic diagram should not be excessive. It should allow making the necessary changes in the future if the production technology (process scheme) is modified;
e) the direction of the main technological flow on the mnemonic diagram, as a rule, should be taken in accordance with the generally accepted direction of writing and reading: from left to right;
f) symbols of technological devices related to the same production site should be displayed on the field of the mnemonic diagram near each other common group. Within such groups, characters should be placed approximately evenly. Such groups should be distinguished by separating them from each other;
g) symbols of technological devices must be placed on the field of the mnemonic diagram in such a way as to minimize the number of intersections of the lines of the mnemonic diagram;
h) the lines of technological flows between the symbols of the devices should be drawn along the shortest path, but observing the requirements of item g;
i) on the lines of technological flows at intervals convenient for the operator, as a rule, near the apparatus, arrows "flow direction" should be placed;
k) all process flow lines that do not end with symbols must end with an arrow "flow direction" and, if necessary, an explanatory inscription.
4. SYMBOLS
Symbols of mnemonic diagrams are simplified images of technological devices and other devices shown on the mnemonic diagram. Symbols for technological apparatuses, as a rule, should be approximately similar to the corresponding apparatuses.
Compliance with any one scale ratio for the entire mnemonic diagram between the actual dimensions of technological apparatuses and their corresponding symbols is, as a rule, inexpedient.
The sizes (values) of the symbols must be taken into account the distance of reading the mnemonic diagram by the operator. Larger symbols should depict more critical devices (if the dimensions of the mnemonic diagram field allow this), which is also necessary when placing control, signaling and control bodies in the symbols.
Minimum allowable dimensions characters in terms of their distinguishability by the operator from a distance l, is determined by the following formula:
where S- character size;
l- distance to the symbol along the line of sight (in the same units as S);
a - angle of view ( angular size) in arcminutes (").
For characters not complex shape(there are simple details inside and outside the symbol outline) a = 21" × 1" under normal lighting conditions.
For symbols of a complex shape, the value a should be taken equal to 35", for its smallest details - ? = 6". The above figures are the minimum. What is the optimal character size for the fastest reading? \u003d 40 "The sizes of symbols used in the development of drawings of mnemonic diagrams should be checked for their distinguishability from a given reading distance according to schedule Appendix 1, built according to formula (1).
The density of symbols on the mnemonic diagram, that is, the distance between adjacent symbols in angular units, must be at least 40". Symbols of different technological lines must be carried over long distances.
Overhead symbols, as a rule, should be made of sheet duralumin with a thickness of 1 - 2 mm. By agreement with the manufacturer of the mnemonic diagrams, symbols and lines can also be made of other materials, such as plastics.
Technological flow lines, as well as impulse and command lines of devices and regulators, should be depicted with overhead strips of duralumin. It is advisable to take the width of the strips from a range of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm, and the process flow lines should be at least twice as wide as the impulse and command lines. Lines thinner (narrower) than 4 mm should be applied with paint (colored lines). At the discretion of the designer, some symbols can be accepted from the album "Symbols of elements of mnemonic diagrams of boards and control panels" (designations 4.855.600 - 4.855.723), GPI PMA, 1973.
Font sizes of inscriptions on mnemonic diagrams should be taken into account the distances from which these inscriptions will be read. The font size adopted for the inscription should be checked for foresight according to Appendix 2.
5. PAINTS AND COLORS
A wide variety of technological media and their parameters makes it difficult to standardize the nomenclature of colors and their shades for depicting technological lines and devices on mnemonic diagrams. As a rule, the colors of technological apparatuses and lines should approximately coincide with the actual coloring of technological units and pipelines in accordance with GOST 14202-69 “Pipelines of industrial enterprises. Identification painting, warning signs and labels.
The limited range of colors provided by this standard makes it expedient to use the colors prescribed by these standards, mainly for the image of the main technological environments.
Auxiliary environments have to be depicted with a deviation from the requirements of this standard, in accordance with the recommendations of ergonomics experts and designers of the technological part of the designed object.
As a rule, the pipeline on the diagram is depicted by two parallel lines (as a longitudinal section of the pipeline). Since drawings of mnemonic diagrams are usually not painted, then, in order to depict colors in the drawing, each color depicting the technological environment is assigned a number indicating the color (environment), which should be indicated in the breaks in the centerlines. The distance between adjacent numbers in the line must be at least 50 mm, see fig. 1a.
a) two-line image, b) one-line image
The numbers denoting the colors corresponding to the technological environments should be assigned, starting with the main one, in descending order of its importance for the technology of the automated process.
Technological lines of mnemonic diagrams with a width of 4 mm or less are allowed to be depicted in one line, see fig. 1b.
Due to the wide variety of colors used in mnemonic diagrams, it is advisable to use oil art paints of the first group according to STU 30-12186-61 for coloring them. Mnemonic diagrams using the colors provided for by the nomenclature of paints in GOST 6465-63 and GOST 926-63 can be painted with PF-115 and PF-133 enamels and other enamels suitable for brush application.
6. DRAWING OF MIMO
As a rule, the drawing of the mnemonic diagram should be made as a separate drawing on a scale of M1:2. Other standard scales may be used only in justified cases.
The mnemonic diagram drawing must contain the following information:
a) the overall dimensions of the mnemonic diagram and its location on the board or console. Mnemonic diagrams should be placed in the areas of the control panel (console) that are convenient for the operator. If there are controls (keys, buttons) in the mnemonic diagram, the placement of the mnemonic diagram should ensure ease of use. In this case, the controls should be placed on the mnemonic diagram at a height of 550 - 1600 mm from the floor level of the control room;
b) a scale image of the mnemonic diagram, on which the placement of the main symbols of technological devices is coordinated. It is allowed not to indicate the coordinates of symbols if there is an agreement about this with the manufacturer of the mnemonic diagram.
When constructing and placing symbols containing signal lamps, buttons, etc. built into them, it is necessary to take into account the design features of built-in products, the possibility and convenience of their installation and maintenance;
c) colors of all symbols, process flow lines, impulse and command lines of instruments and regulators. See section 5 of this material for guidance;
d) types, colors and number of lamps, buttons and other products embedded in the symbols;
e) explanatory inscriptions, “flow direction” arrows and, if necessary, designations of controlled measurement points and parameters;
f) the numbers of positions of the mnemonic circuit equipment according to the custom specification and its designations according to the electrical (pneumatic) circuits;
g) the dimensions of the symbols and the material from which they are made;
h) instructions on paints for coloring symbols and lines. See section 5 of this material;
i) numbers of drawings of standard designs;
j) instructions on fastening symbols and lines of the mnemonic diagram. As a rule, the choice of the method of attaching symbols should be provided to the manufacturer, which is indicated on the drawing field according to the type: “Mount the symbols of the mnemonic diagram according to the manufacturer’s standards.”
Title block, parts list, equipment list and table symbols must be carried out according to the forms of the guidance material RM 4-59-70.
An example of the design of a mnemonic diagram drawing is attached to this guidance material.
Attachment 1
Minimum sizes of symbols and their details depending on the reading distance (see section 4)
Annex 2
Font size of inscriptions depending on reading distances
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