Digging a well at your dacha with your own hands may seem like a simple task. In fact, this process has many subtleties, without knowing which quality water, suitable for drinking, is simply impossible. We will describe in detail not only the process of its construction, but also methods of searching for aquifers, as well as installation plumbing systems for supplying water to the house.
Types of wells
The choice of well type depends on the depth of the aquifer and soil type:
- key: used infrequently when underground sources (springs) come close to the surface; a hole sunk 10-20 cm into the ground is filled with crushed stone, then a log house is prepared with a hole to drain excess water
- mine: the most common, used when aquifers occur at a depth of 5-25 m; consists of a trunk, a water intake in the lower part, located under water, and a head (above-ground part)
- Abyssinian (tubular): unlike a well, it is less deep and has a smaller casing diameter; plus the pumps it uses are not submersible, but above-ground (often manual); such a structure is inexpensive, but its service life is short; plus in winter, when groundwater goes deeper, its extraction can be difficult
Log shaft wells, based on the type of lower (water intake) part, are in turn divided into three more groups:
- with an imperfect (incomplete) water intake: its lower part does not reach the bottom of the water layer, so liquid seeps through the bottom or walls; This is the option that is most often chosen when building a well with your own hands; the volume of water in it is quite enough for irrigation and meeting the needs of the family
- with perfect water intake: it is located at the very bottom of the aquifer; Such structures for private houses are rarely used, because if water supplies exceed the family’s normal expenses, the water in it will quickly deteriorate and silt up
- with a perfect water intake, complemented by a sump– deepening in the underlying rock to create a water reserve
Selecting a location
For some reason, some people think that water should be present everywhere. It is enough to make the hole deeper - and the well is ready. As a result, a wasted mine, wasted time and nerves. Moreover, the vein can pass just a couple of meters from the dug well, which remains dry.
To this day, the dowsing method is successfully used to search for a nearby water layer. Once upon a time, branches of viburnum, hazel or willow served as natural biolocators. Today, even experienced drillers often replace them with pieces of copper or aluminum wire with ends bent at 90 degrees. They are inserted into hollow tubes and, holding them in their hands, they walk through the area meter by meter. Where water passes close, the wires begin to cross in the direction of the flow. To be sure, the area is examined in this way several times.
When looking for a place for a well in your dacha, you should also pay attention to the color of the greenery growing on the site. Near the water it is more juicy. Willows, meadowsweet, ivy and crabgrass are very fond of such places - where they have chosen a place to grow, there will definitely be a vein. Nettle, horse sorrel, cinquefoil, naked licorice, coltsfoot, and horsetail also grow here. But apple and plum trees, on the contrary, take root worse and often die.
Alder, willow, birch, willow and maple will always tend towards the aquifer. Single oak trees are also a sign of high standing waters. They grow exactly where they intersect.
It has long been noticed that cats love to bask in such places. Dogs avoid such areas. Red ants are also worth watching. They try to place anthills away from water. Near her in the evening it always curls a large number of mosquitoes and midges. In the mornings there is also always more dew and fog swirling here.
After finding the probable location of the aquifer, before digging a well at the dacha, exploratory drilling is carried out.
For these purposes, it is allowed to use a regular garden auger. Since you will have to go deeper by 6-10 m, its length will have to be increased. If moisture appears after digging a well, then the location of the water layer has been determined correctly. If you don't trust the old proven methods, contact a nearby geological surveyor.
Such organizations always have special geophysical instruments in their arsenal that can accurately determine the proximity of an aquifer.
When the layers are below 10-15 m, the idea of digging a well should be abandoned. In this case, drilling a well will be necessary.
How deep should a well be dug? How to make a “correct” well so that there is always water in it? Its depth depends only on. Therefore, it is very difficult to determine in advance how many rings will be needed. Structures located nearby, for example, neighbors, can provide an approximate guide, but these data will also be inaccurate. Unfortunately, a method that can accurately tell about the future depth does not yet exist.
To calculate the required number of concrete rings and the depth of the shaft, test drilling is carried out. It is used to determine the density of the soil, its composition, as well as the presence of limestone slabs nearby. But that too exact result can't give.
In the diagrams, aquifers look like strips running underground horizontally or at a slight slope. The drainage part of the well can only be located at its upper boundary (the roof of the formation), in the center or at the very bottom (the bottom of the formation).
To obtain clean water, the mine must go down to the second or even third aquifers. The first of these is perched water - water that accumulates near the surface. Its level is always unstable, plus it gets dirty easily. It is used only for watering. When digging a drinking well, you need to go through this layer and go deeper down.
Excavation continues until the veins are clearly visible and water begins to flow into the pit in sufficient quantities.
It must be left for a day, and its arrival must be checked on the second day. If the height of the water layer is at least 1.5 m, you can stop digging and begin shaking (cleaning) from suspended soil. Self-digging of wells on the lungs sandy soils
Due to the possibility of collapse and rubble, it is dangerous. If there are several places on the site with the passage of aquifers, you should choose a place with the most dense soil. It is advisable that it be elevated to avoid rainwater flowing into it.
In order not to take risks, it is better in this case to use the services of specialists. The price of constructing a turnkey well in different areas may vary, so it is better to check with a specific organization.
What is a bottom filter? Do you need a filter for a well? If it contains quicksand without a bottom filter - a layer of sand, crushed stone, gravel or pebbles that serves to purify incoming moisture from suspended earth - it is a necessity. Of course, it will be problematic to get rid of them completely, but
But among well owners (and many experts) there is often an opinion that such cleaning is necessary even in the absence of quicksand. Supposedly only she can provide perfect clean water. Indeed, at first, a small film of special algae and bacteria forms in the sand layer, eating microorganisms dissolved in the water. But the service life of such a biological filter is short. Over time, the biofilm layer increases, the filtration rate decreases, and the well quickly silts up.
A properly constructed well should only be filled through the bottom. In practice, it is not always possible to ensure only bottom inflow. Water often begins to seep through the walls. In this case, its cleaning through the bottom filter simply does not occur.
Plus, a significant layer of backfill (and it should be at least half a meter) reduces the volume of water. Its inflow is also decreasing. It becomes difficult to carry out high-quality cleaning of a silted well in the presence of a layer of sand and crushed stone.
In villages, large stones are sometimes placed at the bottom. But this is only required to avoid muddying the water when scooping during seasonal shallowing. If the well is deep enough and its level does not drop too low, this is not particularly necessary.
If quicksand is detected, in addition to the bottom filter, you will also need to construct a special shield made of wood or steel with holes that can contain the flow of soil mixed with liquid.
What to choose, concrete rings or a wooden frame?
Just digging a well is not enough. He needs reliable protection from collapse. Concrete rings or wood can be used for this. Brick shafts are rarely used - laying them out is too labor-intensive. Plus, a metal frame is required to strengthen the brick, otherwise the walls will quickly begin to crumble. It is made from profiles, reinforcement or durable wood.
Concrete rings will last longer. Choosing log houses made of wood makes sense if access and delivery of rings to the selected site is impossible. The price of a well made of wood is unlikely to be lower than a structure made of concrete rings, and construction will take more time. And such mines silt up faster and will have to be cleaned more often.
The use of concrete rings greatly simplifies and speeds up the work. They are installed end to end. To avoid displacement, such rings are fastened together with steel staples. To prevent chipping along the edges, you can make 40-60 mm steel overlay strips.
The joints of the rings are coated concrete mortar and additionally compacted with tarred hemp or liquid glass. On loose soils, it is better to place strong boards at the bottom of the shaft so that the rings stand evenly.
Monolithic concrete wells prepared using formwork. If the depth is significant, concrete is first poured to a shallow depth. Next, they continue to dig a hole, making a tunnel under a layer of concrete and installing supports for it. After passing another 2 meters, a new formwork is prepared. In order for the walls to become stronger, a period of 7-10 days is maintained between each filling.
For wooden log houses You will need a log made of moisture-resistant ash or oak with a diameter of 15 cm. Thicker logs with a thickness of 22 cm or more are cut in half. Conifers It is not recommended to take them - they will add drinking water slight bitterness.
The log house is assembled with locks “in the paw”, that is, several tenons are prepared at one end of the log, and grooves at the other. This is done first on the surface, marking the number of each crown, and then reassembled in the shaft. The crowns are fastened with dowels ( metal pins) vertically. The upper crowns are additionally reinforced with steel brackets.
To avoid penetration Wastewater it is prohibited to place drinking well at a distance closer than 30 m from sewer and cesspool pits. To avoid weakening of the soil under the foundations, it must be removed at least 8 m from the nearest buildings.
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Construction of a well from concrete rings in stages
Let us describe in detail the process of constructing a well at a turnkey dacha. This task is quite labor-intensive, and it can take a lot of time.
Digging a well
- It is necessary to start work in March (the best time) or August-September, when The groundwater will drop to the minimum level. In the southern and northern regions of Russia, this period may shift.
- Don't forget basic safety rules. Work should be carried out only by two people (alternately) using a safety rope.
- Since wells are often dug by hand, its width is determined by the dimensions of the human body. The optimal diameter is 0.8-1.5 m. Although, of course, these dimensions are approximate. There is simply no point in making it wider - the amount of incoming moisture will not increase.
- When using concrete rings, the width of the pit is equal to the width of the ring plus an allowance of 30-50 cm.
- Please note that during the digging process, the pit can fill up quite quickly, so you will have to periodically pump out the water.
- To prevent the rings from accidentally moving, it is advisable to purchase products with tongue-and-groove locks. Their connection to each other will be more reliable.
- The lowest ring (water inlet) must be equipped with a bottom and perforations on the walls.
- Removal of soil continues to a depth equal to the height of the first (perforated) ring. It is installed so that it protrudes 10 cm above the ground.
- Under the first ring, 4 recesses are prepared, into which strong wooden supports or a row of bricks are installed.
- We continue to dig a shaft under the ring standing on supports. It must be dug slightly under the cone so that the first ring can easily fall down under the influence of its own weight.
- We remove the supports by lowering the ring lower. Install a new ring on top.
- We continue to go deeper into the ground in the same order, while simultaneously increasing the rings.
- When reaching the aquifer, digging continues until a layer of water of 40-50 cm is formed at the bottom.
- Next, it must be completely scooped out so that the water-bearing veins are clearly visible. The well is covered with a thick film or tarpaulin.
- Subsequent work is carried out after 12-14 hours.
- To filter suspended soil and prevent it from agitating, a layer of coarse crushed stone 25 cm thick can be poured onto the bottom.
- The well is again left for a day to allow the water to rise. Its layer should be 1.5 m.
- If the water supply in the reservoir is insufficient due to the small height of the formation, side holes can be made in the walls to collect it.
- The gap formed between the log house and the ground is filled with crushed stone or gravel.
Underground gas may enter the well shaft! Although such cases are infrequent, at the slightest suspicion (hissing, gurgling, the appearance of a foreign smell), lower a bucket with a burning candle into it or throw a bunch of lit straw into it. To avoid a strong explosion (if there is methane in the mine), move away from it. In the presence of carbon dioxide, the candle or straw, on the contrary, will quickly go out. If the gas does not go away for a long time, in order to figure out the problem, you will need to call specialists and the Ministry of Emergency Situations.
Clay castle and blind area
« Clay castle» serves as a natural barrier, protecting against the penetration of rainwater and domestic wastewater.
To create it, soil is selected around the well to a depth of 50 cm. The width of such a ditch is 30-45 cm. We place wet clay in it. To prevent the formation of voids and cracks, it must be thoroughly trampled. The top is compacted and smoothed using a wide board. For ease of walking, you can lay a row of bricks, large stones, or make a blind area of concrete. In the first years, wells built on clay soil
, fill up more slowly. They may need to be periodically pumped to flush the springs. Subsequently, the influx increases.
Construction of the head
Decorative well with brick cap Its purpose is to prevent water pollution on land.
After all, the external insulation of a structure is no less important. Without it, tree leaves, insects and wind-blown debris will constantly fall into the well. The head should rise above the surface at a height of 60-90 cm. It is equipped with a lid and a device for raising water. Even if there is pumping system
There is no point in giving up the gate with a bucket. After all, the electricity may be turned off for a while. The best finishing materials are wood or brick.
It’s definitely not worth protecting the head with metal tiles. Its angles are so sharp that they can cut your skin like a knife. There is no need to make the lid too tight - in order to avoid the appearance of mustiness, the well must “breathe”.
There is no point in insulating the head. Reliable thermal insulation must be located at the level of the top pair of rings so that the water in the well does not freeze.
The height of the frame or concrete rings should be 0.8-1 m, so that when removing a bucket, a person can safely reach it without bending too much down.
Well rocking The water in the dug well is still cloudy and can only be used for irrigation. It is not yet suitable for drinking.
- Water, as well as the bottom and walls of the pit, are cleaned from loose soil using a small submersible mud pump: remember the rule:
- the first few pumpings are carried out in small portions with a intake of no more than 3/4 of the water column; otherwise, with an intensive supply of new portions of moisture, the bottom will be washed away, and such cleaning will be of no use The very first cleaning is done manually
- ; to do this you need to go down into the well with an ordinary shovel and bucket; The pump cannot handle so much dirt yet, at the gravel filter to prevent the sludge from settling
- pumping is carried out until water begins to flow intensively; the number of pump starts per day is at least four; and this must be done in different modes
- drain contaminated water
- From time to time the pump must be flushed by running clean water, otherwise it will quickly fail due to overload
- a well dug in clay soil requires lengthy cleaning; some owners believe that cloudy liquid in this case is inevitable, but this is far from the case; its mine can and should be pumped
In a similar way, periodic purification of water from a well is carried out. Otherwise, it will silt and become shallow. This is done as it gets dirty.
With absence mud pump the mixture of liquid and soil is removed from the well using an ordinary bucket with a rope tied to it. But this process is very labor-intensive - cleaning must be done until the water becomes absolutely clean, without impurities.
When the well is located on quicksand - soil mixed with big amount water - it is impossible to clean it. In this case, special drainage systems (bottom filters) are used.
For uninterrupted supply garden house An insert for pipes is prepared in advance with water in one of the concrete rings.
They should be laid 30 cm below the soil freezing level. Otherwise, at the end of winter, burst pipes will have to be replaced. This indicator is different in each area, so it should be clarified. To lay a water pipeline at the dacha from the well to the house, a trench is laid to it. When calculating its depth, the height of the sand and gravel cushion is taken into account (up to 10-15 cm). HDPE is used for laying water pipes polyethylene pipes , made of low pressure plastic. The optimal diameter is 32 mm. You will also need connection fittings
(tees, transitions, bends, etc.).
Since the cost of pipes is minimal, experts advise laying two lines to the well at once. In this case, if a leak occurs, you can use the second one as a backup option. For mechanical protection against soil pressure, pipes are ironed into corrugations or pipes of larger diameter.
It is better to lay a layer of insulation between them. When lifting pipes closer to the surface near a base or unheated basement, they may freeze, so additional thermal insulation is required in these places. After laying the pipes, they are connected to a pump, which is lowered into the water at a distance of 30 cm from the bottom (more on its selection below).
Selection of pumping equipment
As you know, all types of pumps are divided into two types:
1 Superficial: they only have a suction pipe in the water; such units are capable of lifting it only from a depth of up to 10.3 m; it is to this height that water can rise through the tube, pushed by atmospheric pressure into the tube; in practice, due to friction losses and fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, this parameter decreases and equals 5-7 m; mechanisms with ejectors (water flow accelerators) can lift water from greater depths, but their efficiency is too low.
2 Submersible: the entire mechanism is completely lowered into the liquid, which allows water to be delivered from great depths; since such units do not expend power on suction, there is no loss of power; their efficiency is much higher than surface efficiency.
Thus, it is advisable to pump water for the dacha from deep wells pumping stations, equipped submersible pumps. All that remains is to determine their power and performance. It is necessary to take into account not only the needs of the family, but also the flow of water in the well itself. Otherwise, it may turn out that an overly powerful unit will run idle.
Please also note that the overall efficiency of the system will depend not only on the power of the unit, but also on the number of turns and narrowings of the water pipeline. With a small influx of water, it makes sense to purchase a low-power pump, while equipping storage capacity, from which water will be supplied to the house taps.
Another important parameter for the pump is the pressure force, that is, the ability to transfer (move) the pumped water further through the pipes. This parameter is directly related to the operating pressure. That is, per 10 m of vertical pipe there is a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
The water has left the well. What to do?
The aquifer is depleted over time, so the amount of moisture in the well decreases, and then it becomes completely shallow. But this can happen no earlier than after 10-25 years of operation. Moreover, the operating time does not depend on the depth of the mine, but on the thickness of the aquifer.
Please note that the well is always subject to seasonal shallowing. During prolonged drought, its level always decreases. When the rainy season arrives, moisture rises again to its usual level. Sometimes it goes away completely due to serious geological developments taking place in the area, or changes in seismological activity, but such cases are very rare.
In most cases, the cause of shallowing is siltation. Over time, the debris that settles to the bottom turns into silt, which clogs the vein and the inflow decreases. For uninterrupted water supply to the dacha from the well, it requires periodic cleaning (boosting). We described it in detail above.
If cleaning hardly helped, but moisture still began to flow in a little, this means that the ducts themselves have silted up. They are washed with water from the tank. Moisture seeping into the aquifer will clean the springs well.
When extracting part of the aquifer, the well can be dug, that is, the water intake can be lowered a little lower. Teach that such deepening must be done wisely. Don't throw it away at the first trickle of water. But lowering to too great a depth is undesirable. Otherwise, you will cover possible fontanelles with concrete rings. Excavation is carried out more often on 3-4 rings.
It is not worth deepening wells with quicksand - in this case it is unlikely to achieve an increase in inflow.
Today they are building country houses from block containers and due to the high-quality finishing of such buildings, it is not immediately possible to determine what they are made of. The question is, is it possible to apply a design approach to an apparently unremarkable well shaft? Of course, you can, the main thing is to use your imagination and choose the right finishing materials!
In this article we will look at how and with what materials the construction of wells in the country is carried out. Of course, the decoration of such an object can be entrusted to specialized organizations that will cope with the task quickly and efficiently. But, unfortunately, the price of such an order will be high, and therefore it will be better to do this work yourself.
Types of design solutions
Methods and materials that make it possible to design a well in a dacha are selected and applied in accordance with the type of water intake shaft.
Let's look at examples of design solutions that are relevant today.
- A well in the Russian style is a traditional utilitarian design with a minimum number of decorative elements.
As a rule, the structure is the top of a shaft, lined with wood and equipped with a roof covered with wooden shingles or sheet metal.
Carved decorations or art painting paint and varnish materials. A manual winch with a drum for winding a chain or cable is used as a lifting mechanism.
- Shaduf is a technically outdated option for arranging a water intake shaft. Nevertheless, this solution looks more than attractive.
The mine is designed using any available materials (wood, brick, stone, etc.). A distinctive feature of the structure is lifting mechanism- crane.
The mechanism is a beam fixed between two transverse posts. A pole is loosely attached to one end of the inclined beam, at the end of which, in turn, a bucket is fixed. A weight is attached to the back of the beam, which will make it easy to lift a full bucket from the shaft.
Important: Due to design features shaduf, it will not be possible to install a full roof, therefore, to prevent debris from entering the water intake shaft, it is necessary to provide for the use of a hinged or sliding wooden cover.
- Construction of wells at the dacha in oriental style is a traditional design made from the head of a well shaft, equipped with a manual gate and a drum on which a chain or cable is wound.
The roof, made in the form of a pagoda, will give the building an oriental flavor. In addition, you can use a decorative waterfall in the place where the remaining water from the bucket will drain.
The bucket, as well as all the decoration, must be made of natural wood, since products made of galvanized steel will not fit into the aesthetics of the East.
- Decorative wells for summer cottages in the form of houses, mills and other miniature buildings are becoming increasingly widespread.
The advantage of such designs is that the design element will cover the well head from debris getting into it.
Important: All of the solutions listed above must, to one degree or another, overlap with.
Finishing materials
After we have looked at examples of how a well can be designed in a dacha, we will decide what materials can be used to construct a water intake shaft.
- Ceramic brick- a universal material with which you can either line an existing concrete head or build a completely brick shaft head.
The advantage of ceramic brick is its high strength and resistance to mechanical loads. But you need to remember about the high degree of hygroscopicity of brickwork.
Ceramics absorb water, and therefore the surface of the head should be coated with a hydrophobic varnish. If this is not done in a timely manner, frequent contact of the brick with water will lead to its rapid destruction.
Important: Considering the considerable cost of good ceramic bricks, a silicate analogue can be used as an alternative, especially since this material is today manufactured in different colors.
- Ceramic tile– an excellent solution for decorating a nondescript concrete head of a water intake shaft. Decorating a well in a dacha with ceramic tiles is characterized by the ease of performing the planned work and the durability of the finished result.
First of all, the tile, regardless of modification, is resistant to water, and therefore this finish will last for a long time without the need for repairs. To ensure maximum stability ceramic cladding to the effects of excess humidity, it is advisable to use grout diluted with liquid glass as a joint filler.
Important: If the budget allocated for Finishing work, is limited; instead of ceramic tiles, you can use broken tiles, which are several times cheaper and from which you can lay out a mosaic.
- Lumber is a good solution for decorating a water intake shaft in a rustic style.
The instructions for decorating the head of a shaft with wood involve the use of a rounded log or timber, from which a kind of log house with a corner joint is laid out. The roof can also be completely assembled from wood.
The use of lumber is supported by their low price and ease of machining. But there is a significant drawback, namely, wood is afraid excess moisture. Therefore, unusual lumber is needed.
For example, aspen can be used for finishing, since this species rots less from long-term contact with water. Again, wood can be impregnated with special agents.
If you don’t have a lot of money, you can use purified waste as such a special tool. If possible, cover the finished structure with a layer of antiseptic, and after complete drying, apply several layers of varnish.
- Metal is a very good finishing material, if, of course, you have the skills to process it.
Finishing wells in a country house using forged elements is not so popular, but with a competent approach to the matter, you can forge and weld a frame for a water intake shaft from a metal rod, which turns into gate and drum holders. Again, a roof frame can be assembled from metal, which can be finished with polycarbonate.
Of course metal finish the well must be additionally processed, for example, coated with special paints and varnishes that will prevent rust.
Important: If the dacha is not electrified, then certain difficulties may arise when working with metal. This problem can be solved by purchasing or renting a diesel generator for a summer residence.
Conclusion
Now that you know the instructions for selecting and using finishing materials, you can decide what exactly is suitable for.
When doing the finishing yourself, you can apply one of the previously listed design solutions. Or you can not use ready-made solutions and use your imagination and complete the finishing in your own way.
If you have any questions, more useful information you can find it by watching the video in this article.
For permanent or temporary residence suburban area a water source is required, preferably a functioning one all year round. One of the simplest and most inexpensive sources of water supply to build is a well, which you can easily dig with your own hands, almost without resorting to the services of special equipment.
Stage one. Choosing a place for a well
First, let's look at the basic requirements for the location of the well.
- It should be as close to the house as possible, but not close to the walls.
- Also important is the maximum distance from all possible sources of pollution - cesspools, landfills, etc.
- In the chosen location there should be no high water (they are found in swampy areas) that could pollute the water in the well.
Despite the mentioned low cost of building a well, certain costs and efforts are still required. Therefore, it is so important to choose the right location so that it provides a constant water supply in the required volumes.
There are many methods for finding a place for a well - using aluminum frames, willow vine, glass jars, by observing natural phenomena or animal behavior. But one of the most effective and at the same time accessible ways is to study the features of the landscape. We definitely won’t find water (or we will, but in an insignificant amount) in those areas that:
- have significant elevations of relief;
- located near wells or other water intake points;
- located near the steep shore of a reservoir;
- densely planted with acacia or pine.
Note! There are also places where the well will produce low quality water. Such places include low coastlines and dried swamps - the water here often contains large amounts of manganese and iron.
Various recesses and depressions are our areas of search. Some kind of indicators of the presence of underground aquifers are plants such as willow, lingonberry, birch, etc. A specific place for digging should be selected where the crowns of these plants lean. Finally, if the fruits of a recently planted apple tree are rotting, and the tree itself is sick, it means that groundwater lies nearby, because this garden tree susceptible to moisture-saturated soil.
From the diagram below you can familiarize yourself with the types of plants, as well as the depth of their corresponding groundwater.
Note! Fog can be another effective indicator. In hot summers, in the evening or morning, fog spreads where the water is very close to the surface. The density of the latter is directly related to the proximity of the aquifer. It is characteristic that observation of fog makes it possible to calculate the location for building a well with an accuracy of up to 75%.
Where does water come from?
At the bottom of the constructed well, water begins to accumulate (it comes from the aquifer, which is also called the horizon) with an area ranging from several tens of meters to several kilometers square. The horizon, the “thickness” of which is sufficient to fill the well, usually lies at a depth of 4 to 20 m. If at around 20 m the aquifer is still not detected, then further digging of the well is unprofitable - it is easier to equip.
Stage two. We prepare everything you need
The procedure for constructing wells is not standardized by any government regulations and standards. The classical device was formed for more than one century until it acquired its modern form.
To make a well with your own hands, you need to prepare:
- tripod made of metal corners or wooden poles;
- winch;
- rope ladder;
- shovel;
- scrap;
- material for strengthening the mine.
Regarding the last point, the most promising material is concrete rings. They are strong (reinforced with steel rods ø1 cm or more), durable (service life is 50 years), frost-resistant and waterproof.
| product name | Height x Wall thickness, cm | Inner diameter, cm | Weight, kg |
|---|---|---|---|
| KS-7−1 | 10x8 | 70 | 46 |
| KS-7−1.5 | 15x8 | 70 | 68 |
| KS-7−3 | 35x8 | 70 | 140 |
| KS-7−5 | 50x8 | 70 | 230 |
| KS-7−9 | 90x8 | 70 | 410 |
| KS-7−10 | 100x8 | 70 | 457 |
| KS-10-5 | 50x8 | 100 | 320 |
| KS-10-6 | 60x8 | 100 | 340 |
| KS-10-9 | 90x8 | 100 | 640 |
| KS-12-10 | 100x8 | 120 | 1050 |
| KS-15-6 | 60x9 | 150 | 900 |
| KS-15-9 | 90x9 | 150 | 1350 |
| KS-20-6 | 60x10 | 200 | 1550 |
| KS-20-9 | 90x10 | 200 | 2300 |
| KO-6 | 7x12 | 58 | 60 |
| KS-7-6 | 60x10 | 70 | 250 |
Concrete rings can be:
- wall (abbreviation - KS), which are used to arrange the neck and are suitable for all types of wells;
- additional - used in cases where standard options are not suitable, because these have non-standard sizes;
- Reinforced concrete rings - used for drainage and sewer wells, communication systems, gas and water supply.
There are other types - with a covering slab, with a bottom, prefabricated, etc. To avoid displacement of the rings after installation, they are equipped with special grooves that prevent the moment of displacement.
Note! For a well in a suburban area, it is best to use wall products KS-10 or KS-15 (the numbers are the internal diameter in decimeters).
After choosing a location and preparing everything necessary, we can begin construction.
Stage three. Well construction
Let’s immediately say that we can’t cope alone – we need at least one more person.
We perform all actions in this sequence.
Step 1. Lay the first concrete ring in place of the future shaft. The “cutter” digs through the walls of the ring, and as it gets deeper, it sinks deeper and deeper. It is advisable to use a product with pins or cone-shaped points for the first ring to facilitate downward movement.
Step 2. After the top edge of the ring reaches the same level with the ground, place another one on top and continue working. The weight of each ring is approximately 600-700 kg.
Step 3. Two people are enough to roll the ring to the place of work. But if it is possible to use a crane, then it is better not to neglect it, because with the help of such special equipment you can more accurately lower the ring into the seat.
If the soil is dry and strong, then you can go deep 2-3 meters, and after that, use a crane to install several rings in a row.
Step 4. We continue the procedure in a similar way until the aquifer is reached. As practice shows, in a standard work shift (8 hours) 3 concrete rings can be laid.
Note! The proximity of the aquifer can be seen by the small springs gushing from the walls and the rapidly decreasing temperature.
After the fontanelles appear, we go deeper a few meters, after which we cover the bottom with a “cushion” of crushed stone (it will serve as a water filter).
Step 5. The mine is pumped with drainage. How more water will be pumped out of the well, the greater will be its debit.
Stage four. We protect the structure from surface water
To keep your well clean, it must be properly protected. Water should enter the shaft only from below, and therefore the walls must be reliably insulated. To do this, we firmly connect the rings to each other, resorting to one of two possible methods.
- We drill the walls of the rings and fix them with metal brackets mounted on bolts.
- We twist the rings with steel wire, catching it on the loading eyes. To twist the wire we use a metal rod, for example, a crowbar.
Pay attention to the waterproofing of the seams between the rings! If water leaks through the seams, this will lead to contamination of the well. To seal the seams, you should use a substance that will not affect the quality of the water.
We strengthen the seams according to the following scheme.
Step 1 . We place pieces of linen rope in the voids between the rings (an excellent material - natural and environmentally friendly).
Step 2. We cover the ropes with a solution of sand, cement and liquid glass. By doing this we will achieve reliable waterproofing, which will also be completely neutral when in contact with water.
Step 3. On top of the upper rings, dig a meter-deep pit.
Step 4. We waterproof the outer surface of the rings using liquid.
Step 5. Place a thermal insulation layer around the upper rings (we can use any foamed polymer, for example, polystyrene foam).
Step 6. Fill the pit around the well with clay. This is called a "clay castle".
Video – Clay castle
Stage five. Setting up a well
But the construction of a well is not limited to drilling a mine and strengthening it. For this we arrange top part structures - head.
We will equip a blind area around the well - a small platform made of concrete or carefully compacted crushed stone. The blind area must extend at least 1 m from the shaft on each side and, importantly, is constructed a certain time after completion of construction, when the soil settles.
We also build a canopy over the structure to prevent precipitation from entering the mine. If a pump is used to supply water, it is better to close the shaft completely, leaving a small hole for the hose and cable.
As a conclusion. Protecting the well from frost
If the aquifer is too close to the surface, the water may freeze in winter. In such cases, a “” is built over the structure, and for insulation you can use any available material (for example, foam plastic or mineral wool). Moreover, the water supply pipe must be inserted into the mine below the soil freezing level.
In the diagram below, two wells are used for the system at once - one directly for water supply, the other for supplying water to the intermediate tank.
Video - Construction of a well
A well in the country, and sometimes near the house, is a necessary thing. But just a concrete ring with some kind of cover sticking out of the ground is not very pleasing to the eye, and the comfort of use is below average. To correct the situation, it is necessary to improve it and install a gate that will facilitate the rise of water. Ready-made well fences are sold - with a roof and a gate, but they either have a hefty price or look pitiful. Therefore, most often a house for a well is built with one’s own hands. Then you can use your imagination and arrange everything the way you need.
Types of well houses and their tasks
The primary task of a well house is to protect water from various substances - dust, leaves and other similar contaminants. This requires a tight-fitting lid. Open wells are only possible for technical water - for irrigation. Water from them cannot be used for other purposes. So if you plan to at least wash dishes, the well must be closed tightly.
Protection from precipitation of any kind is also necessary: rain and melt water carry with them very dirty water with fertilizers, animal waste, various garbage and impurities dissolved in it. If it gets into the well, it can cause serious contamination. To protect against precipitation, they make a canopy, most often a gable one - this makes it easier to remove precipitation.
Another purpose of the well house is to protect from strangers or, in any case, to ensure safety for children. To do this, they make latches or cut in locks.
To make it easier to raise water, they install racks and gates - in the simplest case, a rotating log with a handle to which a chain is attached. And all this together should still please the eyes of the owners, but at the same time require minimal care.
Open or closed
As you can see in the photo, the well house can be open or closed. It’s cheaper and easier to make an open one: the well ring can be trimmed with stone or wood, the lid, racks and canopy can be made of wood or metal - whatever will cost less. A minimum of materials is required for this structure. There is only one “but” - in winter the water in such a well can freeze. If you don't plan to use it in cold weather, no problem.
But for winter use, an insulated well house is required. But even then it can be made open:
- buy a polystyrene foam “shell” for the well - they are of a suitable size, secure it, and then lay the finishing on top of it;
- The overlap of the ring and the lid should be made of several layers of wood, and the boards should be laid in different directions, overlapping the joints.
Another option is to make an enclosed house. It is slightly larger in size than a well ring. Available air gap It’s already a good heat insulator, but the protection can be further improved by filling the gaps with polystyrene foam, for example.
What to make from
Choosing an appearance sometimes takes a long time. The fair half of humanity especially “suffers” from the desire to decorate a well, going through numerous design options and spending a lot of time doing this. In fact, everything is simple: if you have a house and a well is located nearby, you should decorate it in the same style and, if possible, in the same color. Agree, it looks good.
What to do if the house is brick or plastered? Choose a finish that matches the style. If this is one of the first buildings on the site, just do it as you like.
The question often arises: to make it from metal or wood. Wooden ones certainly look beautiful. But without proper care, they quickly lose all their attractiveness and become gray and ugly. If you are not afraid of the prospect, update regularly, at least once a year. protective covering(delete old paint, then paint it again), make it from wood. If this is not for you, make it from metal. The entire structure or just the frame is your choice. What’s bad about this option: a frame made of galvanized metal profiles, covered with siding. Especially if the house is decorated in exactly the same way.
As you understand, there are a lot of options. First choose the type - open-closed, then materials and finishes to your taste, understand the design, make a house for the well with your own hands.
Canopy for a well with a lid - an open house
Structurally, the device is simple: there are two racks located one opposite the other. They serve as a support for the canopy, and a gate is also attached to them - a device for lifting buckets of water. For a drawing of an open house with dimensions, see the photo below.
Please note that the posts can be dug in after the well ring has been finished. Depending on this, the order of work changes, but the design remains the same in any case.
How to make a canopy
First, the canopy is assembled. Make two side triangles according to the required dimensions. The drawing above shows only the approximate spread of the two extreme points. If necessary, it can be made more. The length of the canopy depends on where the posts will be placed - close to the well ring or behind the casing. The approximate dimensions of the canopy with a ring diameter of 100 cm are shown in the photo below.
Dimensions of a well canopy for a diameter of 100 cm
The structure can be assembled from a galvanized profile, a metal profile pipe or wooden beam. To prevent the profile from bending, it is reinforced at the door fastening points - you can put a wooden block or a metal corner inside.
To ensure that rain does not get inside, the expansion must be made much larger than the size of the ring - at least 20 cm on each side.
If the racks will be attached directly to the concrete ring, the order of work is slightly different. First, a frame is assembled that covers the ring. In the photo it is made from a 30 mm thick board. The racks are also made of the same board, the place of attachment to the concrete is reinforced with overlays. They also play a decorative role.
If the canopy turns out to be heavy, it is advisable to use timber of greater thickness, otherwise it will not withstand the load.
Afterwards, the previously assembled roof is attached to the racks. You can make triangles right on the spot, but it’s more convenient to prepare them in advance and assemble them rafter system, and in finished form place on racks.
Next is finishing. Sew up with boards, clapboard, roofing material. Just keep in mind that if you use raw boards, they will dry out after some time and gaps up to 5 mm thick will form between them. Then we are not talking about any hygiene: rain and dust will fall in... Using a dry board is also not very good - in wet weather it will swell, the flooring will “go in waves.” In general, if you want to have clean water, build a house with doors - closed. There are more chances to protect moisture from contamination.
Do-it-yourself indoor well house
We are talking about this type of shelter for a well - with a door. If you also make a lid inside, dust will definitely not get in.
A frame is built, then it is put on the head of the well and secured with anchor bolts.
- support post made of 100*200 mm
- short support posts made of the same timber 100*200 mm
- fastening beam 30*60 mm
- triangular beam
We assemble the frame and attach it to the ring using short bars. Then we begin assembling the pallet. Assemble the flooring from a board 30*100 mm or so. The frame is sheathed with boards or sheet material, for example waterproof plywood.
To ensure that the doors hold well, you can install additional jibs. We hang doors - one or two, as desired. To make it easier to navigate, below are drawings with dimensions.
Using the same scheme, you can make a roof for a metal house. If available, you can use a profile pipe. It is easier to attach finishing material to it.
How to make a completely closed frame
You can also hide a concrete ring in the house. In this case, the gate posts are usually installed separately, and then the frame is assembled. Choose the dimensions so that the design freely covers the ring. The height is 20 centimeters higher than your height: so that you can calmly bend down and get the bucket.
We take the profiles from thick metal, galvanized. From the guide we assemble two identical frames - the “floor” and the upper level of the ring. They are connected by racks (profile for racks). The result is a cube with filled sides.
We cut off the sides of the guide profile, leaving the “back” intact. This way you can make a triangle. We attach a stand that is equal to the height of the entire house. If you want to have equal slopes, the rack is attached in the middle. You can make the far slope steeper, then the stand moves 15-20 cm from the center.
We attach the notched profile to the fixed rack. We get one of the elements of the rafter system. We perform the same operation on the other side. We connect the resulting tops of the triangles with a crossbar.
On the side of the door we add racks - on both sides. It is better to strengthen them - put wooden blocks inside and fasten them with self-tapping screws.
We fasten the roofing material, for example a profiled sheet, and cover it with plywood. Then soft tiles are laid and nailed onto the plywood - who has what technology. The “foot” and sides of the roof are finished with any material. If you want, you can use wood - clapboard, imitation logs or timber, or you can use siding.
IN in this case The same materials were used as when cladding the house: so that everything looked like a single ensemble.
Another video example of assembly from a drywall profile in video format.
Making a well ring with your own hands
If a head or canopy is made, the gray concrete ring remains visible. The view is not the most attractive, I just want to decorate it.
Stone finishing
The most popular way to decorate a well is to decorate it with stone - pebbles or small crushed stone. If with finishing material everything is more or less clear - buy or assemble, then the question of what to attach it to remains. There are several recipes:
We offer the third recipe for how to line a well with stone in video format. The composition of the mixture is very similar here, but before applying the solution, a mesh is fixed to the ring. With this technology, nothing will definitely fall off.
An interesting version of a hinged lid for a well is proposed in the following video: it hinges almost completely, but whether such a device is needed is up to you to decide.
Photo options for finishing wells
Many are trying their best summer cottage equip everything you need, including a well. The construction of a well allows you to always have clean water both for drinking and for watering plants. But the arrangement of this structure is one thing, but here’s how to decorate them, because this element should become the main one decorative accent the entire area. Therefore, wells in a dacha and their decoration, photos of which are collected in a selection, will force you to take a design approach and come up with something original, unusual, and unique. For its cladding, you can use a variety of materials, from bricks to flowers. Of course, this matter can be entrusted to professionals, but they often demand a lot of money for their work. Therefore, it is worth learning to do it yourself.
Almost any material can be used to finish a well, the main thing is that it gives it a beautiful appearance and also protects it from negative influences.
Features of finishing material:
- for decoration you can use wood, natural or artificial stone, brick, flowers;
- if wood is used for their finishing, then you should give preference to hard varieties that can withstand various negative influences;
- the material must have high wear resistance;
- to improve quality, it is better to cover the material with plaster or paint after finishing;
- the main requirement is that the base of the material must resist the impact high level humidity.
But to pick up good material, it is worth considering the properties of each type in more detail. In advance, you can see photos with finishing options for various bases.
Types of finishing of a well in the country
A variety of materials can be used to finish a well. It is worth taking a closer look at the characteristics of some of them.
Brick
Brick is often used to finish a well. Any brick can be used. A simple silicate with a red color is perfect. The red brick cladding gives these products an unusual look and makes them a striking object in a summer cottage. Ceramic bricks are also often used. Brick with a ceramic structure is a universal material with which you can veneer a ready-made concrete shaft head or build a completely brick shaft head.
Advantages of ceramic bricks:
- high strength;
- dense structure;
- high resistance to various mechanical damages;
- presentable appearance;
- buildings made from a brick base can last long time;
- The use of different colored materials will create a unique design for the product.
However, this material absorbs moisture, so in order for it to last for a long time, it is better to treat the entire surface with special hydrophobic varnishes after laying. If this is not done, then after a while the ceramic material will begin to crack, and eventually it will simply collapse. The brick cladding method is simple; for greater clarity, you can see a photo with the complete laying procedure.
Features of brick wells:
- To work with your own hands, you need to purchase a brick with a solid structure. Then it can be placed lying down or on the edge;
- usually masonry facing bricks done with your own hands round shape. This cladding method allows you to save the amount of consumables;
- usually the thickness of brick walls does not exceed 25 cm;
- to improve properties, the surface must be plastered;
- It is advisable to iron the cladding; this will increase the service life of the cladding. To do this, cement is rubbed into the not completely dry plaster.
Tree
Wood is a traditional material used for finishing mines. Using this material you can make a variety of decorative finishes. Even in ancient times, a well column and head were made from it. And with the help of carvings they made various patterns and drawings that decorated the support post and the roof.
Do-it-yourself wood finishing has some important features:
- Wood cladding is often done with your own hands due to the fact that this material is quite easy to work with;
- as a result you can get beautiful designs, which will stand out against the general background of the entire summer cottage. But at the same time, their design will harmoniously fit into the style of the dacha;
- if the design is from wooden base made with your own hands, it is worth remembering that wood is quite difficult to withstand the effects of dampness. Therefore, before starting finishing, the wood must be treated special means, which contains antibacterial components;
- in order to create a unique design, the structure is made of wood elements in the form of a log house. Additionally, you can make carved elements;
- Sometimes wooden wells are additionally covered with siding or clapboard sheathing. But this method is quite expensive and labor-intensive.
These roofs will perform the functions excellent protection, will give the entire structure a unique design and style. You can see what wooden wells look like in the photo. There you can also see their design in the form of houses.
Stone
The use of stone for finishing wells in the country is the most popular basis for cladding. The result is a beautiful, stylish structure that has good wear resistance.
Peculiarities stone finishing well:
- used for cladding Various types stone - natural or artificial. Regardless of this, a mine with a stone base always looks very unusual;
- for their cladding, you can use small pebbles, as well as larger cobblestones;
- It turns out beautifully when the stones are all selected according to shape and color. It is enough to lay them out around the shaft. It is better to fasten with a special glue for tiles or bricks;
- if the stones chosen for finishing the shaft in the country have different color characteristics, which have visible differences, then some kind of pattern or ornament can be made from them. In this case, you can show your imagination and create your own unique design;
- In addition to the well, you can lay out a path of stones. This design will give the dacha style and shades of antiquity;
- a roof can be built over the shaft. It is mounted on supports from the side. The roof can be pitched or gable. Additionally, the top can be covered with metal tiles.
How to make a beautiful well from stone cladding? Look at the photos with design options, they will help you decorate this element in your dacha in a stylish, original way.
Flowers
In addition to finishing, the well can be additionally decorated with other decorative elements. Various flowers are especially often used for decoration. It looks beautiful when the mine is buried in flowers of different colors. This decoration can be created with your own hands.
Features of decorating with flowers:
- usually the roof of the mine, as well as the foot and nearby area are used for decoration;
- additionally bright, colorful flowers can be placed in hanging flowerpots;
- in order for the well to seem to be buried in a flower garden, pots with lush flowers of different colors can be placed at the base;
- Additionally, you can make small protrusions on the sides of the cladding and place flower pots on them;
- For planting, you can use varieties that bloom one after another. As a result, the first beautiful flowers will bloom, they will create a beautiful view of the mine, and will highlight it against the general background of the entire summer cottage. After the first flowers fade, others will bloom next. As a result, colorful flowers will delight the eye almost the entire season;
- It is convenient to use weaving flowers. As they grow, they will completely entwine the well in a circle, and the beautiful flowers will create a bright design.
Wood, stone, and cement can be used as lining for flower wells. Additionally, you can use soil, sand, and pebbles to create a multi-level platform or alpine slide.
Plastering and painting
After the well is finished, the final stage must be completed - plastering and painting. Plaster is especially often used when laying bricks. The walls between the lower and intermediate frame of the shaft are plastered. Cement mortar is used for plastering.
The features of the plaster are as follows:
- For plastering, you should prepare a mixture of cement. It should have a consistency similar to sour cream;
- the solution is applied at a time. You need to apply from top to bottom, leveling with a trowel and smoothing with a trowel;
- to obtain a smooth, even surface, beacons made of wooden slats, their thickness should be 50-60 mm;
- after the first strip is plastered, it is necessary to rearrange the beacons, fill the second strip in a circle with the solution again, and so on;
- if the shaft is made of wood, then plaster is usually not done. If the need suddenly arises, a mesh made of a metal base is installed on the surface. It will be the basis for containing the solution;
- then lowers the structure. During the lowering process, it is imperative to control the entire process. It is imperative to lay the grip of all rings and plaster them;
- at the end the bottom is cleared of dirt. A gravel-sand mixture is poured. This is done in cases where water comes from below.
In addition to plastering, the front part is sometimes painted. Typically painting is done for wood cladding. The wood can be varnished. Additionally you can use different colors paints for making drawings and patterns.
Do-it-yourself mines with painted elements of different colors look beautiful. You can also use paint for stone structures; special coloring mixtures should be used for them.
Which material is better to choose Which cladding method should I choose? Of course, you need to decide for yourself. Someone wants the well to be made in old style , in these cases it would be appropriate to trim it with wood. If you want the well to last for a long time, then facing it with stone or brick will do. If you like unusual design , then you can use flower decoration. Besides this, there are others unusual ways
design of mines in the country. If you still haven’t decided how to finish the well, then perhaps some design ideas
will help you in your choice.
Chalet style
If a house on a summer cottage resembles a chalet house, which are usually located in Switzerland, then a mine in the same style will look beautiful. Usually stone is used for its finishing. You can use artificial or natural stone. In addition to it, you can also make a path from a stone base. What does a chalet style well look like? Look at the photos, you can see design options in this style.
Country style
Everyone has probably seen the Russian well. It is made of a wooden frame; it also has a swing, a canopy or a so-called crane.
- Characteristics of rustic wells:
- The log house has a log structure. Its shape is quadrangular; the corners can be joined without or with a remainder; sometimes to give unusual looking
- , it is cut into five, six or eight corners. For the construction of these structures, a rounded log is used, with the help of which you can build a neat structure;
In order to create a real rustic style, you can additionally install various ethnic components:
- carved posts to support the roof;
- openwork cornice;
- roofing made of shingles or straw;
- cart wheel as a handle for the lifting drum;
- wooden tub instead of a bucket.
Oriental style
If your garden or summer cottage is decorated in an oriental style, then the well should also be decorated in an oriental style. Therefore, when creating the design of the entire structure, you should give preference to elements of the oriental type. The eastern well must have a canopy. Often the canopy is decorated with various oriental amulets - figurines, mythical creatures. The head should be made of large stone or wood.
The roof must be covered with metal tiles with a soft base, it must have raised corners - a pagoda. The design must have a wooden bucket.
Creating a house
The mines with the house look unusual. Often such structures are used in summer cottages. The house is very comfortable. It protects water from heating in summer and from freezing in winter.
To build a house you will need tools and materials:
- edged board with dimensions 100x25;
- wooden beam 100x80;
- hinges for doors;
- bitumen or roofing felt mastic;
- flat slate;
- screws, nails;
- hacksaw for wooden base;
- electric jigsaw;
- plane;
- bayonet type shovel;
- water level;
- tape measure;
- simple pencil.
Any woodworking tool is suitable for building a well house. To do everything correctly, strictly follow the instructions:
- around the mine you need to level the soil, fill it with a small layer of pebbles 5 cm high;
- then pour water over the pebbles and tamp them down;
- then we assemble the frame from edged boards. How to assemble the frame, you can see photos with options for its assembly. The frame posts must be placed on flat surface, we nail the boards of the lower and upper trim;
The frame diagram clearly shows the attachment points of the upper and bottom trim to the racks - all boards must be secured with screws so that they hold firmly;
- then we also connect the other frame posts;
- the assembled parts of the frame need to be installed around a concrete ring, we assemble it together;
- Next we make the rafter system. You can see how to assemble it in the photo;
Connection diagram of rafters with top harness frame The distance between the sheathing elements must be the same - We connect all the rafters using fasteners and hardware;
- after complete assembly, you need to build a door, insert it on special hinges;
- we carry out the sheathing, strengthen the rafter system;
- then on bitumen mastic install roofing felt;
- install flat slate;
- at the end we cover everything with boards.
The base and frame of the house are practically hidden under the roof, and the door is located above the base, above ground level A well on a summer cottage is required design. Its presence will provide constant water for drinking, as well as for watering plants. It is important to decorate it beautifully. To design the cladding, you can use a variety of materials - brick, stone, wood. The main thing is to do everything correctly, stylishly, unusually, brightly.
Video
One of the ways to make a house for a well from scrap materials.
Photos of options for finishing wells in the country
Methods for designing wells in personal gardens using a variety of materials.
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