At present, the term "environment" is widely used by many people, and means mass media. Everyone talks about conservation and protection environment. Regular meetings are held at the international level to discuss environmental issues. Over the past hundred years, the relationship between the environment, social organizations and culture have been discussed in sociology, anthropology and . All this testifies to the growing importance of the environment. In addition, the fact that life is connected with the environment is indisputable.
The social sciences have taken the concept of ecology from biology. is a branch that studies the relationship between living things and their environment. For sociology big influence provided by biology. Sociology also studies the relationship between man and the environment through ecology. The field of study of human ecology in sociology is centered around man and his environment.
It is believed that Park (1921) and Burgess (1925) began the study of human ecology in the field of sociology. There is a close relationship between man and the environment. On the one hand, a person is born in the environment and establishes harmony with it. On the other hand, man tries to control his environment and change it according to his own requirements. Therefore, it requires an understanding of the environment of which the person is a part.
Definition
The term "environment" comes from the French word " environia", which means the environment. It includes both abiotic (physical or non-living) and biotic (living) environments. The word environment is a set of natural conditions due to which the life of organisms is possible. Environment and organisms are both dynamic and complex. The environment regulates the life of organisms, including humans. Humans interact more vigorously with their environment than other living beings. Typically, the environment refers to the materials and forces surrounding a living organism.
The environment is the totality of conditions that surround us in this moment time and space. It consists of interacting physical, biological and cultural elements that are interconnected both individually and collectively. The environment is a set of conditions in which an organism has to survive or maintain its life process. It affects the growth and development of living forms.
The environment consists of, hydrosphere, lithosphere and. Its main components are soil, water, air, organisms and solar energy. It provides humanity with everything to ensure a comfortable life.
1. According to P. Gisbert, "The environment is something that surrounds an object and has a direct impact on it."
2. According to E. Ross "The environment is an external force that affects us."
Thus, the environment refers to everything that surrounds the object and has a direct impact on it. Our environment affects our lives or activities. The human environment is affected by various factors, which can be natural, artificial, social, biological and psychological.
Kinds
The environment can be roughly divided into two kinds or types, such as the micro-environment and the macro-environment. It can also be divided into two other types, such as the physical (non-living) and biotic (living) environment.
- micro environment refers to the immediate local environment of the organism.
- macro environment refers to all the physical and biotic conditions that surround an organism from the outside.
- physical environment includes all abiotic factors or conditions such as temperature, light, rainfall, soil, minerals, etc. It includes the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere.
- Biotic environment includes all biotic factors or living forms such as plants, animals, microorganisms.
Meaning
The role of the environment is difficult to overestimate, because it represents the totality of all necessary conditions, which are needed by any living organism for nutrition, reproduction, functioning, etc.
If the environment changes under the influence of various anthropogenic factors, it is not able to fully ensure the health of ecosystems and each organism in particular.
The environment provides:
- various ;
- Natural resources;
- biodiversity of species;
- climatic conditions;
- air and food;
- Construction Materials;
- medicines;
- aesthetic beauty and much more.
Change
Environmental change is the change or disruption most commonly caused by human activities and natural environmental processes. It may include any number of factors, such as natural disasters, human intervention or interaction with animals. Environmental changes not only cover physical changes, but also include the introduction of invasive species that in one way or another affect other organisms or change the environment.
Examples of environmental change can be:
- soil erosion;
- floods and droughts;
- extinction of certain species of living organisms;
- deforestation;
- fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc.
Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of pollutants into the natural environment that cause adverse changes. Pollution can take the form chemical substances or energy such as noise, heat or light. Pollution components can be either foreign substances/energy or natural pollutants.
Protection
Environmental protection is a set of measures aimed at reducing negative impact humanity to nature. It should be carried out at various levels, including local, state and international, to ensure the best result.
Environmental protection includes:
- creation of protected areas (including National parks, nature reserves, reserves);
- cleansing contaminated;
- prevention of land degradation;
- preservation of biologically unique;
- raising awareness among the population about the importance of the environment;
- making decisions on environmental protection at the international level, etc.
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The state of the natural environment is an indicator of the quality of life of the population. Where the quality of the natural environment is not favorable high level morbidity of the population, the most common environmental diseases, low life expectancy. The most critical ecological situation in Russia has developed in Kuzbass, in the Urals and Altai, in Norilsk, the Caspian region.
There are four states of the environment:
1. Normal (natural) state of the environment;
2. Anomalous (disturbed) state of the environment;
3. Crisis state of the environment;
4. Ecologically dangerous state (or destruction) of the environment.
The normal (natural) state of the environment is an ecologically balanced state of the natural environment, corresponding to the balance of the totality of natural conditions and the scale of social production. In a normal state of the environment, there is a certain ecological balance, human interaction with social production, which does not lead to a significant change in the environment or the health of the person himself. The rate of restoration processes in ecosystems exceeds or is equal to the rate of anthropogenic disturbances. The morbidity and mortality of the population show a downward trend, and life expectancy - to increase. Special measures, except for the protection of flora and fauna, are not required here.
An anomalous (disturbed) state of the environment can be called a state in which one or more parameters of the state of the environment reach values that differ significantly from the background characteristics of a given area, or some properties of the environment are violated. In an abnormal state, the environment does not yet lose its systemic integrity, but acquires the characteristics of an ecologically unbalanced system and can harmful effect on a person, or not satisfy his needs, unless special measures are taken to counteract this harmful effect or neutralize it.
This requires measures for local improvement of the living environment, ecological optimization of farming, organizational work for the protection of wildlife.
The crisis state of the environment occurs when the parameters of the state of the environment approach the permissible limits of change, the transition through which entails the loss of stability of the system, and further its destruction. An environmental crisis can be a consequence of anthropogenic pollution or other impacts on the environment when threshold values are reached. This state is characterized by degradation (change, destruction) of natural systems. Replacement existing systems to less productive ones, as well as partial desertification. This makes it difficult to conduct a traditional economy. A deterioration in the state of health of the population (an increase in the incidence of children and adults) and a reduction in life expectancy of the population are observed or predicted. There is a threat of growth of negative phenomena in a number of generations (an increase in genetic diseases).
At this stage, environmental planning, design and optimization of the economy is required, it is necessary to improve the living environment of the population through the improvement public utilities and special protection of the population, medical care and material benefits (the introduction of payment for the harmfulness of living in ecologically unfavorable zones), as well as measures for the reproduction of the population.
An ecologically dangerous state of the environment is a state in which the environment becomes unsuitable for human habitation or becomes unsuitable for use as a natural resource. Such a state is characterized as an ecological disaster or an ecological catastrophe. For example, a 30-kilometer zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Such a state of the environment requires careful control and environmental monitoring of the environment, environmental planning, environmental optimization of the economy, an increase environmental safety technical devices. The population should receive material compensation for living in ecologically disadvantaged areas.
1 answer. Environmental protection, basic concepts and definitions
Environment - this is habitat and activities humanity, whole surrounding a person the world, including natural, and the anthropogenic environment. (Encyclopedia)
Environment - a set of natural conditions, objects of animate and inanimate nature, constituting the environment of a living system (human or animal) and constantly interacting with it.
« Environment » - characterizes the natural conditions and the ecological state of a certain area, the natural conditions on the surface of the Earth, including living and inanimate nature, as well as their interaction with man and society.
Environment - this is natural conditions that surround living organisms, facilitating or hindering their development. The habitat directly or indirectly affects them, from it they get everything they need to sustain life. Organisms release metabolic products into the environment, which then, in turn, take part in natural processes. The environment consists of various elements of animate and inanimate nature, as well as those created by man in the course of his activities.
In the area of environmental protection the following key concepts:
natural environment is a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects. The natural environment differs from other components of the environment by the property of self-maintenance and self-regulation without corrective human intervention.
state of the environment
environmental quality
negative impact on the environment- deterioration of its quality indicators and condition in general, due to economic and other human activities,
harm to the environment(environmental harm ) - negative changes in its state, expressed in pollution of the natural environment, depletion of natural resources, destruction of natural ecosystems, disruption of metabolism and energy, harmonious development of society and nature.
environmental protection should be aimed at ensuring environmental safety.
ecological safety of the environment- the state of protection of the natural environment and vital human interests from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, and their consequences.
Naturally - anthropogenic object - a natural object modified as a result of economic and other human activities, or an object created by a person that has the properties of a natural object and has a recreational and protective value. An anthropogenic is an object created by man to meet his needs and does not have the properties of natural objects.
2 answer.“Environmental protection, subject, purpose and objectives of the discipline, connection with other sciences.
The ultimate goal of environmental protection is to maintain the balanced functioning of its components and ensuring favorable conditions for the life of the present and subsequent generations of people, the development of the national economy, science and culture of all peoples of the Earth.
Protection of the natural environment is necessary, first of all, to ensure safety and meet the needs of man and the environment itself.
Therefore, the main task of mankind in the field of "environmental protection" today - expansion of knowledge about nature, its components, their interaction and mutual influence, the desire to understand the ongoing processes and their relationship. Of paramount importance is environmental education and upbringing of all segments of the population.
Thus, we can formulate the following tasks of ecology and environmental protection:
study of the patterns of life organization, including in connection with anthropogenic impacts on the environment du;
Optimization of the relationship between man and the natural environment;
creation of a scientific basis for the rational exploitation of natural resources;
3 Answer. Natural environment, definition, components, connection with the environment
natural environmentthis is the totality of all living and non-living things. Nature in modern natural science seems to be dynamic, developing through crisis states. disasters and branchings (bifurcation points). The modern picture of life defines crisis states as a necessary component of the development of matter. System "society-nature" upon reaching the bifurcation point, it is rebuilt. Bifurcation is an impetus to the development of the biosphere along some new path.
environmental factors. These include:
abiotic - components of inanimate nature (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, soil, climate):
biotic - individuals and populations in natural communities:
anthropogenic - human activity, leading to a change in the habitat of organisms. The anthropogenic factor is caused by a population explosion and destroys the biosphere.
In this way, the concept of "environment" wider
4. Answer. The natural component of the environment, its feature and role in maintaining the sustainability of the environment
Components of the natural environment that affect organisms are called environmental factors. These include:
abiotic - components of inanimate nature (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, soil, climate):
biotic - individuals and populations in natural communities:
anthropogenic - human activity, leading to a change in the habitat of organisms. The anthropogenic factor is caused by a population explosion and destroys the biosphere.
The lack or excess of one or another environmental factor (environmental impact) leads to the impossibility of the existence of living organisms. In such cases, one speaks of limiting environmental factors.
In this way, the concept of "environment" wider than the concept of "natural environment", it includes both natural and artificial (technogenic) environment - a set of environmental elements created from natural substances by labor and conscious human activity and which have no analogues in natural nature (buildings, structures, etc.) .
Thus, in the definition of the environment, there are two components - natural and public
Natural component of the environment is the total space, directly or indirectly accessible to man. This is, first of all, the planet Earth with its diverse shells.
6 Reply. The concept of "environment", its components (according to D. Zh. Markovich), their properties and features.
The concept of "environment" is fundamentally correlative, as it reflects subject-object relations and therefore loses its content without determining which subject it refers to. The human environment is a complex formation that integrates many different components, which makes it possible to talk about a large number of environments, in relation to which the “human environment” is a generic concept. The diversity, the multiplicity of heterogeneous environments that make up a single human environment, ultimately determine the diversity of its influence on him.
According to D. Zh. Markovich, the concept of "human environment" in general view can be defined as the totality of natural and artificial conditions in which man realizes himself as a natural and social being. The human environment consists of two interrelated parts: natural and social (Fig. 1). The natural component of the environment is the total space directly or indirectly accessible to a person. This is, first of all, the planet Earth with its diverse shells. The social part of the human environment is made up of society and social relations, thanks to which a person realizes himself as a social active being.
As elements of the natural environment (in its narrow sense), D.Zh. Markovich considers the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, plants, animals and microorganisms.
Plants, animals and microorganisms make up the living natural environment of man.
7 answer. The concepts of "state of the environment" and "quality of the environment" content and main evaluation indicators.
state of the environment- a set of biological, chemical, physical and other indicators that describe the state of the components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, changing under the influence of processes and phenomena resulting from natural causes and factors of anthropogenic impact;
environmental quality- characterization of its condition according to the degree of compliance of the values of its physical, chemical, biological and other indicators and (or) their totality with the needs of people and other living organisms;
The quality of the natural environment refers to the degree to which natural conditions meet the needs of people or other living organisms. In a broader sense, the quality of the natural environment is not limited only by the degree to which natural conditions meet the needs of populations, since a change in the quality of one element of the natural environment inevitably upsets the natural balance and entails changes in other elements of the biosphere. Thus, changes in the climatic characteristics of the atmosphere can lead to landscape changes (desertification, flooding, etc.). The assessment of environmental quality is carried out differentially in a number of areas, in which the quality of the air basin, water environment, soil layer, food, etc. is analyzed.
The concept of the natural environment. General characteristics.
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Ecology |
Principles and system of environmental law.
The method of environmental law.
The concept and subject of environmental law.
The concept of the natural environment. General characteristics.
When studying the course ʼʼenvironmental lawʼʼ, the question of the concepts used, which have a special legal meaning, is important. These concepts determine the content of legal norms. The analysis of concepts is also important because they make it possible to communicate in the same language, to adequately understand each other. Speaking about ensuring environmental safety, do we mean nature conservation, or environmental management, or is it the same as nature management.
One of the innovations of the emerging Russian legislation is that, as a rule, the text of the law contains the definitions of the basic concepts used in it. At the same time, not all laws on environmental protection, as well as not all concepts, are defined by the legislator.
The fundamental concepts in this area include the following concepts: nature; natural objects; environment; natural environment; Protection of Nature; environmental protection; ecology; environmental Safety; ensuring environmental safety, etc.
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At the same time, despite a significant array of concepts in the field of nature protection, the question of the concepts used and their content has a special legal significance. Although in practice these concepts are widely used in other contexts. So, they say: ʼʼgood ecologyʼʼ, ʼʼimprove ecologyʼʼ, ʼʼ public administration ecology or ʼʼenvironmental managementʼʼ, ʼʼ State Committee ecology and natural resourcesʼʼ or classify information about the state of the environment, etc.
Considering these concepts, it is extremely important to analyze some of them.
The term ʼʼecologyʼʼ(from the Greek oikos - dwelling place, home, home -and logos - concept, doctrine, science) was introduced into scientific circulation by the German scientist zoologist E. Haeckel in 1869 in his work "General Morphology of Organisms" to refer to the doctrine of the relationship of organisms with each other and the environment. He also gave one of the first definitions of ecology as a science, although certain elements of knowledge covered by this science are contained in the works of many scientists, starting with the thinkers of Ancient Greece.
This section of human knowledge about the natural environment received the greatest development in biological science, especially in the post-Darwinian period (the second half of the 19th century and beyond). Nowadays, greening has touched almost all branches of knowledge, incl. and legal science, which has quite definite objective justifications, consisting mainly in the crisis aggravation of relations between society and nature, the emergence global problems protection of the natural environment, which can be resolved only by the joint efforts of all mankind. Accordingly, using the concept of ʼʼecologyʼʼ in science or academic disciplines, we mean only a field of knowledge.
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, ecology is now commonly understood as a system of scientific knowledge about the relationship between society and nature, living organisms and their habitat, about the protection of the natural environment.
Nature- an eternal, objectively existing category. At the same time, as an object of regulation, use and protection, ʼʼnatureʼʼ is rarely used in modern environmental legislation. One of the few laws that contain requirements regarding nature is the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 58), which imposes on everyone the obligation to preserve nature and the environment.
In a natural-scientific sense, nature- ϶ᴛᴏ a set of objects and systems of the material world in their natural state, which are not a product labor activity person. In the legal sense, it also includes some natural objects created by human labor, which are inseparable from natural conditions and ecologically interconnected. For example (artificially on a planted forest, fish grown in fish factories and released into water bodies, wild animals grown and released into the wild, etc.), that is, created by human labor.
Nature as a set of objects and systems of the material world in their natural state - ϶ᴛᴏ the entire Universe, including the Earth, the Sun, the Cosmos. But as an object of relations regulated by environmental law, the concept of ʼʼnatureʼʼ is mainly limited practical use human and anthropogenic impact on it.
Nature consists of separate objects - the earth (soil), bowels, waters, atmospheric air, flora and fauna, near space.
At the same time, ʼʼnatureʼʼ is almost not used in environmental legislation, relations regarding the use and protection of nature are actually regulated by regulating the use and protection of its individual objects or resources.
Nature and its wealth are the national heritage of the peoples of Russia, the natural basis for their sustainable socio-economic development and human well-being.
Environment- a set of natural systems, natural objects and natural resources, including atmospheric air, water, land, subsoil, flora and fauna, as well as climate in their interconnection and interaction.
Favorable natural environment- such a state of natural objects that form the human-made environment, as well as the quality of life and conditions, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ complies with the legally established standards and regulations regarding its cleanliness, resource intensity, environmental sustainability, species diversity and aesthetic wealth.
Relevance legal regulation relations in the field of interaction between society and nature is caused by the fact that man is increasingly affecting the natural environment, and his influence is very often negative.
Environmental protection- activities to preserve and restore (if it is violated) a favorable state of the environment, to prevent its degradation in the process community development maintaining ecological balance.
Environmental protection as a type of environmental activity of the state involves a system of measures for the conservation and reproduction of existing ecological communities, the diversity of flora and fauna for the sake of present and future generations.
Ensuring environmental safety consists in the implementation of a set of measures of a legal, organizational, environmental, economic, logistical, educational and other nature aimed at neutralizing the threat to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from natural objects contaminated as a result of long-term man-made activities, accidents and natural disasters. and man-made nature.
Nature management, protection of the natural environment, ensuring environmental safety are considered as forms of interaction between society and nature in the context of the global environmental crisis. Οʜᴎ are interrelated and interdependent: the inability of society to organize nature management, excluding the negative anthropogenic impact on the environment, leads to the problem of protecting the natural environment. In turn, the inefficiency of its protection leads to the problem of ensuring environmental safety, ᴛ.ᴇ. to the extreme importance of organizing protection against the impact of natural objects polluted as a result of anthropogenic impact.
One of the functions of law as a tool for managing society is the ecological function - a new, previously unknown legal function. It is carried out along with traditional political, economic, cultural and educational functions. Its goal is to ensure the quality of the natural environment in conditions modern development society by means of legal regulation and is achieved through the development, adoption and application of legal norms that reflect the requirements of environmental laws in the interaction of society and nature. Features of the ecological function of law are due to the specifics of the subject of legal regulation, ᴛ.ᴇ. spheres of interaction between society and nature as a special sphere of social relations. The ecological function in its form refers to the system of law, and in content - to the system of ecology.
Under nature management It is customary to understand human activity associated with the extraction useful properties from the natural environment and using them to meet the economic, environmental, health and cultural interests of man. By regulating the use of natural resources, the state seeks to give it a rational character, which means achieving not only an economic, cultural and health-improving effect, but also the protection of the natural environment.
The concept of the natural environment. General characteristics. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "The concept of the natural environment. General characteristics." 2017, 2018.
Which surround living organisms, contributing to or hindering their development. The habitat can directly or indirectly influence them, from which they receive everything they need to sustain life. Organisms release metabolic products into the environment, which then, in turn, take part in natural processes. It consists of various elements as well as those created by man in the process of his activity. These elements affect organisms in different ways, they can harm or have a neutral effect, but some of them are necessary. Depending on this, there are many classifications, and in this article we will consider the most common of them.
Definition of the natural environment
Since the natural environment is, in fact, the surrounding natural elements, then, based on this, two categories are distinguished: natural and that created by man. The understanding of the natural environment also differs depending on the global scope of this concept, because one can mean by it the entire outer space that surrounds our planet, and in a narrower sense, refer to this the biosphere and the outer shell of the Earth. It is more correct to understand the environment as the interaction different elements the surrounding world, since the perception of elements in a static state does not fully correspond to reality.
So, we can deduce several components of the natural environment:
- It consists of interacting elements.
- The natural environment can be understood in different aspects and scales, but its main feature is that it is a set of living conditions for a living being.
- It affects the life of organisms in different ways: favorably, unfavorably and neutrally.
- Separate the natural environmental factors and those that are artificially created by man.
Natural environment and abiotic factors
This is a set of conditions that apply to inorganic environment. They, in turn, are divided into chemical and physical. In the first category, inorganic nature is considered in terms of its chemical composition. For example, there is a big difference between fresh and salt water, in each of them some organisms can live, while others cannot exist. Also considered here chemical composition atmosphere, soil and other elements of the environment. The physical ones include the temperature of air, soil, water, pressure level, direction and radiation parameters. Surface topography and climate data are also considered here. Ecologists are currently focusing on Special attention climate, which has an unfavorable trend of change due to the anthropogenic factor.
Natural environment and biotic factors
Natural environment and anthropogenic factors
These are the factors that arise due to human activities. They can be both positive and negative. Man is able to change the environment, adapting it to meet his needs. For example, running a plant without the use of filters can be very heavy due to emissions. Waste can be disposed of in rivers and buried in the soil, which forces the animals to leave their familiar environment, or they may even die. On the other hand, there are organizations that are trying to restore the number of individuals of endangered species, and this also applies to anthropogenic factors. Since human activity is very diverse, it can indirectly or directly affect environmental conditions, and in the middle of the 20th century, during active growth industry, scientists have identified such a thing as the "noosphere", which is understood as the shell of the Earth, which is changed by man.
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