Natural conditions and their meanings. Russian natural conditions. Buzuluk Financial College

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Man lives on earth. Its life, economy and culture, all material and spiritual wealth are closely connected with the surrounding nature. In turn, the human environment noticeably changes as a result of its activities. In this interaction, we are primarily interested in natural conditions for the development of the economy.

Natural conditions are a set of properties of the nature that surrounds us, which in one way or another significantly affect human life. This refers to the natural conditions of health, work and recreation of the population, which characterize the natural environment in a certain area. These are extremely versatile phenomena. They make a variety of, often conflicting, demands on the natural environment. What contributes to a good rest of a person is far from always convenient, for example, for industrial construction. Tourism and some sports can be successfully developed in the highlands, but it is extremely difficult to build plant and factory buildings and lay transport routes there.

Therefore, it is impossible to talk about natural conditions at all. They must be considered from a specific point of view, from the standpoint of medicine, agriculture, industry, transport ...

As natural conditions, relief, climate, properties of soil and vegetation cover, the nature of the occurrence of groundwater and groundwater, the water regime of surface water, and mining and geological conditions for mining are usually considered.

The most important distinguishing feature of natural conditions is that these are not material bodies and objects, but their properties, and they can only significantly facilitate or hinder the development of production, but are not directly used in it.

Rational management of the economy in a particular territory, the correct location of industrial enterprises, the specialization and concentration of agriculture, the construction of settlements and roads, the design of bases and recreation areas - all this requires a thorough economic assessment of natural conditions.

When starting to assess the natural conditions of the region, one must clearly understand from what point of view it will be given. First of all, it is necessary to assess the natural conditions for the development of traditional areas of the region's economy, take into account the prospects for development and the possibility of transformation within reasonable limits of the nature of the area.

The approach to economic evaluation itself can be different. You can give a purely qualitative assessment. It will look something like this: climatic conditions, the nature of the relief, the favorableness of the soil cover for growing fodder crops, creating highly productive hayfields and pastures; natural conditions in general are not very favorable for the development of a sanatorium and resort economy; or, for example, the combination of natural conditions makes it difficult, but does not completely exclude the economic development of the territory: it is possible with the simultaneous implementation of reclamation work, measures for the transformation, restoration and protection of nature.

This level of evaluation research is the most accessible and acceptable in local history work. It is only necessary to remember that this is only the first stage of economic evaluation, which is ultimately expressed in specific mathematical quantities, coefficients, points, rubles. So, for example, the severity of the nature of the North is estimated in the increased rates of costs for construction, equipment, heating, in the higher wages of people working here, etc.

natural conditions

a set of natural factors - the geographical location of the territory, natural resources, animate and inanimate nature and other components and phenomena of the geographical environment that exist regardless of human activity. Natural conditions include relief, climate, regime of rivers and lakes, vegetation, wildlife, etc. Natural conditions have a significant impact on the location of production, the resettlement of people, the development of agriculture, etc. At the same time, they, unlike natural resources are not directly involved in human economic activity. Sometimes the same aggregates are called natural conditions and natural resources, for example. climatic conditions or resources.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what "natural conditions" are in other dictionaries:

natural conditions- The totality of the geographical location, natural resources and other components of the environment characteristic of a given territory ... Geography Dictionary

App., number of synonyms: 1 cultivated (7) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Difficult natural conditions during the construction and operation of a building or structure- 22) difficult natural conditions, the presence of soils specific in composition and condition and (or) the risk of occurrence (development) of hazardous natural processes and phenomena and (or) man-made impacts in the territory where ... ... Official terminology

difficult natural conditions Technical Translator's Handbook

special natural conditions- 3.13 special natural conditions: The presence of mountain ranges, water bodies, soils specific in composition and condition, including permafrost, and / or risks of the occurrence (development) of hazardous processes (phenomena) that can lead to ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

DIFFICULT ENVIRONMENT- The presence of soils specific in composition and condition and (or) the risk of occurrence (development) of hazardous natural processes and phenomena and (or) man-made impacts in the territory where construction, reconstruction and ... ... Comprehensive security and anti-terrorist protection of buildings and structures

- (a. natural resources; n. naturliche Ressourcen; f. ressources naturelles; and. recursos naturales) a set of objects and systems of living and inanimate nature, components of the natural environment surrounding a person. environments used in the process of societies. ... ... Geological Encyclopedia

The gaseous minerals formed in the earth's crust are predominantly hydrocarbon composition. Natural gases are used as fuel and feedstock for the chemical industry. The main component of combustible natural gases is methane (up to 98%). AT… … Financial vocabulary

Objects, processes and conditions of nature used by society to meet the material and spiritual needs of people. Natural resources are divided into: reimbursable and irreplaceable; renewable and non-renewable; interchangeable and irreplaceable; ... ... Financial vocabulary

The totality of living organisms, phenomena and bodies of nature that exist in addition to the activities of people and affect other living organisms, bodies and phenomena; are considered as central in the studied system of relations. Ecological encyclopedic ... ... Ecological dictionary

Books

The natural recreational resources of Western Kazakhstan, Kubesova Gulnar, Western Kazakhstan, are practically not developed in terms of tourism and recreation. The paper gives a tourist-geographical characteristic of the natural prerequisites for the development of tourism, carried out ... Category: Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning Series: Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing,
Ice conditions in the Greenland and Barents Seas and their long-term forecast , EU Mironov , The main features of the climate and ice regime of the Greenland and Barents Seas are described. The significance of the region in the overall variability of the ice area of the Arctic Ocean is shown.… Category: Graphic design and processing Publisher: AARI, Manufacturer:

The concept of "natural conditions" is always associated with one or another type of human activity. The influence of various natural conditions on different branches of economic activity is changeable. It manifests itself in different ways in different sectors of the economy, in different economic conditions. In any particular situation, favorable or unfavorable conditions can accelerate or delay the pace of economic development, promote the formation of certain types of activity or slow it down. Natural conditions have a direct impact on open-air industries - agriculture and forestry, the efficiency and specialization of which are largely related to soil fertility, climate, and water regime. Many other activities are also influenced by them. So, in the extraction of minerals, not only the reserves and quality of ores are taken into account, but also the totality of the conditions for their occurrence, which affect the method, scale and cost of extraction.

It may turn out that not the richest, but poorer deposits located in favorable conditions will be the most economical. The cost of capital construction largely depends on the strength and water content of the soil, the degree of seismicity or swampiness of the territory, the presence of permafrost and the mountainous terrain. Nature also influences the organization of communal services. Thus, the cost of water supply, heating, lighting of dwellings and their construction is different in areas of warm and cold, humid and dry climates, in conditions of short and long daylight hours.

Thus, the influence of natural conditions on the economy is multifaceted and diverse. The main elements of natural conditions, in terms of their impact on the economy, can be considered relief, climate, water regime, flora, soil cover, as well as the territory, its position on the mainland, and size. However, the influence of natural conditions is always manifested in a complex, since they act in combination.

Natural resources

Natural resources - this is the natural base, based on which the country's economy develops. The main criteria for the inclusion of certain elements of nature in the composition of resources include the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of their use, as well as a certain level of knowledge. An increasing number of elements of nature are being turned into natural resources. In this regard, the scientific classification of natural resources plays an important role. There are three approaches to such a classification. The first approach takes into account the economic role of resources, the direction and forms of their use - economic classification. This classification is based on the use of resources in the main areas of the economy, and here the following stand out:

A. Material production resources, including:

a) industry (fuel, metals, water, wood, fish);

b) agriculture (soil, water for irrigation, fodder plants, game animals).

B. Non-production resources:

a) direct consumption (drinking water, wild plants, game animals);

b) indirect use (green spaces for recreation, reservoirs for sports and recreation, climatic resources for treatment).

In connection with the problems of nature conservation and rationalization of resource use, classification according to the principle of exhaustibility of resources is becoming increasingly important. All resources are divided into the following:

1) exhaustible, including renewable (plant, soil, water) and non-renewable (mineral);

2) inexhaustible (energy of the sun, wind, flowing water, climatic).

This chapter discusses resources according to the most traditional, natural classification, grouping them into five groups: mineral, water, land, biological (including plant, forest) and animal world resources (fish and hunting), agro-climatic. With this approach to classification, the sign of belonging of resources to one or another element of nature is taken as a basis.

Mineral resources. This type of resource includes a wide and ever-expanding range of natural substances. They are characterized by unequivocal use (for the extraction of raw materials) and predominantly industrial purpose. Mineral resources are exhaustible, non-renewable (except for peat and sedimentary salts, the formation of which is still taking place, but very slowly). Although their stock is increasing as a result of geological exploration, it is limited in size.

Mineral resources are divided according to the direction of use into three large groups:

Fuel (combustible) - liquid fuel (oil), gaseous (natural gas), solid (coal, oil shale, peat); metal ore - ores of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare, precious metals;

Non-metallic - mining and chemical raw materials (apatites, phosphorus, rock and potassium salts), technical ores (asbestos, graphite, mica, talc), building materials (clays, sands, stone, limestones), etc.

The main feature of the distribution of mineral resources is their uneven distribution in the bowels of the Earth. At the same time, each type of resource has its own patterns of formation and distribution. It has been established that the main places of accumulation of fuel, chemical, construction and other types of fossils of sedimentary origin are platforms with strata of sedimentary rocks and their marginal troughs, and the places of formation of most types of ore minerals are mobile geosynclinal areas and shields.

For example, there are large reserves of iron ore in the region of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), where the foundation of the platform is highly elevated and covered by a thin sedimentary cover. This allows you to mine ore in quarries. A variety of ores are confined to the Baltic Shield - iron, copper-nickel, apatite-nepheline on the Kola Peninsula. In Transbaikalia, there are significant reserves of iron ores, polymetals, cuprous sandstones. The mountains of the Urals are also rich in ore minerals. Iron and copper-nickel ores, platinum are mined here. Rich polymetallic ores are being developed in Altai. And in the cover of the platform on the East European Plain there are deposits of coal (Pechora basin), oil and gas (in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, in the Stavropol Territory), in the north of the Caspian lowland, table salt is mined. The largest oil and gas fields are located on the territory of the West Siberian platform.

The most common indicator for estimating mineral resources is mineral reserves, i.e. the amount of mineral raw materials in the bowels of the Earth, on its surface, at the bottom of reservoirs and in surface and underground waters, determined according to geological exploration data. For some mineral deposits, the amount of valuable component reserves contained in them is calculated, for example, metal reserves in ores. Mineral reserves in the subsoil are measured in cubic meters (oil, coal, ores), in tons and kilograms (precious metals) or in carats (diamonds). The values of mineral reserves are calculated with different reliability, depending on the complexity of the geological structure of the deposits and the detail of their geological exploration.

Currently, Russia has the main types of mineral resources in volumes that meet the current and future needs of domestic production and the population, as well as allowing for export deliveries. In the mid 1990s. the gross potential value of the explored balance reserves of the main types of minerals in the country was estimated at $28.6 trillion, and the predicted potential at $140 trillion (Table 1).

In the structure of the mineral resource base, 71% are fuel and energy resources represented by gas, coal, oil, 15% - non-metallic raw materials, 13% - ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals.

Table 1. Total Potential Value of Russia's Mineral Resources at the Beginning of 1996

Mineral resources bln USD %

Total 28,560,100.0

Natural gas 9,190 32.2

Coal and oil shale 6,651 23.3

Oil and condensate 4,481 15.7

Ferrous metal ores 1962 6.8

Ores of non-ferrous and rare metals 1807 0.3

Precious metal ores and diamonds 272 1.0

Other 4,197 14.7

Source: Russia in the world economy in the early 1990s. Cross-country comparative analysis. M.: IMEMO RAN, 1995.

In the bowels of Russia, which occupies 11.5% of the earth's land area, a large share of the world's reserves of various natural resources is concentrated: apatite - 64.5%, tin - 37, gas - 35.4, iron - 32, nickel - 31, cobalt - 21, zinc - 16, diamonds - 26, oil - 12.9,

The share of Russian exports in the global trade balance of mineral raw materials is steadily 7-8%, including: oil - 8%, gas - 36%, coal - 6%, uranium - 40%, copper - 10%, nickel - 23%, aluminum - 34%. In general, the volume of exports of the main types of mineral raw materials many times exceeds the volume of imports in the trade balance of Russia.

Russia is still a country that actively exports its natural raw materials, in contrast to developed countries, following the strategic line of conserving their own natural resources and meeting their needs mainly through imports. Of the total volume of minerals mined in the world, it accounts for: apatite - 55%, natural gas - 28, diamonds - 26, nickel - 22, potassium salts - 16, iron ore - 14, non-ferrous and rare metals - 13, oil - 12%.

The formal provision of Russia with mineral raw materials has increased relatively in recent years due to the overall significant decline in production. Simultaneously with the provision in general for certain types of raw materials, Russia has serious problems.

Firstly, after the collapse of the USSR, Russia no longer has all the necessary range of them (in Russia there are practically no reserves of manganese ores, not enough chromium ores, the need for lead, zinc, silver, uranium, etc. is not satisfied by its own mining - traditionally these types of minerals were supplied former republics of the USSR). The reserves of titanium, zirconium, rubidium, mercury in Russia, although significant, have not been developed, since their deposits are characterized by complex mining, geological and geographical conditions, and therefore raw materials were supplied from other republics, where the resources of these minerals are more economically available.

Secondly, 70% of explored oil reserves and 69% of gas are already involved in development. The average depletion of the oil fields involved in the development exceeded 50%, and most of them entered the stage of steadily declining production. By the beginning of the next century, explored reserves in many long-term exploited mineral deposits (this applies to a number of large deposits of oil, antimony, tungsten, chrome ores, gold) will be fully or largely depleted. Provision of Russia with mineral resources by the beginning of the XXI century. may deteriorate significantly.

Thirdly, the extraction of mineral resources is not compensated by new explored reserves. Exploration of new reserves for existing mining enterprises is carried out at a completely insufficient pace, in extremely small volumes, or has been completely stopped. New deposits are practically not introduced into industrial development. In terms of the availability of active reserves of the main types of mineral raw materials (the ratio of reserves to the current annual production), the development of which is economically feasible according to the criteria of the world market, Russia is noticeably inferior to a number of foreign countries. At the beginning of 1997, the ratio of reserves growth to production was 59% for oil, 50% for lead and zinc, 33% for nickel, 31% for natural gas, and 23% for copper. Only for natural gas, gold, silver and diamonds is this indicator higher than the global one.

For many types of mineral raw materials, the availability is only 25-50 years, and for lead, zinc, antimony and alluvial gold - less than 20 years. Due to a significant decline in recent years in the volume of exploration work, it is not enough to replenish the raw material base for oil and gas, although the prospects for its expansion are quite real, since as of January 1, 1993, the exploration of the subsoil did not exceed 33% for oil and 27% for gas . At the same time, in Russia there is practically no long-term targeted national resource program that takes into account, in addition to the needs of the present, the interests and interests of future generations.

Water resources. As water resources, surface runoff (rivers, lakes and other water bodies), groundwater runoff (groundwater and groundwater), glacier water, atmospheric precipitation are considered, which are sources of water to meet economic and domestic needs. Water is a kind of resource. It combines the nature of both exhaustible (groundwater) and inexhaustible (surface runoff) reserves. Water in nature is in constant motion, so its distribution over the territory, seasons and years is subject to significant fluctuations.

Russia has significant reserves of fresh water. River waters are used most widely in the national economy. The rivers of Russia belong to the basins of three oceans, as well as to the inland Caspian basin, which occupies most of the European part of Russia. Most of the Russian rivers belong to the Arctic Ocean basin. The rivers flowing into the northern seas are the longest and deepest. The longest river is the Lena (4400 km), the most full-flowing river is the Yenisei. In the southern parts of the rivers of Siberia are swift and rapids. The largest hydropower plants in the country were built on these sections - Krasnoyarskaya and Sayano-Shushenskaya on the Yenisei, Novosibirskskaya on the Ob, Irkutskaya, Bratskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya on the Angara, etc. The rivers of the European part of the Arctic Ocean basin - Pechora, Mezen, Northern Dvina, Onega - are much shorter than the Siberian rivers. Many rivers belong to the Pacific Ocean basin. The main rivers of this basin are the Amur and its tributaries, the Zeya, Bureya, and Ussuri.

The Atlantic Ocean basin occupies the smallest area of the entire territory of the country. The rivers flow west into the Baltic Sea (Neva) and south into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea (Don, Kuban, etc.). The Neva occupies a special place. This short river (74 km) carries a huge amount of water - four times more than the Dnieper, which has a length of over 2000 km.

Most of European Russia is occupied by the inland basin of the Caspian Sea. The Volga, Urach, Terek and other rivers flow into the Caspian. In European Russia, the longest river is the Volga (3530 km). There are many hydroelectric power stations on the Volga: Volzhskaya im. Lenin, Saratov, Volga them. XXI Congress of the CPSU, etc.

The main consumers of water resources in our country are water supply, hydropower, artificial irrigation.

Water supply - a set of different ways of using water resources by industry, utilities and the population with a large share of irretrievable losses and varying degrees of pollution. It is this side of water use that creates the problem of quality deterioration and reduction of water reserves, which becomes more and more aggravated with the growth of production. Its solution requires the redistribution of water resources between regions, the careful use of reserves, the construction of treatment facilities, the widespread use of closed cycles of water use, etc.

Hydropower uses the energy of flowing waters, the reserves of which are then completely returned to the watercourse. Russia has the world's largest hydropower reserves, which account for about 1/10 of the world's reserves. Russia's hydropower resources are unevenly distributed. Most of them are in Siberia and the Far East, with the main hydropower reserves concentrated in the basins of the Yenisei, Lena, Ob, Angara, Irtysh and Amur rivers. In terms of hydropower reserves, the Lena ranks first among the rivers of Russia. The rivers of the North Caucasus are rich in hydropower resources. A significant part of the country's technically possible hydropower resources are in the Volga and Central regions of Russia, where the reserves of hydropower in the Volga basin are especially large.

For artificial irrigation, river runoff and glacier resources are used. The main irrigation areas are arid territories: the North Caucasus, the Volga region.

Land resources. There are as many land resources on the planet as there is land, which makes up 29% of the earth's surface. However, only 30% of the world's land fund is agricultural land, i.e. lands used by mankind for food production. The rest of the territory is mountains, deserts, glaciers, swamps, forests, and permafrost regions.

The land resources of Russia are huge - this is 1/2 of the entire landmass of the world. The total area of the Russian Federation is 1709.8 million hectares. Land resources for Russian agriculture, and primarily for agriculture, are limited by adverse climatic conditions: the permafrost area is 1,100 million hectares, or more than 60% of the total area. About 710 million hectares can be involved in agricultural use. On average, one inhabitant of our country has 11.5 hectares of land (more than in all other countries of the world). However, productive agricultural lands make up only 13% of the total land area, including arable land - 8% of the country's total land resources. Nevertheless, the provision of the Russian population with agricultural land per capita is quite high (0.9 hectares per person). In China it is 0.08, in the USA 0.54, in Japan 0.03 ha.

The land fund of Russia is unevenly distributed across the regions, the share of arable land varies from 5 to 70-85% of the total area of the regions. The main array of arable land in Russia is located in its European part and in the south of Siberia, within the steppe and forest-steppe zones, as well as in the southern part of the forest zone.

The main ranges of pastures are confined mainly to the southeastern regions of the Russian Plain and to the southern outskirts of the West Siberian Plain. Unlike pastures, the most significant hayfields are located in the northern regions of the European part of Russia, primarily in water meadows. Significant areas of arable land and hayfields are concentrated in the so-called non-chernozem zone, covering the European part of Russia to the north of the forest-steppe. To obtain high yields, the podzolic and marsh soils prevailing in this zone require annual fertilization (especially with organic fertilizers) and liming. Land reclamation of the Non-Chernozem region - drainage, clearing of stones and shrubs - can significantly expand the area of agricultural land and obtain high yields.

A relatively small part of the land area of Russia is occupied by settlements, especially cities, industrial enterprises and transport routes. Less than 2% of the total land area of Russia is built up and occupied by transport routes. They are located mainly in the most populated parts of the country, the least provided with land suitable for agriculture. Therefore, economical and reasonable development of areas, and reclamation of lands disturbed by mines and quarries is very important.

biological resources. This type of resource includes forest, hunting and fish.

Our country is rich in forest resources, it has a part of all the world's forest resources. The forested area in Russia is 766.6 million hectares with a timber reserve of 82 billion m3. The bulk of the timber reserves are concentrated in the forests of Siberia and the Far East, however, due to their remoteness, the forests of the European part of Russia are exploited much more strongly, especially the basins of the Northern Dvina, Pechora, and the upper reaches of the Kama. In the past, the main logging activities were carried out within the southern part of the taiga and the subzone of mixed forests in Central and North-Western Russia, which are located close to the main consumers of timber. As a result, the forest resources of these areas have been severely depleted. Now the harvesting of timber here has been sharply reduced and is carried out only in amounts not exceeding natural growth.

Many forests in the central and northwestern parts of Russia are of water conservation importance, so wood is not harvested in them at all. Its resources in Russia are greater than in any other country in the world. However, in terms of their use, our country lags behind economically developed countries. A lot of wood is simply not used, there are huge losses during the transportation of timber (including along rivers). Logging is not compensated for by appropriate reforestation, as a result of which a critical ecological situation is developing (in the north of the European part of Russia, near Lake Baikal) and the situation with logging is complicated.

The forests of Russia provide not only wood, but also other products: mushrooms, berries, nuts, medicinal raw materials and, most importantly, furs. The tundra and taiga have large fur resources. The main types of fur mined in Russia are sable, squirrel, arctic fox. In terms of the amount of fur mined, Russia ranks first among all the states of the world, exporting it in large quantities.

Russia is also rich in fish resources. For many years, commercial fishing has been carried out in the Barents, White, Caspian, Azov and Japanese seas, as well as in a number of inland water bodies (the Volga basin, in Ladoga and Onega lakes). As a result of intensive fishing, the fish resources of all these reservoirs have been greatly reduced, especially of valuable species. The construction of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga and the pollution of the seas and inland waters had a negative impact on Russia's fish resources.

The development of fish resources in the northern seas of the Pacific basin and Siberian rivers did not compensate for the loss of fish catch in the seas surrounding Russia. Fishing in rivers and lakes has been significantly reduced. In this regard, fish farming, which is still poorly developed, is of great importance.

The natural recreational resources of Russia play an important role in the organization of recreation and treatment of people. These include mineral springs (for drinking and bathing), therapeutic mud, favorable for the treatment of many diseases, climatic conditions in a number of regions of Russia, sea beaches. The diversity of landscapes is also of great recreational importance. In almost every region of Russia there are places that are convenient and favorable for rest and treatment of people; coastal and mountainous areas have especially large recreational resources.

Agro-climatic resources. This type of resource includes such natural components as heat, moisture, light. The productivity of agricultural production and the effectiveness of investments in this sector of the economy depend to a decisive extent on their presence. The agro-climatic resources of Russia create opportunities for the diversified development of agriculture in the republic. The vast expanse of Russia, where most of the country's population is concentrated, is located within the cold and temperate zone. However, the southern half of the country's territory, which lies in the subzone of mixed forests and in the forest-steppe zone, covering Central Russia, the south of Western Siberia and the Far East, has sufficient moisture and the sum of daily air temperatures (above + 10 ° C) - from 1600 to 2200 ° C. Such agro-climatic conditions make it possible to grow wheat, rye, oats, flax, hemp, buckwheat, potatoes and vegetables, sugar beets and various fodder crops (corn for fodder, legumes) necessary for animal husbandry.

The northern half of the country, including the taiga north of the Russian Plain and most of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga, has sufficient, and in some places excessive moisture. The sum of daily temperatures during the growing season fluctuates here within 1000-1600°C, which allows growing rye, barley, legumes, flax, vegetables that are less demanding on heat (radishes, onions, carrots) and potatoes, herbs. The least favorable agro-climatic conditions are in the Far North of Russia, where excessive moisture and the sum of daily temperatures during the growing season are less than 1000°C. Under such conditions, only focal agriculture with the cultivation of low-demanding crops and greenhouse-hothouse farming is possible.

The warmest part of Russia is the steppe regions of the southeast of the Russian Plain and the south of the West Siberian Plain, as well as Ciscaucasia. Here, the sum of daily temperatures during the growing season is 2200-3400°C, which ensures the ripening of winter wheat, corn for grain, millet, sugar beet, sunflower, heat-loving vegetables and fruits. However, in these areas there is insufficient moisture, which in many places requires watering and irrigation of the land.

Reduced resource efficiency

In the resource use of Russia, the vices of the former USSR continue to persist and, in addition, a number of new negative trends have been added due to the disorganization of the economy in recent years. The most important resource consumption problems are as follows:

a) low technological level of extraction and processing of raw materials (in total, in the tailings of concentrating plants, in flares and dumps, about 100% of all mined minerals are lost);

b) the structure of the national economy with a high proportion of resource-intensive industries;

c) lack of economic incentives for resource conservation;

d) weakness of the state policy in the field of resource conservation.

All this is the main source of gigantic overexpenditure of fuel, raw materials and materials. The electricity intensity and energy intensity of Russia's GDP are 2.5 and 4.5 times higher, respectively, than those in the United States. The gap in relation to European countries and Japan is even more impressive: 3.5 and 8.8 times.

Compared to the leading industrial countries, Russia overconsumes even more mineral raw materials, in particular iron ore, and from industrial materials - steel and cement. For example, Russia in the early 1990s. consumed iron ore per unit of GDP eight times more than the United States.

As a result of general overconsumption, Russia spends only on energy resources from 25 to 30% of GDP, while the United States - no more than 6-7%, and European countries and Japan - even less. With such a low efficiency in the use of natural resources, which borders on squandering, Russia is unlikely to be able to count on further economic growth with a shortage of resources, which, paradoxically, may very well arise.

When moving from Smolensk to Rostov-on-Don, I did not feel any discomfort and quickly adapted to life in a more southern region. Discomfort I felt much later, when I visited Bahrain - an island nation in the Middle East. It was there that it became clear to me that the resident of central Russia, which I had been from birth, had not gone away from me. Why is acclimatization so difficult for a person?

Comfortable conditions for residents of the middle lane

First of all, it would be appropriate to talk about the territorial boundaries of this region. The central strip of Russia originates from the border with Belarus and ends in the east near Tatarstan, in the north it begins in the territory of the Kostroma region and covers more southern lands together with the Saratov region.

The middle lane is distinguished as a zone with a temperate continental climate, where all seasons are represented:

mild winters with an average temperature of -10 ° C, and on the most frosty days - rarely dropping to -30 ° C;
spring and autumn with moderate rainfall and average temperatures above 0 °C;
warm summers, the maximum temperature in July rarely exceeds +35 °C, and the average value on the thermometer is +25 °C.

The conditions of the middle zone are comfortable not only for people to live, but also for the rest of the living world, which is very rich in these latitudes.

The area has a diverse fauna (bears, wolves, hares, birds) and a wide variety of flora (broad-leaved and coniferous trees, shrubs, mosses).

How to quickly acclimatize in a "foreign" climate

When I was in the Middle East, in the early days I just howled from the sweltering heat.

I couldn’t get my head around how local women in the 45-degree heat (for them this is quite a normal summer temperature) freely walk around in black tight hijabs.

But the human body can adapt to everything, and after a week it became much easier for me in the new conditions.

To quickly adapt to a hot climate, you need to sit less by the air conditioner, and to a cold one, spend more time outside.

natural environment

The natural environment (environment) is a generalized concept that characterizes the natural conditions in a particular place and the ecological state of the area. As a rule, the use of the term refers to the description of natural conditions on the surface of the Earth, the state of its local and global ecosystems and their interaction with humans. In this sense, the term is used in international agreements.

Environment - usually considered as part of the environment that directly surrounds (hence the name) some living system (human, animal, etc.) and consists of objects of living and inanimate nature.

Environment - the habitat and activities of mankind, the entire world surrounding man, including both the natural and anthropogenic environment.

In the modern era, human activity has covered almost the entire geographical shell and its scale is now comparable to the action of global natural processes, which negatively affects the state of the environment.

The UN has created a special organization - the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). In order to draw attention to environmental issues, the UN has established World Environment Day.

Therefore, it is impossible to talk about natural conditions at all. They must be considered from a specific point of view, from the standpoint of medicine, agriculture, industry, transport ...

Relief, climate, properties of the soil and vegetation cover, the nature of the occurrence of groundwater and groundwater, the water regime of surface water, and the mining and geological conditions of mining are usually considered as natural conditions.