Types and descriptions of building materials for the walls of the house. What about building consumables? Building materials used in construction

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education

Federal State Educational Institution

higher professional education

"Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University"

Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology

abstract

Construction Materials

Work plan

building material stone production

1. The main types of building materials, their classification and applications in construction

Used in construction a large number of a variety of materials. According to the purpose, building materials are usually divided into the following groups:

- binding building materials (air binders, hydraulic binders). This group includes various types of cements, lime, gypsum;

b wall materials- Walling. This group includes natural stone materials, ceramic and silicate bricks, concrete, gypsum and asbestos-cement panels and blocks, enclosing structures made of glass and silicate cellular and dense concrete, panels and blocks made of reinforced concrete;

l finishing materials and products - ceramic products, as well as products made of architectural and building glass, gypsum, cement, products based on polymers, natural finishing stones;

l heat and sound insulating materials and products - materials and products based on mineral fibers, glass, gypsum, silicate binder and polymers;

l waterproofing and roofing materials - materials and products based on polymer, bitumen and other binders, asbestos-cement slate and tiles;

l sealing - in the form of mastics, bundles and gaskets for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;

b aggregates for concrete - natural, from sedimentary and igneous rocks in the form of sand and crushed stone (gravel), and artificial porous;

l piece sanitary ware and pipes - from metals, ceramics, porcelain, glass, asbestos cement, polymers, reinforced concrete, various plastics.

The classification of building materials according to their purpose allows you to identify the most effective materials, determine their interchangeability, and then correctly balance the production and consumption of materials.

According to the type of raw materials, building materials are divided into:

– Natural;

– Artificial;

– Mineral;

– Organic;

The main directions for the use of natural materials:

1. Facing of buildings and engineering structures (embankments, bridges, etc.), erection of building walls, flooring and stairs, use as aggregates for concrete and mortar, as well as in road and hydraulic engineering construction.

2. Use in industry to obtain other materials: ceramics, binders (cement, lime, gypsum), glass, etc.

Artificial building materials are divided according to the main feature of their hardening (formation of structural bonds) into:

o unfired- materials, the hardening of which occurs at ordinary, relatively low temperatures with the crystallization of neoplasms from solutions, as well as materials, the hardening of which occurs in autoclaves at elevated temperature(175-200 ° C) and water vapor pressure (0.9-1.6 MPa);

o roasting- materials whose structure is formed during their heat treatment mainly due to solid-phase transformations and interactions.

This division is partly conditional, because it is not always possible to determine a clear boundary between materials.

In conglomerates without firing type, cementing binders are represented by inorganic, organic, polymeric, as well as mixed (for example, organomineral) products. Inorganic binders include clinker cements, gypsum, magnesia, etc.; to organic - bitumen and tar binders and their derivatives; to polymeric - thermoplastic and thermosetting polymeric products.

In conglomerates of the roasting type, ceramic, slag, glass and stone melts play the role of a binder.

Organic binders make it possible to obtain conglomerates that differ: in terms of the temperature of their use in construction - hot, warm and cold asphalt concrete; according to workability - rigid, plastic, cast, etc.; according to the size of the aggregate particles - coarse, medium and fine-grained, as well as finely dispersed.

Polymer binders are important components in the manufacture of polymer concrete, building plastics, fiberglass and other often called composite materials.

The classification of artificial building materials (conglomerates), united by a general theory, is expanding with the advent of new binders, the development of new artificial aggregates, new technologies or a significant modernization of existing ones, the creation of new combined structures.

2. Obtaining and using natural building materials, mineral binders and artificial stone building materials

Natural, or natural, building materials and products are obtained directly from the bowels of the earth or by processing wood materials. In the manufacture of products from them, these materials are given a certain shape and rational dimensions without changing their internal structure, chemical and material composition. More often than others from natural wood and stone materials and products are used. In addition to them, in a ready-to-use form or during mechanical processing, you can get natural bitumen or asphalt, reeds, peat, bonfires and other natural products.

Natural stone materials are called building materials obtained from rocks through the use of only mechanical processing (crushing, splitting, sawing, grinding, polishing, etc.). As a result of such processing, natural stone materials almost completely retain the physical and mechanical properties of the rock from which they were obtained. Natural stone materials are widely used in construction, they are also the main raw material for the production of mineral binders and artificial stone materials.

By origin, rocks are divided into three groups: igneous (igneous), sedimentary and metamorphic.

Types of natural stone materials and products. Various types of natural stone materials and products are used in construction: rubble stone, wall stones and blocks, facing stones and slabs, roofing tiles, etc.

Rubble stone is used in construction in the form of pieces of rock not correct form(torn but) or wrong plates. Ragged rubble is obtained from sedimentary rocks (limestones, dolomites, sandstones) in an explosive way, and slabs (coated but and flagstone) are mined from layered rocks using wedges, percussion mechanisms etc. It should not have cracks, delaminations and loose layers that reduce its construction properties.

Rubble stone serves as a material for laying foundations, walls of unheated buildings and structures, retaining walls etc. Waste during the preparation of rubble stone is crushed and used in the form of crushed stone for concrete.

Wall stones and blocks are made from limestone, volcanic tuffs and other rocks with a density of up to 2200 kg/m 3 . The dimensions of the stones for manual laying are 390x190x190 mm, the dimensions of the enlarged blocks for mechanized masonry are set based on the strength of the rock and the lifting capacity of the cranes. The correct geometric shape and the required dimensions of stones and blocks are obtained, as a rule, by sawing them out of an array using stone-cutting machines; chipped piece stones are produced much less frequently. Front surface wall stones and blocks must meet the requirements of decorativeness.

Stones and blocks made of light rocks are local materials in a number of regions of our country. Walls of residential and public buildings from light natural stones and blocks are much cheaper than brick ones and have a beautiful appearance.

Facing stones and slabs are made from blocks of natural stone by sawing or splitting them, followed by mechanical processing. Rocks for obtaining semi-finished blocks should be selected taking into account the operating conditions in which the facing products made from them will be located. Thus, rocks intended for external cladding must be weather-resistant, without cracks and traces of weathering, and have a beautiful and unchanging color. For this purpose, they use: granites, syenites, diorites, gabbro, labradorites, quartzites, dense limestones, tuffs, sandstones. Rocks used for interior cladding, should have a beautiful color and be easily polished. Most often, marble is used for interior cladding.

Facing stones and slabs are sawn and hewn. Sawn products, as a rule, are cheaper and more durable than hewn ones, since when sawing rocks, it is possible to obtain relatively thin products without microcracks that occur when stone is cut.

Slabs for wall cladding and flooring must have rectangular shape and given dimensions. In addition, the front surface of the plates is given a different decorative texture. Depending on the method of execution, the textures are divided into: shock, obtained by chipping off stone particles (the texture of "rocks", bumpy, grooved, dotted, corrugated), and abrasive, obtained by abrasion of the surface with various abrasives (sawn, polished, polished, mirror).

Slabs and stones from igneous rocks (granites, labradorites, gabbro, etc.) are used for exterior cladding of socles and facades of monumental buildings, durable and decorative floors in public buildings with heavy human flows, for example, at metro stations, train stations and department stores , as well as for facing embankments, hydraulic structures, etc. In the production of marble slabs, a large amount of waste is obtained in the form of scraps, which are used for arranging mosaic floors.

In addition to facing slabs, natural stone is used to produce profile parts, such as skirting boards, corner parts and parts of faceted and fluted facings, as well as steps, window sills, etc.

Clay (roofing) slate roofing tiles are a very durable roofing material for rural construction. Splitting and chopping off the material, it is given a rectangular or rhombic shape.

In road construction, a variety of products made from natural stone are widely used, for example, paving stones, chipped or cobblestone, side stones. These products are made from igneous or sedimentary rocks, which must have high strength, low water absorption, good impact and abrasion resistance, frost resistance, and must not be affected by weathering. The same requirements apply to stone materials (granite, diorite, diabase, gabbro) intended for protective shell plates of hydraulic structures. Materials and products made from natural stone (basalt, diabase, etc.) are also used for structures operating at high temperatures. In addition, materials and products made of granite, diorite, quartzite, basalt, diabase and siliceous sandstone in the form facing stones and plates of the correct form are used to protect the structures of buildings and apparatus from the effects of acids.

The production of stone materials and products includes the extraction of rock and its processing.

Stone mining. In cases where rocks lie shallow or come to the surface of the earth, their extraction is carried out in an open way in quarries. Rocks lying at great depths are mined underground in quarries or mines.

Dense rocks intended for the production of crushed stone or rubble stone are usually developed using an explosive method, however, the explosive method is not used to obtain large-sized slabs and blocks from rock, since cracks can form in the rock. Separate blocks are sawn out or broken out of the massif by stone-cutting and cutting machines, as well as by special tools.

Easily processed rocks, such as tuff and limestone-shell rock, are mined mechanized using stone-cutting machines, the cutting elements of which are horizontal and vertical circular saws with insert cutters. The stone-cutting machine is installed on a trolley that moves along the rail track along the face. With the help of disk plates located in three mutually perpendicular planes, blocks of certain sizes and the correct geometric shape. On open pits, the stone-cutting machine designed by Galanin serves well. There are also stone-cutting machines that saw large blocks, which are then cut into slabs by other machines.

Loose rocks (sand, gravel, clay) are mined in an open way, using single- and multi-bucket excavators and other machines.

Wood- this is an important material widely used in the construction industry, as it has high strength at low density, low thermal conductivity, ease of machining. At the same time, there are also disadvantages in wood: the unequal nature of a number of properties in different directions, easy decay and flammability, high hygroscopicity, and the presence of a number of defects.

Timber is divided into unprocessed (round) and processed (sawn timber, split timber, veneer, etc.)

Round timber- pieces of tree trunks cleared of branches:

· construction and saw logs must have a diameter of the upper end of at least 14 cm and a length of 4 - 6.5 m, must be sanded and sawn at right angles to the longitudinal axis. According to the quality of the logs are divided into three grades:

podtovarnik - part of a tree trunk with a diameter of the upper end of 8 - 13 cm and a length of 3 - 9 m;

· poles have a diameter of the upper end 3 cm and a length of 3 - 9 m;

Mining racks - round timber 0.5 - 5 m long and 7 - 30 cm thick at the upper end. Deviations in the length of the racks are allowed in the amount of ± 2 cm, diameter ± 0.5 cm for racks up to 11 cm thick (inclusive) and ± 1 cm for racks 12 cm thick or more.

lumber are made by longitudinal sawing saw logs:

plates or cuts - sawing a log into two halves;

· quarters - sawing up on two mutually perpendicular diameters;

slab or obapol - the cut outer part of the log. Obapol can be slab-shaped, when there is a cut on only one side, or plank - with a cut on both sides;

boards - lumber, the width of which is more than double the thickness. The thickness of the boards is 13 -100 mm, the width is 80 - 250 mm. Softwood boards have a length of up to 6.5 m, hardwood - up to 5 m with a gradation of 0.25 m. Boards are unedged (with unsawn edges for the entire length or half of the board) and edged (the cut must be more than half the length boards). According to the quality of wood and processing, boards are divided into five grades - selected, 1, 2, 3 and 4;

bars have a thickness or width of 100 - 250 mm with a ratio of width to thickness of less than two. Bars sawn from two sides are called two-edged or sleeper beams, and those sawn from four sides are called four-edged;

bars - lumber type timber up to 100 mm thick, its length is the same as that of the boards.

Fig. 1 Lumber (a - plates, b - quarters, c - slab, d - unedged board, d - semi-edged board, e - edged board, g - four-edged beam, h - cleanly edged beam)

Wood products: - planed molded products - floor boards, tongue-and-groove boards, seam boards; profile moldings - skirting boards and fillets, handrails for railings, trim for window and door frames, as well as boards of window sills;

products for parquet floors - piece, type-setting and panel parquet, as well as parquet boards;

· carpenter's boards - slatted boards, glued on one or both sides with planed plywood or veneer (for doors, partitions, floors and panel furniture);

· construction plywood- a flat sheet consisting of three, five or more layers of veneer. The veneer is received on lathes by cutting a layer of wood (birch, spruce, pine, etc.) in the form of a continuous wide tape from a rotating pre-steamed log and subsequent cutting into format sheets. Veneer sheets are glued in such a way that the fibers of two adjacent layers are mutually perpendicular, which gives plywood strength greater than that of wood. Plywood is produced up to 22 mm thick. Plywood is of increased, medium and limited water resistance.

Rice. 2 Molded products (a - grooved boards, b - seam boards, c - plinth, d - platband, d - handrail)

Basic information about mineral binders and their classification: Mineral binders are called artificially obtained powdery finely dispersed materials, which, when filled with water (aqueous solutions), form a plastic dough that can harden as a result of physical and chemical processes, i.e., pass into a stone-like state. This property of mineral binders allows them to be widely used for the preparation mortars and concrete, as well as for the production of various non-firing artificial stone materials, products and parts, adhesives and paints. This is the largest in terms of nomenclature, the most common and significant group of building materials in terms of application.

Mineral binders are divided into air and hydraulic. Air binders are substances that are able to harden, retain and increase their strength for a long time only in air. Air binders include air lime, gypsum and magnesia binders, liquid glass, etc.

Hydraulic binders are substances that are able to harden, retain and increase their strength for a long time not only in air, but also in water. Hydraulic binders include hydraulic lime, roman cement, Portland cement and its varieties, aluminous cement, waterproof expanding and non-shrinking cements, etc.

Building air lime is a binder obtained by moderate firing (not to sintering) of limestone containing no more than 6% clay impurities. As a result of firing, a product is formed in the form of pieces white color, called quicklime lump (boiler). Depending on the nature of the subsequent processing, the following types of air lime are distinguished: quicklime ground, slaked hydrated (fluff), lime dough, milk of lime.

Air lime production. Limestone, chalk, dolomitic limestone, etc. are used as raw materials for the production of air lime, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate CaCO 3, as well as a small amount of impurities - dolomite, gypsum, quartz and clay.

The technological process for the production of air lime consists of the extraction of carbonate rock (limestone or chalk) in a quarry, crushing and sorting it and subsequent firing in shaft or rotary kilns, where, due to the combustion of fuel, the temperature rises to 1000 - 1200 ° C and decomposition (dissociation) occurs limestone: CaCO 3 \u003d CaO + CO 2. The magnesium carbonate MgCO 3 present in limestone also decomposes during the firing process: MgCO 3 \u003d MgO + CO 2.

When further lowering into the cooling zone, the burnt lime is cooled by air, and then unloaded into the lower furnace by a special mechanism.

By using rotary kilns it is possible to produce lime from any carbonate rocks, including fine crushed limestone and loose wet chalk, which cannot be fired in shaft kilns.

Lump lime High Quality can be obtained by uniform firing of limestone until CO 2 is completely removed from it. The oxides of calcium and magnesium (CaO + MgO) remaining after firing are the active components of lime; their quantity determines the quality of the resulting material as a binder. In addition, lump lime usually contains a certain amount of underburning and overburning. Underburning - undecomposed calcium carbonate is obtained when too large pieces of limestone are loaded into the kiln or the firing temperature is not high enough. Illness almost does not have astringent properties and therefore is ballast. The burn is obtained as a result of the fusion of calcium oxide with impurities - silica, alumina and iron oxide - under the influence of too high a temperature. Burnt grains are extinguished very slowly.

When grinding in ball mills pre-crushed pieces of boiled lump lime, quicklime will be obtained, which, unlike slaked lime, has the ability to quickly set and harden. In the process of grinding boiled lump lime, various additives can be introduced: slag, ash, sand, pumice, limestone, which improve its properties and reduce the cost. In this way, for example, carbonate lime is obtained, consisting of 30 - 40% quicklime and 70 - 60% raw limestone. This lime is used for the preparation of self-heating mortars used in winter conditions.

Extinguishing lime. When quicklime is processed with water, calcium oxide turns into a hydrate according to the following formula: CaO + H 2 O \u003d Ca (OH) 2. This process is called "lime slaking" and is accompanied by the release of a large amount of heat and intense vaporization (this is why quicklime is usually called a boil).

Depending on the amount of water taken during quenching, hydrated lime (fluff), lime dough or lime milk are obtained.

Hydrated lime (fluff) is obtained when 6O - 70% of water is taken to quench lime - boiling water. The resulting hydrated lime is a white powder consisting of tiny particles of calcium hydroxide.

Depending on the quenching speed, lump lime is divided into quick-extinguishing with a quenching period of up to 20 minutes and slow-extinguishing - over 20 minutes. The higher the activity of lime, the faster it is extinguished and the greater the yield of lime dough.

Lime, as a rule, is used in construction in the form of a solution, that is, mixed with sand. Fields of application - Air lime is used for the preparation of lime-sand and mixed mortars used for masonry and plaster, in the production of silicate products, and also as a binder for painting paint compositions. In addition, ground and fluffy air lime is used in the production of lime-pozzolanic and lime-slag cements, which have hydraulic properties.

Solutions and products made with air-lime should not be used in damp rooms and foundations, as they are not waterproof. Plaster mortars on ground quicklime are recommended to be used both with positive and with negative temperature outside air. AT this case due to the fact that during the preparation and application of the solution a large amount of heat is released, excess moisture evaporates, and the solution itself quickly gains strength.

Gypsum binders are materials consisting of semi-aqueous gypsum or anhydrite and obtained by heat treatment of finely divided raw materials.

Gypsum binders, depending on the processing temperature of raw materials, are divided into two groups: low-firing and high-firing. Low-firing gypsum binders are characterized by rapid hardening. High-firing gypsum binders are characterized by slow hardening. Low-firing gypsum binders include: molding, building and high-strength gypsum, as well as gypsum binders from materials containing gypsum. High-firing binders include: anhydrite binder (anhydrite cement) and high-firing gypsum (extrich gypsum),

Production of building gypsum. When firing a lump gypsum stone in the drying drum (rotary kiln), hot flue gases come into direct contact with slowly moving crushed gypsum stone. After firing, the gypsum is ground in a ball mill.

Joint firing of gypsum stone and its grinding is carried out in ball mills. In them, gypsum stone is crushed, its small particles are picked up by the flow of hot flue gases entering the mill. While in suspension, gypsum stone particles are dehydrated until they turn into semi-aqueous gypsum and are carried out by flue gases from the mill to dust settling devices.

Hardening of building plaster. When semi-aqueous gypsum is mixed with water, a plastic dough is formed, which quickly thickens and turns into a stone-like state. Further drying of the hardening mass leads to a significant increase in the strength of the gypsum. To accelerate hardening, artificial drying of gypsum products is used at a temperature not exceeding 60-65 ° C. At a higher temperature, the process of decomposition of gypsum dihydrate may begin, accompanied by sharp decline strength. During hardening, gypsum increases in volume up to 1%, filling the molds well when casting gypsum products.

Application of building plaster. Building gypsum is used for products and parts used in the construction of buildings and structures at a relative humidity of not more than 60%. Gypsum and lime-gypsum plaster mortars, decorative, heat-insulating and finishing materials, as well as various architectural details are made from building gypsum by casting.

High-strength gypsum is a binder, consisting mainly of calcium sulfate hemihydrate, obtained by heat treatment of gypsum dihydrate in an autoclave under steam pressure or boiling in aqueous solutions of certain salts, followed by drying and grinding into a fine powder. It has a lower water requirement (about 45%), which makes it possible to obtain gypsum products with high density and strength.

High-strength gypsum is used for the manufacture of architectural details and building products with increased strength requirements.

3. Prospects for the development of building materials production

In this section control work, I would like to talk about the prospects for the production of building materials in Ukraine, while not relying on educational literature, which, in particular, covers topics, based on statistics before the crisis years in our country or, for the most part, on foreign statistics.

In almost all regions of our country, there is an acute shortage of really affordable building materials, including heat and energy efficient building materials suitable for the construction of single-layer building envelopes.

The need for heat - efficient building materials is acutely felt not only in the construction of housing, but also in the construction of industrial buildings and premises, warehouses and buildings for other purposes. Moreover, the main task of heat-efficient construction is not only the construction of new facilities, but also the reconstruction of previously built ones. Further, the described company is engaged in the production and sale of sand-cement wall blocks and semi-blocks in the Crimean region. For the production of blocks, the vibrocompression method is used. The quality of building materials manufactured using the volumetric vibrocompression method exceeds the quality of materials produced by casting. And the quality of the manufactured products is not inferior in its technical and physical and mathematical properties to more expensive wall materials.

On the example of this company, I would like to emphasize, in my opinion, the main problem of the development of construction in our country: The use of not only foreign building materials, but also equipment for their production.Rice. No. 3 "Dobrovsky plant of building materials, Simferopol"

The capacity of the plant allows to produce 1,560,000 items. in year.

In addition, production will begin on the basis of the plant in the near future. paving slabs, vibrocompression method with a volume of output of 218,400 sq.m. in year. The total area of the plant is 30,000 m.2

Product range:

Rice. No. 5 Stone concrete wall dressing hollow

The material is concrete block designed for the construction of walls and plinths of wooden and stone houses. Has a smooth front surface. It has high compressive strength and frost resistance. The inner part of the block is hollow with partitions, which significantly increases the thermal insulation qualities of the material without a serious deterioration in strength characteristics.

It is used for erecting walls of low-rise buildings. In the construction of wooden houses, it is used to build a plinth on a strip foundation. Blocks are designed for laying by hand. Fastened with ordinary masonry mortar. One block corresponds in size to eight single bricks (at a significantly lower price and less mortar consumption).

Density - 375 kPa. Frost resistance - 50 cycles. Load - 107 kg/cm. Water absorption - no more than 6%. Specific gravity 1m3 = 960 kg.

Rice. No. 6 Concrete partition wall hollow

The material is a concrete block intended for the construction of partitions of houses. It has high compressive strength and frost resistance. The inner part of the block is hollow with partitions, which significantly increases the thermal insulation qualities of the material without a serious deterioration in strength characteristics.

Blocks are designed for laying by hand. They are fastened with ordinary masonry mortar.

Density - 375 kPa. Frost resistance - 50 cycles. Load - 107 kg/cm. Water absorption - no more than 6%. Specific gravity 1m3 = 1152 kg.

In the production of blocks, colored pigments are used, which guarantee the invariance of color for decades. Possible colors: red, green, yellow, black, etc. Color saturation can vary over a wide range at the request of the customer.

The impact of technological progress on construction.

The scientific and technical development of the entire construction complex will continue in the future through the penetration of product and technological innovations of industrial firms serving the construction complex. The share of industrial firms in total costs of the construction complex is estimated at about 89%, and the construction companies themselves at only 11%. At the same time, both the achievements of national industrial firms and the purchase of licenses in foreign markets will contribute to scientific and technological progress.

AT construction industry can be expected further development industrialization through the use of diverse, unified superlight building structures, automated machines and mechanisms that are already successfully used.

New structures based on polymers and ceramics will become widespread in the construction of bridges and pipelines, as well as in new technologies for protecting concrete and metals from corrosion. The use of structures with high thermal insulation properties in the construction of single-family houses will significantly (by 40-50%) increase their energy efficiency. The proportion of building materials made on the basis of the use of secondary raw materials and waste will increase.

Expansion is to be expected construction equipment with automated control systems. A qualitative leap in the automation of building machines will be associated with the widespread introduction of microprocessor technology. One can expect the use of mobile robotic complexes, for example, for laying concrete mix, installation of prefabricated building structures, in lifting and transport and finishing operations.

In the field of design, a qualitative leap is expected in the use of computers of new generations. This is due to the increased complexity of construction projects and the need to integrate all parts of the investment process in order to optimize it.

Strengthening integration processes.

Common for the three countries regional factors influencing the development of construction and the investment process in the near future appear to be: in the liberalization of the international movement of investments in the process of regional economic integration, which improves investment conditions and the investment climate and acts as a factor in increasing the efficiency of capital investments; in strengthening the direct economic impact, including investment cooperation, between neighboring territories various countries included in Euroregions and other similar formations. This will affect the dynamics, territorial and sectoral structure of investments of the states participating in this form of cooperation. The number of associations and the intensity of economic, including investment, interaction within their framework will undoubtedly increase in the future.

Conclusions for Post-Soviet States.

The cumulative effect of the factors listed above is manifested in the growth of labor productivity against the background of a reduction in the capital intensity of industrial production and a decrease in the volume of construction costs per unit of GDP. And this means that with a modest annual growth rate in the volume of construction work, the efficiency of construction production is sharply increasing.

In 2001-2015 The construction complexes of the CIS countries will have to implement many investment tasks that have already been largely resolved in the West. This is a radical renewal of the production potential of countries, the formation of a full-fledged industrial and social infrastructure, the creation of a modern agro-industrial complex, the development of the housing market, etc.

In a relatively stable economic and political environment, the implementation of such large-scale investment programs is possible only with sufficiently high average annual rates of construction development (at the level of 4-4.5 GDP.

List of used literature

1. Barinova L. Prospects for the development of the production of domestic building materials // Construction materials, equipment, technologies of the XXI century. 2002.

2. Karmanova I. Construction in developed countries: forecast for 2001-2015. // Construction and reconstruction. 2001. June 8, 2001 S. 35.

3. Voitov A. STROYMAK KNAF - an example of effective investment in the production of building materials // Budmaster. 2001, p. 34.

4. Building materials. Textbook for university students / Ed. G.I. Gorchakov. M.: Higher. School, 1982. 352 pp., ill.

5. Komar A.G., Bazhenov Yu.M., Sulimenko L.M., Technology for the production of building materials: Proc. for universities on special "Economics and org. prom. builds. materials". M.: Higher. school, 1984. 408 p. ill.

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Classification of building materials

Building materials are divided into natural (natural) and artificial. The first group includes: forest (roundwood, lumber); stone dense and loose rocks (natural stone, gravel, sand, clay), etc. The second group - artificial materials - includes: binders (cement, lime), artificial stones(brick, blocks); concretes; solutions; metal, heat and waterproofing materials; ceramic tiles; synthetic paints, varnishes and Other materials, the production of which is associated with chemical processing.

Building materials are classified according to their purpose and scope, for example, roofing materials - roofing material, asbestos cement, etc.; wall - brick, blocks; finishing - solutions, paints, varnishes; facing, waterproofing, etc., as well as according to the technological basis of their manufacture, for example, ceramic, synthetic, etc. A special group is made up of heat-insulating building materials - they are made from various raw materials, used in various designs, but they are united by a common property - a small bulk density and low thermal conductivity, which determines the constantly increasing volume of their production and wide application in construction.

Building materials that are mined or manufactured in the area of the facility under construction are commonly referred to as local building materials. These primarily include: sand, gravel, crushed stone, brick, lime, etc. In the construction of buildings and structures, it is necessary first of all to use local building materials, which reduces transportation costs, which make up a significant part of the cost of materials.

For building materials manufactured by enterprises, there are State All-Union Standards - GOSTs and technical conditions - TU. The standards provide basic information about the building material, give its definition, indicate raw materials, applications, classification, division into grades and brands, test methods, transportation and storage conditions. GOST has the force of law, and compliance with it is mandatory for all enterprises manufacturing building materials.

The nomenclature and technical requirements for building materials and parts, their quality, guidelines for the selection and use, depending on the operating conditions of the building or structure being erected, are set out in the "Building Norms and Rules" - SNiP I-B.2-69, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee in 1962-1969 gg. as amended in 1972. State All-Union Standards (GOSTs) have been developed for each material and product.

For correct application of a particular material in construction, it is necessary to know the physical, including the ratio of materials to the action of water and temperatures, and mechanical properties.

Residential, public and industrial buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from the effects of environment. All buildings consist of parts of the same purpose: - the foundation, which serves as the foundation of the building and transfers the load from the entire building to the ground; - frame - the supporting structure on which the enclosing elements of the building are installed; the frame perceives and redistributes loads and transfers them to the foundation; - enclosing structures that isolate the internal volume of the building from the effects of the external environment or separating individual parts of the internal volume from each other; Enclosing structures include walls, ceilings and roofs, and in low-rise buildings walls and ceilings often serve as a frame.

FROM ancient times residential and religious buildings were built from natural materials - stone and wood, and all parts of the building were made from them: foundation, walls, roof. This versatility of the material significant shortcomings. The construction of stone buildings was labor intensive; to maintain a normal thermal regime in the building, stone walls had to be made very thick (up to 1 m or more), since natural stone is a good conductor of heat. For the installation of ceilings and roofs, many columns were placed or heavy stone vaults were made, since the strength of the stone is not enough to cover large spans. Stone buildings, however, had one positive quality - durability. Less labor-intensive but short-lived wooden buildings were often destroyed by fire.

With the development of industry, new, different-purpose building materials have appeared: for roofing - sheet metal, later - roll materials and asbestos cement; for load-bearing structures- rolled steel and high-strength concrete; for thermal insulation - fibrolite, mineral wool, etc.

Specialization and industrial production building materials, semi-finished products and products radically changed the nature of construction. Materials for the construction site, and then products made from them, began to arrive practically in ready-made, building structures became lighter and more efficient (for example, they were better protected from heat loss, from moisture, etc.). At the beginning of the XX century. factory production of building structures (metal trusses, reinforced concrete columns) began, but only from the 50s, for the first time in the world in our country, they began to build prefabricated buildings from prefabricated elements.

The modern industry of building materials and products produces a large number of finished building parts and materials for various purposes, for example: ceramic tiles for floors, for interior cladding, facade, carpet mosaics; roofing material and glassine for roofing, insulating and hydro-insulating - for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate in this variety of building materials and products, they are classified. The most widely used classifications are by purpose and technological feature.

By purpose, materials are divided into the following groups: - structural, which perceive and transmit loads in building structures; - heat-insulating, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building structure and thereby ensure the necessary thermal regime of the room with minimal energy consumption; - acoustic (sound-absorbing and soundproof) - to reduce the level of "noise pollution" of the room; - waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from water or water vapor; - sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures; - finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences; - special purpose (for example, refractory or acid-resistant), used in the construction of special structures.

A number of materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their pure form and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products - these are the so-called materials general purpose. The difficulty of classifying building materials for their intended purpose is that the same materials can be classified as different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete - heat-insulating materials; especially heavy concretes are special-purpose materials used for protection against radioactive radiation.

The basis of the classification according to technological features is the type of raw material from which the material is obtained, and the method of manufacture. These two factors largely determine the properties of the material and, accordingly, the scope of its application. According to the manufacturing method, materials obtained by sintering (ceramics, cement), melting (glass, metals), monolithic with binders (concrete, mortar) and mechanical processing of natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials). For a deeper understanding of the properties of materials, which depend mainly on the type of raw material and the method of its processing, the course "Materials Science" is based on a classification according to a technological feature, and only in some cases are considered groups of materials according to their purpose.

- Classification of building materials

Residential, public and industrial buildings are structures designed to accommodate people and various equipment and protect them from environmental influences.

All buildings consist of parts of the same purpose:

- foundation, which serves as the foundation of the building and transfers the load from the entire building to the ground;
- frame - the supporting structure on which the enclosing elements of the building are installed; the frame perceives and redistributes loads and transfers them to the foundation;
- enclosing structures that isolate the internal volume of the building from the effects of the external environment or separating individual parts of the internal volume from each other; Enclosing structures include walls, floors and roofs, and in low-rise buildings, walls and floors often serve as a frame.

From ancient times, residential and religious buildings were built from natural materials - stone and wood, and all parts of the building were made from them: the foundation, walls, roof. Such a forced universality of the material (there were no other materials) had significant drawbacks. The construction of stone buildings was labor intensive; to maintain a normal thermal regime in the building, stone walls had to be made very thick (up to 1 m or more) due to the fact that natural stone is a good conductor of heat. For the construction of ceilings and roofs, many columns were placed or heavy stone vaults were made, since the strength of the stone in bending and stretching is insufficient to cover large spans. Stone buildings have one positive quality - durability. Less labor-intensive and material-intensive, but short-lived wooden buildings were often destroyed by fires.

With the development of industry, new, specialized building materials appeared: for roofing - sheet iron, rolled materials and asbestos cement; for load-bearing structures - rolled steel and high-strength concrete; for thermal insulation - fibrolite, mineral wool, etc.

Appeared in the XX century. Synthetic polymers gave impetus to the introduction of high-performance polymeric materials (plastics) into construction. In modern construction, polymer finishing materials, flooring materials (linoleum, tiles), sealants, foam plastics, etc. are widely used.

Specialization and industrial production of building materials and products radically changed the nature of construction. Materials, and then products made from them, are delivered to the construction site almost ready-made, building structures have become lighter and more efficient (for example, they better protect against heat loss, from moisture). At the beginning of the XX century. factory production of building structures (metal trusses, reinforced concrete columns) began, but only in the 1950s, for the first time in the world, did mass construction of residential buildings from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements (block and large-panel construction) begin in our country.

The modern industry of building materials and products produces a large number of ready-made building materials and products for various purposes, for example: ceramic tiles for floors, for interior cladding, facade, carpet mosaics; rolled and piece materials for roofing, special materials for waterproofing. To make it easier to navigate in this variety of building materials and products, it is customary to classify them.

The most widely used classifications are by purpose and technological feature.

According to the purpose, the materials are divided into the following groups:

- structural, which perceive and transmit loads;
- heat-insulating, the main purpose of which is to minimize the transfer of heat through the building envelope and thereby ensure the necessary thermal conditions of the room with minimal energy consumption;
- acoustic (sound-absorbing and soundproof) - reducing the level of "noise pollution" of the premises;
- waterproofing and roofing - to create waterproof layers on roofs, underground structures and other structures that need to be protected from water or water vapor;
- sealing - for sealing joints in prefabricated structures;
- finishing - to improve the decorative qualities of building structures, as well as to protect structural, heat-insulating and other materials from external influences;
- special purpose (refractory, acid-resistant, etc.), used in the construction of special structures.

Some materials (for example, cement, lime, wood) cannot be attributed to any one group, since they are used both in their original state and as raw materials for the production of other building materials and products - these are the so-called general-purpose materials. The difficulty of classifying building materials by purpose is that the same materials can be assigned to different groups. For example, concrete is mainly used as a structural material, but some of its types have a completely different purpose: especially lightweight concrete - heat-insulating materials; especially heavy concretes are special-purpose materials used for protection against radioactive radiation.

According to the method of manufacture, the materials obtained are distinguished:

- sintering (ceramics, cement);
- melting (glass, metals);
- monolithic with the help of binders (concrete, solutions);
- mechanical processing of natural raw materials (natural stone, wood materials).

Since the properties of materials depend mainly on the type of raw material and the method of its processing, in building materials science they use a classification according to a technological basis, and only in some cases are groups of materials considered according to their intended purpose.

A huge number of names of building materials, which now make up their wide range, are trying to be presented in the form of system classifications from groups that are more or less similar in some respects.

The following are chosen as classification features: the production purpose of building materials, the type of feedstock, the main quality indicator, for example, their mass, strength, and others. Currently, the classification also takes into account functional purpose, for example, heat-insulating materials, acoustic materials and others, in addition to dividing into groups based on raw materials - ceramic, polymer, metal, etc. One part of the materials combined into groups refers to natural, and the other part to artificial.

Each group of materials or their individual representatives in the industry corresponds to certain industries, such as the cement industry, the glass industry, etc., and the systematic development of these industries ensures the implementation of plans for the construction of facilities.

Natural, or natural, building materials and products are obtained directly from the bowels of the earth or by processing forest areas into a "business forest". These materials are given a certain shape and rational dimensions, but do not change their internal structure, composition, for example, chemical. More often than others from natural forest (wood) and stone materials and products are used. In addition to them, in finished form or with simple processing, you can get bitumen and asphalt, ozokerite, casein, kir, some products of plant origin, such as straw, reeds, bonfire, peat, husks, etc., or animals, such as wool, collagen, Bonn blood, etc. All these natural products are also used in construction in relatively small quantities, although forest and natural stone materials and products remain the main ones.

Artificial building materials and products are produced mainly from natural raw materials, less often from by-products of industry, agriculture or artificially obtained raw materials. The produced building materials differ from the original natural raw materials both in structure and in chemical composition, which is associated with the radical processing of raw materials in the factory with the involvement of special equipment and energy costs for this purpose. Factory processing involves organic (wood, oil, gas, etc.) and inorganic (minerals, stone, ores, slag, etc.) raw materials, which makes it possible to obtain a diverse range of materials used in construction. Between certain types materials, there are large differences in the compositions, internal structure and quality, but they are interconnected as elements of a single material system.

And although there are still few well-known general patterns, expressing the connection between materials that are qualitatively heterogeneous and different in origin or between phenomena and processes during the formation of their structures, but what is already known is enough to combine almost all materials into one system.

In construction, artificial materials are much more diverse, which is one of the important achievements of mankind. But also natural materials continue to be widely used in their "original" form, giving them the necessary external shapes and sizes.

The choice of building materials is one of the main issues in the construction of any object: an industrial complex, country house, a cottage, a small cottage, or even a bathhouse, a barn or a change house. The durability of buildings, as well as their aesthetic appearance, depends on the quality of building materials. Therefore, you should buy building materials only from trusted suppliers.

The wide scope of construction in the Soviet Union is accompanied by an expansion in the production of local materials and the introduction of new types of materials into construction practice, as well as an increase in building parts and semi-finished factory-made products. The main building materials include: forest materials, natural stone, ceramic, mineral binders, concrete and products made from them, artificial stone materials, bituminous and heat-insulating materials, hardware and etc.

Forest materials- pine, spruce, fir, cedar and larch are widely used in construction. These materials are divided into roundwood (logs, bollards and poles) and sawn timber (plates, quarters, boards, slabs, beams and bars). In construction, wood with a moisture content of not more than 20% is used. To protect the wooden structures of buildings from moisture and decay, they are coated or sprayed with antiseptics (tar, creosote, etc.)

natural stone materials used in construction both without processing and after preliminary processing (splits, hewing and sawing). The volumetric weight of natural stones ranges from 1100 to 2300 kg / m3, and their thermal conductivity coefficient ranges from 0.5 to 2. Therefore, rubble and cobblestones are used mainly for laying foundations, paving roads and for processing into crushed stone. Rocks are also used to make lime, gypsum, cement and bricks. Materials such as sand, gravel and crushed stone are used as aggregates for the preparation of concrete.

Ceramic materials and products- These are artificial stone products that are obtained by molding and subsequent firing of the clay mass. These include porous ceramic products (ordinary clay brick, porous brick, hollow brick, facing tiles, roof tiles, etc.) and dense ceramic products (clinker and floor tiles). AT recent times widely used in construction new material- expanded clay. This is a light material in the form of gravel and crushed stone with accelerated firing of fusible clays. During firing, the clay swells and a porous material with a bulk density of 300-900 kg/m3 is obtained. Expanded clay is used for the manufacture of concrete and reinforced concrete.

Mineral binders- these are powdery materials, when mixed with water, form a pasty mass, which gradually hardens and turns into a stone-like state. There are air binders that can harden only in air (building gypsum, air lime, etc.), and hydraulic ones that harden not only in air, but also in water (hydraulic lime and cements).

concretes and products from them - artificial stones obtained as a result of hardening of a mixture of binder, water and aggregates (fine sand and coarse gravel or crushed stone). Concrete can be heavy (volume weight above 1800 kg/m3), light (volume weight from 600 to 1800 kg/m3) and heat-insulating or cellular (volume weight less than 600 kg/m3). Cellular concrete includes foam concrete and aerated concrete.

foam concrete obtained by mixing cement paste or mortar with a special, stable foam. To obtain aerated concrete, gas-forming substances are introduced into the cement paste containing sand, slag and other aggregates. Concrete structures and parts into which a steel frame is introduced - reinforcement consisting of steel rods interconnected by welding or connected by wire, are called reinforced concrete.

Artificial stone non-fired materials- these are gypsum and gypsum-like products (slabs and panels for partitions and sheets of dry plaster, magnesite) used for flooring and making fiberboard, silicate products (silicate brick, etc.) and asbestos-cement products, smooth roofing slabs and wavy sheets(slate).

Bituminous materials contain natural bitumen or tar oils, pitches, raw tars in their composition. A mixture of bitumen and sand is called asphalt mortar, used as a base for laying tile floors, asphalt floors, and for waterproofing. Bituminous materials include roofing material, glassine, hydroisol, borulin, roofing felt. These materials are used for roofing, waterproofing and vapor barrier.

Thermal insulation materials used to protect premises or individual structures from heat loss or heating. These materials have high porosity, low bulk density and low thermal conductivity up to 0.25. There are thermal insulation materials of organic and mineral origin. Organic include: fibreboard (hardboard) from crushed wood fiber; straw and reeds - slabs pressed from straw or reeds and stitched with wire; fibrolite - plates pressed from wood shavings bound with a magnesian binder solution. From mineral thermal insulation materials foam concrete and aerated concrete, mineral wool, foam silicate, etc. have become widespread. Recently, products based on plastics have been introduced into construction practice. This is a large group of materials, which is based on natural artificial high-molecular compounds. For sheathing the interior surfaces of the room, you can use aluminum sheets that reflect thermal radiation from animals and heaters.

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