Do-it-yourself backfill frame house. How to build a frame house. The main advantages of frame house technology

Construction of houses frame technology is one of the promising areas of this industry. It is no secret that such construction of objects for some regions is considered a relatively new method, but has already managed to gain great popularity among developers.

The main advantages of frame house technology

The frame house belongs to the prefabricated lightweight structures.

The high strength of the building is provided by a frame made of wood or a metal profile.

It consists of upper and lower trim, vertical wall studs, inner and outer wall cladding, between which there is a laid heat-insulating, vapor-proofing and waterproofing material. The outer and inner surfaces of the house are lined with finishing material.

Frame technology has a number of advantages over other building construction methods that use brick, concrete, foam blocks, etc. for walls. Some of its advantages include economical consumption of materials, which significantly reduces the construction estimate.

The next positive aspect of the technology is the possibility of building a building with your own hands, since the main work (laying a light foundation, simple cutting of beams and boards, cutting sheet material, installing door and window blocks, installing a roof) do not require high building qualifications.

As for the operation of such houses, such technology practically does not shrink, and this greatly simplifies the construction of the facility and its subsequent operation. It is also less affected by various pests than log houses. In addition, the excellent thermal insulation properties of the walls can significantly save thermal resources. Such a frame house is heated much faster and has low humidity, which is the main advantage in choosing a technology for dacha construction families who come and go and live in it periodically.

To date, construction frame houses has two technologies: frame-panel and frame-backfill.

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Construction of houses using frame-panel technology

The advantage of erecting objects using prefabricated wood panels is on the face. In addition to the above advantages, the method also allows you to diversify the layout of the interior and facade of the house. The used blocks for walls include wooden, sheathed on both sides unedged boards or fiberboard. The core of the panel consists of a vapor barrier and insulation.

With the development, many manufacturers have switched to the production of fully finished panel panels (readiness is about 75%), which are construction site it remains only to connect with each other. Thanks to this, the terms for the construction of houses were reduced as much as possible, while maintaining the excellent performance of the house and the high quality of work.

Between themselves, panel panels differ not only in the outer skin and types of insulation, but also in the way the wall elements are connected to the frame. So, in the first method, the frame structure of the building is first mounted, on which the shields assembled in the factory are subsequently attached.

In the second case, the construction does not involve the device of a frame structure, since it is already embedded in the body of the shield panel. In order to mount such elements without their mutual movement, they must be installed on the lower strapping beams, the power circuit of which contains floor lags.

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Construction of houses using frame-fill technology

If it is not possible to build a house using frame-panel technology, then they build wall partitions sleeping type. In this case, the construction of the object at the construction site starts from scratch.

As a filler for the inter-wall space in frame houses, both slab and roll heat insulators and cheaper bulk materials can be used: sawdust, peat, sunflower husk, moss, tow, straw or reed chaff. Before laying, loose insulation must be treated with an antiseptic: impregnate the mixture with a 10% solution of iron or blue vitriol then dry thoroughly. Inorganic heaters can also be used: expanded perlite sand, pumice or slag.

The construction of houses using this technology begins with the inside. Sheathing is made of the same material that is used in the manufacture of the wall shield. In this case, the same requirements for the vapor barrier layer remain. The installation of the material is carried out along the racks of the frame and up to the top of the wall.

The next stage in the construction of frame houses will be the installation of material with the laying of a windproof layer with outer side. In the process of cladding, as it grows, the inter-wall space should be gradually filled with the selected insulation. Plate or roll-type insulation must be nailed, and loose every 200-300 mm should be well rammed.

The lower part of the wall must be carefully sheathed, preventing the occurrence of cracks. Otherwise, rodents can penetrate from the underground. To enhance protection against them, a roofing material gasket is used and a careful adjustment of the material sheathing to the lower trim of the frame structure. Do not forget about the upper part of the wall, since the places where the walls adjoin the ceiling are quite vulnerable. In the case of using natural insulation, an antiseptic layer must be laid in the lower and upper parts of the wall. The final chord in the construction of bulk walls in frame houses will be the closing of the joints with flashings.

In the process of building houses using frame technology, you may need:

Electric jigsaw.
Electroplaner.
Drill with drills.
Circular Saw.
Construction pencil.
Plumb and level.
A hammer.
Nail puller.
Chisel.
Screwdriver.
Nails.

In general, the construction of frame houses is a very real project for any craftsman with experience in carpentry. The only condition for successful construction and further exploitation building is a thorough study of the properties and technical characteristics of the used wall panels and filling insulation between the outer and inner surfaces of the walls.

Often in our time, the walls in a frame house are not made of sufficient thickness, this is especially important in Siberian regions.

What is the minimum and optimal width should be internal and external walls? Let's analyze this question in more detail.
The technique of building houses that is actively used today encourages many potential homeowners to be interested in their performance.

First of all, of course, everyone is interested in the question of how warm and comfortable such a frame dwelling will be.

Therefore, most questions come down to the main thing: how thick are the walls of a frame house?

It is impossible to give a specific and precise answer to this question. The problem is that there are many different technologies for building buildings and cladding walls with the most different materials. It is clear that they all have their own performance characteristics, and have different thickness. The final thickness of a particular wall is the sum of the total size of all wall materials.

Let's consider various options for technological solutions and determine the numbers characteristic of different types of frame structures.

What is the structure of the wall of a frame dwelling?

You can conditionally represent it like this:

Racks are vertical;
Strappings are horizontal;
Warming material;
Material finishing internal and external.

It should be noted that regardless of the specific type of construction, main principle the structure of all walls is the same.

Thanks to him, the structure turns out to be reliable and durable, protected from wind and moisture, having low heat transfer. Even in the harsh conditions of the northern climate, a house built according to the aforementioned technology turns out to be warm, cozy and comfortable. At the same time, the thickness of the wall insulation in various occasions can be very different.

AT frame construction different technologies are expected to be used. Depending on the characteristic features of each, various building and finishing materials are required. They are chosen not only taking into account external attractiveness and aesthetics, but taking into account their working and operational qualities.

Walls of a frame structure: the importance of calculations

Summer house

It is important to know exactly for what specific purposes the structure is being built.

Maybe it's neat country house exclusively for summer use. Then the requirements for it will be peculiar, its walls may well be lightened.

If it is a solid structure, then the size and thickness of the walls are calculated in accordance with the bearing load.

If a solid building is planned for year-round use, or a two-story, or a house with an attic, then it is necessary to take into account, in addition to strength qualities, the mandatory need for insulation. In such a case, the thickness will depend on the massiveness and size of the timber, and on the thickness of the insulation used.

How to correctly determine the thickness of the walls of the future structure? The calculations necessarily take into account such an indicator as the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the materials used.

There is another interesting version of the construction of a frame house - Its meaning is that for the construction of such buildings, industrially manufactured ones are used. With this technology, the thickness bearing walls will be determined by the size of the already finished panels themselves.

Each frame structure is based on a well-thought-out engineering calculation, on the basis of which a specific device is determined, and the material from which it will be made.

Frame house walls: choice of materials

This method is perfect for building a small house on suburban area, and for the construction of a capital residential building for permanent, all-weather residence.

The wall thickness of these houses varies from 140 to 160 mm - this is not counting the thickness of finishing materials, both internal and external.

Those who doubt the ability of houses to reliably retain heat need to know that the wall of a frame house with a thickness of 160 mm corresponds to a brickwork of two meters.

Frame-sheathed houses: wall thickness

This method of erecting housing suggests additionally using 25 mm boards, slabs or chipboard with a thickness of 16-18 mm for the supporting structure of the base of the beams for sheathing the frame. All cavities inside the structure are filled with insulation.

In such structures, all important dimensions of the load-bearing wall are calculated taking into account the working factor and the bearing loads of the entire structure.

For houses of all-season residence, the thickness of the walls, together with the outer and inner cladding, ranges from 182 to 200 mm.

From the outside and from the inside, the structures of such walls are usually sheathed with a variety of finishing materials.

For interior upholstery, either, they are trimmed on the outside, or with other materials. Between the main wall and hinged facade thermal insulation material can also be used for additional insulation.

Frame-fill houses: wall thickness

This technology for the construction of houses today is used infrequently. It is mainly used for the construction of various outbuildings. For the construction of residential buildings, this scheme continues to be the most economical among others.

The thickness of the walls in such structures can be from 150 to 200 mm, not counting the thickness of the insulation and finishes.

Houses from sip panels: the thickness of the frame wall

A special specificity of this method is the use of panels of the same name. They are manufactured industrially, their thickness can vary from 50 to 200 mm. The specific indicator depends on the selected project.

A separate advantage of this application of this construction method is that the construction takes place quite quickly. It is quite possible to build such a house on their own. The main thing: to know the order and sequence of all manipulations, and strictly follow them. Built according to all the rules, such a house will serve faithfully for many years. Living in it will be quite comfortable and convenient.

When the entire house is built below ground level, in whole or in part, with the appropriate modern structure. The design of the central part of the dwelling and the courtyard can accommodate an underground home and still provide an open feeling while using modern photovoltaic systems.

Such a house is built entirely underground on a flat site, with the main living quarters surrounding a central open courtyard. windows and glass doors, which are on open walls overlooking the central area, provide light, solar heat, view and access via stairs from ground level.

The design is visible from ground level and creates a private outdoor space and provides good protection from winter winds. This design is ideal for construction sites in harsh areas.

Passive sunlight it turns out plausibly through the windows as in an ordinary residential building, and the number is thought out by the design.

Advantages and disadvantages

Loose types of insulation are mostly environmentally friendly insulation (if natural materials were used in the production process). For example, perlite or crushed perlite is cast from glass of volcanic origin. Vermiculite also has a mineral origin - granules are formed during the heat treatment of certain rocks. Polystyrene (polymer insulation) does not have such characteristics - its granules during long-term operation begin to release styrene into the environment.

Operational advantages of mineral heaters:

perfectly pass steam, not allowing the walls to get damp;
serve for a long time without loss of technical characteristics;
resistant to open fire - withstand temperatures from 1,000 degrees;
not interested in rodents and insects;
do not collapse under the influence of high humidity;
do not lose their shape - granules or crushed stone do not crack over time.

The disadvantages include the need to build an additional partition (insulation is poured between facing material and wall). As a result, it requires expansion.

Vermiculite

1. Experimental verification of the physical parameters of building materials

After spending theoretical studies, related to the topic of our work, we formulated the goal of our experimental work: to identify energy-beneficial materials.

Based on the purpose of the work, the tasks of the experiment were formulated:
1. Find out and classify the main building materials used in the construction of residential low-rise buildings.
2. Conduct an experimental study of the physical parameters of the selected materials.
3. Analyze the results.
4. Detect the dependence of the amount of heat spent on heating the house on physical parameters building materials.

Hypothesis: Based on the analysis of the values of thermal conductivity and heat capacity of materials, wood is the most optimal.
Conditions for the experiment: when conducting experiments, it is necessary to produce maximum thermal insulation of the system to reduce heat loss.
Instruments and materials: kettle, water, electronic thermometer, stopwatch, scales, building materials, thermal insulation.

The research took place in several stages.
In Study #1, we examined all of the found building materials. And we came to the conclusion that most often for the construction of low-rise buildings in countryside use the materials shown in the table. Thermal characteristics were determined for each material.

Table 1. Thermal properties of materials

After analyzing all the materials, we chose those that can be tested at home.
Research No. 2 was devoted to determining the dependence of the thermal conductivity of the material on the type of substance. The experiment used: brick, wood and cinder block and building board. To determine the temperature, materials with holes were immersed in a container with water at a temperature of 90 ° C, inside which alcohol and electronic thermometers were placed:

Rice. 1. Measuring the heating temperature of the material with an alcohol thermometer

Rice. 2. Measuring the heating temperature of the material with a digital thermometer

After 15 minutes, measurements were taken, the results of which are presented in the table.

Table 2. Heating temperature of materials

Diagram 1. Temperature dependence of sample heating from different materials

From the presented data, it is clearly seen that wood has the lowest thermal conductivity, then brick and cinder block are located, but the sample of the plate under study has a higher temperature value, which indicates the highest thermal conductivity among all the samples under study, since iron reinforcement is included in the composition of the plate .

In study No. 3, the calculation of the specific amount of heat required to heat the material. During the work, the test material was placed in water to transfer the amount of heat. All samples were heated to temperatures of 50°C. Next, the material was transferred to a thermally insulated system, and temperature measurements were taken every 15 minutes:

Rice. 3. Measurement of material temperature in a thermally insulated system

The results obtained are reflected in table 3.

Table 3. Dependence of the cooling temperature of the material on time

Diagram 2. Dependence of the cooling temperature of a sample from different materials over time

Based on the constructed diagram, we conclude that despite the fact that the thermal conductivity of wood has a minimum value of all the proposed materials, when using a sample of small volume, and when sawing a beam across the fiber, the cooling of the material occurs faster than the others.

Calculate the amount of heat required to heat the material up to 50˚С:

So, according to the calculations obtained, it can be seen that for heating a house made of the materials we have chosen large quantity heat must be spent to heat a building made of reinforced concrete slabs, since with the same size of the mass of the slab, it turns out to be the largest. It is also worth noting the high cost of heat for heating a house made of wood.

Analyzing together the data in diagram 2 and calculating the amount of heat, we came to the conclusion that wooden houses it is effective to carry out from a bar with a diameter exceeding the diameter of a brick at least twice, and should be approximately 20 cm. Building a house from a bar of 10 * 10 cm is energy inefficient.

For ceilings

Just like floors and walls, ceilings require insulation. The insulation materials discussed above can be used in this case as well.

A more specific insulation is penoizol. In appearance, it somewhat resembles a crumb of foam

This is where the similarity ends, if we do not take into account the characteristics of thermal conductivity.

Penoizol is absolutely non-flammable. It has high chemical and biological resistance. Rodents avoid him. For insulation of ceilings, it is good because it has a very small weight. Its density is from 5 to 75 kg/m³. Due to the low thermal conductivity, a thickness of a layer of insulation from 5 cm is sufficient. When working, bulk material, sheets and in liquid form are used.

Note: penoizol shrinks slightly (0.1 - 5%). It is compensated when the work is performed by professional craftsmen using modern equipment. Otherwise, cracking of the insulation is inevitable. (this applies to the use of the liquid fraction).

Considering bulk insulation for the ceiling, one cannot ignore such a widely used material as sawdust. as the cheapest material. As an independent heater, their use is highly undesirable. The fact is that they are prone to decay due to moisture absorption.

In addition, they are an excellent breeding ground for mice. Even if we do not take into account the fact that they are a fire hazardous material, it is not difficult to conclude that they are unsuitable. "Craftsmen" go to all sorts of tricks to somehow reduce these negative factors. To do this, sawdust is mixed with expanded clay, lime, even broken glass and other building materials. Such events somewhat improve the properties of the insulation, but not by much.

As a conclusion, it should be noted that when insulating ceilings, the advantage is on the sidebackfillheat-insulating materials.

Construction of houses using frame-fill technology

Do-it-yourself scheme for assembling a frame-panel house.

If it is not possible to build a house using frame-panel technology, then backfill-type wall partitions are erected. In this case, the construction of the object at the construction site starts from scratch.

As a filler for the inter-wall space in frame houses, both slab and roll heat insulators and cheaper bulk materials can be used: sawdust, peat, sunflower husk, moss, tow, straw or reed chaff. Before laying, loose insulation must be treated with an antiseptic: soak the mixture with a 10% solution of iron or copper sulphate, and then dry thoroughly. Inorganic heaters can also be used: expanded perlite sand, pumice or slag.

The next stage in the construction of frame houses will be the installation of material with the laying of a windproof layer on the outside. In the process of cladding, as it grows, the inter-wall space should be gradually filled with the selected insulation. Plate or roll-type insulation must be nailed, and loose every 200-300 mm should be well rammed.

Scheme of insulation of a frame house.

In the process of building houses using frame technology, you may need:

Electric jigsaw.
Electroplaner.
Drill with drills.
Circular Saw.
Construction pencil.
Plumb and level.
A hammer.
Nail puller.
Chisel.
Screwdriver.
Nails.

In general, the construction of frame houses is a very real project for any craftsman with experience in carpentry. The only condition for the successful construction and further operation of the building is a thorough study of the properties and technical characteristics of the used wall panels and filling insulation between the outer and inner surfaces of the walls.

Frame wall thickness specifics and composition

What is the structure of the wall of a frame dwelling?

You can conditionally represent it like this:

Racks are vertical;
Strappings are horizontal;
Warming material;
Material finishing internal and external.

It should be noted that regardless of the specific type of construction, the main principle of the structure of all walls is the same.

Frame construction involves the use of various technologies. Depending on the characteristic features of each, various building and finishing materials are required. They are chosen not only taking into account external attractiveness and aesthetics, but taking into account their working and operational qualities.

3Creating a model Energy efficient house

So, after analyzing all the results obtained during the experiment, we assume that a house made in accordance with the following requirements will be energy efficient:
1. From wood, the average diameter of the log should be at least 30-35 cm.
2. From brick with the condition of using additional insulation from mineral wool or expanded polystyrene.
3. It is possible to build houses that are financially less expensive - frame-insulated, since the thermal conductivity of the insulation is several times less than even wood, so in such a house you will not freeze even in severe frosts.

However, when building a house, it should be remembered that the outflow of heat does not occur mainly due to the wrong material, so it is worth paying attention to the insulation of window openings, ceilings and foundations during construction. . When choosing building materials, we recommend refraining from using cinder blocks, since the thermal conductivity of such a material is quite high, and harmful effect part of the slag is poorly understood and you probably do not know its origin

But foam blocks, it is quite possible to use, however, with additional strengthening of the frame of the house.

When choosing building materials, we recommend refraining from using cinder blocks, since the thermal conductivity of such a material is quite high, and the harmful effects of the slag included in the composition are poorly understood and you probably do not know its origin. But foam blocks, it is quite possible to use, however, with additional strengthening of the frame of the house.

And it is absolutely worth excluding the construction of a house from building reinforced concrete slabs, due to their high thermal conductivity and low moisture resistance. It will also be quite difficult to insulate a house made of such material.

Exterior decoration of the house

Since the walls are mainly calculated for the enclosing, and not for the load-bearing function, it is important to initially ensure solid foundation for fixing outdoor decorative material. As a rule, this function is performed by a crate - a structure made of wooden planks and bars, which is mounted on the main wall cladding panel and serves to perform the subsequent fixation of the cladding

The following materials can be used as finishing:

Wooden plank. It can be wide slats, and lining with locking grooves. Reviews of backfill houses with this design emphasize the merits of the natural texture, ecological cleanliness and ease of installation. On the wooden crate you can mount the board with ordinary nails with putty and biological treatment.
Siding. Also easy-to-install material, which is plastic, wooden or metal panels. It is more practical to use aluminum sheets, which weigh a little and look quite presentable. The only drawback is that aluminum is easily deformed, but it is also quite easy to restore it.
Block house. Imitation of the textured image of a classic log house on a metal base. In essence, a combination of siding and boards - semicircular sheets are fixed to the crate with hardware and interlock with each other through a joint-groove connection.

Construction of houses using frame-panel technology

The scheme of the walls of the frame house.

The advantage of erecting objects using prefabricated wood panels is on the face. In addition to the above advantages, the method also allows you to diversify the layout of the interior and facade of the house. The blocks used for the walls include wooden, sheathed on both sides with unedged boards or fiberboard. The core of the panel consists of a vapor barrier and insulation.

With the development, many manufacturers switched to the production of fully finished panel panels (readiness is about 75%), which only need to be connected to each other at the construction site. Thanks to this, the terms for the construction of houses were reduced as much as possible, while maintaining the excellent performance of the house and the high quality of work.

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Bulk vermiculite

heat insulating bulk vermiculite refers to natural materials, since it is a mineral of the hydromica group that has been fired. The thermal conductivity depends on the size of the fractions. For backfill thermal insulation in civil engineering, expanded vermiculite of a large fraction up to 1 cm with a gloss characteristic of mica and a scaly structure is used. Roasting allows you to increase the volume of feedstock by 7-10 times, its bulk density about 90kg per cubic meter. The heat insulator layer does not cake, easily gives off the absorbed moisture. It is used for insulation of ceilings, roofs, interstitial space, backfilling of foam blocks.

The most positive moment in its environmental friendliness - when heated, Vermiculite does not emit toxins, it has no smell. It is bioresistant, fireproof, air permeability favorably affects the formation of the microclimate of rooms insulated with bulk expanded vermiculite. Vermiculite does not interfere with natural air circulation (not to be confused with drafts and convection). Used as an additive in cement mortars, in finishing materials. High cost is not always a positive point when choosing.

3. Thermal conductivity of the material

If there is a temperature difference inside the body, then thermal energy passes from its hotter part to its colder one. This type of heat transfer, due to thermal movements and collisions of molecules, is called thermal conductivity. So, when a steel rod is heated from one end in a flame gas burner thermal energy is transferred along the rod, and a glow propagates at a certain distance from the heated end (with increasing distance from the place of heating, it becomes less and less intense). The intensity of heat transfer due to thermal conductivity depends on the temperature gradient, i.e. the ratio of the temperature difference at the ends of the rod to the distance between them. It also depends on the cross-sectional area of the rod and the thermal conductivity of the material. The relationship between these quantities was derived by the French mathematician J. Fourier.

For a building in winter conditions the latter values are practically constant, and therefore, in order to maintain the desired temperature in the room, it remains to reduce the thermal conductivity of the walls, i.e. improve their thermal insulation.

1. Wood

In Russia, wood has been used for construction for a long time. It is great for areas with any climate. And today this traditional material is often used in the construction of beautiful and warm houses. Its special properties make it possible to achieve a high level of comfort in rooms.

Our ancestors were very careful in the selection and preparation of wood for the log house. Construction timber was usually harvested in winter or early spring, "while the tree is sleeping, and excess water has gone into the ground." The wood was taken out of the forest and immediately cleared of the bark. It is known that freshly cut wood in winter period has a moisture content of 30%. But dried wood (18–20 percent moisture) is suitable for making a log house. To obtain such wood, it was kept under a canopy. The logs were stacked on linings to provide cross-ventilation. Bark, sawdust and other wastes were burned to protect the harvested logs from the tree beetle.

In wooden houses, there is no problem of excessively dry, excessively carbonated room atmospheres. In wooden houses, the optimal humidity and composition of the atmosphere in residential premises are maintained by natural air exchange tree. Wood has excellent thermal insulation qualities, which are an order of magnitude higher than those of the notorious brick. By and large, wood has only one serious drawback - the comparative fragility. In addition, wood cannot withstand fire, damage by various insects and putrefactive decomposition.

The advantages of wood can be written: its relatively low weight. Due to which you can save on laying the foundation. The wood is frost-resistant, which makes it possible to carry out construction and repair work even in winter. Wood has a low single radiation background. In wooden houses, it is not even necessary to carry out additional finishing of the inner surface of the walls. You can limit yourself to varnishing and grinding. Since wood has a low thermal conductivity, the thickness of the walls of the cottage can be made to the minimum allowable in these climatic conditions. And, of course, a wooden house has a wonderful appearance. There are many possible architectural options for wooden buildings.

The disadvantages of wood include: high fire hazard, shrinkage, exposure to weathering, pest damage, comparative fragility.

Frame wall thickness - characteristics

The construction of private residential cottages based on a frame is an excellent option for acquiring comfortable and at the same time economical housing. Frame wooden walls perfectly retain heat indoors even with a large difference in temperatures inside and outside the house. To ensure good thermal insulation, it is not so much the thickness of the wall structure that is of decisive importance, but the quality and reliability of the insulation. In addition, this indicator directly depends on the assembly technology and the features of a particular design.

Thickness of frame wooden walls (frame-panel)

Frame-panel houses are one of the most popular species buildings in this direction. They are economical, easy to install and have excellent performance. Construction using this technology is actively used not only for summer cottages, but also for permanent residence. In the latter case optimum thickness the walls of a frame house should be approximately 140-150 mm, while the main part of the structure is a heater. Modern materials used for insulation make cottages based on a frame according to thermal insulation characteristics equivalent to a brickwork of two meters.

Thickness of frame walls (frame-sheathing)

Frame-sheathing technology involves the use of the frame itself, which is sheathed on both sides with boards of 2.5 cm. From the inside, the structure is filled with non-combustible insulation, and sheathing is performed on the outside. On the inside, drywall is usually used, as it opens up more opportunities for further interior decoration. Outside, the house can be sheathed with different materials: siding, block house, imitation timber. Thus, the thickness of the walls is formed in the aggregate of several materials: boards, a layer of insulation and finishes.

Thickness of frame walls (frame-backfill)

The use of frame-backfill technology is suitable for both the construction of household facilities and residential buildings. The wooden frame is sheathed on both sides with slabs or boards. Bulk materials are used as insulation: slag, expanded clay, sawdust, etc. Since these materials tend to cake and form voids over time, they must be carefully compacted even at the construction stage. As a result, the thickness of the walls of a frame house ranges from 150 to 200 mm. The choice of the optimal indicator, first of all, depends on the characteristics of climatic conditions and the quality of the insulation.

Foam glass filling insulation

Foam glass. As a filling insulation, it can be of several types and this is due to different technology its manufacture. It:

filing of a plate from foam glass;
foam glass crushed stone obtained by foaming the array and rapid cooling. This leads to destruction, additional mechanical crushing gives crushed stone without an outer melted layer at the exit;
granulated foam glass, which has found wide application in construction market, as an independent backfill, and as the basis of heat-insulating plasters.

Granulated foam glass is obtained from foamed raw granules. In fact, it is glass foam with melted outer surface. The porous structure with a melted surface gives unique properties inorganic insulation. It is rigid, with high compressive strength, water-resistant, not subject to chemical and bacteriological destruction. Eco-friendly. It has practically no temperature restrictions during operation (from -200 to +500 ° С.). Great for arranging and insulating inverted roofs, insulating basements, foundations, because it is not afraid of external and groundwater. Can be reused and reused, the thermal conductivity remains unchanged (0.05-0.07 W/(m·°C)). It can be used as filling insulation in ceilings and walls. But this is not a budget option.

Advantages and disadvantages

Like any home design, underground homes have advantages and disadvantages.

On the other hand, a sheltered home is less exposed to extreme outdoor temperatures than a normal home. Underground houses also require less external maintenance, and the earth surrounding the house provides soundproofing. In addition, the plans of most earthen houses "merge" the building into the landscape more harmoniously than usual. Finally, underground homes can cost less to operate because they offer additional protection from strong winds, storms and natural disasters such as tornadoes and hurricanes.

The main disadvantages of underground houses are the initial construction costs, which can be 20% more than conventional and elevated level the professionalism needed to prevent moisture problems during design and construction.

Requirements for materials for backfill construction

The basis of the frame is formed by wooden bearing structures, which must be made from softwood lumber dried in a dry place. For elements that will be located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe foundation or plinth (at a level below the ground surface or less than 25 cm above it), must also be subjected to antiseptic treatment. It protects wood from rotting and physical destruction.

According to SNiP 2.03.11, facing, finishing, roofing, insulating, sealing and other building materials for a frame house must also comply with local conditions of use.

Environmental requirements are taken into account separately. This is one of the aspects that distinguishes frame-fill house from conventional prefabricated buildings. It is the rejection of synthetic heat-insulating layers in favor of loose fillers that determines a higher environmental friendliness of the structure. The standards also approve the rules for the use of wood panel materials, which should not contain toxic inclusions like formaldehyde above 5 mg per 100 g. If they cannot be abandoned, then the material will have to undergo a preliminary detoxifying primer.

Asbestos-containing elements are often used in frame housing construction, in particular, for interior decoration. During installation, such materials must either be faced with glazed tiles, or covered with waterproof paints and varnishes. Such treatment is required to protect against exposure to disinfectant solutions in household care.

The use of loose insulation

Warming building structures bulk materials is carried out after the installation of vapor and waterproofing. Bulk insulation for floors are rammed (except for ecowool), for them it is necessary to provide for the impossibility of spilling through cracks and cracks. To save heat in houses built from various materials, appropriate insulation should be used, therefore, for stone and wooden buildings different materials are used.

The best option for warming wooden buildings is ecowool, which provides absolute filling of volumes without the formation of cavities and seams, and also eliminates the occurrence of cold bridges and the associated losses of internal heat. Its cellulose base is related to wood, so the use of ecowool in timber, log and frame buildings is even more justified.

Abroad, the material is known under the following names: Ecowool, Isofloc, Ecovilla, Termex, Termofloc. In our country, not far from St. Petersburg, a special plant for the production of ecowool from newspaper waste was built.

The company "Teploservis" effectively performs out-of-town wooden buildings, taking into account the peculiarities of their construction and various construction projects.

Cellulose ecowool insulation

Backfill ecowool is recommended as an excellent insulation and soundproofing material for any designs. But having a wood base - recycled cellulose treated with borates, is ideal for wooden structures, since it has 100% compatibility of characteristics with wood. This avoids many of the incompatibility problems of contacting materials. It is widely used in low-rise frame construction as a filling heat insulator for walls, roofs and ceilings. Ecologically pure material, does not rot, resists fire. Ecowool is the right insulation for houses with natural ventilation. without the risk of exposure to volatile toxins. Eliminates the issue of the appearance of rodent populations in the ceilings. Along with the advantages, backfill ecowool has disadvantages. Hand laying a very time-consuming process in which it is difficult to adhere to the recommended density. It "dusts", because it has a fibrous structure of wood fluff. In the cost of insulating a house with ecowool, it is advisable to include the service of installing the layer in a mechanized way (under measured pressure and using a blowing machine). But ecowool insulation produced once, it does not reduce its thermal insulation properties under the influence of time and external factors for the entire life of the house.

Teploservis SPb provides services for the supply and installation of ecowool in St. Petersburg. Any consultations are possible by phone and in the feedback form in the section Contacts .

Shield walls

The dimensions of the wall shield are selected based on the accepted module, which, in turn, is linked to the width of the window opening. In our case, a 1.2 m module is selected, that is, a 6 m long wall will be made up of 5 panels, each 1.2 m wide. The height is usually taken equal to the full height of the wall - 2.4–2.5 m. Under the windows and shields of smaller height and corresponding width are installed above the doors.

Wallboard frame with diagonal wind bracing

The assembly of shields is carried out on a large workbench. 4 slats are nailed to its surface, serving as templates. They ensure that accurate overall dimensions and corners.

First, in the template, a frame of 2 vertical boards and 4 horizontal boards 30 mm thick and 100–120 mm wide is hammered together on nails. If the outer and inner skins of the shield are made of boards, then a wind connection (stiffness brace) is cut diagonally into the frame. The walls strengthened in this way will not allow the house to warp from the pressure of the wind (especially when high roofs with mansards), as well as with uneven foundation settlements.

In the manufacture of at least one of the skins from sheet material, wind ties are not needed.

A layer of steam is laid on the frame insulating material(glassine, polyethylene film). The purpose of the layer is to protect the insulation from moisture, water vapor rushing out of the house.

Normal air exchange of the room is due to ventilation, as well as through leaks in windows, doors and other structural elements.

External sheathing with overlap and quarter boards

The inner lining boards are nailed over the vapor barrier - horizontally or vertically, depending on the material available and for reasons of interior design. Sometimes the inner lining is made slightly protruding beyond the frame (20 mm on each side) in order to hide the frame rack when mounting the shield (its thickness is 40 mm). However, this somewhat complicates the sealing of the joint between the shield and the rack.

After installing the skin, the frame is turned over (the wind connection is from below) and its internal volume is filled with slab or roll insulation (glass wool, mineral wool, peat slabs, reeds). The insulation is laid tightly, without the slightest cracks, otherwise the walls will freeze through in winter.

Wall Shield:
1 - shield frame; 2 - outer skin; 3 - wind protection layer; 4 - insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - inner lining

The next layer is laid along the insulation - windproof. It protects the walls from blowing. Material - thick paper or thin cardboard. Finally, the outer skin boards are nailed on top. They are located horizontally in a quarter or overlap and must reliably protect the wall from getting wet even with oblique rain. Materials for the wind protection layer must pass water vapor. This is necessary so that the insulation, into which water has entered, can dry out.

With vertical outer skin, the boards are released 10–15 cm above and below the frame, so that they cover the upper and lower frame trims.

The scheme for assembling wall panels described above is a classic one. One way or so they are made in the factory for prefabricated houses. In the given version, the outer and inner skins are made of boards.

You can reduce the cost of manufacturing shields by using fiberboard for the inner lining (for wallpaper), and for the outer one - a flat asbestos-cement sheet, which is weather-resistant, has smooth surface, easy to color.

Large-sized asbestos-cement sheets are produced with a length of 1200–3600 mm, a width of 800–1640 mm, and a thickness of 6–10 mm. They are attached to the shield with a gap of 15–20 mm along a lattice of rails using screws protected from corrosion by galvanizing or painting. If these measures are not taken, the walls will be spoiled with rusty streaks.

Under skin thin sheet material(hardboard, plywood) a frame with a more frequent grating is required. It can be assembled from 3 vertical boards and 4-6 horizontal ones. In general, both the module of the wallboard and the location of the frame boards must be chosen taking into account the size of the materials available, so that cutting and waste are minimal.

Docking of two shields:
1 - wall shield; 2 - frame rack; 3 - flashing; 4 - sealing gaskets; 5 - insulation; 6 - sheathing with asbestos-cement sheet

When mounting wall panels, they are fastened to the frame elements on nails. Before installation, the shield frame is upholstered from the outside around the entire perimeter with some kind of soft and thin insulation. After tightening with nails, the gaskets are crushed and securely seal the cracks. Additionally, they can be smeared with putty and closed with a flashing on top.

Wall device features

For the walls, a frame power base is also created in the form of vertical racks and auxiliary horizontal support units. Jumpers are installed above the openings, and strapping belts are mounted throughout the entire carrier system of columns - at least from above and below. wall cladding backfill house made of rigid sheet or plate material. The panels must comply with the loads from the own weight of the floors of the house and from the wind. If rigid plating is excluded, then additional reinforcement with diagonal braces or braces will be required.

It is advisable to fill the walls with insulation in warm weather, so that the risks of waterlogging the material are initially minimized.

In the filling process, it is important to exclude voids, openings, gaps and underfilled areas. Such defects affect not only thermal conductivity, but also structural integrity.

Wall niches can be provided with sawdust, arbolite, sand, expanded clay, etc. The cheapest and most practical option would be to build a filling house from sawdust, which can be obtained free of charge and in the right amount at sawmills. Another thing is that pre-processing of the material is also required. Experts recommend that the sawdust be dried well, compressed, and also mixed with cement, which will also eliminate the risks of overmoistening of the filler during the operation of the house. If the task is to increase the structural reliability of the walls, then it is better to use an adhesive binder instead of cement. It is advisable to choose compounds with antiseptic and refractory properties.

Mineral wool filling

Raw materials for mineral wool are a number of rocks, metallurgy slags, quartz (fiberglass). Slag mineral wool is inferior in quality and characteristics to a heat insulator made from molten rocks. Since mineral wool fibers affect the mucous membranes and respiratory tract, the production process does not always stop at obtaining fibers and depositing them. Cotton wool is either glued with glue based on polymer resins (plates, roll insulation) or granulated mechanically. Bulk mineral wool includes both fibers and granules. Loose mineral wool is not always suitable for insulation, since tamping breaks the fiber structure and there is a risk of shrinkage. And it is difficult to work with it, protective measures for the skin and respiratory tract are necessary. Granular mineral wool is recommended as an effective insulation technological equipment, chimneys, it is resistant to high temperatures (stability threshold 1090 ° C), non-flammable and has less weight in volume (250 kg / 1 m3) than loose. The size of the granules is usually 10-15mm. Minerals are not biodegradable, so mineral wool does not rot, it has good vapor permeability, but when wet, the thermal insulation properties decrease. Mineral wool dries hard.

Technology Benefits

Like a variety frame building, a house with loose wall filler gives a lot of advantages in terms of organizing construction. They are expressed in the optimization of work processes, the reduction in the cost of materials, the increase in the speed of construction, etc. Even compared to traditional wooden houses, this method will have noticeable organizational advantages. Against the background of other frame buildings, the pros and cons of a backfill house will also be very noticeable. Loose filler, unlike mineral wool, polystyrene foam and other synthetic insulators, allows you to provide an environmentally friendly and cheap thermal barrier.

Insulation of walls and ceilings

In order for the house to be warm and comfortable, it is necessary to insulate the outer walls. For this purpose, foam glass, a granular environmentally friendly material obtained from raw fractions by foaming, can be used. Such a wall insulation is chemically resistant and can be the basis heat-insulating plaster. Foam glass is ideal for insulating basement walls and foundations, as it is not afraid of groundwater.

A foamed polymer granule is the basis of foam plastic, a lightweight and moisture-resistant heat-insulating material. Such a heat insulator does not have a very wide operating temperature range, so it is not recommended to use it for. Penoplex can quite easily fall asleep frame walls. The granules at the same time fill the smallest voids.

Mineral walls can be used not only in the form of conventional slabs or rolls, but also in the form of granules larger than 10 mm. Such a bulk insulation is vapor-permeable and fire-resistant, not afraid of high temperatures. In addition to thermal insulation properties, granular mineral wool has good soundproof properties. When laying mineral wool, it is necessary to provide protection for the skin and respiratory tract.

Mineral wool for wall insulation can be used not only in the form of the usual slabs or rolls, but also in the form of granules larger than 10 mm.

To preserve heat in the premises, the ceiling is often thermally insulated. AT recent times Penoizol gained popularity, outwardly resembling a crumb of foam. This lightweight, low-density material is highly biologically stable. In such a heat-insulating layer, rodents and mold will not start.

When choosing thermal insulation bulk materials attention should be paid to such characteristics as thermal conductivity, density, moisture absorption, weight and size of the fraction. Most bulk insulation can be delivered and installed independently, which will significantly reduce the cost of insulation work, which is especially important for owners of cottages and small country houses

Bulk

A mound house can be built partly below ground level covering more wall buildings. The design involves covering the sides and sometimes a roof with earth to protect and insulate the bulk house.

The open front of the house, usually facing south, allows the sun to illuminate and heat the interior. The floor plan is arranged so that the common areas and bedrooms share light and warmth with a southern exposure.

This may be the least expensive and in a simple way build a ground-protected structure. Strategically placed skylights can provide adequate ventilation and daylight in the northern parts of an earthen house.

In a penetrating mound design, the earth covers the entire house, except where there are windows and doors. A bulk house is usually built at ground level, around and on top of it. This design allows cross-ventilation access to natural light from more than one side of the house. will give the desired amount of heat and other resources in general.

Perhaps in the future people will live in underground cities.

If we recall the science fiction novel by the famous English writer H.G. Wells, The First Men on the Moon, then the local Selenites who lived in the “sublunar caves” created a whole highly organized civilization with a complex society and division of labor. At the same time, those who did not understand what wars and violence were, but earthly people seemed to them enjoying the war and alien moral values. Perhaps people will soon live underground, creating a society of the future.

What to consider when building an underground house

About the most specific factors for the design of a house protected by the earth.

Before deciding to design and build a secure, energy-efficient underground home, the climate, topography, soil, and water table will need to be considered.

Climate

Research shows that earth-sheltered homes are more cost effective in climates that have large temperature swings and low humidity, such as rocky areas and black earth plains.

Ground temperature changes more slowly than air temperature in our areas, and can absorb extreme heat in hot weather or insulate an underground home to keep warm in cold weather.

Relief and microclimate

The topography and microclimate of a site determine how easily a building can be surrounded by land. A modest slope requires more excavation than a steep one, and a flat area is the most demanding, needing extensive excavation. A south-facing slope in a region with moderate and long winters is ideal for a sheltered building.

South-facing windows can let in sunlight for direct heating while the rest of the house returns to the slope. In regions with mild winter and in hot summers, a slope to the north can be ideal. Careful planning by the designer will bring out the full advantage of the conditions at a given site.

The soil

Another critical point is the type of soil on the site. Grainy soils, such as sand and gravel, are best suited for building such houses. These soils are compact, well cultivated construction materials and sufficiently permeable to allow water to drain quickly. The poorest soils are lumpy like clay, which can expand when wet and has poor permeability.

Professional soil tests can determine the bearing capacity of the soil on the site. Soil radon levels are another factor to consider when building an underground home because high concentrations of radon can be dangerous. However, there are methods to reduce the accumulation of radon in both conventional and earth-sheltered dwellings.

Radon is a chemically inert natural radioactive gas, odorless, colorless and tasteless. Radon is formed due to the natural decay of uranium from rocks and soil.

Ground water level

The groundwater level at the construction site is also important. Natural drainage away from the building is the best way to avoid water pressure against underground walls. Required installed system collection Wastewater which must be designed when laying the structure of the future structure.

Rules for ensuring the mechanical strength of the house

According to experts, the mechanical strength of properly erected frame houses allows them to serve for more than 50 years. Structural reliability is also supported different ways. As already noted, much will depend on the carrier system of racks. These are vertical and horizontal elements, which form power belts in the form of lower and upper harnesses. Also, lintels above the openings are introduced into this system. Racks should rest on the floor of each floor, distributing the load over the entire area.

Strengthen the design and through the inclusion of more durable materials than wood. For example, there is a technology for a combined brick-fill house, which uses one or more brickwork. Actually, the masonry acts as a supporting strapping belt, which increases the load capacity of the base.

But it is important to consider that a brick with a monolithic structure will not allow proper thermal insulation to be performed - moreover, cold bridges can form at the junctions. An alternative would be to use expanded polystyrene blocks

These are modular hollow wall segments that can be filled with any bulk insulation.

The walls of the frame structure the importance of calculations

Summer house

It is important to know exactly for what specific purposes the structure is being built. . Maybe this is a neat country house exclusively for summer living.

Then the requirements for it will be peculiar, its walls may well be lightened.

Maybe this is a neat country house exclusively for summer living. Then the requirements for it will be peculiar, its walls may well be lightened.

If it is a solid structure, then the size and thickness of the walls are calculated in accordance with the bearing load of the frame.

If a solid building is planned for year-round use, or two-storey cottage, or a house with an attic, then it is necessary to take into account, in addition to strength qualities, the mandatory need for insulation. In such a case, the thickness of the walls will depend on the massiveness and size of the timber, and on the thickness of the insulation used.

There is another interesting version of the design of a frame house - according to Canadian technology. Its meaning lies in the fact that industrially manufactured sip panels are used for the construction of such buildings. When using this technology, the thickness of the bearing walls will be determined by the size of the finished panels themselves.

Each frame structure is based on a well-thought-out engineering calculation, on the basis of which a specific device is determined, and the material from which it will be made.

Backfilling process and its features

Thickness table for temperature conditions:

For backfilling, there are the following recommendations. Firstly, bulk material settles over time, so it must be well compacted. Boiler slag and expanded clay should preferably be used in regions where winter temperatures do not fall below -20°C. Warming pitched roofs expanded clay and similar compositions is carried out outside, after laying the vapor barrier. Along the slope between the rafters, transverse limiters are installed - they evenly distribute the insulation.

After laying on the floor or in the basement, it is well rammed to prevent shrinkage and deformation of the finish. The only problem is moisture bulk insulation quite hygroscopic. In baths and saunas, and, by the way, everywhere, the insulation layer must have high-quality hydro and vapor barrier. It is necessary to ensure that there are no gaps in the finish, and bulk material does not wake up through them. It is also worth remembering that expanded clay is quite heavy. It is necessary to ensure that with its mass it does not burst too weak partitions or walls.

The main advantage of stud walls over log walls is that they require less wood to produce. frame houses always warm, with good sound insulation, and most importantly - they are easy to build.

The main elements of frame walls

The frame includes:

top harness;
bottom harness;
walls;
braces (struts) of rigidity;
additional components, such as intermediate crossbars and posts.

Between the racks design door and window openings.

During construction two-storey houses There are two main types of frames that can be used:

With floor racks (when one house, as it were, stands on another). This type of frame is easier to build as it allows the use of smaller material.
With through racks on two floors. This type of frame is more stable. It uses long material.

The supporting racks of the frame are mounted in the range of 0.5-1.5 m, focusing on the desired size of doors and windows. Ordinary racks of the frame are made of boards measuring 5x10 cm or 6x12 cm. Corner racks of the frame are made of composite boards or beams.

The base of the frame is the lower trim. It is made up of logs, boards or beams. The corners of the lower strapping are performed using the "direct lock in half a tree" technique. If floor beams are cut into the strapping, then it is made of two crowns. If the floor beams simply rest on the pillars, then the strapping is made from one crown. Usually frame elements are fixed with nails, sometimes spikes are used.

To make the frame more stable, wooden struts are attached on both sides between the racks. They are cut flush using a frying pan or a semi-frying pan. From above, on the racks, the upper harness is fixed and the ceiling beams are cut into it. The top harness is best mounted on straight spikes. Next, rafters are placed on the beams. Sometimes log (blocked) beams are replaced with boards (planks) with a section of 5x18 cm or 5x20 cm and put on edge. Outside assembled frame close up with wooden planks and nail them to the racks with nails measuring 7-7.5 cm. The thickness of the boards is 2-2.5 cm. They can be replaced with asbestos-cement slabs or any other materials that are durable and resistant to precipitation.

Insulation of frame walls with backfills

Very often, in order to insulate a building, frame walls are constructed from boards. It is desirable that the walls are made of two boards. The gap between the walls is filled with various slab, bulk or roll materials. Roll and board materials fixed to the frame with nails. The seams are hidden with a solution of gypsum or sealed with tow. If the plates are laid in two layers, then make sure that the seams between the plates of the first and second layers overlap. When laying in one layer, reed slabs must be placed vertically. With two-layer laying, the boards can be laid horizontally and vertically. To protect the slabs from rotting and corroding by rodents, straw slabs should be soaked for 2 hours in a 10% solution of ferrous sulfate and dried well. To make the plates less blown, put cardboard or thick construction paper between them.

When the cold season comes, the air from the room can moisten the backfill, which is undesirable. Therefore, to protect the backfill, an insulating layer of roofing felt, roofing felt, glassine, or other insulating material is placed under the skin on the inside of the wall. Before falling asleep, the materials are mixed with fluffy lime. For the mixture, take 10% of the volume of the mixture for backfilling or more (for example, 90% sawdust and 10% fluff lime) and mix everything well to a homogeneous consistency. Fluffy lime is used so that rodents do not breed in the backfill. These materials are used in dry form.

All materials are poured in layers on a dry surface or wooden shield and mix with a shovel to evenly mix the organic materials with fluff lime. The empty space is filled with ready-made backfill, pouring layers of 20-30 cm and compacting well.

Used as backfill:

pumice;
slag;
peat;
sawdust;
campfire;
sunflower husk;
chopped reed;
tows;
straw.

The weight of the material will determine its thermal conductivity. The lighter it is, the worse it conducts heat. Here is the mass of some bulk substances:

dry moss - 135 kg in 1 m 3;
granulated blast-furnace slag - 700 kg in 1 m 3;
wood chips - 300 kg in 1 m 3;
tripoli - 600 kg in 1 m 3;
straw chopped (cutting) - 120 kg in 1 m 3;
pumice - 500 kg in 1 m 3;
sawdust wood - 250 kg in 1 m 3;
boiler slag - 1000 kg in 1 m 3;
dry peat - 150 kg in 1 m 3.

Usually, organic materials such as peat, sawdust, moss, straw chaff, fire are dried and disinfected.

Settling of dry backfills

The main disadvantage of dry backfills is that they settle and form voids. Therefore, if they are used, then the walls are erected 20-30 cm above the level ceiling beams, completely filling with backfill. As the backfill settles, it will fill the empty space. Under the windows, it is better to replace the backfill with fibrous or tile materials. If there are none, retractable window sills are mounted in order to fill the backfill through them.

In order for the insulating backfill to become less loose, materials should be added to it that will turn it into a solid filler. For example, we take 85% sawdust and mix it with 10% fluff lime and 5% gypsum. In this case, the sawdust will harden and turn into a so-called thermolite. For such a mixture, wet, not specially dried, organic materials or sawdust are used. Sawdust is mixed with fluff, then this mixture is added to gypsum and immediately laid out in place, leveling and compacting well. The moisture present in the filler will slightly moisten the gypsum and it will set. The aggregate will turn into a loose mass, thicken, and due to this it will not settle.

Moistened backfills and slabs

Moistened backfills are often used in construction. The main thing is to correctly observe the proportions of the materials used. Materials are taken by volume or by weight:

for 1 part of organic aggregate take 0.4 parts of gypsum and 2 parts of water;
for 1 part of organic aggregate, take 0.3 parts of fluffy lime or quicklime and 2 parts of water.

Fluffy lime can be replaced with ground lime or lime paste. In this case, you need to take it 2 times more and reduce the amount of water.

Method for preparing moistened fillings

A binder and organic fillers are poured into the gap in layers. Then everything is mixed well and water is added. After 3-5 weeks, the backfill in the structures dries up with a slight compaction and sedimentation. Drying time varies depending on the air temperature. Such backfills should not be used in frame wooden buildings together with vapor barrier materials (roofing material, roofing felt, glassine, etc.). They dry out for a long time, and sometimes are the cause of the formation of fungus. As you know, the fungus is very harmful to wood.

Plates from organic materials are considered to be better quality insulation. Their size should be 50x50 or 70x70 cm, and the thickness should be from 5 to 10 cm. The ratio of components for their preparation:

1.5 parts of quicklime + 0.3 parts of cement + 2-2.5 parts of water;
or 4 parts of clay dough + 0.3 parts of cement + 2-2.5 parts of water are taken for 1 weight part of organic aggregate;
or 1-2 parts of tripoli clay + at least 0.7 parts of quicklime (you can fluff) + 2-3 parts of water;
or 1.5-2 parts of gypsum + 2-2.5 parts of water.

If lime dough is used, then its amount is doubled, and the amount of water is reduced.

Dry materials are first mixed, then moistened with water and mixed again until a homogeneous consistency. After that, the mixture is put into molds, leveled, the molds are removed and dried under a canopy or in a closed room. Drying time will depend on temperature conditions and the type of binder. Slabs made of gypsum, lime, tripoli dry for 2-3 weeks, clay products - an average of about 4-5 weeks.

Frame, frame-panel, panel and those walls that are assembled from factory-made elements are considered more economical.

A wooden frame is a kind of structure consisting of lower straps that are laid on the foundation. The elements of such a frame are connected with nails and bolts. If the frame is paving, then staples are used. The racks of the frame are sheathed with boards. The distance between the outer and inner cladding is filled with a special insulating backfill, straw or reed mats or other plate heaters. At frame buildings, made at the factory, the outside of the plank sheathing is often covered with sheathing from asbestos-cement sheets.

Frame-fill construction technology is a technology fully adapted to our climatic conditions. It is worth noting that this technology is based on the experience and construction approach of our great-grandfathers, who at the beginning of the 20th century built up Novosibirsk with private houses. With the help of modern technologies, we have brought a lot of new and more perfect to this approach.

We do not build Canadian houses or houses from SIP panels, we build Siberian houses and they are frame-fill. Screw piles are most often used as foundations. At the moment, this is the most reliable type of foundation for this technology. Piles are installed at a depth of 2.5 to 3 meters. Then comes the binding of the foundation with hardwood beams and the flooring begins. After that, we begin to build the frame of the house. For this, very powerful wooden beams 50 x 200, which line up at a distance of only 40 to 60 cm from each other. This greatly increases the strength of the structure. After the frame of the house is built, it is covered with vapor barrier and waterproofing, and then, it is sheathed on both sides with an OSB plate, which tightens the already strong frame.

OSB board is a multi-layer sheet consisting of wood chips glued with various resins. It should be noted that unscrupulous manufacturers use glue as a hitch for thin chips. Those manufacturers with whom we work comply with environmental requirements and confirm safety this material certificates. To insulate the house, he uses heat-insulating material - blowing cotton wool. Blown wool is a common basalt mineral wool insulation processed into flakes. By using specialized equipment under high pressure, it blows out and fills the space of the wall. In the process of blowing, the insulation is pressed, and therefore joints and cold bridges are completely excluded. The thickness of the insulation on the walls, floor, roof and ceiling is 200 mm, which exceeds the norm by 25%. The advantage of this material is high sound insulation, since the main noise enters the house through technological joints, which blown wool does not have. Blown cotton wool is an environmentally friendly and non-combustible material, which is confirmed by a fire safety certificate. The undeniable advantage of this insulation is its excellent ability to pass moisture. This material is "breathable", and since the tree releases moisture even after forced drying, according to technology, it must go outside. That is why breathable insulation plays a very important role. It avoids the processes of wood decay, which destroy the walls from the inside, and significantly reduces the life of the house.