In this article, we will consider the main types of floors and the materials from which these floors are constructed. So what are overlays? Ceilings are a structure that separates adjacent rooms in height, that is, it forms floors and separates them from attics and basements.
Basic requirements for floors
- Ceilings must have sufficient strength to withstand both their own weight and the useful load (furniture, equipment, people in the room, etc.).The value of the payload per 1 m2 of flooring is set depending on the purpose of the room and the nature of its equipment. For attic floors, the payload should be no more than 105 kg / m2, and for basement and interfloor floors - 210 kg / m2.
- The ceiling must be rigid, that is, under the action of loads, it must not deflect (permissible value from 1/200 for attic floors to 1/250 of the span for interfloor floors).
- When installing the ceiling, a sufficient degree of its sound insulation should be provided, the value of which is established by the norms or special recommendations for the design of buildings for one purpose or another. To do this, it is necessary to carefully close the gaps at the joints of the material, in order to avoid the passage of sound from neighboring rooms located above or below.
- Ceilings separating rooms with a temperature difference of 10 degrees (for example, separating a cold basement from the first floor or an attic from the first floor) must meet the requirements of thermal protection, that is, it is necessary to increase the thermal insulation layer.
- No floor structure, especially wood, can withstand prolonged exposure to fire, but each material has its own fire resistance value. Fire resistance limit of reinforced concrete floors - 60 min; wooden floors with backfill and lower plastered surface - 45 min; wooden floors protected with plaster, about 15 minutes; there are even fewer wooden floors not protected by fireproof materials.
Types of floors at home
- interfloor (separating residential floors, including the attic),
- basement (separating the basement from the residential floor),
- basement (separating the residential floor from the cold underground),
- attic (separating the residential floor from the unheated attic).
According to its constructive solution, the bearing part of the floors can be divided into:
- beam, standing from the bearing part (beams) and filling;
- beamless, made of homogeneous elements (flooring slabs or flooring panels).
Types of floors for the house
Beam ceilings
In beam ceilings, the supporting base is made up of beams located at the same distance from each other, on which filling elements are laid that perform enclosing functions. Beams can be wooden, reinforced concrete or metal.
Ceilings from wooden beams
In private housing construction, wooden beam ceilings are most popular, usually used in wooden and frame houses.
For wooden beams there is a limitation on the width of the span (room). They can be used for:
- interfloor ceilings - with a span width of 5 meters;
- for attic floors (with an unused attic room) with a span width of up to 6 meters. Metal beams can be used for any span width.
Wooden flooring is made of wooden beams of coniferous and hardwood. On the upper side of the beams, a flooring is made, which at the same time is the floor. The design of the beam ceiling consists of the beams themselves, the roll, the floor and the insulation.
With a rectangular plan of the house, it is advisable to block the span in the direction along the short wall.
Scheme of laying floor slabs along a short wall
So that the beams do not bend under the weight of the floor, they must be laid at a certain distance (see table). The cross section of the beam is determined based on the load attributable to it.
For example: You need to build a ceiling with a size of 3.0 * 4.0 m. Wooden beams (section 6x20) are laid along a wall equal to 3.0 meters. If the floor is interfloor, the beams are laid at a distance of 1.25 m from each other, if the attic floor is 1.85 m. loads.
The thickness of the floor boards also affects the distance between the beams. If they are 28 mm thick or less, the distance between the beams should not exceed 50 cm.
Advantages of a wooden floor:
- The main advantage is that the wooden floor is quickly and easily mounted in any (even difficult) place, without the use of any special tools, that is, you can do without a crane and other equipment. Wood flooring is light and relatively inexpensive.
Disadvantages of wood flooring:
- The main disadvantage of wooden floors is the increased flammability, sometimes the possibility of decay and infection with bark beetle.
Technology of installation of wooden floors:
Beam installation: Before installing the beam, it must be treated with an antiseptic solution. If the beams rest on a stone or concrete wall, then its ends must be wrapped with two layers of roofing material. The beam is brought into the nest prepared during the construction of the wall. When inserted into the nest, the beam should not reach the back wall by 2-3 cm. The end of the beam is made beveled.
Beam installation diagram
(1 - beam, 2 - roofing material, 3 - insulation, 4 - solution).
The free space remaining in the nest is filled with insulation, you can fill it with mounting foam.
Roll setting: Bars (section 4x4 or 5x5), which are called cranial, are nailed to the side faces of the beams.
Scheme of rolling wooden shields
(1 - wooden beam, 2 - cranial bar, 3 - roll-up shield, 4 - vapor barrier, 5 - insulation, 6 - clean floor finish, 7 - ceiling finish).
These bars are attached to the reel of wooden shields. The reel is made from boards from longitudinal boards or boards from transverse boards. The reel plates must be tightly pressed against each other. They are attached to the cranial bar with self-tapping screws. The roll serves as a preparation for attaching a "clean" ceiling.
Insulation pad: An integral part of a wooden beam ceiling is insulation, which in the interfloor ceiling performs, first of all, the role of sound insulation, and in the attic floor also the function of thermal insulation. First of all, you need to decide what material to use. Mineral wool, foam plastic, slag, perlite, expanded clay, as well as dry sand, sawdust, shavings, straw, tree foliage can serve as a material for insulation. Mineral wool - the material is light, easy to use, unlike polystyrene "breathes", has sufficient heat and sound insulation, in general, in most cases, wool is suitable for warming interfloor and attic floors. Expanded clay (fraction 5-10 mm) - the material is heavier than mineral wool, which makes the structure heavier (the weight of 1 m2 of expanded clay is from 270-360 kg).
After fixing the roll, a layer of thermal insulation is placed on top of it. First, a layer of roofing paper, glassine or vapor barrier film is laid between the beams, bending it about 5 cm onto the beams and proceed to thermal insulation. The thickness of any insulation for interfloor floors should be at least 100 mm, and for attic floors, that is, between a cold and heated room - 200-250 mm.
Cost and consumption of materials: Timber consumption for traditional wooden floors is approximately 0.1 m3 per 1 m2 of floor at a depth of 400 cm. And the cost of the boards will cost you about $ 200 per cubic meter. The cost per 1 square meter of flooring on wooden beams is from $ 70 and more.
Ceilings on metal beams
Compared to wooden ones, they are quite reliable and more durable, and also have a smaller thickness (save space), but such floors are rarely erected. Lightweight concrete inserts, lightweight reinforced concrete slabs, wooden shields or wooden rolling can be used to fill the openings between the beams. The mass of 1 m2 of such an overlap often exceeds 400 kg.
Advantages:
- A metal beam can cover large spans (4-6 meters or more).
- The metal beam is non-combustible and resistant to biological influences (rot, etc.).
But overlappings on metal beams are not without drawbacks:
- in places of high humidity, corrosion forms on the metal.
- In addition, such ceilings have reduced heat and sound insulation qualities. To mitigate this shortcoming, the ends of the metal beams are wrapped with felt. In such ceilings, the supporting element is a rolled profile: I-beam, channel, corners.
Rolled profile
Prefabricated reinforced concrete hollow slabs 9 cm thick are laid between the beams. A layer of slag and reinforced concrete screed 8-10 cm thick is applied over the reinforced concrete slabs. Steel consumption is high - 25-30 kg / m2, depending on the steel grade from which the beams are made.
Scheme of the design of a precast concrete floor slab on metal beams
1 - "clean" floor; 2 - boardwalk; 3 - beam; 4 - prefabricated reinforced concrete slab; 5 - waterproofing; 6 - plaster mesh; 7 - plaster.
Material cost: The price of a steel profile is from 7 to 18 dollars per linear meter. The cost of lightweight reinforced concrete slabs - from $ 110 per piece. For 1 square meter of flooring on metal beams, you will spend from $ 100 and more.
Ceilings from reinforced concrete beams
Arranged on spans from 3 m to 7.5 meters. The work is complicated by the need to use lifting equipment. The weight of such beams is 175 - 400 kg.
Advantages:
- With the help of reinforced concrete beams, it is possible to cover larger spans than with the use of wooden ones.
Disadvantages:
- For installation of ceilings on reinforced concrete beams, it is necessary to use lifting equipment.
Mounting: Reinforced concrete beams are laid at a distance of 600-1000 mm. The filling of the inter-beam space is arranged in the form of lightweight concrete slabs or hollow lightweight concrete blocks (with plank or parquet floors, slabs are used, and with linoleum or parquet floors on a concrete base, hollow blocks are used).
Scheme of the design of a floor slab from a lightweight concrete slab on reinforced concrete beams
(1 - reinforced concrete beam, 2 - light concrete slab, 3 - cement screed and substrate, 4 - parquet, laminate)
Scheme of the design of a floor slab from hollow blocks on reinforced concrete beams
(1 - reinforced concrete beam, 2 - hollow blocks, 3 - cement screed, 4 - linoleum)
The seams between the beams and slabs are filled with cement mortar and rubbed. Attic floors must be insulated, interfloor soundproofing, basement floors are also insulated.
Floor slabs from hollow blocks on reinforced concrete beams
Cost: For one linear meter of a beam, you will have to pay from $ 25. The price for one lightweight concrete block is from $1.5. As a result, you will spend from 65 dollars per 1 square meter of reinforced concrete beams.
Beamless floors
They are homogeneous elements (slabs or panels) laid close to each other or a solid monolithic slab, which simultaneously serve as load-bearing and enclosing structures. Depending on the implementation technology, beamless ceilings can be prefabricated, monolithic or precast-monolithic.
Precast concrete floors
The most popular, especially in brick houses. For the installation of reinforced concrete floors, two types of panels are used: solid (they are produced mainly from lightweight concrete) and multi-hollow. The latter have round holes, a kind of "stiffening ribs". Panels are selected depending on the width of the overlapped span and bearing capacity.
Advantages:
- Reinforced concrete slabs have high strength and are designed for a payload of over 200 kg/m2.
- Unlike wood, concrete is not afraid of moisture and does not require any maintenance.
Disadvantages:
- When installing the ceiling of reinforced concrete slabs, lifting equipment is required.
- It is not always possible to buy ready-made plates of the right size, since they are made in standard sizes at the factory.
Beamless floor scheme for the house
Mounting: The floor slabs are laid on a layer of cement mortar grade 100. The support of the slabs on the walls (wall more than 250 mm thick) must be at least 100 mm. The seams between the slabs must be cleaned of debris and carefully filled with cement mortar.
Approximate cost of the material: The cost of one floor slab is from $110. For 1 square meter of reinforced concrete slabs, you will spend at least 35-40 dollars.
Monolithic reinforced concrete floors
They can be of various shapes. Monolithic reinforced concrete floors are a solid monolithic slab 8-12 cm thick made of concrete grade 200, based on load-bearing walls. The weight of a square meter of a monolithic ceiling with a thickness of 200 mm is 480-500 kg.
Photo of reinforcement of a monolithic reinforced concrete floor
Installation of monolithic ceilings is carried out in four stages:
- Installation of steel load-bearing beams in prepared places;
- Installation of suspended wooden formwork from unedged boards (suspended from steel beams);
Hanging wooden formwork from unedged boards
- At laying reinforcement (diameter 6-12 mm);
- Concreting of the floor slab with M200 concrete.
Advantages of a monolith:
- Absence of expensive loading and unloading operations and higher quality of the concrete surface that does not require grouting, as well as the possibility of implementing complex architectural and planning solutions.
The disadvantages of monolithic floors include the need to install wooden formwork over almost the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe future floor. However, this does not mean that the formwork must be set all at once. Overlapping can be done in separate spans, transferring the formwork as the concrete sets.
Mounting: Before proceeding with the installation of the ceiling, it is necessary to build a formwork (it is bought ready-made or rented), which consists of telescopic racks, tripods, uniforks, beams, flooring and plywood. Formwork made of wooden and aluminum beams allows for the formwork of ceilings of any configuration - rectangular, cantilevered and even round. Sheets of plywood are superimposed on the upper wooden part of the beam, forming a formwork for pouring concrete. Next, install and fasten the reinforcing cage. The ends of steel rods 60-80 cm long are bent and tied with wire with reinforcement. Then, over the entire floor area, concreting is carried out to a height of 10-30 cm. Complete adhesion of concrete occurs after 28 days.
Formwork for a monolithic floor slab made of wooden flooring and plywood
Installation of a reinforcing cage in the formwork for the installation of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab
Approximate material cost: The cost of slab formwork, with wooden and aluminum beams, is from $40. The approximate consumption of reinforcement per floor is 75-100 kg / m3 of concrete. The cost of 1 ton of rebar is $650. The cost of 1 cubic meter of finished concrete is from $130. As a result, the price for 1 square meter of a monolithic floor will cost you from $ 45 and more (excluding the cost of formwork).
Prefabricated monolithic ceiling
A more modern solution for the installation of floors. The bottom line is that the space between the floor beams is filled with hollow blocks, after which the entire structure is poured from above with a layer of concrete.
Prefabricated monolithic ceiling for the house
Advantages:
- Installation without the use of lifting mechanisms, improvement of heat-insulating properties, the possibility of arranging complex-shaped ceilings, reducing construction time.
Disadvantages:
- The disadvantages include that the prefabricated monolithic structure has a laborious (manual) laying process, which is not advisable when building a house of 2-3 floors.
Mounting: During installation, the beams of the prefabricated monolithic floor are laid on the walls with a step of 600 mm. The weight of a running meter of a beam does not exceed 19 kg. This allows, in most cases, the installation of beams without the use of a crane. Hollow blocks are manually laid on the beams. Weight of expanded clay concrete block - 14 kg, polystyrene concrete block - 5.5 kg. As a result, the own weight of one square meter of the original floor structures is 140 kg for expanded clay concrete blocks and 80 kg for polystyrene concrete blocks.
The floor structure prepared in this way performs the function of a fixed formwork, on which a layer of monolithic concrete of class B15 (M200) is laid.
Before pouring concrete, it is necessary to reinforce the structure with a reinforcing mesh with cells measuring 100x100 mm from wire with a diameter of 5-6 mm.
The weight of one square meter of finished flooring is 370-390 kg for expanded clay concrete blocks and 290-300 kg for polystyrene concrete blocks.
Expanded clay concrete block for prefabricated monolithic floor
Approximate cost: The cost of prefabricated-monolithic floor structures (beams and blocks) will cost you 40-50 dollars / m2. The cost of structures of the finished floor (beams + blocks + mesh + concrete) - 70-75 dollars / m2.
Heat and sound insulation of floors:
The thermal protection of the ceiling must be such that the temperature on the floor surface is close to the temperature of the indoor air and does not fall below it by more than 2 ° C. To avoid dampness between heated and unheated rooms, to protect the insulation layer from moisture, a layer of glassine should be placed above the thermal insulation.
Scheme of laying heat and sound insulating materials in the ceiling
(1 - wooden beam, 2 - cranial block, 3 - rolling, 4 - insulation layer, 5 - vapor barrier film or glassine, 6 - boards)
In addition to good thermal protection, ceilings must also provide sufficient sound insulation of the premises. In accordance with current regulations (RF data), the insulation index Rw must be equal to or greater than 49 dB.
For hollow core reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 220 mm, the insulation index is Rw = 52 dB.
For wooden floors (insulation layer 280 mm + one layer of drywall 12 mm), the sound insulation index is 47 dB.
Now a little about heaters. Ready-made mineral wool slabs proved to be good as thermal insulation. In addition to the well-known insulation with ready-made mineral wool slabs, there are alternative options that are performed on site. For example: It is possible to pour slag or ordinary sawdust on a roofing material lined with roofing material or covered with a solution of clay with the addition of sand (the solution must dry well). By the way, they are 4 times lighter than slag and at the same time provide 3 times better thermal insulation with the same layer thickness. So, at a winter temperature of -20 ° C, the backfill from slag should be 16 cm thick, shavings - 7, and from sawdust - only 5 cm.
Sawdust concrete slabs for the same purpose can be made independently. To do this, you can take 1 volume part of sawdust, 1.5 parts of lime mortar or 4 parts of clay, 0.3 parts of cement and 2 to 2.5 parts of water. The finished slabs are dried in the shade, laid on a roofing material, the seams are sealed with clay or lime mortar. A square meter of such a plate weighs about 5-6 kg with a thickness of 10 cm.
What flooring to choose for your home. It all depends on the type of house, as well as on the installation technology and the price of this floor. As a conclusion to this article, I will give a table in which you can compare different types of floors and choose the most suitable for yourself.
Attention: In this article the prices are presented for the period of 2008. Be careful!
Building structures in a house that separate different floors are called ceilings. They reinforce the frame of the house, tie the walls together, serve as the basis for flooring and fixing ceilings. They can be located between floors, between the roof and the lower room, and also separate the first floor and basement. In low-rise country houses and cottages, as a rule, wooden floors are used, and in attic rooms, reinforcement of wooden floor beams is required. Wooden structures have great advantages, therefore they are widely used in individual construction. Let us dwell in more detail on the advantages of wooden floors a little lower, and also give some recommendations on installation, construction technology and sound insulation methods. We will show you how not to make mistakes when installing wooden floors.
Wooden floor construction
The most common material from which the installation of interfloor, roofing and floor coverings is carried out is wood. Especially in private buildings, since this material is easy to process, environmentally friendly, easy and quick to install. Restrictions on the length of the span of wooden floors - eight meters. The main load-bearing elements are bars with a section size of 5 × 15 cm (minimum) and 14x240 (maximum). Sometimes a sanded log of suitable diameters is used to make beams. Varieties of coniferous trees are used for overlapping, as the most durable. Before installation, wooden structures must be dried well.
Advice!The quality of drying can be determined by tapping the ax on the products, the sonorous and clean sound will confirm this.
In the ceilings, other structural elements are also used to strengthen the beams, firmly connect them and create a reliable frame for the house. At their device apply:
- The cranial bar is a 5x5cm wooden bar, which, as a rule, is attached to the bottom of the beam, for hemming the ceilings below the located room.
- Subfloor boards. Even a low-quality board is suitable for the device - unedged and not planed.
- Floorboards are specially made, well-planed, tongue-and-groove boards.
- Warming material - it can be ecowool, polystyrene (foam), roll material for thermal insulation and.
- Waterproofing and vapor barrier films that serve to prevent moisture inside and remove condensate.
- Antiseptic impregnations, bitumen, paint, roofing material.
- Decorative finishing materials.
Some features of wooden floors
As mentioned above, the floor structure consists mainly of wooden elements, but the technology for finishing the floor and ceiling can use any modern material. Correctly mounting the various parts into a single floor structure is an important task, in which case the beams will be reliable and last a long time. In particular, one of the important functions of floors is sound insulation. The advantage of wooden floors is that any insulating materials are easily attached to them. The installation of decorative finishes is also well carried out to give a modern design to the room. Another difference between wooden floors is that they do not give an additional load. Therefore, choosing wooden structures, it is possible to save on the installation of a reinforced foundation for the house. Competent installation of ceilings between the levels of the house allows the rooms to "breathe", they maintain the desired temperature and good sound insulation. Wooden beams are very reliable and durable.
Important! The distance between the beams is calculated depending on the number of storeys of the building, its area and floor loads. Varies from 60 centimeters to 1 meter.
The length of the beams is selected taking into account their strong support on the walls of the building in special arranged nests.
The order of the device overlaps
Installation of ceilings begins in the process of building a house. The construction technology for beams imposes certain requirements on strength and degree of deflection. Therefore, before their manufacture, it is required to make calculations on the load. After the calculations, it will be possible to correctly select the cross section of the beams and the distance between them.
- The preparatory stage before the installation of floors consists in the construction of nests in the walls for laying beams in them. Nests should be made with a depth of at least ½ of the wall thickness or can be made through with further insulation and vapor barrier.
- In chopped buildings, beams are cut into crowns. Before this, the beams should be treated with antiseptic solutions, and then dried. The ends of the beams should be cut at an angle of 60 degrees, treated with bitumen and wrapped with roofing material. The technology recommends starting the installation of beams from the extreme ones. Horizontalness is checked by a level.
- Directly the construction of floors is carried out after the construction of walls and roofs. From the bottom of the beams, on both sides, cranial bars should be fastened, they will serve as a support for the subfloors. In addition, the ceiling structure of the underlying room is sutured to the cranial bars. The cranial bars are made of pine bars with a section of 50x50 mm, impregnated with an antiseptic composition. Fastening to the beams is made with screws for wooden products.
- The draft floor of unplaned, unedged boards is attached to the cranial bars. The thickness of the board can be small (about 16 mm), since the load on the subfloors is not high. Subfloor boards laid perpendicular to the beams should also be treated with an antiseptic.
- A waterproofing film (isospan or similar) must be laid on top of the subfloor. It is highly recommended to choose films that also have vapor barrier properties. The installation of the waterproofing sheet should be overlapped, the joints must be fixed with adhesive tape. The next layer is insulating material (bulk, tile or roll type). Its thickness is chosen so that the insulation does not exceed the level of the beams. It is strongly recommended to choose non-combustible material for floor insulation.
- Further, on top of the beams, the floors of the upper room are installed. Logs are laid from a bar or from boards of 0.4 mm in increments of 0.6-1 m. The logs laid across the beams are fixed with metal corners and self-tapping screws. For greater insulation, an additional layer of insulator can be made between the lags, which will also increase sound insulation. It is recommended that the next layer be laid again with a waterproofing film to protect the lower floor from leaks, spilled liquids, etc.
- A finishing floor is laid on the logs, plywood or from a tongue-and-groove floor board, on top of which it is possible to finish the finish: linoleum, parquet or ceramic tiles.
- Under the finish, it is possible to lay electric or water heaters for underfloor heating. In this case, a vapor barrier device is required, which can be made with a foil film.
The installation of such an overlap, correctly performed, does not bend and is able to withstand an impressive weight.
Soundproofing installation
An important factor is peace and quiet in your own home. Good sound insulation of floors between floors will help to achieve this. This is necessary for the following reasons:
- Wooden elements conduct sound well due to their structure and therefore wooden structures are a good repeater.
- Constant extraneous noise penetrating from neighboring rooms makes life unbearable and annoying.
- Finishes and surroundings (furniture, drapes, carpets) also affect noise transmission.
The right one in the house will help to create coziness and comfort in your home. Therefore, below we will consider how to avoid mistakes when installing soundproof ceilings between floors.
One of the common erroneous decisions in the construction of private houses is the use of mineral wool, since mineral wool is a poor noise insulator. In addition, mineral wool contains microparticles harmful to the body and its use in residential premises is not desirable. Another mistake when arranging floors in a wooden house is saving on lags. In such a variant, there is no lattice scheme of overlap and a trembling of the floor and ceiling is formed. In the corners of all rooms in the ceilings, through holes must be made for ventilation and air circulation. It is better to cover them with decorative bars. The layout of their location is important, since the ventilation holes should not be located directly one above the other, otherwise all the soundproofing work will be in vain. In other words, when arranging ventilation holes in the right corner, the lower hole should be made in the left. For each overlap between floors, two openings are required, usually located diagonally across the rooms. We will be glad if our recommendations come in handy when building a house, and you can protect it from cold and noise.
During the construction of private houses, wooden floors are arranged in the vast majority of cases, since they are lighter and cheaper than reinforced concrete, and you can handle their installation yourself. Such structures are erected at any level: above the basement, between residential floors, under the attic or attic. But depending on the position and purpose, they are subject to different requirements for strength and insulation. Having studied this issue, you will be able to design the floors yourself and control their manufacture.
Floor beams for the floor of the 1st floor Source coralz.ru
The choice of materials for the supporting structure
With the material going to the device of wooden floors, there are many requirements and restrictions regarding the quality of wood, and ultimate loads, and installation methods.
Material requirements
Such floors are arranged on wooden beams, which take on the entire main load and are load-bearing elements, the strength of which determines the reliability of the entire structure. Therefore, floor beams must meet the following requirements:
- be made of larch, pine or other coniferous wood with high bending strength;
- have a moisture content not higher than 14%, which is achieved by chamber drying or in a dry, ventilated place within a year after manufacture;
- not have obvious defects in the form of large deep cracks, many knots, tortuosity, oblique layer and traces of rot.
Advice! Treatment with antiseptics will help protect the tree from damage and preserve its strength characteristics for a long time.
Determination of the optimal section
Beams or logs for floors are made from timber, logs or thick boards mounted on the edge. The bearing capacity of each beam directly depends on the cross-sectional area, and the entire structure - on the length of the spans without supports and the step between adjacent beams. All these quantities are interconnected. For example, the longer the span, the larger the section should be and the smaller the distance between the horizontal supports.
To determine these parameters, you need to know the total load, which consists of the weight of the floor itself, finishing materials, furniture installed on the floor and people living. Of course, it is impossible to accurately calculate it, therefore, when designing, they are guided by the values \u200b\u200bspecified in building codes and regulations (SNiP 2.01.07-85):
- basement and interfloor overlapping on wooden beams is calculated for a total load of 350-400 kg / sq.m;
- floors between the residential floor and the attic - by 250 kg / sq.m;
- attic floors - by 130-150 kg / sq.m.
In any case, the length of the span should not exceed 6 meters. Otherwise, in the absence of supports in the form of load-bearing walls and partitions, support columns are installed under the logs.
The cross section of the beams in millimeters for independent calculations is selected according to the tables. For floors with a load of 400 kg/sq.m. The following minimum beam and log dimensions are recommended:
Bar section
| Step between timber beams, cm | |||||
| 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | |
| 60 | 100x75 | 200x75 | 200x100 | 200x150 | 225x150 |
| 100 | 150x75 | 175x100 | 200x125 | 225x150 | 250x175 |
Log diameter
| Step between log beams, cm | Unsupported span length, cm | ||||
| 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | |
| 60 | 110 | 140 | 170 | 200 | 230 |
| 100 | 130 | 170 | 210 | 240 | 270 |
Installation of load-bearing beams
Before making an interfloor or attic floor, it is necessary to correctly prepare the material for installation. Wood is a living material, and this must be taken into account. So that it does not rot, absorbing moisture from the supporting surface of the walls, the ends of the beams and the places where they intersect with partitions are coated with bitumen and wrapped with waterproofing material (roofing material, sheet rubber). At the same time, the ends are left unprocessed and not closed so as not to prevent the evaporation of moisture.
Advice! To enhance moisture circulation, the ends can be cut at an angle of about 70 degrees, increasing the evaporation area.
But first, the beam is cut to length, which should be greater than the span by the value of the supporting part on both sides. As a rule, it is at least 10-15 cm, but depends on the thickness of the walls and cannot exceed 2/3 of this parameter.
The wooden floor between floors is mounted according to the same scheme, but there are nuances associated with the material of the load-bearing walls.
On wooden walls
Beams can be fastened in the traditional way, laying them in the grooves cut in those crowns, the level of which corresponds to the ceiling of the underlying floor. Or use perforated steel pads for their fixation, which allow for reliable butt fastening without grooves.
In this case, the following conditions are met:
- Having folded the walls to the desired level, the upper crown is marked in accordance with the lag step and the grooves for their installation are cut out in the marked places with an electric or chainsaw. In this case, the extreme beams should be located with an indent from the walls of at least 5 cm, which will subsequently be filled with insulation to cut off cold air from the outside.
- The first to lay the extreme beams, which serve as beacons for the intermediate ones, so they must be installed at the same level and strictly horizontally.
- In order to raise the ends of the beam on the support platform to the desired level, they are placed under them with scraps of lumber impregnated with bitumen or resin. To lower it, they deepen the groove, but do not cut the beam itself.
- The ends should not rest against the wall of the niche. A small gap is left between them for free evaporation of moisture, which can be filled with insulation.
- There is no need to rigidly fix all elements of the supporting structure, since it will subsequently be connected with a boardwalk. It is enough to fasten the elements every 2-3 rows. It is carried out with metal brackets, corners, anchor bolts or wooden dowels.
Video description
How to cut beams into a blank wall is shown in the video:
To obtain the desired section, it is allowed to use boards spliced along the length, fastened with studs, as well as I-beams from boards and OSB.
Note! In the case of wooden walls, waterproofing is not required.
On brick and concrete walls
Niches are created in stone walls during their laying or pouring, since it will be difficult to do this later. Their dimensions are made such that ventilation gaps of about 50 mm remain around the supporting part of the beam, excluding the formation of condensate and wetting of the wood. After installation is completed, they are filled with insulation.
The depth of the supporting niche should not exceed 2/3 of the wall thickness. Its bottom is covered with roofing felt or sheet rubber for additional waterproofing. The rest of the installation technology is similar to that described above.
On cellular concrete walls
Wooden floors between floors in a private house made of foam concrete or aerated concrete blocks cannot be mounted directly into the masonry, since these materials have a cellular structure and are not strong enough. They can collapse from a large point load. Therefore, before installation, perform the following measures:
- under the installation level of the load-bearing beams, instead of the next row of masonry, a concrete reinforced belt is poured, installing formwork or special U-shaped blocks on the upper end of the wall. Having connected the entire perimeter, it will become a strong support and allow you to distribute the load from the ceiling evenly over all walls;
- after the concrete has hardened, the next row is laid out, creating niches of the desired size with gaps for ventilation.
As in the previous examples, the extreme elements are first fixed, then the intermediate ones are aligned along them, observing the level, the parallelism of the lag and the equal distance between them.
Video description
This video tells about the device of the bearing part of wooden floors in houses made of aerated concrete:
Another mounting option is also possible - butt to the armo-belt by means of special metal plates. But in this case, the concrete belt is poured at the level of the ceiling, and not under it.
Floor installation
Having installed the supporting frame, it is sheathed from above and below, forming the floor of the upper floor and the ceiling of the lower one. Flooring designs can be different, and the technology of their construction depends on the type and purpose of the floors:
- Attic flooring on wooden beams requires mandatory insulation if the attic is non-residential, since up to 30% of the heat in the absence of such insulation leaves the house through it. In this case, the device of the floor is not necessary here.
- Thermal insulation is also needed for basement ceilings in the absence of a heated basement. Moreover, the insulation from below must be protected from moisture with a layer of waterproofing. If the basement or basement is heated, such an overlap is considered interfloor.
- Interfloor ceilings are more in need of sound insulation, floor and ceiling arrangement with a finish corresponding to the premises.
The simplest is the design of the interfloor ceiling, in which the beams act as a lag for flooring.
Insulation of the attic floor will require a thicker layer of thermal insulation, which may be greater than the height of the supporting beams. In this case, they are built up from above or logs are laid across them, and a second layer of insulation is laid between them.
It is very important to protect it from getting wet, isolating it from water vapor rising from living quarters and possible roof leaks. To do this, on the wooden flooring of the draft ceiling, nailed to the beams from below, a vapor barrier film is overlapped, then a heater, and on top of it a vapor-permeable membrane that does not allow water to pass through.
Video description
You can see how the attic floor is insulated on wooden beams in the video:
In addition to the almost weightless mineral wool, the insulation of the cold attic ceiling can also be carried out with other, cheaper, but heavy materials - expanded clay, clay coating, and even dry earth. The main thing is to take into account their weight when choosing a material for creating a flooring and ensure its reliable fastening.
If there is a desire not to hide the beams, but to use them as a ceiling decor, then cranial bars are hemmed to them along the entire length in the middle or flush with the upper edge, to which the ceiling filing is attached.
The cranial bars, fixed flush with the lower surface of the log, make it possible to perform high-quality insulation of the floor of the first floor of the house without a heated basement. On them, between the beams, a roll of edged boards treated with an antiseptic is laid, then a layer of waterproofing, insulation, vapor barrier and flooring.
Floors can be sewn up with both boards and any sheet materials: OSB boards, chipboard, plywood.
Briefly about the main
Ceilings are not just floors and ceilings. This is a structure that gives the house additional rigidity, improves sound insulation between floors and reduces heat loss. Knowing how to select materials for it, mount load-bearing beams, insulate the attic and the floor above the basement, you can build a reliable and warm home for your family.
Wooden floors between floors are usually used in low-rise private construction of houses made of wood, brick or foam blocks. Wooden floors have a number of advantages: they do not make the structure heavier, they allow you to do without the involvement of heavy equipment, they have sufficient strength and reasonable price.
The choice of material for wooden floors
Wooden floors are arranged with a span of no more than 8 meters. As the main load-bearing structures, beams made of timber with a cross section of 50x150 to 140x240 mm or debarked logs of the appropriate diameter are used. The pitch of the beams is determined by calculation and usually ranges from 0.6 to 1 meter. For the manufacture of beams, only coniferous woods are taken - their bending strength is much higher than that of hardwoods. Logs or beams for beams must be thoroughly air-dried under a canopy. When tapped with the butt of an ax, the beams should make a sonorous clear sound. The length of the floor beams must be such as to firmly rest in the nests of brickwork or log cabins.
In addition to beams, for the implementation of interfloor ceilings, they use:
- Cranial bars with a size of 50x50 mm - they are attached to the bottom of the beams on both sides and the ceiling of the lower floor is hemmed to them;
- Board of the subfloor of the upper floor. For these purposes, you can take any board, including unplaned;
- Floor boards of the upper floor - planed tongue-and-groove board;
- Insulation. As a heater in wooden floors, it is better to use mineral slabs or rolled material, since fibrous thermal insulation, unlike polystyrene, does not support combustion and has good soundproofing properties;
- Hydro vapor barrier film designed to protect the insulation from moisture vapor;
- Antiseptic for wood and bituminous mastic, scraps of roofing material;
- Decorative floor and ceiling covering.
Structure - what is a wooden floor made of
Technology for the implementation of wooden floors between floors
The beams of interfloor ceilings are usually laid in the walls during the construction of the house, and all other work on the construction of floors is carried out after construction before the start of finishing work. Before performing the floors, it is necessary to calculate the load on the floors, based on the data obtained, the dimensions of the beams and the laying step are selected.
- Floor beams are brought into a brick or block wall during masonry; for this, special nests are made in the wall. The depth of the nest must be at least half the thickness of the wall; you can make it through, followed by sealing with a vapor-permeable insulation.
- In wooden buildings, beams are cut into the upper crown of the log house. Beams must be pre-treated with an antiseptic and dried. Rectangular beams are laid so that the wide side is vertical - with this laying, their rigidity increases. The ends of the beams are cut at an angle of 60 °, treated with bituminous mastic and wrapped with roofing material in two or three layers. First, the extreme beams are laid in place. They are leveled with a long board placed on the edge and a level, if necessary, the beams are leveled with linings from boards of different thicknesses, pre-treated with bituminous mastic and placed in a nest. The intermediate beams are aligned with the board laid on the extreme beams.
- After the walls and the temporary or permanent roof are completed, the construction of the ceilings begins. Cranial bars are sutured to the bottom of the beams on both sides. Their purpose is to support the subfloor of the upper floor and the filing of the ceiling for the lower one. For cranial bars, a 50 mm pine bar treated with an antiseptic is required. It is attached to the floor beams with wood screws. Subfloor boards are laid on the cranial bars. For them, you can use an unplaned board with a thickness of 15 mm or more - the load on the subfloor is small, so it is not necessary to spend money on a thick board. The boards of the subfloor are laid perpendicular to the beams, resting them on the cranial bars, and fastened with self-tapping screws. The draft floor is also treated with an antiseptic.
- A hydro-vapor barrier film is laid on top of the subfloor and floor beams, for example,. The strips of the film are overlapped, gluing the joints with adhesive tape. Mineral insulation is laid on top of the vapor barrier film in the form of plates or rolls. The thickness of the insulation must be such that it does not protrude above the surface of the beams. Other materials can also be used as insulation: expanded polystyrene, expanded clay, ecowool. In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to the fire resistance of the insulation material.
- On top of the floor beams lay the logs of the floor of the upper floor. The direction of laying the log is across the beams, the step is from 60 cm to 1 meter. Logs are made of a bar or board with a thickness of at least 40 mm and are attached to the floor beams using metal corners fixed to self-tapping screws. Between the lags, you can lay another layer of mineral insulation, blocking the joints of the lower heat-insulating layer. Mineral insulation will also serve as soundproofing of the floor and ceiling. A waterproofing film is laid on top of the second layer of insulation in case of a liquid spill.
- The floor of the upper floor along the logs is sewn up with a finishing floorboard, drywall or plywood, on which any finishing coating can be laid: tiles, laminate, linoleum or cork. The floorboard or plywood is fixed on self-tapping screws. Can be arranged under the finish coat, while it is better to use a foil film as a vapor barrier.
Wooden floors between floors, unlike concrete slabs, do not create an unnecessary load on the foundation, therefore, it is possible to significantly reduce the cost of building a powerful foundation. Properly executed ceiling is quite strong and durable, has good heat and sound insulation properties, in addition, natural materials allow ceilings to "breathe".
In the construction of private low-rise buildings, wooden floors are mainly used.. The use of wood does not make the structure heavier and allows you to do without the use of equipment. Installation of wooden floors between floors in a brick house will help to significantly save on strengthening the foundation. In addition, the tree has good strength, durability, and also helps to maintain a favorable microclimate in the room.
Advantages and disadvantages of using wood
The positive aspect of using a wooden floor is the ease of installation and the excellent qualities of the material:
- environmental friendliness;
- thermal insulation;
- decorative.
Among the disadvantages of wood can be noted:
- tendency to damage by microorganisms, fungi, pests;
- decay and destruction;
- poor quality material can be deformed, sag, and if the installation rules are violated and the floor does not fit snugly, it will creak and oscillate.
Floor mounting materials
Popular cover optionFor the manufacture of beams for the ceiling between floors, only coniferous types of wood are used.. They have higher bending strength than hardwood species. Pre-bar or logs for beams are dried in the shade in the open air. Wood that is completely ready for use should make a certain sound when tapped. Floor beams must be tightly fixed in the nests of brickwork. Beams from a bar or a log with a section from 50 to 150 mm and 140 to 240 mm are used. The step of the beams corresponds to approximately 0.6-1.0 meters.
The ratio of the cross section of beams and the distance between them Also used for overlays.:
- planed tongue-and-groove boards for the floor on the second floor;
- board for the subfloor of the second floor;
- cranial bars 50x50 mm for attaching to the bottom of the beams;
- insulation (fibrous thermal insulation);
- hydro vapor barrier film;
- decorative coating on the floor and ceiling;
- antiseptic for wood, bituminous mastic, roofing material.
Wood floor device
The laying of floor beams in a brick house is carried out at the stage of its construction. The depth of the nest should be at least half the thickness of the wall. It can be made through with further sealing with insulation. All other work is carried out before the start of finishing work. The load on the floor slab is calculated in advance, the laying step and the dimensions of the required beams are determined. The use of wooden beams for floors is possible only in a house where the span is no more than five to six meters..
Beam installation principle You can also make the placement of beams by laying them on brick pillars. However, they should be installed at short intervals. This method is more often used when equipping the ceilings of the basement.
Laying beams
Laying begins with the extreme beams, leveling them with the help of linings treated with mastic and a long plank placed on edge. Intermediate elements are equal to the board laid on the extreme beams.
The wood is pre-treated with an antiseptic and dried thoroughly.. The wide sides of the beams when laying should be vertical - this increases their rigidity. The ends of the beams are cut at an acute angle, smeared with mastic and wrapped with two layers of roofing material.
Processed lintels are placed in niches, a layer of mineral wool is introduced into the formed recesses. Every third beam should be reinforced with anchors. With the help of a stretched cord, level maintenance is monitored. The step between the structural elements is no more than 1.5 meters.
Subfloor device
Hydro-vapor barrier (izospan) is overlapped on the ceilings and subfloor. The joints are sealed with tape. A fire-resistant insulation is laid on top of the film. It can be mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, ecowool, expanded clay. The material must not protrude beyond the surface of the beams.
Insulated floor The floor joists of the second floor are installed on top of the floors. It is advisable to lay an additional layer of mineral insulation between the lags in order to isolate the floor and ceiling from noise. Then the waterproofing film is laid.
Top floor device
The floor of the second floor is covered with a finishing board, plywood or drywall, and also strengthened with self-tapping screws. Then the floor covering is laid in the form of laminate, linoleum, tiles.
To properly make a "warm floor", you should use a foil film as a vapor barrier.
Connection of beams in length
If there are not enough beams for the entire span, then you need to make a connection:
- Splicing - joining in length.
- Rallying - combining in width.
- Knitting - corner connection.
The principle of joining beams Basically a lengthwise connection is required. There are several ways to do this:
- overlay- beams are cut at an angle and connected with bolts, brackets or a clamp.
- back to back- connection of beams overlaid with an emphasis on the internal wall partition.
- Lock fastening- a complex connection method that requires certain skills. Its essence is that recesses and protrusions are cut out in the beams, which are then connected, securely fixing the device to each other.
Improving the bearing capacity of the floor
There are several ways to improve the bearing capacity of beams. One of the most popular methods is the fastening of overlays from thick boards to them.. At the same time, their endings must be supported by supports.
It is also used to improve the bearing capacity by strengthening the U-shaped channels. They are attached to the beams from the side.
The most elementary method to strengthen the overlap between floors is to lay additional beams in the gaps between the existing ones.. This is the most time-consuming, but very effective way.
In the houses of the former development, they did not save on materials, so the wooden beams were installed with a small step. And they are more than adequate. But even in such a house, the ceiling between floors should be checked to determine the condition of the beams. This will allow timely strengthening of weakened areas and replacement of damaged areas. The damaged fragment of the beams is removed, and the healthy wood is lengthened and strengthened by fastening the overlays from thick boards.
How to protect the floor between floors
It is not enough just to build a house correctly, it is necessary that no problems arise during operation. To do this, even at the design stage, all factors contributing to its durability and protection of building structures are taken into account. Equally important is the solution of two problems - protection from fire and biological influence of the environment.
According to combustibility, materials are divided into five categories, ranging from highly combustible to non-combustible. Structures made of various materials are distinguished by their ability to prevent the spread of fire. Flame retardant properties - completely excluding the spread of fire and semi-flammable - capable of delaying its spread for some time. It should be noted that flammability is not the same as fire resistance. Fire resistance is understood as the property of a structure or material to preserve load-bearing and enclosing functions in case of fire.
Protection against fire, fungus and insects For this purpose, the wood is treated with fire-resistant solutions to ensure fire resistance for at least 30 minutes under experimental conditions. In residential construction, the design of the second floor floor structure must have at least semi-fire-resistant properties.
When drafting ceilings, it should be borne in mind that the beams are exposed to fire not only from the bottom side, but also from the sides.
The burning rate of coniferous wood is 0.8 mm/min according to the resistance parameters. Taking into account fire resistance, a material with a cross section of 11 by 24 cm should be chosen, because with a beam height of 24 cm and a span width of 5.8 to 5.85 m, their width is increased to 120 mm and more.
The problem of protecting wooden structures from biological influences is also very relevant.:
- water, which violates the structure of the tree and is a breeding ground for microorganisms.
- molds, rot.
- insects that cause damage to the structure of wood and rottenness.
- ultraviolet light, which softens and darkens the wood.
Unlike other materials, wood is an environmentally friendly product, which is important for a living space. In addition, the wooden floor retains heat well in the house. Now there is a tendency to return to natural materials that were previously used everywhere. Means have already been created to effectively protect wood from harmful effects that worsen its performance.
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