How to fill a garage floor between a basement. Proper ceiling covering. Principles for arranging a floor base in a garage basement

How and with what to cover the cellar?

A cellar is an indispensable building for owners of private houses, ensuring the preservation of food for a long time. It is a room located below the zero level and does not take up additional space on the site. Made with building codes covering the cellar will ensure the strength of the structure and maintain a stable temperature throughout all year round and will not allow dampness to form.

Storage for food, canned goods, and vegetables, despite its apparent simplicity, will serve its purpose if you approach the work responsibly and properly seal the cellar.

You can do the work of covering the basement and cellar with your own hands.

Preparatory activities

To ensure that the room fully performs its assigned functions, before you start building a cellar with your own hands, pay attention to the following points:

• Implementation earthworks preceded by the development of a room layout, which you should think through to the smallest detail. This will help avoid unforeseen situations in the future.
• Assess the groundwater level at the construction site. Perfect option if they are located low. When the storage floor is located below a water-saturated layer, take care that water does not penetrate the floor and walls.

Only after reliable protection from moisture can you install a ceiling for the cellar. The task of waterproofing a building is one of the main ones, as it determines the comfortable conditions of the room. How to do it correctly?

Moisture protection

Reliable waterproofing in the cellar makes it difficult for moisture to penetrate and is carried out as follows:

• apply to side surfaces basement structure layer of plaster with the addition of liquid glass;
• stick 2-3 layers of roofing felt onto the wet cement mortar;
• erect brickwork, with which you press the waterproofing against the walls.

Before pouring concrete to create a basement, you need to install reinforcement and formwork

Floor protection is carried out in a similar way, involving the preparation of a “cushion” 20 cm thick from a mixture of crushed stone and sand.

When the box is prepared (the walls and floor are concreted and waterproofed), a ceiling for the basement is constructed. It is necessary to determine what is best to make the ceiling from? After answering this serious question, you can calculate the need for materials and begin work.

It is convenient when the basement is located in the room where it is stored vehicle. By doing all the work in the garage yourself, you can save money. financial resources, because you won’t attract professional builders. To reduce costs, determine in advance necessary materials, find out the prices at which they can be purchased. This will allow you to assess the overall level of expenses.

What types of ceilings can be installed in a cellar?

Types of floors

To ensure the tightness of basements, they are used various designs, which use:

• solid reinforced concrete slabs;
• reinforced concrete monolithic prefabricated elements;

The quality of pouring is improved by vibrating pouring

• wooden structures;
• load-bearing beams.

Let's take a closer look at their differences and the specifics of their arrangement.

Features of installing a monolithic block

If you are thinking about how to make a cellar ceiling so that it is practical and reliable, then we recommend a common option - a monolithic reinforced concrete block, which is a reinforcement frame filled with concrete.

The process of creating a solid reinforced base requires following the recommendations:

• It is necessary to determine the dimensions of the monolithic block and prepare the formwork.
• Install strong supports to support the formwork, which will ensure the integrity of the mass when pouring the mortar and during hardening.
• Check the tightness of the formwork boards.
• Carry out mesh reinforcement and knitting of the frame after the installation of the formwork is completed. Build a reinforcement mesh, ensure the interval between the rods is 20 cm and the steel frame protrudes beyond the edges of the slab by 4 cm.

  

  Cellar diagram with insulation and water drainage

• When the formwork and frame are ready, you can start pouring the mortar.
• Concrete continuously, evenly applying the mixture until the formation of the mass is completed.
• Remove air from the internal cavities of the liquid mixture using deep vibrators or conventional fittings.

A buried cellar is built below the ground level. Similar design good because it does not take up the free space of your land.

Such a cellar does not freeze even during the most severe winter cold. That is why it is very important to know how to cover the cellar correctly so that it becomes a reliable storage for food, seams and other things.

When the basement pit is filled, and its floor and walls are equipped, it’s time to think about how to cover the cellar? What materials are used for this and what is the price of these materials?

To understand how much the ceiling will cost you, you need to understand what types of ceilings exist.

Monolithic slab

One of the flooring options is to use a monolithic slab. Such a floor slab for a cellar is made using a reinforcement frame and concrete ().

The instructions for creating a concrete monolithic slab consist of the following steps:

• The ceiling must have such parameters that when installed it is located on the walls of the room. These very walls will serve as support.
• You need to install special support beams for formwork. They will help maintain the integrity of the structure during concrete pouring and while it hardens.
• The formwork boards must be well sealed before pouring to avoid mortar leakage during pouring.
• Only after it has been produced complete installation formwork, you should start knitting the frame reinforcing mesh. During the construction of the reinforcing mesh, it is important to observe correct distance between the rods, which should be about 20 cm. The resulting iron frame should protrude along the edges of the slab by 4 cm on each side.
• Once the mesh is ready, you can proceed directly to concreting. The height of the monolithic slab should be about 20 cm.
• Concrete should be poured evenly and continuously until the entire product is formed.
• To avoid the occurrence of internal cavities, the liquid solution should be subjected to vibration. This is done using special equipment or ordinary timber.

Advice: One layer of reinforcing mesh will be quite enough, but for greater reliability of the structure it is better to make double reinforcement.

After the pouring process is completed, the concrete should be allowed to harden and dry. This process usually takes about a month.

When asked what is the best way to cover a cellar, many professionals will answer that it is a monolithic concrete slab, because this solution is the most reliable, practical and highly durable. The surface of this floor can be used as a foundation for the construction of various buildings.

Prefabricated monolithic slabs

Using prefabricated monolithic slabs, you can also create a ceiling in the cellar. But when constructing such a structure, it is imperative to take into account the need to use a crane () during the construction process.

Installation prefabricated monolithic floor carried out using a crane. This process takes a little time.

But there is one sad drawback to such technology. The slabs are made standard sizes, and in a particular case may simply not be suitable.

The maximum length of a prefabricated monolithic slab is 9-12 m. Before you begin installation using these products, you need to make sure the appropriate parameters of the structure.

Note! The width of the basement should not exceed the width of the mounted slab.

If all parameters agree, installation is carried out using a crane.

• Prefabricated monolithic slabs are connected to each other using steel beams.
• The hollow parts of such connections are filled with heat-insulating material. Thermal insulation allows you to keep warm air inside the room.
• After insulation, the joints are filled with concrete;
• A layer of waterproofing (roofing felt on bitumen mastic) is laid on top of the finished floor.

Prefabricated monolithic slabs are considered the best material to create a cellar ceiling in the garage. This design has the shortest construction time and the price of the material is not high.

Wooden ceiling

You can cover the cellar with your own hands using wooden beams.

To do this, the following instructions must be followed:

• Install wooden beams on the surface of the basement walls.
• Attach to the side of the beams small size bars to create support for the rolling boards.
• Lay the wooden bevel using self-tapping screws.
• Create vapor barrier layer, which is covered on top with a layer of thermal insulation.
• Sew plywood onto the resulting structure. Plywood is treated with specialized antiseptics.
• Coat the structure with mastic or cover it with roofing felt and cover it with earth on top if it is not planned to erect any structure above the basement.

Note! Wood as a material for construction has one very significant disadvantage- wood can rot.

Floor with load-bearing beams

How to properly cover a cellar using the design of load-bearing beams? Conventional railway rails are best suited for this purpose.

You can buy such rails at a scrap metal collection point. You can also order similar steel products in specialized workshops.

To install beams in the walls of your basement, special beds must be provided, which are created for reliable fixation steel structure. Steel beams must be tightly fixed in the walls and not pop out when any load occurs. For steel beams, the walls become a kind of foundation.

Instructions for creating a floor with load-bearing beams reads:

• Iron reinforcement bars are laid between the steel beams and secured to the beams using tying wire.
• After creating the reinforcing mesh between the beams, they begin to create wooden formwork. A layer of waterproofing is laid on the formwork.
• Frames are installed under the formwork to hold the concrete mass.
• When the frame is ready, they begin to pour the structure with concrete.
• You can prepare concrete yourself, or order ready-made concrete from a construction organization.
• Filling is carried out continuously and evenly.
• The resulting ceiling for the cellar must be insulated. For insulation is suitable any insulation material, for example roofing felt.

Basement ceiling insulation

Parameters such as temperature and humidity in the basement directly depend on how the ceiling was insulated.

A basement in a garage has a number of advantages. This is an additional storage place for necessary things, household supplies, etc. If you try and ensure the right microclimate, you can even store vegetables and fruits here. Today, this is a fairly popular addition to the garage. It is best, of course, to think through the cellar and indicate it in the drawings at the stage of building the garage. Let's look at this question of how to dig and build a basement in more detail.

Advantages of placing a basement in a garage

The financial side of building a garage is a very important part. Naturally, when building it with a cellar, financial costs increase significantly. After all, in order to equip the latter, it is necessary additional expenses for building materials. And construction takes much more time. But the game is worth the trouble. There are a number of advantages to building a garage with a cellar that more than offset the disadvantages.

1. The cellar in the garage is an additional place where you can store winter supplies. Many people are engaged in making pickles, jams, and compotes. Some have own dacha and a vegetable garden, and some buy ingredients at the market. The basement is the optimal and convenient place for their preservation, because there you can create certain temperature conditions for this.
2. Own workshop is the place for almost every car enthusiast. The basement can be a great place for her equipment. After all, directly in the garage itself there is not always a lot of space for full-fledged repair work. Lack of space causes a lot of inconvenience. But in the basement there is enough space to place all the tools and equip your workplace.
3. In the basement of the garage you can leave things that you do not always use, but from time to time. For example, seasonal adaptations, such as a children's sled, which you use only in winter, or a bicycle, which is needed only in summer period time. To avoid cluttering your balcony or storage room, you can leave it all in the basement.
4. If you are planning to sell your garage, having a basement in it will significantly increase its value. The same goes for renting it out.

How to build a capital cellar - instructions

The basement is also a kind of building that requires preliminary planning. In the diagram it is necessary to clearly indicate the dimensions of each element: height, thickness, width of the floor, ceiling, walls, etc. You need to clearly calculate how much thermal insulation you will need, how many bricks, concrete, materials for internal lining etc.

Be sure to check before you start construction work, is it possible to build a basement in the location you have chosen? What if this is where underground communications (gas or water supply) pass?

If you are building a cellar at the stage of building a garage, then it would be preferable to choose strip base for construction. Thus, the foundation walls will become parts of the cellar walls, and basement floor

will play the role of the ceiling of an underground room. If groundwater is close to the surface, give preference to monolithic concrete slabs for constructing a garage basement. If you are lucky and your soil is dry and not heaving, then you can use lightweight materials to build walls. For example, asbestos-cement slate sheets for roofing, which need to be laid out in several layers (usually from two to four) and fixed to wooden sheathing. The sheets are glued together using bitumen mastic or mixtures

1. casein glue
2. and cement no worse than M400. First of all, it is necessary to mark the perimeter of the future basement. Step back 300 millimeters inward from the walls of the garage so that the garage does not sink into the basement. Dig it up
3. required sizes
4. Cover the bottom with sheets of roofing felt, overlapping each other by 150 millimeters and creeping onto the walls of the pit by 200 millimeters. To enhance waterproofing, you can lay roofing felt in two layers. In this case, the joints of the lower layer should not overlap with the joints of the upper layer.
5. Next stage - concrete screed with reinforcement.
6. Then the basement walls are erected. To do this, you can use bricks, asbestos sheets, concrete or another material that suits you. Leave a small gap between the soil and the outer part of the wall where you will lay external waterproofing. For this, bitumen or other special mastic is used. It is applied using a roller or spatula mounted on a long handle. If the gap is large enough, then roll insulation can be additionally glued to the mastic.
7. Naturally, it is impossible to use ready-made concrete slab, because the height and width of the garage are not enough to install it (of course, if it is a regular garage for one car). Therefore, you can make a ceiling from boards. They are laid close horizontally and a hole is left for the hatch. Place on boards waterproofing material, make a frame from reinforcement and formwork, fill everything with cement mortar with a layer of 300–400 millimeters. A thinner concrete thickness may not cope with the weight of the vehicle.

Constructing the floor

In order for the floor of the garage cellar to be dry and as warm as possible, it is important to think carefully about its design at the planning stage.

When you dig a pit, you need to increase its depth by 300–400 millimeters in order to build a drainage pad. The bottom of the pit is well leveled and compacted. A layer of sand of 150 millimeters is poured on top. The sand must be moistened with water and compacted well. Then a layer of crushed stone of 150 millimeters is poured. This is done in order to groundwater they couldn’t get too close to the waterproofing material and ruin it. In addition, sedimentary water can quickly drain through a layer of crushed stone and sand. Thus, liquid will not linger in the basement space.

After the layer of crushed stone has been laid and compacted, it is necessary to cover the rolled waterproofing material in several layers. As an alternative, liquid bitumen can be used.

Then a concrete screed with reinforcement is constructed, the thickness of which should be 200–300 millimeters. After it has completely hardened, it is recommended to treat the concrete with a deep-penetrating waterproofing primer.

This flooring option is the most optimal.

You can make a clay floor if the groundwater level allows it. To do this, clay is laid in two layers, and a layer of roofing felt is placed between them. The first layer of clay should be 250 millimeters, and the second 400–600 millimeters. You can lay a flooring of boards on the clay.

We build basement walls

Depending on what physical characteristics has soil at the construction site, it is necessary to select best option material for building walls. If the soil is dry and not heaving, then it is possible to use solid red brick. For other soils, the use of reliable and strong reinforced concrete is more suitable. After construction, brick walls are covered with plaster made from a concrete mixture.

If the walls are made of concrete, then the first step is the construction of sectional board formwork. One section in height should be from 350 to 400 millimeters. Reinforcing bars are installed in the formwork and concrete is poured into it in a layer of 300 millimeters. After it dries, the formwork section is installed higher and the same is done. So, section by section, all the walls of the room are built. Attach the extended sections to each other using slats and nails.

To enhance waterproofing properties treat the walls with a special hydrophobic primer with deep penetration.

Waterproofing work - how to get rid of water

From proper construction The design of a garage basement depends on many of its factors, such as its durability, conditions for storing food and others.

Very important! The issue of waterproofing a garage basement must be approached with great responsibility. A cellar is a room located underground. That is why very high demands are placed on its protection.

1. At the construction stage, when digging a pit for a garage cellar, as soon as underground water is discovered, it must be sealed with oily clay to a depth of 500 millimeters.
2. The same clay is used to fill the empty space that forms between the basement wall and the soil. The thickness of this layer should be at least 150 millimeters. Brick cladding must be laid flush with the floor beams. After that top part cellars need to be lined reinforced concrete floor with hatch.
3. If the soil at the basement construction site is low-moisture and inactive, i.e. groundwater lies deep enough, then for external waterproofing work it is sufficient to treat the walls with hot bitumen. Otherwise, if the soil is wet, then it is necessary to do waterproofing using roofing felt, which is based on bitumen mastic.
4. If the level groundwater is located above the cellar floor, then it is necessary to make underground waterproofing. For this, multilayer carpets made of roofing felt are used. In addition, it is best in this case to make the base of the floor using fatty clay or crushed stone impregnated with bitumen.
5. To prevent dampness and mold from appearing in the garage cellar, it is necessary to ensure good ventilation in room. To do this, you need to build special holes in the basement walls. To maintain an average temperature in the room, you can lay film, clay, clay straw or roofing felt over the entire floor area. The layer thickness should be 200 millimeters. You need to pour a 300 mm layer of earth on it.

Before placing vegetables, rolls and other products in the cellar, you need to get rid of moisture and dry the room. To do this, cover the walls with lime and burn 12 tablets of dry fuel in the room. Such actions, in addition to drying the basement, eliminate and prevent the appearance of putrefactive bacteria.

Making ventilation (exhaust) - table

good ventilation system(hood), as mentioned earlier, is the key to high-quality storage of vegetables, fruits and other food products in the garage cellar.

How to properly insulate a basement from the inside

This process is also very important when building a basement.

If the basement is not thermally insulated or the process is approached in bad faith, then the cellar will not function properly and all the work done will go down the drain.

1. Expanded polystyrene can be used as a thermal insulation material. It does not rot, is waterproof and durable. Attach it with outside basement when you insulate the garage foundation.
2. The thickness of the expanded polystyrene should be 50 millimeters and the grade should be PSB-S-25. Such thermal insulation material will perfectly maintain a stable temperature in the basement. Internal thermal insulation leads to the appearance of condensation at the joints.
3. The thermal insulation of the cellar ceiling is also very important stage construction of this premises. Otherwise warm air will be sharply cooled by the cold surface of the ceiling, which will cause condensation to form.
4. If the garage floor is made of reinforced concrete slab, which is impossible to heat, can be saved by installing a false ceiling in the basement, which is filled with heat-insulating material.

Thermal insulation of ceiling and cover

To insulate the ceiling and roof of the basement, you must adhere to the following scheme:

1. Attach pipes with a diameter of 2.5 centimeters under the ceiling of the garage cellar. They should be located 150 millimeters from the ceiling surface and installed at a distance of 600 millimeters from each other. They can be fixed both to the ceiling and to the walls from inside the basement.
2. It is necessary to install reinforcement rods for pipes with an angle of 90°. Their diameter should be no more than 0.1 centimeter and there should be a distance of 300 millimeters between them. Then you need to form a single soft metal mesh.
3. Paint everything using waterproof paint.
4. Place plastic bags filled with straw and moss in the empty space between the ceiling and the pipes. The ends of the bags are sealed and laid tightly together so that there is not a single gap.
5. On last stage it is necessary to make drains for condensate using umbrellas made of galvanized iron, polyethylene or moisture-resistant plywood. The condensate should drain into a previously prepared container.

Take a responsible approach to arranging the basement so that its functionality is not impaired, and you can leave food in it with peace of mind. Even minimal errors in work can ruin all the work done.

How to dig a cellar in an already finished garage?

1. Mark the perimeter of the future garage cellar.
2. Dismantle flooring and dig a pit of the required size.
3. The walls and floor are made according to the principle described above.
4. Then comes the production of supports for the floor.
5. The board and reinforcement frame of the formwork is constructed.
6. The garage floor is being re-filled with concrete.
7. Remake the manhole, install a hatch and a ladder.

We do the finishing and lighting

To make the basement of the garage comfortable, it needs to be decorated with something and provided with lighting. The latter will not cause any particular difficulties provided that lighting and electrical wiring are located directly in the garage itself. You will just need to create a wiring from the electrical panel, which is located in the garage. The formation of lighting and the placement of sockets and switches is a matter of technology.

At the final stage it is necessary to make lining of bare concrete walls basements that do not look particularly aesthetically pleasing.

The simplest finishing method is plastering. Thus, the structure will look monolithic. To do this, attach a metal mesh to the walls without covering it. vent holes. If you plan to further decorate the walls using ceramic tiles, then the layer of plaster should only minimally cover the network so that there is room for the tile adhesive. The material is applied using a trowel and smoothed using a polisher.

You can, of course, resort to more complex and expensive cladding options, for example, tiles. But practice shows that garage cellars most often get by with simple plastering.

This is followed by the arrangement of various shelves and racks in order to conveniently store household items or tools. Finishing appearance

the basement is formed by all the little things together. At this stage, you are already free to manage your own needs. Each owner arranges his basement individually.

Video: basement arrangement

Video: DIY cellar under the garage