Elimination of freezing of the concrete slab overlap. Floors made of reinforced concrete floor slabs Depending on the causes and locations

In the construction of residential buildings, concrete floor slabs are often used. These reinforced concrete products are used both for and in the construction of walls. They are made of high quality concrete using a reinforced frame. The reliability and durability of buildings mainly depends on the quality of the materials used.

Floor slab structures

Overlapping with a monolithic slab

It features reinforced strength, which allows them to be used in places with an increased risk of sagging. Maximum protection against various deformations, but poor sound insulation. It has a large weight, which is a significant disadvantage of this type during construction.

Hollow structures

The most popular, due to the lightening of the mass of the product. Due to the voids, these plates have low thermal conductivity and good sound insulation. Manufacturing costs are significantly lower than manufacturing costs monolithic slabs. They are often made of ribbed or cellular concrete.

Mostly made in fixed sizes. And when designing a building, it is necessary to take into account the dimensions of standard manufactured plates. Depending on the requirements for future construction, the slabs are also classified by weight. Their average weight varies from 500 kg to 4 tons.

The use of concrete hollow core slabs in the construction of the foundation has been carried out for quite a long time. But the installation of frost protection for floor slabs is not always thought out.

Damp and freezing walls are one of the most serious factors in the fragility of buildings.

The appearance of mold significantly affects the health of the inhabitants of the houses.

Wall freezing factors

Incorrect filling of joints between plates. Poorly filled joints lead to a violation of the heat-shielding properties of the floors. Increases the chance of cracking. Through them, the plate gains moisture.
Poor quality solution in the production of products. The choice of cheap or dilute solutions results in frequent moisture penetration. Usually they have a very loose structure and do not withstand pressure.
Errors in the design of the heating system. Poorly heated rooms are much more prone to frostbite on the walls. After the accumulation of moisture, they begin to freeze both from the outside and from inside.
Subcooling of metal reinforcing elements and anchors. When various cracks appear, moisture begins to get into the metal components of hollow-core slabs. As a result, corrosion may occur. The structure of such plates softens and is more prone to decay from low temperatures.
Exhaust pipes collect condensate. With weak traction, moisture accumulates inside exhaust pipes, which leads to their icing and a decrease in work efficiency. At the same time, poor air circulation contributes to the accumulation of unnecessary moisture.
Small wall thickness. The thickness of the walls for their use in climatic conditions this region.
Low thermal properties of the materials used. When choosing materials, the balance is generally outweighed in the direction of strength, while often, when installing insulation, the low level of thermal insulation is simply not taken into account.
Insufficient through ventilation. In poorly ventilated rooms, the outer walls freeze through much more, losing their heat-shielding properties. Unsatisfactory internal waterproofing between the wall and the insulation leads to freezing outer surface and then to the destruction of masonry.
Foundation with poor waterproofing, especially in houses without basements.
Violation of the vapor barrier structure in attic floors. Poorly executed thermal insulation transfers the performance of its functions to cement screed. concrete surface collects moisture, accumulating condensate, and moisturizes the insulation. The heat-shielding material begins to lose its original properties, which are significantly reduced, as a result of which the floor slabs begin to freeze through. The insulation also increases its weight due to the accumulated fluid.
Frequently flooded basements.
The blind areas are incorrect or missing.
The vertical waterproofing of the basement walls is not done correctly. Low air circulation leads to mold and condensation.
Bad in the production process. The quality of concrete compaction determines the frost resistance and water tightness of the structure of manufactured hollow core slabs. A poorly compacted compound becomes too porous and the protection of the substrate is greatly reduced.
Installation of insufficient thickness of the finishing layer.

Saving on the finishing layer, as a result, you can get global destruction. When the air temperature fluctuates, the lining gradually crumbles, reducing the protection of the wall from getting wet and frost. And as a result, the fortress of the entire building is broken, increasing the chances of emergency situations.

Prevention measures

To protect floor slabs from freezing, you need to take the following measures:

Carefully and tightly fill the gap between the plates.
High-quality installation of sealing joints must be waterproof (due to sealing mastics) and heat-shielding (using insulation packages). With air protection, the distance between the plates is filled with sealing gaskets. Compression of the material of such gaskets should be at least 30-50%.
Monitor and check the ventilation of the building as often as possible.
Poor air circulation in the premises contributes to the long drying of heat-insulating layers, the accumulation excess moisture and mold growth. Must not be allowed to freeze heaving soil under the base of the foundation and the walls of the basement floor, do not allow the air temperature to ground floor fall below zero.
If the building does not have a basement, then it is necessary to install horizontal waterproofing between the ground and the basement surface.
Increase the layer of thermal insulation on attic floors.
Maintain vents and drains in good condition. The reduction in the probability of freezing of hollow core slabs depends on the efficiency of their work.
For the first 3 years of operation of the building, it is necessary to clear the distance drainage systems at least twice a year, and thereafter once every three years.
On damp sections of the walls, carry out drying without starting their condition.
Try to reduce humidity in rooms with poor ventilation. In any room, the humidity of the air should not exceed 60%.

Ways to fix

Of course, it is always better to prevent a problem than to fix its consequences. But if the measures were not taken on time and freezing nevertheless began, you need to take up the correction of errors as soon as possible. There are a number various methods fixes troubles with freezing walls.

Depending on causes and locations

The appearance of dampness and black spots in the area top floors, as a rule, occurs if the installation of insulation is insufficiently or poorly performed attic floor. First of all, defects in the joints between the plates are eliminated, which reduces the appearance of moisture on the internal walls. Typically, expanded clay is used as insulation on attic floors. According to the norms, for its productive action, it must be at least 30 cm.

Be sure to check if there are any problems with the ventilation of the attic space. The lack of high-quality air exchange leads to the appearance of condensate and hypothermia of the floor slabs. Check for roof leaks.
Problems can also arise due to poor-quality sealing of seams in the walls and balcony slabs. Moisture can penetrate into the seams between the wall and the slabs, which contributes to damp spots. Dry the walls as soon as possible and close up any moisture ingress.

If the gap is not more than 8 cm, then you can use mounting foam. To use it, you must first clean the edges of the gap from concrete crumbs. Polyethylene and silicone surfaces require additional treatment with acetone. The hardening of the foam occurs during the day. Then the excess foam must be cut off, you can use a clerical knife, and the surface should be plastered, thereby closing the bridge of cold. If the gap at the junction is more than 8 cm, then you will have to use thick cement mortar.

Check the effectiveness of balcony drains. If the sealing of the joints of the seams is broken, it is best to carry it out again using newer and quality materials. The strength of the building structure largely depends on the quality of the filling of the seams. Proper sealing should be carried out only after careful preparation of the surface:

repair the outer surfaces of the wall panels;
dry all wet and damp areas;
remove any damaged sealant before applying a new coat.

In no case should mastic be allowed to be applied to wet and untreated areas. It is best to repair joints in positive and dry weather.
If an imbalance in the thermal protection of the walls is detected, insulation should be taken up due to their expansion.

Wall insulation options

For example, with a layer brickwork can be lined outside walls. This can be done without special skills. For this you will need:

bricks;
level, tape measure and ordering, if the wall needs to be built high;
sand-cement mortar in a ratio of 4:1 or adhesive solution for masonry;
drill with mixer;
trowel and mortar container;
access to electricity.

You can also insulate the walls with plaster insulation on a reinforcing mesh. To do this, with the help of dowels, the reinforcing mesh is mounted to the wall. The latter does not have to be metal. Plaster is applied between the wall and the mesh and on top. It can be a cement mortar, and a ready-made dry mix for wet rooms. they are more expensive, but serve much longer than usual, because they have special additives in their composition.

Another of the highest quality methods is the installation of vapor barrier material and insulation from the inside. concrete wall. Installation is carried out by installing a frame lined with tiled insulation. To make such a frame and fill the distance with insulation between the wall and finishing material, you can use various clamps and hardware. These can be mounting brackets, and plastic dowels, “fungi”, and glue, as in ready-made, and in the form of a dry mixture that requires preparation. After that, it is imperative to make the cladding with plaster or any other finishing material.

Materials for the frame and insulation:

metal profiles or wooden slats;
self-tapping screws for metal or wood;
sealant and polyurethane foam;
vapor barrier membrane or aluminium foil on isoplene;
sheet insulation, mineral or fiberglass wool;
dry mix for plaster.

Tools for mounting the frame and insulation:

grinder with circles for cutting metal or special scissors;
drill with mixer nozzle;
screwdriver or screwdriver;
tape measure, level and pencil;
spatulas and graters for grinding;
solution container.

Between the frame and the wall, you need to leave a place of about 50 mm and fill it with expanded clay. This material will perfectly absorb the remaining moisture from the wall and stop the appearance of mold. Thus, the wall thickness is increased by 150 mm. There are 80 mm foam blocks that successfully replace such frame structures. Installation is carried out on a conventional cement-sand mortar (1:4).

On especially cold and damp walls, you can install a system called "warm floor", or run along the perimeter warm plinth. This solution is best for corner rooms. When choosing a method of wall heating, electric is most suitable. film version, or IR field. It should not be installed by yourself. To heat the seam under the plinth, you can use a warm floor, where as heating element cable is used.

Installation of a stationary wall electric heater does not completely solve the problem of poor-quality insulation between the plates, but it can be installed independently.

For this you will need:

drill or perforator;
anchors or dowels;
a hammer;
socket.

Whatever the reason for the freezing of hollow core slabs, it is necessary to significantly reduce the humidity in the premises, it is imperative to check the efficiency of ventilation and control quality work heating systems. All work to repair the building and eliminate the causes of freezing should be carried out carefully and accurately. Forgetting about some detail, you run the risk of facing this problem again, and very soon.

17.08.2016

Regardless of the purpose of the building, the most important moment during construction is the creation of comfortable conditions. It depends, first of all, on indicators of humidity and temperature regime. achieve optimal level and for that, and for another it is possible with the help of properly mounted and insulated floor slabs.

Features of insulation

standard specifications plates are often not enough to achieve the desired performance - you have to resort to additional measures. We are talking about the insulation of walls and load-bearing slabs.

The process of slab insulation

When working with floors that are above basements, you should start from the floor. First on top reinforced concrete slabs a cement screed is laid - it is used as a base. In some cases, they do without it, simply sealing the seams between the plates.

An important element is wooden logs, which are mounted on thin spacers made of chipboard or fiberboard. The thickness of the gaskets is usually about 25 mm.

Logs are also used for insulation - a material is laid in the space between them that prevents the penetration of cold and heat loss. Most often, mineral wool, products of the Izol series, various dry fillings and soft basalt slabs are used for this. The next layer is used to prevent steam penetration. It could be roll material a certain type - from glassine to ordinary roofing material.

Insulation is required not only for horizontal surfaces, but also vertical parts plates - for example, their ends. It is these elements that are most exposed to frost in the cold season.

To prevent a negative effect, construction waste is used (you can fill the brick fragments remaining after construction into the holes in the ends). The holes are then filled with solvent. The space between the end face and the masonry is also filled with insulating material, the role of which can be played by mineral wool, basalt insulation and foam.

Work with attic floors

Which are located in the upper part of the building, also need to be insulated, and for this they are used similar materials. However, there are also differences. So, you need to lay thermal insulation as the first layer on the plates. It is important to determine the appropriate layer of material - it is calculated based on the climatic characteristics of the region in which the construction is carried out.

If you use soft insulation components, be sure to consider that external loads will gradually lead to compression of the material, which means that it will lose its ability to protect against heat loss. Loads can be any - even walking to control the condition of the roof causes Negative consequences. Be sure to equip upper part buildings with bridges, on which a specialist inspecting the roof can move.

To improve reliability, you can additional insulation from within. Excellent results can be achieved by laying a thin layer of insulation under the suspended ceiling structures. When working, be sure to leave a gap between the insulation layer and the wood flooring for fresh air to enter.

In the construction of residential buildings, concrete floor slabs are often used. These reinforced concrete products are used both for floor coverings and for the construction of walls. They are made of high quality concrete using a reinforced frame. The reliability and durability of buildings mainly depends on the quality of the materials used.

Scheme of floor slab insulation.

Overlapping with a monolithic slab

Hollow structures

Hollow core slab drawing.

The most popular, due to the lightening of the mass of the product. Due to the voids, these plates have low thermal conductivity and good sound insulation. Manufacturing costs are significantly less than in the production of monolithic slabs. They are often made of ribbed or cellular concrete.

Floor slabs are mainly produced in fixed dimensions. And when designing a building, it is necessary to take into account the dimensions of standard manufactured plates. Depending on the requirements for future construction, the slabs are also classified by weight. Their average weight varies from 500 kg to 4 tons.

The use of concrete hollow-core slabs in the construction of the foundation has been carried out for quite a long time. But the installation of frost protection for floor slabs is not always thought out.

Damp and freezing walls are one of the most serious factors in the fragility of buildings.

The appearance of mold significantly affects the health of the inhabitants of the houses.

Wall freezing factors

Iron mounting scheme concrete slab overlap.

Incorrect filling of joints between plates. Poorly filled joints lead to a violation of the heat-shielding properties of the floors. Increases the chance of cracking. Through them, the plate gains moisture.
Poor quality solution in the production of products. The choice of cheap or dilute solutions results in frequent moisture penetration. Usually they have a very loose structure and do not withstand pressure.
Errors in the design of the heating system. Poorly heated rooms are much more prone to frostbite on the walls. After the accumulation of moisture, they begin to freeze both from the outside and from the inside.
Subcooling of metal reinforcing elements and anchors. When various cracks appear, moisture begins to get into the metal components of hollow-core slabs. As a result, corrosion may occur. The structure of such plates softens and is more prone to decay from low temperatures.
Exhaust pipes collect condensate. If the draft is weak, moisture accumulates inside the chimneys, which leads to icing and reduced efficiency. At the same time, poor air circulation contributes to the accumulation of unnecessary moisture.
Small wall thickness. The thickness of the walls for their use in the climatic conditions of the region is not taken into account.
Low thermal properties of the materials used. When choosing materials, the balance is generally outweighed in the direction of strength, while often, when installing insulation, the low level of thermal insulation is simply not taken into account.
Insufficient through ventilation. In poorly ventilated rooms, the outer walls freeze through much more, losing their heat-shielding properties. Poor internal waterproofing between the wall and the insulation leads to freezing of the outer surface, and then to the destruction of the masonry.
Foundation with poor waterproofing, especially in houses without basements.
Violation of the vapor barrier structure in attic floors. Poorly executed thermal insulation ceiling transfers the performance of its functions to the cement screed. The concrete surface collects moisture, accumulating condensate, and moistens the insulation. The heat-shielding material begins to lose its original properties, which are significantly reduced, as a result of which the floor slabs begin to freeze through. The insulation also increases its weight due to the accumulated fluid.
Frequently flooded basements.
The blind areas are incorrect or missing.
The vertical waterproofing of the basement walls is not done correctly. Low air circulation leads to mold and condensation.
Poor compaction of concrete during production. The quality of concrete compaction determines the frost resistance and water tightness of the structure of manufactured hollow core slabs. A poorly compacted compound becomes too porous and the protection of the substrate is greatly reduced.
Installation of insufficient thickness of the finishing layer.

Prevention measures

To protect floor slabs from freezing, you need to take the following measures:

Scheme of a floor slab with waterproofing.

Carefully and tightly fill the gap between the plates.
High-quality installation of sealing joints must be waterproof (due to sealing mastics) and heat-shielding (using insulation packages). With air protection, the distance between the plates is filled with sealing gaskets. Compression of the material of such gaskets should be at least 30-50%.
Monitor and check the ventilation of the building as often as possible.
Poor air circulation in the premises contributes to the long drying of the heat-insulating layers, the accumulation of excess moisture and the appearance of mold. It should not be allowed to freeze through the heaving soil under the base of the foundation and the walls of the basement floor, and not allow the air temperature on the basement floor to fall below zero.
If the building does not have a basement, then it is necessary to install horizontal waterproofing between the ground and the basement surface.
Increase the layer of thermal insulation on attic floors.
Maintain vents and drains in good condition. The reduction in the probability of freezing of hollow core slabs depends on the efficiency of their work.
During the first 3 years of operation of the building, it is necessary to clean the distance of the drainage systems at least twice a year, in the future - once every three years.
On damp sections of the walls, carry out drying without starting their condition.
Try to reduce humidity in rooms with poor ventilation. In any room, the humidity of the air should not exceed 60%.

Ways to fix

Of course, it is always better to prevent a problem than to fix its consequences. But if the measures were not taken on time and freezing nevertheless began, you need to take up the correction of errors as soon as possible. There are a number of different methods for fixing wall freezing problems.

Depending on causes and locations

Scheme of laying the floor slab.

The appearance of dampness and black spots in the area of the last floors, as a rule, occurs if the installation of the insulation of the attic floor is insufficiently or poorly performed. First of all, defects in the joints between the plates are eliminated, which reduces the appearance of moisture on the internal walls. Typically, expanded clay is used as insulation on attic floors. According to the norms, for its productive action, it must be at least 30 cm.

Be sure to check if there are any problems with the ventilation of the attic space. The lack of high-quality air exchange leads to the appearance of condensate and hypothermia of the floor slabs. Check for roof leaks.
Problems can also arise from poor-quality sealing of joints in walls and balcony slabs. Moisture can penetrate into the seams between the wall and the slabs, which contributes to damp spots. Dry the walls as soon as possible and close up any moisture ingress.

Check the effectiveness of balcony drains. If the sealing of the joints of the seams is broken, it is best to carry it out again, using newer and better materials. The strength of the building structure largely depends on the quality of the filling of the seams. Proper sealing should be carried out only after careful preparation of the surface:

repair the outer surfaces of the wall panels;
dry all wet and damp areas;
remove any damaged sealant before applying a new coat.

Wall insulation options

For example, using a layer of brickwork, you can clad the outside of the wall. This can be done without special skills. For this you will need:

Wall insulation diagram.

bricks;
level, tape measure and ordering, if the wall needs to be built high;
sand-cement mortar in a ratio of 4: 1 or adhesive mortar for masonry;
drill with mixer;
trowel and mortar container;
access to electricity.

You can also insulate the walls with plaster insulation on a reinforcing mesh. To do this, with the help of dowels, the reinforcing mesh is mounted to the wall. The latter does not have to be metal. Plaster is applied between the wall and the mesh and on top. It can be a cement mortar, and a ready-made dry mix for wet rooms. Moisture-resistant solutions are more expensive, but they last much longer than usual ones, because they have special additives in their composition.

Another of the highest quality methods is the installation of vapor barrier material and insulation on the inside of the concrete wall. Installation is carried out by installing a frame lined with tiled insulation. To make such a frame and fill the distance with insulation between the wall and the finishing material, you can use various clamps and hardware. It can be mounting brackets, and plastic dowels, "fungi", and glue, both in finished form and in the form of a dry mixture that requires preparation. After that, it is imperative to make the cladding with plaster or any other finishing material.

Materials for the frame and insulation:

metal profiles or wooden slats;
self-tapping screws for metal or wood;
sealant and polyurethane foam;
vapor barrier membrane or aluminum foil on isoplen;
sheet insulation, mineral or fiberglass wool;
dry mix for plaster.

Tools for mounting the frame and insulation:

grinder with circles for cutting metal or special scissors;
drill with mixer nozzle;
screwdriver or screwdriver;
tape measure, level and pencil;
spatulas and graters for grinding;
solution container.

Scheme of wall insulation of a frame house.

On especially cold and damp walls, you can install a system called “warm floor”, or run a warm skirting board around the perimeter. This solution is best suited for corner rooms. When choosing a method for heating walls, the most suitable option is an electric film version, or an infrared floor. It should not be installed by yourself. To heat the seam under the plinth, you can use a warm floor, where a cable is used as a heating element.

Installation of a stationary wall-mounted electric heater will not completely solve the problem of poor-quality insulation between the plates, but you can install it yourself.

For this you will need:

drill or perforator;
anchors or dowels;
a hammer;
socket.

Whatever the reason for the freezing of hollow-core slabs, it is necessary to significantly reduce the humidity in the premises, it is imperative to check the efficiency of the ventilation and control the quality of the heating system. All work to repair the building and eliminate the causes of freezing should be carried out carefully and accurately. Forgetting about some detail, you run the risk of facing this problem again, and very soon.

Floor slabs are reinforced concrete products that are produced for the construction of various structures. They are made of crushed stone and concrete with the use of powerful reinforcement.

The ceilings are made of crushed stone and concrete with the use of powerful reinforcement.

Laying floor slabs, like any technology, has its own characteristics and rules that you need to pay attention to.

It is important to familiarize yourself with the main stages of work in advance in order to avoid mistakes during the construction process.

In private construction, floors made of reinforced concrete round-hollow slabs are most often used. They are popular due to their advantages, which distinguish them from other types of flooring. Thanks to the voids that are filled with air, they perfectly retain heat and increase sound insulation. Unlike some other similar products, they have a significantly lower weight, which reduces the load on the supporting structures.

Necessary tools for work: trowel, hammer, tape measure.

To carry out the work, you will need the appropriate tools and equipment:

truck crane or tower crane;
loop grip;
steel box for solution;
construction steel scrap;
electrode holder;
Bulgarian;
shovels: mortar and picking;
trowel;
cam, crowbar;
steel wire brush;
hammer and chisel;
- bucket;
roulette, level.

The following materials will be needed:

overlaps;
cement-sand mortar;
electrodes;
expanded polystyrene.

Diagram of a hollow slab.

Hollow core slabs are produced to order in any size, but sometimes there are situations during the laying process when you need to reduce their width or length, cut desired shape. In this case, the plate must be cut using a grinder and scrap.

There are two options for cutting: along and across. In order to cut the material across, the following scheme is used:

the overlap is located horizontally with linings laid under it;
applied necessary markup for shortening;
the design is cut with a grinder along the marked lines;
with the help of a cam, blows are made on the voids near the cut line along the entire width;
the lower wall of the pipe is pierced with a crowbar, and the fittings under it are cut by a grinder with an installed disc for metal.

Approximately the same scheme is used in order to cut along. But this will take more time, since the length is greater than the width. The work steps will be:

it is necessary to outline a line and make a longitudinal incision along it with a grinder;
with a fist, break the wall of the void that runs along the slab;
break through the bottom wall of the pipe with a crowbar.

Bars encountered in the concrete layer during cutting reinforcing mesh, which can also be cut with a grinder.

Laying with insufficient width

Scheme of installation of the floor slab.

In the process of laying the plates, it may turn out that the dimensions of the room do not correspond to their dimensions. As a result, there are gaps between the floor elements or between them and the wall. Exists simple circuit fix this problem.

The gap must be divided into two equal parts. In this case, the first plate is laid at a certain distance from the wall, which is equal to the width of one of the obtained parts. All other structures are mounted back to back. As a result, a gap is formed between the slab and the last wall, where it is necessary to poke the cinder block. It is securely fixed, as it rests with a poke on the plate. It is necessary to lay the cinder block so that its holes are directed to the sides, and not up or down. outer wall structures will additionally secure it. This design may seem unreliable at first glance, but in reality it is quite durable.

There is another technology for closing the gap, when its value is distributed between the plates. Then, a board is tied under each gap, which acts as a formwork, into which reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured.

cracked structure

Sometimes during construction it is discovered that the floor slab has cracked before it has even been laid. The cause of such a defect is improper storage or transportation. The construction material must be stored in a certain way, following the basic rules.

Structural elements must be stacked without touching the ground. Under the bottom it is necessary to put a non-wetting and non-rotting base, sufficiently high and strong. It is desirable to lay the plates in horizontal position and place spacers between them. wooden slats. The distance from the rail to the edge of the product should be 20-40 cm.

If everyone the necessary conditions complied with, if available solid foundation the stack can have 8-10 rows, but should not have a height of more than 2.5 meters.

Laying a broken slab

If the slab is still cracked, can it be used as a floor? Builders quite often use floor materials with similar defects during construction, they are laid, provided that the cracks are not too large. At the same time, it is important not to load them too much and additionally fix them.

There are several options for where it is better to install cracked slabs.

Lay on the outer or load-bearing wall by 0.1-0.15 m. Such a laying scheme assumes that the slab will rest simultaneously on three walls not only with short edges, but also long side. It is securely pressed by the higher walls, thereby providing additional fastening.
You can lay the slab where it is installed brick wall, which will support it.
There is another laying scheme when the bursting material is mounted between two intact ones. During installation, rusts form between the structures, which must be carefully sealed with mortar in order to create an almost monolithic overlap.
The deformed slab can be laid in a place where there is a minimum load. For example, for an attic floor, but it is important that structural elements the roofs did not rest on it.
If the cracks are quite large, about 4-10 mm or there are a lot of them, it is necessary to cut off the damaged part and use only the whole one.

Sealing joints

A joint or rust is the junction of the long sides. To get a strong and solid overlap, all rusts must be filled with a solution. Round-hollow flooring materials have locks on the sides, which look like round recesses. In the process of pouring the rusts, the recesses are filled with concrete and the slabs are securely connected to each other.

Sometimes defective products come across, in which the sides with locks are incorrectly made. When they are connected, the notch is at the bottom, and at the top they fit tightly. As a result, it seems that it will be difficult to fill such a rust with concrete. In fact, the scheme of work is quite simple. To close up defective rust, it is necessary to connect the floor elements not end-to-end, but leave a small gap - 2-3 cm. It should be located in the upper part. At the bottom, along the length of the rust, you need to tie wooden board, which will serve as a formwork for pouring concrete. The solution, not thick in consistency, is poured into the rust through the upper gap. After the solution hardens, the work can be considered completed.

Mounting technology

Scheme of the prefabricated floor slab.

Plates are stacked and lifted by a truck crane. A device is attached to its main hook, which has four cables of the same length with hooks that are connected to mounting loops located on the floors. Such a scheme during lifting prevents rotation and ensures the product is in a horizontal position.

The technology provides for laying the material on a solution that will prevent the formation of cracks and contribute to a strong fit of building elements. Therefore, within 10-20 minutes it is allowed to move them using a crowbar to give the desired position. Plates must be supported by bearing walls and enter them by about 0.12-0.15 m.

A steel bar is inserted into the mounting loops, which are located nearby, and its protruding edges are bent inward, after which they are connected using welding. As a result, adjacent plates are firmly fastened together.

It is important that the laying of the floor is carried out as much as possible comfortable conditions. For example, you can place a container with a solution on the first established design so as not to be distracted from work and not to waste time and effort, each time going down after her.

The laying scheme after completion of their installation provides for sealing the ends to prevent freezing. These actions will help to additionally keep the heat in the house, as the cold will not be able to get inside.

End sealing

There are several ways to seal the ends of the plates.

You can use mineral wool and fill the voids of the pipes with it approximately 0.2-0.3 m deep.
Fill voids at 0.12-0.25 m with light concrete mortar or closed with concrete plugs.
To fill the voids, use a backing brick on the mortar and seal the surface with mortar.

Sometimes the slab is very close to the front masonry. If there is no insulation between them and the ends are not sealed, the ceiling will begin to freeze and become covered with ice in the room. The stove will become a source of cold, and when the heating is turned on, due to a sharp temperature drop, “dew” forms on its surface. To get rid of this problem in finished house, the following course of action will do.

It is necessary to drill a hole in the frozen pipes from the bottom side of the plate with a puncher.
Insert a tube inclined to the side into the recess obtained. outer wall and blow foam through it.
The result should be a cork made of foam, going to a depth of 01-0.2 m, which will serve as a heat insulator.

The ends must be sealed not only for slabs based on external walls, but also for those that are based on internal ones.