Throughout the history of human existence, the world has seen both the rise and fall of millions of cities, many of which were captured, destroyed or abandoned during a period of special glory and prosperity. Thanks to new technologies, archaeologists are looking for and finding them. Under the sand, ice or mud, the former glory and former greatness are buried. But many of the rare cities have passed the time test, and so have their inhabitants. We offer an overview of cities that have existed for centuries and continue to live.
Ancient cities withstood and survived, despite various difficulties - wars, natural disasters, population migration, modern standards. They have changed a little due to progress, but have not lost their originality, preserving both the architecture and the memory of people.
15. Balkh, Afghanistan: 1500 BC
The city, which in Greek sounded like Baktra, was founded in 1500 BC, when the first people settled in this territory. The "Mother of Arab Cities" has stood the test of time. Indeed, from the moment of its foundation, the history of many cities and empires began, including the Persian kingdom. The era of prosperity is considered the heyday of the Silk Road. Since that time, the city has experienced both ups and downs, but is still the center of the textile industry. Today, there is no former grandeur, but a mysterious atmosphere and timelessness have been preserved.
14. Kirkuk, Iraq: 2200 BC
The first settlement appeared here in 2200 BC. The city was controlled by both the Babylonians and the Medians - everyone appreciated its advantageous location. And today you can see the fortress, which is already 5,000 years old. Although these are only ruins, they are an outstanding part of the landscape. The city is located 240 km from Baghdad and is one of the centers of the oil industry.
13. Erbil, Iraq: 2300 BC
This mysterious city appeared in 2300 BC. It was the main center of trade and concentration of wealth. For centuries, it was controlled by various peoples, including Persians and Turks. During the existence of the Silk Road, the city became one of the main stops for caravans. One of its fortresses is still a symbol of an ancient and glorious past.
12. Tire, Lebanon: 2750 BC
The first settlement appeared here in 2750 BC. Since that time, the city has experienced many conquests, many rulers and commanders. At one time, Alexander the Great conquered the city and ruled for several years. In 64 AD it became part of the Roman Empire. Today it is a beautiful tourist city. There is also a mention of him in the Bible: “Who determined this to Tire, who distributed crowns, whose merchants [were] princes, merchants - celebrities of the earth?”
11. Jerusalem, Middle East: 2800 BC
Jerusalem is probably the most famous of the cities mentioned in the review of the Middle East, if not the world. It was founded in 2800 BC. and played an important role in human history. In addition to being a world religious center, the city is full of historical buildings and artifacts, such as the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The city has a rich history - it was besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times. In addition, it was destroyed and rebuilt twice.
10. Beirut, Lebanon: 3000 BC
Beirut was founded in 3000 BC. and became the main city of Lebanon. Today it is the capital, famous for its cultural and economic heritage. Beirut has been a tourist city for many years. It existed for 5,000 years, despite the fact that it passed from hand to hand of the Romans, Arabs, Turks.
9. Gaziantep, Turkey: 3650 BC
Like many ancient cities, Gaziantep survived the rule of many peoples. Since its foundation, which is 3650 BC, it has been in the hands of the Babylonians, Persians, Romans and Arabs. The Turkish city is proud of its multinational historical and cultural heritage.
8. Plovdiv, Bulgaria: 4000 B.C.
The Bulgarian city of Plovdiv has existed for over 6,000 years. It was founded in 4000 BC. Before the control of the Roman Empire, the city belonged to the Thracians, and later was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Different peoples have left their cultural and historical mark on its history, such as Turkish baths or Roman style architecture.
7. Sidon, Lebanon: 4000 BC
This unique city was founded in 4000 BC. At one time, Sidon was captured by Alexander the Great, it was Jesus Christ and St. Paul. Thanks to the glorious and rich past, the city is valued in archaeological circles. It is the oldest and most important Phoenician settlement that still exists today.
6. El Fayoum, Egypt: 4000 BC
The ancient city of Faiyum, founded in 4000 BC, is the historical part of the ancient Egyptian city of Crocodilopolis, an almost forgotten city where people worshiped the sacred crocodile Petsukhos. Nearby are the pyramids and a large center. Throughout the city and beyond, there are signs of antiquity and cultural heritage.
5. Susa, Iran: 4200 BC
In 4200 B.C. The ancient city of Susa was founded, which is now called Shush. Today it has 65,000 inhabitants, although there were once more. At one time it belonged to the Assyrians and Persians and was the capital of the Elamite Empire. The city has gone through a long and tragic history, but remains one of the most ancient cities in the world.
4. Damascus, Syria: 4300 BC
The lobe-finned fish is one of the most ancient fish species, which were considered extinct 70 million years ago. But in 1938 there was a sensation - scientists accidentally found out that one of the oldest of the ancient lobe-finned fish is still alive on Earth. They called this living “fossil” fish “resurrected” from the depths of the sea, studied it, described it and took it under protection.
The lobe-finned fishes (Crossopterygii) are the oldest group of fishes. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the lobe-finned fish were considered extinct in ancient times - 70 million years ago, but in 1938 they caught an outlandish fish and scientists recognized it as an ancient lobe-finned fish. Latimeria, as the fish was called, is the only representative of the lobe-finned fish that has survived to this day. Coelacanth lives only in the Comoros region at a depth of 400-1000 meters.
Loop-finned fish appeared 406-360 million years ago and died out about 70 million years ago, scientists say. Their fossil remains have been found in marine and fresh waters all over the planet. Scientists distinguish 17 families from the order of lobe-finned fish. The fish had a length of 7 cm to 5 meters, were inactive. The lobe-finned fish had numerous conical teeth, which makes them serious predators.
Most of the time, lobe-finned fish spent on the bottom, along which they moved with the help of fins.
The unusual structure of the fins gave the name to the fish. As a result of moving along the bottom, these fish developed powerful muscles at the base of the fins. The skeleton of fleshy fins consisted of several segments branched in the shape of a brush, so scientists gave the name to these "fossil" fish - "brush-finned".
Modern scientists believe that the first amphibians descended from freshwater lobefins, which came to land and gave rise to terrestrial vertebrates. Such a version of the exit of living creatures from the sea to land in the scientific world is not unambiguous and not indisputable, but the fact that a number of lobe-finned fish, for example, Tiktaalik - Tiktaalik, had a number of transitional features that bring them closer to amphibians is a proven fact. Freshwater lobe-finned fish, for example, had a double breath: gill and lung.
Science highly appreciated the merits of the crossopterygians in the evolution of terrestrial animals: they ran along the bottom of the oceans, transformed, turned on their "second wind", went ashore and gave us landmen a chance. But, having given terrestrial life to other creatures, they themselves, like dinosaurs, became extinct.
A real sensation was a live lobe-finned fish, which was accidentally caught in 1938 in South Africa at the mouth of the Halumne River at a depth of 70 m. The fish had a length of about 150 centimeters and weighed 57 kilograms. Professor J. Smith attributed it to the coelacanths and in 1939 published a description of the new species. A new species of fish related to extinct "fossil" fish was named coelacanth(Latimeria chalumnae), in honor of the curator of the museum, Miss Courtenay-Latimer, who handed over the first fish caught to scientists. Later it turned out that local fishermen, it turns out, had already caught lobe-finned fish and used them for food. 
After a sensational find, everyone rushed to look for lobe-finned fish. And found! A population of 500 Loop-finned fish was discovered near the Comoros. Nowadays, fishing is allowed only for scientific purposes, and only about 200 specimens have been caught. People take care of the lobe-finned fish: it would be a crime to destroy the fish of ancient origin, which was considered extinct and "resurrected". Latimeria is protected and listed in the International Red Book.
Coelacanths live at a depth of 180-220 m. Like their distant ancestors, coelacanths are convinced predators, and in confirmation of this, they have many sharp teeth in the oral cavity. During the day, they usually hide in shelters, and at night they hunt fish and squid. The coelacanths themselves can become victims of hunters who are "predatory" to them - large sharks.
The largest specimens of these coelacanths caught are 1.8 m long and weigh 95 kg. Scientists report that coelacanths grow slowly, but live, fortunately, for a long time. These living "relics" are not much different from fossil coelacanths of the Mesozoic - their extinct counterparts. Fish have a powerful tail and strong movable paired fins, but the skull is filled with a fat-like substance, and the brains in it occupy no more than 1/1000 of the volume.
The coelacanth has 7 fins, 6 of them are strong, strong, well developed, resembling limbs (paws). During the movement, the coelacanth stands on these paired fins and, turning them over like paws, moves. However, coelacanths lead a sedentary lifestyle, being almost all the time at the bottom of the sea.
Coelacanths are ovoviviparous. Their bright orange eggs, 9 cm in diameter, weigh up to 300 g. Pregnancy in coelacanths lasts about 13 months, and large eggs have a characteristic bright orange color. The body length of newborn cubs reaches 33 cm.
There is a degenerated lung in the body cavity of the coelacanth, but coelacanths completely lack internal nostrils and cannot breathe atmospheric oxygen. The entire body of these lobe-finned fish is covered with scales - bony plates of a rhombic or rounded shape.
Scientists studying coelacanths, the descendants of the most ancient fish, came to the conclusion that the ancient lobe-finned fish in their development went in 2 directions. The first way is the emergence of coelacanths. This line has survived to our time and appeared before us in the form of coelacanth. Other crossopterans adapted to breathing in the air and crawled onto land on their strong mobile fins, probably their descendants are terrestrial vertebrates.
These fish do not tolerate bright daylight and life outside the depths of the sea. However, in 1972, scientists managed to relocate a guest from the "past" to a research laboratory on the island of Madagascar. It was a small coelocanth that weighed 10 kg and had a length of 90 cm. A unique living specimen of the lobe-finned fish lives in an aquarium in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. In 1986, Japanese scientists showed the coelacanth on television. A unique film was shot: the shooting was carried out at a depth of more than 50m in the Indian Ocean near the Comoros.
» dated 2001. Bold indicates the winning player in a trio. The winner of the game has his final score.
Issue 1 (516), January 5, 2001
Members:
Lada Chebakova (village of Sinegorye), Vladimir Shatokhin (Petropavlovsk), Pyotr Andreev (Irbit); (), (), (); (), (), ();
- Which piece of glass was called the Devil's cursed tool 500 years ago? (4 letters)
Issue 2 (517), January 12, 2001
Members:
Evgeny Shilov (Ivangorod), Ildira Safarova (Urgench), Nina Roman (Uzhgorod); Valentina Kirillova (Uchaly), Vladimir Kuznetsov (Apatity), Dmitry Ovchinnikov (Bryansk); Maxim Stepanov (Sobinka), Tamara Jaladyan (Moscow), Alexander Pisarenko (Oryol)(700 points);- What is the oldest musical instrument found so far? He is 34 thousand years old, he was made in the Stone Age from the mineral hematite, that is, from iron ore. Found in Khakassia. (7 letters)
- A musical instrument, which in the Middle Ages was considered a crude, common, primitive instrument, and which had to win its happiness in serious art for a long time. (7 letters)
- The development of what musical genre was facilitated by the appearance in the middle of the 19th century in the Russian village of accordion? (8 letters)
- Bells, like some other musical instruments, were received from the master who made these bells. The name given to one of his not very successful bells by a craftsman from Rostov the Great? By the way, this bell still delights listeners with its ringing. (5 letters)
- Profession of the master who was the first to make an accordion in Russia. A certain craftsman Ivan Sizov bought an Austrian-made harmonica at a fair in Nizhny Novgorod, took it apart, and, since the man was incredibly talented, like any Russian left-hander, he immediately made it his own way. I made an accordion in my own way, played it, showed it, and it suddenly became an incredible hobby for all the masters of this city. From there, the hobby grew into a nationwide one, just the whole country began to make harmonicas. (9 letters)
- In ancient times there were several such musical instruments, some of which have remained for the time being, and some of which have disappeared. Now folk groups have preserved these instruments in question. In ancient times, something else was tied to these spoons, to each spoon, and then the spoons sounded completely different. What in ancient times did musicians tie to these same spoons to make them sound better? (8 letters)
The player guessed the word and won the super prize: a computer.
Issue 3 (518), January 19, 2001
Members:
Anvar Nadyrov (Nukus), Galina Skibinskaya (Krivoy Rog), Natalia Pokidova (settlement of Slobodzeya); Sergey Maltsev (Sochi), Anastasia Miroshnikova (Kharkov), Nadezhda Pushkareva (Voskresensk); Tamara Klimova (Moscow), Anna Shirshova (Shatsk)(850 points), Sergey Gubanov (Kurgan);
- What was the name of a coin of 2 kopecks in pre-Petrine times? (4 letters)
- The unit of weight of all coins is called a grain. What does this mean in translation? (5 letters)
- What was the name of the person who was in charge of collecting duties from beer producers in the Novgorod and Pskov republics, as well as in the Tver principality in the 15th-16th centuries? (7 letters)
- Who was taxed in Germany in the 17th century? (7 letters)
- What was the name of the 25 kopeck coin in Russia? (9 letters)
Issue 4 (519), January 26, 2001
Members:
Eduard Polyakov (Slantsy), Valentina Bormotova (Lobnya), Andrey Andreev (Elabuga); Valentina Zhagarts (Kaliningrad), Alexander Veselov (village Khoschevatoe), Lyubov Volkorezova (Nikolaev); Serafima Budartseva (Zelenograd), Alexey Kozlov (settlement Nekrasovskoe)(700 points), Galina Shabokaeva (Tolyatti);- What, according to the rules of etiquette, a woman should not give a man? (7 letters)
- There is a tradition to open a bottle, pour a little for yourself, and then pour it to the others. Where did this custom come from? Previously, instead of a cork, the bottle was sealed with something. (5 letters)
- The word "etiquette" is borrowed from a French word. It, in turn, comes from the Greek "ethos". What does "ethos" mean in translation? (8 letters)
- According to etiquette, what is not customary to give a woman for the new year in France? (4 letters)
- What is not customary to give for the new year in China? (4 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 5 (520), February 2, 2001
Members:
Kubanych Asmonov (Bishkek), Angela Zheltukhova (Zaporozhye)(300 points), Ivan Kapelyushny (village of Ust-Zolikha); Almira Sabirova (Priyutovo village), Oleg Sotnik (Kharkov), Valentina Bogatova (v. Baklushi); Elena Tuchina (Novomoskovsk), Lydia Flew (v. Divin), Dmitry Snirtsev (Ryazhsk);
- What is the name of the country in which the first song historically appeared? (6 letters)
- What is the most dangerous animal in the world? (5 letters)
- The most common disease in the world. (7 letters)
- What was the name of the most important medal in Mother Russia since the time of Peter I? She weighed 6 kilograms and 800 grams. (2 words and 10 letters)
- Which bird has the fastest speed? From a great height, it develops a speed of up to 350 kilometers per hour. (5 letters)
- The oldest letter It has not changed its form since the Phoenician alphabet around 1300 BC. e. (1 letter)
The participant guessed the word and won a super prize: a washing machine.
Issue 6 (521), February 9, 2001
Members:
Viktor Babaev (Stakhanov), Gulnara Valeeva (village of Chuvash Ford)(1,200 points), Boris Skorikov (Kharkov); Elena Okruzhnova (Petropavlovsk), Andrey Deryabin (Kamenka), Margarita Vernikova (Riga); Alexander Anikin (Liski), Olga Barshchevskaya (Chelyabinsk), Victor Magalinsky (Zelenograd);
- What concept, important for cartography and geography, was introduced by the founder of ancient Greek natural science Thales of Miletus in the 7th-16th centuries BC? (8 letters)
- What was the original name of the sea chart, which, in addition to the image of the coast, indicated the direction of the winds and other useful information? (6 letters)
- What was the name of the mythological king of Libya, who allegedly first invented the celestial compass? (5 letters)
- Toponymy, the science of geographical names, their origin and development, is closely related to cartography. How did Genoese travelers call the Crimean mountain Ayu-Dag on medieval maps? (7 letters)
- What does the word "globe" mean in Latin? (3 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 7 (522), February 16, 2001
Members:
Vladimir Malinin (Komsomolsk)(1,350 points), Tamara Nikolaeva (settlement Marevo), Alexander Belousov (Krasnoarmeysk); Nadezhda Maksimova (Kalyazin), Nikolai Pupyshev (Ulyanovsk), Alina Karpova (village Tomley); Vladimir Shishkov (Megion), Tatyana Peredriy (Selidovo), Sergey Alekseev (Omsk);- An object that came into use among the Incas after the conquest of South America by the Spaniards, because of which they were ready to give up all the gold, silver, everything they had, and everything was included, the most important, the most valuable. (8 letters)
- What is the famous mate tea a symbol of? (8 letters)
- An object traditionally made by the inhabitants of Brazil from ostrich feathers. (5 letters)
- A pregnant woman of the Amazonian Tupi-Kawahib tribe can eat anything, but after giving birth for 8 months, she has huge restrictions. The only thing she can eat for 8 months...? (9 letters)
- What does the word "Galapagos" mean in Spanish, from which the name "Galapagos Islands" comes from? (8 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 8 (523), February 23, 2001
Members:
Olga Smirnova (settlement Kozlovka), Gennady Dikunov (Nizhny Tagil), Lilia Gubankova (settlement Naked Cape); Valery Levkovets (settlement Bragin)(1,550 points), Lyudmila Bulavina (village of Ternovo), Ramil Salimov (city of Beloretsk); Evdokia Fedorenko (Yevpatoria), Nikolay Bykov (Karaganda), Olga Omelchenko (Bobrov);
- What was the name of a group of wandering buffoons since the 16th century? (6 letters)
- The word "comedy" comes from the ancient Greek word "como". What does this word mean in Russian? (3 letters)
- What was the name of the box in the theater in Russia during the time of Peter the Great? (5 letters)
- What was the name of the mask in the old days? (4 letters)
- In the 17th century, what was the name of the performance of the troupe before the start of the program in fair theaters to attract spectators? (5 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 9 (524), March 2, 2001
Members:
Margarita Krupskaya (Chernushki), Eduard Titov (Belomorsk)(2 250 points), Nadezhda Bezusova-Tkachenko (village Energetik); Alexey Brykov (Bagramovo village), Lyudmila Kucherenko (Zhigulevsk), Victor Bulyga (Rivne); Olga Tikhonova (Lugya village), Viktor Tishaninov (Voronezh), Alibek Kolcharoev (Osh);
- What fruit did the ancient Romans call "Armenian apple"? (7 letters)
- What word comes from the ancient Greek name for a dish of quince with honey? (8 letters)
- What is the name of the fruit plant, which is actually a prototype of the Christmas tree? The Slavs had a god Kernes. To propitiate him and get a good harvest, here on these candles were lit in the trees. From the Slavs, this custom passed to the Germans, who until the beginning of the 19th century grew this is by the new year to the tubs in the houses. (5 letters)
- What was the name of the infusion on roots, berries, leaves or herbs in Russia? (5 letters)
- On November 4, 1493, it is documented that the Europeans learned about the existence of one of the fruits, which until now they did not know anything about, since on this day the inhabitants of Guadeloupe treated the great navigator Christopher Columbus and his team to the fruits of this tree. What fruit are we talking about? (6 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 10 (525), March 9, 2001
Members:
Taisa Kozhemyakina (Moscow) (policeman), Alla Efanova (Moscow) (dressmaker), Oksana Reznikova (Moscow) (train driver); Raisa Bykova (St. Petersburg) (cook), Natalia Zheltova (Moscow) (engineer)(1,250 points), Tatyana Dmitrieva (Moscow) (engineer); Vera Ivashutina (Marx) (obstetrician), Sofya Svetlosanova (Moscow) (pilot), Vera Bagirova (Khimki) (teacher);
- What was the name of a cloth factory worker? (9 letters)
- What profession did Agatha Christie constantly indicate in the “occupation” column, already having hundreds of publications, already being a great writer? (4 letters)
- Practically the only profession that women could engage in in Russia in the 10th-15th centuries. (8 letters)
- According to Gilyarovsky, what profession did beloved women of Moscow firefighters have in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? (7 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 11 (526), March 16, 2001
Issue 12 (527), March 23, 2001
Issue 13 (528), March 30, 2001
Members:
Aziz Pariyev (Tashkent), Nelli Chernenko (Bryansk), Fedor Sheshukov (Tyumen); Nadezhda Yakovleva (Sosnovka village), Denis Oleinikov (Kirov), Victoria Kolomiets (Vyshneve)(950 points); Lilia Pavlova (Lgov-4), Vyacheslav Angelov (Dzerzhinsk), Ekaterina Gremchenyuk (worker in Novonikolaevsky settlement);
- What does the word "patient" mean in translation? (9 letters)
- The Roman poet Ovid thus expounded the views of a great Greek scholar on how a person should eat. “Pure milk moisture in fragrant honeycombs of sweet honey, which smells of fragrant grass, caraway, is not forbidden to you. Wastefully generously offers you all the benefits of the earth, ”- this is such a quote. What great scientist are we talking about, who formulated the rules of nutrition so that there is no excess weight? (7 letters)
- (5 letters)
- What is the name of the disease, from which, according to the ancient Greeks, cabbage helps? (8 letters)
- (5 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 14 (529), April 6, 2001
Members:
Anna Dolya (Dubovoye village), Dmitry Bashkirov (Pavlovsk), Valentina Volkova (village of Stanichno-Luganskaya); Natalia Kripanova (village of Shabo), Vitaly Kirillov (city of Cheboksary), Lyudmila Smirnova (Galich)(1,100 points); Olga Kasperovich (Pinsk), Evgeny Orlin (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur), Kristina Ivanova (st. Kukharivka);
- What plant is called the forgotten houseplant? (7 letters)
- Which god is said to have created the violet? This god once became angry at curious mortals spying on Venus bathing. At her request, he turned them into big-eyed flowers. (6 letters)
- Many breed roses as houseplants. The following story is connected with roses: in the city of Provins near Paris, a folk festival of roses was born, at which the most beautiful girl, the queen of roses, was chosen. She was called "rosiera", a pink wreath was put on her head. What word comes from this wreath? (5 letters)
- How was balsam used to be called in Mother Russia? (6 letters)
- What is the palm tree a symbol of? (6 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 15 (530), April 13, 2001
Members:
Alexander Meshcheryakov (Suzdal), Ekaterina Razumova (Tolyatti), Mikhail Torchik (Gomel); Olga Mitrokhina (village of Baskakovo), Sadu Saadulev (Dagestan), Igor Shainovich (Terebovlya); Svetlana Chagarova (st. Zelenchukskaya), Galina Gaeva (Asbest)(1,500 points), Andrey Milovanov (Nizhny Novgorod);- Which mushroom in America is called the king of mushrooms? (7 letters)
- In ancient mythology, the deified drink Haoma played an important role. This drink consisted of milk and mushroom. What mushroom are we talking about? (7 letters)
- The mushroom, which the Germans for some reason call the "trumpet of death", and the British "cornucopia". What is the name of this mushroom? (7 letters)
- What is another name for valuya? There are different names for "bull", "cam". (9 letters)
- What was made in Russia from the caps of dung mushrooms? (7 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 16 (531), April 20, 2001
Issue 17 (532), April 27, 2001
Members:
Alexander Chulichkov (Chebarkul), Minzallya Kiramova (Ufa), Anatoly Gonchar (village Zachatovka)(2,950 points); Tatyana Ivanenko (Novy Oskol), Dmitry Kachanov (Kayerkan), Vera Ryzhykh (Kurchatov); Anatoly Kovyazin (village Stepanovshchina), Irina Sinovets (Polotsk), Vladimir Zhilkin (Moscow);
- Until the 17th century, peasants and soldiers wore boots in Russia. Starting from the 17th century, at court, suddenly, they also began to wear boots made of a different material. Who revived the fashion for boots at court, starting from the 17th century? (7 letters)
- There is such a familiar word "sandals". This word is borrowed from the Greek language in the first principle, the sole of the Roman and ancient Greek shoes was wooden, such straps are on top. This shoe had a certain name, which has a completely accurate translation. (6 letters)
- There are two details in the boot, which, according to tradition, was despised by the village old people, buffoons danced in such boots. When boots were being stitched, shoemakers did not use nails, but small wooden inserts, such pins, they were hammered in. There is one more detail that the village old people, according to tradition, always despised in Russia in a boot. (6 letters)
- The clothes and shoes of taiga travelers must be very strong. Insoles are obligatory for shoes so that the legs are stretched, so as not to be erased to bloody calluses. In Russia it was so accepted, such was the tradition. What are insoles traditionally made of? (5 letters)
- What shoes in Russian villages were not customary to wear for work? It was only worn only in exceptional cases, at a holiday in the villages. (7 letters)
- Who did the ancient Egyptians depict on the soles of their shoes? (4 letters)
The player didn't guess the word.
Issue 18 (533), May 4, 2001
Issue 19 (534), May 11, 2001
Members:
Svetlana Loshakova (Brest), Maria Svalova (Yekaterinburg), Valentin Yugovsky (Klintsy)(100 points); Marina Stepanova (Yaroslavl), Sergey Rushlevich (Molodechno), Elvira Yarkova (St. Petersburg); Olga Mogueva (Fryazino), Georgy Ponomarev (Veliky Novgorod), Tatyana Fufaeva (Ozyory);
- What was the name of a feast in ancient Russia in the 12th century? (4 letters)
- A festive delicacy common in Russia, which, in particular, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich sent as a gift to his bride Natalya Naryshkina. (8 letters)
- What is the name of a treat in the form of a ball, in the middle of which a boiled face is baked? (7 letters)
- After what, according to the decree of the Roman emperor Tiberius, it was necessary to bring the word "prosit"? By the way, in many countries now it is a toast, like our “Be healthy!”, in the sense of a wish for health. Where did this expression come from? (7 letters)
- Russians bake pancakes for Shrovetide, and Ukrainians...? (7 letters)
- Many tens and hundreds of years have passed, and for a long time in Russia a certain day, a certain holiday, during which porridge was necessarily eaten, has been preserved. This day is June 23 (old style) or July 6 (new style). On this day, as a rule, in Russia they ate oatmeal or buckwheat porridge and be sure to arrange competitions of cooks in the villages. On which saint's day was a particularly Russian holiday celebrated - the day of porridge? (8 letters)
The player guessed the word and won a super prize: a canteen from the Galina Blanca trademark.
Issue 20 (535), May 18, 2001
Members:
Alexander Azza (Novocherkassk)(100 points), Nina Savina (Balakovo), Alexey Alekseev (Tver); Olga Lomarenko (Kyiv), Sergei Makedonov (Ulyanovsk), Victoria Mashkina (Gorlovka); Vyacheslav Gilevsky (village Tyurinka), Larisa Moleva (settlement Shiringushi), Andrey Korobeinikov (Moscow);- What was the sheepskin sheepskin coat almost always called in Russia? (5 letters)
- What does the Dutch word "Jacques" mean, from which, by the way, the name of outerwear comes from? (8 letters)
- What was the name of the girl's clothes in Russia, consisting of two panels, gathered on a cord above the chest? (8 letters)
- What word comes from the ancient Roman name "toga" white? (8 letters)
- The name of what type of clothing entered the German language from Russian, and into Russian from Arabic? (4 letters)
- In the 16th century, in Venice, and then throughout the world, some inserts appeared in the neckline on the chest on dresses. What does the name of this insert mean in French? In French, it sounds like "shemisette". (7 letters)
The player guessed the word and won a super prize: a refrigerator.
Issue 21 (536), May 25, 2001
Members:
Varvara Golosova (Pavlodar), Igor Timin (Kotelnich), Svetlana Lyubimova (Novocheboksarsk); Nina Malyugina (village of Mortka), Sergey Sherstov (village of Berezovskoe), Samaya Abbasova (Baku)(300 points); Lilia Osadchaya (Voronezh), Irina Sobalskaya (Moscow), Evgenia Gorn (Shchekino);
- What breed of dogs were the constant companions of wandering musicians in ancient times? (6 letters)
- One of the oldest dog breeds. According to sources cited in the literature, it is known for sure that this breed of dog is about 6,000 years old. (8 letters)
- What breed of dogs did King Ashurbanipal like to hunt lions with? (6 letters)
- What does the name of the breed "Schnauzer" mean in German? (5 letters)
- What does Diogenes think stray dogs represent? (7 letters)
- What mythological character is associated with the legend about why a dog has a cold and wet nose? (3 letters)
The participant guessed the word and won a super prize: a home theater.
Issue 22 (537), June 1, 2001
Members:
Sergey Somov (Moscow), Sergei Nikoforov (Pskov), Natalya Kotelnikova (Tver); Alexander Tepkin (Tver), Andrey Lisitsyn (Tver), Alexander Kuts (Moscow)(850 points); Tatyana Fedorchenko (sanatorium "Trekhbratsky"), Viktor Kocherov (Tver), Alexander Valuy (Moscow);
- What does the word "avis" mean in translation, from which the word "aviation" comes? (5 letters)
- What does the word "airship" mean in French? (11 letters)
- On July 15, 1923, four five-seat passenger aircraft were handed over to the first Russian civil aviation enterprise Dobrolyot at the Khodynka field in Moscow. They were called "Prombank", "VSNKh", "ODVF" ... What was the name of the fourth aircraft? (8 letters)
- The first sortie on an airplane was recorded in February 1911 in Mexico during the revolution of 1910-1918. A tour pilot, earning money from demonstration flights, conducted reconnaissance of the rebel fortress in the interests of government troops. The pilot received not only the necessary data, but, in fact, suppressed the entire defense of the opponents, completely frightened them away by dropping one object on their heads. What is he dropped? Why did they flee in different directions and surrendered the fortress almost without a fight - were they so scared? (8 letters)
- What is considered historically the first aircraft in history? (4 letters)
- Sergei Ivanovich Utochkin in 1910-1913 was the most famous aviator in Russia, but even before that, in 1909, Sergei Ivanovich made a flight in a balloon. Surprisingly, it is a fact that a famous writer flew with this man, with this future great famous aviator. Who? (6 letters)
The player guessed the word and won the computer (at the request of the winner).
Issue 23 (538), June 8, 2001
Members:
Valentina Kartashova (Zhodino), Zinaida Kuznetsova (p. Pizhma), Valentina Dudarova (Morozovo); Galina Kerenchuk (Nesterov), Tatyana Dziuba (Novonikolaevsk), Sergey Kumov (Moscow); Irina Lyyurova (Syktyvkar), Darvesh Yusov (Samara), Elena Balyka (Bobruisk);Issue 24 (539), June 15, 2001
Members:
Dmitry Dukhanin (Alushta), Inga Akseenko (Severny settlement), Eduard Sokolov (Moscow); Alexey Nikolaev (Novomoskovsk), Olga Zhdanova (Borodino), Vasily Isakov (village of Ilyinsko-Podomskoye); Natalia Melnichenko (Mariupol), Konstantin Smolyak (Krichev), Galina Yakunina (Myski);
Issue 25 (540), June 22, 2001
Members:
Tamara Korobova (Voronovo)(800 points), Anatoly Fedorchuk (Ruzhany), Victoria Orlovskaya (Korosten); Lyudmila Ionenko (Pavlodar), Farhod Makhmudov (Khujand), Larisa Paramonova (Samara); Vasily Tulikov (Perm), Bulbahor Radzhabova (v. Yangi-Turmush), Viktor Zudkov (Moscow);- About what kind of fish on the Volga do they say that there is no more stupid than it? (5 letters)
- What fish can live the longest in the air up to 300 hours? (6 letters)
- Since ancient times, sturgeon fish have been valued for their unusual tasty qualities, they are so valued that money with the image of what kind of fish was minted in the ancient Greek colonies on the Black Sea? (6 letters)
- What is the name of a fishing net woven at the top? (5 letters)
- The patron saint of fishermen in pagan Russia. Who is it? (7 letters)
- The name of one of the oldest fish; the heyday of this family came 100-200 million years ago, when dinosaurs still lived on earth. (5 letters)
The participant guessed the word and won the super prize: a computer
Issue 26 (541), June 29, 2001
Members:
Ibragim Bodaev (village Srednyaya Yeluzan), Valentin Shainurov (village Shmidtovka), Elena Eyvazova (Moscow); Nadezhda Dolgaya (Zhiletovo), Oksana Shcherbakova (Zernograd), Sergey Sosnovsky (Bagerovo settlement); Vyacheslav Vlasenko (Goryachiy Klyuch), Elena Abasheva (Moscow), Larisa Mitrofanova (Artyomovsk)(1,250 points);
- What was the name of the national Russian game with animal bones? (5 letters)
- What does the English word “hook” mean in translation, from which, in fact, the name of the game hockey came from? (6 letters)
- What folk game originated from the old Russian custom of kidnapping the bride on the night before Ivan Kupala? (7 letters)
- There is such an old game, with the help of which patience and attentiveness are developed, and with a bunch of tiny little things: glasses, hammers, hearts heaped on the table. It is necessary to choose one with a small hook so as not to disturb the others. What are these little toys called? (8 letters)
- The history of this game and the legends associated with it are very diverse and interesting. In Turkey, for example, they call it “Do you love your neighbor?”, In Holland, they believe that this game comes from ancient customs, when boys and girls went to the forest to look for birds, bugs, and pick flowers in the field to make sure: spring has come. What game are we talking about? (6 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 27 (542), July 6, 2001
Members:
Julia Pavlova (v. Ushaki), Valery Shulga (Taganrog), Elena Purtova (Shadrinsk); Svetlana Yakimova (Mozhga)(250 points), Natalia Malysheva (Sheremetyevo village), Alexandra Popova (Minsk); Irina Anisimova (settlement of Ilyinsky), Nadezhda Sokolenko (settlement of Revda), Maria Gorodova (Minsk);
- What dish did Empress Catherine the Great prefer? (7 letters)
- One of the favorite common foods of Elizaveta Petrovna, which irritated her French chef with her unrefinedness. (8 letters)
- With all his untold wealth, Pavel Grigorievich Demidov adhered to moderation in food and spent 6-7 rubles on the table per month. What did he like to eat for lunch? (7 letters)
- Peter I often went to have breakfast in the taverns he created himself called "Asteria". What, besides rye bread, did the tsar's breakfast usually consist of? By the way, Peter's day began at 3-4 o'clock in the morning. (5 letters)
- What drink, except for 14 mugs of vodka, 24 buckets (that's about 30 liters of wine), 47 buckets of honey, 23 buckets of beer, was served at the table of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on November 12, 1667? (4 letters)
- What was his favorite drink Pushkin jokingly said: “Why should we drink tea, here it is - our national drink!”? (7 letters)
The participant guessed the word and won a super prize: a canteen from the Galina Blanca trademark.
Issue 28 (543), July 13, 2001
Members:
Stanislav Lyashchenko (Lugansk), Alena Yarova (Aleksandrov), Vdazhimir Smirnov (Penza); Anatoly Verigin (Ipatovo village), Evgenia Galovicheva (Omsk), Irza Ismailov (Vidnoye village); Ninel Tsvetkova (Vinnitsa), Sergey Kuznetsov (Vileiko), Galina Shestakova (village of Ignatievo);
Issue 29 (544), July 27, 2001
Issue 30 (545), August 3, 2001
Members:
Olga Kholodilova (Yaroslavl)(2,100 points), Alexander Shurupov (St. Petersburg), Nikolai Nagorny (Moscow); Marina Serykh (Komsomolsk-on-Amur), Almaz Valiullin (Omsk), Alexander Khoroshev (Bryansk); Erika Komarova (Nevinnomyssk), Dmitry Danilenko (Moscow), Yuri Kholikov (Smolensk);- The first Russian trains consisted of four classes of carriages. What were the most comfortable and expensive cars called? (8 letters)
- What was the original name of the locomotive, which was invented by the Cherepanov brothers? (7 letters)
- What was the name of the trolley that was used on the first Russian railway built by Pyotr Kuzmich Frolov? (9 letters)
- What goods at the end of the 19th century could be found on Sundays and holidays in the morning only in station buffets? (5 letters)
- What was the name of the entertainment establishment that was built near the railway in Pavlovsk in order to attract people from the capital there? (6 letters)
- What was the name of the staff of the Petersburg-Moscow railway? (6 letters)
The participant guessed the word and won a super prize: a car.
Issue 31 (546), August 10, 2001
Members:
Olga Kochergina (Rasskazovo), Sergey Usmanov (Voznesensk), Alexandra Bagiryan (Malakhovka); Igor Kuznetsov (Aleksin), Margarita Timofeeva (Yekaterinburg), Tatyana Subotko (Drogichin); Zumrad Juraeva (Tashkent)(1,200 points), Sergey Rusakov (village of Eskhar), Svetlana Zhuravleva (Gatchina);
- In ancient Greece, a person of this profession walked the streets and informed citizens about the news. In England and France in the Middle Ages, he walked with a bell, and after the latest news, he transmitted paid messages from customers, usually merchants and owners of drinking establishments. What was the name of this profession in the Middle Ages? (8 letters)
- What was the name of the premises for the sale or storage of grain or flour? (5 letters)
- What was the tax for the right to have a warehouse called in Russia? (8 letters)
- Auctions play a huge role in the flower bulb industry in Holland. In the past, the sale of bulbs took place when the bulbs were still in the fields and the future buyer did not know exactly what he was buying. What was the name of such an auction when a tulip bulb was sold at a time when it was still in the ground? (7 letters)
- What product in the 19th century, according to all foreign merchants traveling along the Volga, was the most lively? (6 letters)
- In one epic about a certain man who built a ship in order to sail somewhere, this merchant built several ships in order to set off on a journey to overseas countries to trade goods. It was said about him in the epic legend as follows: "He built himself a ship, built the stern in it like a goose, and the nose in it was like an eagle." What was the name of this shipbuilder? (5 letters)
The participant guessed the word and won the super prize: a computer.
Issue 32 (547), August 17, 2001
Members:
Maria Belyaeva (settlement Ivanovshchina), Vitaly Romanov (Labytnangi), Irina Musinova (Fergana); Roza Kotikova (Cherepovets), Nikolay Zhuravlev (Tula), Natalia Fedotova (Kurgan); Roman Kiselyov (Abakan), Evgeny Kalinin (Novodvinsk)(500 points), Olga Eremenko (Yasinovataya);- The name of which forest shrub in translation means "bear berry"? (8 letters)
- What does the word "bort" mean, from which beekeeping comes, that is, forest beekeeping, in contrast to the beekeeper? (5 letters)
- The name of which forest tree is translated from Latin "to catch birds", "Aucuparia"? (6 letters)
- What is the name of the country that helped the Spaniards in planting forests instead of those cut down by the first settlers? (6 letters)
- The name of a saint who was considered in Russia the patron saint of all forest animals. (6 letters)
- What does the Latin name for oak mean in translation? It is called in Latin "Quercus". (8 letters)
The player guessed the word and won a super prize: a washing machine.
Issue 33 (548), August 24, 2001
Issue 34 (549), August 31, 2001
Issue 35 (550), September 7, 2001
Members:
Yuri Babenko (Feodosia), Svetlana Kryuchkova (Shakhunya)(2 550 points), Viktor Bokovoy (village Sholokhovskiy); Yuri Putyakov (village Nizhnee Turmyshevo), Svetlana Bogdanova (Nyandoma), Zlislav Tropuk (Postavy); Julia Gorelova (Yarnevo), Andrey Leshenko (st. Kanevskaya), Anna Stratyuk (Zhytomyr);
- What was the name of the bridgeman's assistant, that is, the ancient Russian builder of bridges and roads? (5 letters)
- There is such an expression - "rake in the heat with the wrong hands." There was such a profession of people who raked in the heat. What did they collect? (6 letters)
- What was the name of the uncle-educator of the young prince? In well-born Russian noble families, the educator of the young offspring of a well-born family was called that. Most often, there was a retired soldier or sailor called up from the crew. (8 letters)
- What was the name of the village watchmen who announced dangers? (6 letters)
- One of the most essential professions is a civil engineer. What does the word "engineering" mean in translation, from which the word "engineer" comes from? (6 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 36 (551), September 14, 2001
Issue 37 (552), September 21, 2001
Members:
Valery Tolstov (village of Bolshoe Karachkino), Elena Sysoeva (v. Old Uryup), Victor Rudchuk (Krasnoyarsk); Larisa Gyrla (Vyksa), Nikolai Ogayan (Yerevan), Sergey Gorbatyuk (Pervomaisky); Sergei Kostylev (Verkhny Ufaley), Alla Martirosyan (Gomel)(1,200 points), Ilshat Salihyanov (village Ilmetovo);- The fur hat, known since the times of ancient Russia, had four blades; two large ones covering the ears and cheeks (they were wrapped around the neck and tied at the back of the head), and two small ones that covered the back of the head and forehead. What was her name? (7 letters)
- The name of which headdress comes from the German word for a bag for gunpowder or cartridges? (6 letters)
- The beret appeared in Western Europe in the 12th century. This headdress got its name from the Latin word "berus". What does this word mean in translation? (7 letters)
- What was the name of the home-made poor man's cap made of coarse wool, the brim of which turned away and occupied the entire crown almost to the very top? (7 letters)
- What kind of headdress did Paul I prohibit to wear in Russia? Anyone who disobeyed this decree and wore this headdress was beaten on the head with a stick. (7 letters)
- The name of which headdress in Persian means "nettle cloth"? (6 letters)
The participant did not guess the word.
Issue 38 (553), September 28, 2001
Issue 39 (554), October 5, 2001
Members:
Valentina Kablukova (Kirov)(2,050 points), Sergey Varlankin (Ludinovo), Alexander Fagin (Mukhtolovo settlement); Nina Zholob (Svetlovodsk), Alexander Konishev (Nizhnevartovsk), Svetlana Mamchenko (Grodno); Lilia Lilisheiko (village of Krasnaya Sloboda), Viktor Kochnev (Petropavlovsk), Zumrad Rakhmatova (Tashkent);- The oldest type of cutlery. (3 letters)
- Name the element in the table setting, next to which the most honored guests were planted since ancient times. (7 letters)
- What was the Tatar name for a gourd vessel for storing alcoholic beverages? (5 letters)
- What is a pot with two handles and two handles called? Since ancient times, such a pot existed in Russia. (5 letters)
- What cooking item was introduced by the 1720 maritime charter in the navy? (8 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 40 (555), October 12, 2001
Members:
Svetlana Zhurakovskaya (Mariupol), Enver Mustafin (Kazan), Vera Tula (Kherson); Elena Vrublevskaya (Dno), Pavel Ivanov (St. Petersburg), Tatyana Scaretnova (Ishim); Vasilisa Imaykina (Ichalki village), Myrzakul Ismanova (Arashan village), Vitaliy Ivannitsa (Donetsk)(600 points);- What aquatic plant has always been called that? They called him in Russia overcome-grass. (8 letters)
- What does the ancient Egyptian word "papu" mean, from which the word "papyrus" is derived? (7 letters)
- What was made from algae in France in the 17th century? (5 letters)
- What is another name for wild rosemary? (9 letters)
- What does the lotus flower symbolize in India? (7 letters)
The player refused the super game.
Issue 41 (556), October 19, 2001
Members:
Yuri Navolnev (Druzhkovka), Ludmila Kustina (Volgograd), Viktor Kalinichenko (Rivne); Yuri Agamov (Moscow)(1,000 points), Lyudmila Kalinovska (Kobrin), Sergey Zdor (Liski); Evgenia Kutrenkova (Mikhailovka), Boris Barvinok (Sevastopol), Vladimir Osadchy (Kremenchug);
- What was the name of the festival that accompanied the consent of the bride's parents to marriage in Russia? (5 letters)
- What was the symbol of marital fidelity in ancient times? (6 letters)
- What gift was the most expensive and desired for the bride? (4 letters)
- What traditional wedding gift do village women in Cyprus say to young people? (6 letters)
- What, according to an old folk sign, should be given to a newborn immediately after weaning, so that he never becomes a drunkard, grows up a healthy and strong person? (6 letters)
- The name of the ancient Russian goddess-patron of love and marriage. (4 letters)
The player guessed the word and won a super prize: a home theater.
Issue 42 (557), October 26, 2001
Members:
Marina Andreeva (Nizhny Novgorod), Konstantin Danilin (Vladivostok), Svetlana Tseplyaeva (Dolgoprudny); Svetlana Dmitrieva (Irkutsk), Andrey Kazakov (Samara), Yana Shorokhova (Rostov-on-Don); Marina Lashmanova (Podolsk)(1,850 points), Nikolai Tsymbal (Mangitogorsk), Evgeny Murmuridis (St. Petersburg);
- What goods were forbidden to be imported into England in the 14th century? (6 letters)
- What goods were forbidden to be imported into Venice in the 15th century? (6 letters)
- What goods were forbidden to be imported into Florence in the 15th century? (5 letters)
- What was the name of a senior customs officer in ancient Russia? (6 letters)
- What drink was called customs kvass in the 19th century? This is an informal name among customs officers. (10 letters)
The participant guessed the word and won a super prize: a set of upholstered furniture.
Issue 43 (558), November 2, 2001
Members:
Stalin Savin (village of Birino), Mikhail Revin (Izhevsk), Lyudmila Trushkina (village Dictatorship); Lyudmila Vasyakina (Kazan), Alexandra Ostapenko (Polyarnye Zori), Alexander Matasov (village Zimovniki)(250 points); Tatiana Kobylchenko (village of Borovoye), Alexander Chernov (Gornyak), Vladimir Glushkov (village Urgaksh);- A certain Hans Moritz Airman, a native of the city of Nuremberg, was in Russia in 1669 as part of the retinue of Count Christian Horn. In his travel diaries, he wrote: “In general, in almost no country you will find that people are so valued here this is like in this very Moscow. (4 letters)
- What was strictly forbidden in Moscow in the 17th century under the threat of a huge fine or imprisonment? (7 letters)
- From what word does the name of the Moscow settlement of people engaged in any one craft come from? From here, in an amazing way, this word, slightly transformed, went beyond the boundaries of the Moscow state. (7 letters)
- What was the name of the village on the outskirts? (7 letters)
- According to the most common version of the origin of the names of one of the most famous streets in Moscow, the Arbat, it is based on the Arabic word "rabad". (9 letters)
- What was the name of the watchman at the gates of the Kremlin in the old days? (8 letters)
The player guessed the word and won a super prize: an all-terrain vehicle.
Issue 44 (559), November 9, 2001
Members:
Leonard Kolodkin (Moscow), Olga Mulyukina, later Sergey Goryachev (Kaluga), Alexander Kozlov (Nizhny Novgorod); Evgeny Kuropov (Ryazan), Eduard Idrisov (Kazan), Galina Nikolaeva (Pskov); Alexander Bibikov (Zelenograd), Alexei Ilyishenko (Voronezh), Viktor Kopchenov (Arzamas); Answer: Truth Answer: Salary Answer: Walker Answer: Yabednik Answer: Shish
The participant guessed the word and won the super game.
Issue 45 (560), November 16, 2001
Members:
Viktor Kuznetsov (Zlatoust)(350 points), Ruslan Toskunov (Orel), Susanna Pazayan (village Olyavidovo); Vladimir Kuzin (Dolgoprudny), Vitaly Shmorgun (Seversk), Elena Palmova (Shakhunya); Tamara Digitayeva (v. Mishkino), Vladimir Tyukaev (Rivne), Oksana Shubina (Penza-32);- According to ancient Russian beliefs, this stone can make a person invisible. One who drinks from a cup made of this stone is able to understand the language of animals. What stone are we talking about? (7 letters)
- The name of this oil product comes from the Arabic phrase “luban jawi” (called “Javanese incense”), this word got into Russian, however, from French. (6 letters)
- What does the Assyrian word "sarpu" mean, from which the word "silver" comes? (4 letters)
- What mineral is called liquid ore by geologists? (4 letters)
- What oil product was called “yellow oil” in the middle of the 18th century? (7 letters)
The player guessed the word and won a super prize: a stove
Issue 46 (561), November 23, 2001
Members:
Andrey Voron (Minsk)(550 points), Anna Korotkova (Nizhny Novgorod), Leonid Skupeyko (Mukoshin); Valery Ruzin (Donetsk), Irina Karpova (Oktyabrsk), Vasily Fedchenko (Smela); Gelarom Muminova (Khujand), Vyacheslav Cheburakhov (Podolsk), Elena Gudkova (Mary);- What is the name of the winemaking term, meaning the best of the “first fraction” of wine, from which the most exquisite high-quality wines are subsequently prepared? (7 letters)
- What is the name of the ancient measure of volume, equal to 40 buckets? (5 letters)
- Russian measure of liquid volume together with damask. Shtof is a foreign measure, here this is purely Russian, equals 1/12 of a bucket. (6 letters)
- The intoxicating drink honey in Russia was prepared for many centuries, in fact, until the 20th century it was an absolutely traditional drink. Certain rules for the production, storage and use of this drink were developed. For example, there was a simple way to find out the readiness of honey intended for long-term storage: this is. If it held, the honey is ready, if it sank, it is not ready. The traditional way in Russia. (4 letters)
- An ancient vessel for serving honey and beer, which were drunk round. (7 letters)
The player didn't guess the word.
Issue 47 (562), November 30, 2001
Members:
Irina Shiryaeva (settlement Oktyabrsky), Maria Solovyova (Moscow), Andrey Bogdanov (Chudovo)(700 points); Yuri Gribkov (Voronezh), Victoria Mikhailina (Kyiv), Elena Lapina (settlement of Gizema); Adolf Oleinikov (village Novoaydar), Nazili Karakizyan (Nizhny Novgorod), Oleg Bochkov (Moscow);
- What word, widespread in our life, comes from the name of one of the pieces of Italian Renaissance furniture? (5 letters)
- What was the name of the main type of furniture in the royal mansions during the time of Ivan the Terrible? (6 letters)
- Elevation, covered with carpets, where the highest state council of Turkey met. Hence the name of one of the types of furniture. (5 letters)
- What was the name of a small table with three legs in ancient Greece, at which guests were received? (7 letters)
- What was the name of the quilted mattress made of cotton fabric, which was placed on the bench under the feather bed? (8 letters)
The player didn't guess the word.
Issue 48 (563), December 7, 2001
Members:
Alexander Avertyuk (Brest), Rimma Muslyatdinova (n. Khirdalan), Vera Berezhnaya (Znamensk); Yuri Zhorev (Krasnoyarsk), Olga Kharitonova (Samara), Gennady Balobin (Olenegorsk); Anna German (Sochi), Anatoly Chaliapin (Shmygly), Alfiya Kudoyarova (Ufa); Answer: birch bark Answer: Brine Answer: Kumys Answer: Cow Answer: Rylnik
The participant guessed the word and won the super game.
Issue 49 (564), December 14, 2001
Members:
Valentina Spiridonova (Velikiye Luki), Anna Kalashnik (Zorinsk), Vyacheslav Ponomarenko (Vinnitsa); Olga Petrova (Smorgon), Elena Zabolotskaya (Moscow)(2,200 points), David Bekterov (village Zhetybai); Elizaveta Mikhaleva (Tchaikovsky), Oksana Kudareva (Smolino settlement), Eduard Pimenov (v. Kortkeros);
- What has been the main medicine since the 11th century, when it was discovered in the Italian city of Salerno? Removes excess moisture, revitalizes the heart, cures colic, paralysis, fever, soothes toothache and protects against plague. (5 letters)
- An ailment from which, according to the ancient Greeks, cabbage helps. (8 letters)
- A disease whose name is a native Russian word. (5 letters)
- What does the word "pharmacy" mean in Greek? (5 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
Issue 50 (565), December 21, 2001
Members:
Natalia Lautina (village Lautino), Valentina Morozova (Noginsk), Yuri Ivashutin (Marx); Viktor Boyko (Vinnitsa), Lidia Kashaeva (Odessa), Olga Petrova (Moscow); Natalya Gurmulova (Balabanovo)(1,350 points), Anatoly Lebedev (Ordzhonikidze), Anna Popova (v. Veshchatoe);- What was the name of the first Eskimo language book published in Greenland in 1739? (6 letters)
- A Greenlandic proverb says: "The glory of the hunter is in the hands - ...!", and people live on the island. (4 letters)
- What animal did the Tahitians call a pig with teeth on its head? What animal are we talking about? (6 letters)
- An animal worshiped by the Eskimos. It was considered a representative of antiquity and wisdom, it is impossible to kill in any case. The Eskimos believed that these they lead the same way of life as people do. (4 letters)
The participant refused the supergame.
largest freshwater fish
Catfish In the XIX century. in Russia common was caught catfish (Silurus glanis) 4.6 m long and weighing 336 kg. Nowadays, any freshwater fish that is longer than 1.83 m and weighs 90 kg is already considered large.
smallest freshwater fish
Pandaka The smallest and lightest freshwater fish is the pygmy pandaka (Pandaka pygmaea). This colorless and almost transparent fish lives in lakes about. Luzon, Philippines. The body length of males is 7.5-9.9 mm, and the weight is only 4-5 mg.
The smallest commercial fish
Sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis), a species of goby that is endangered and lives only in Lake Buhi about. Luzon, Philippines. Males are only 10-13 mm long, and it takes 70,000 fish to produce a 454-gram cake of dried fish.
The oldest fish
Eel In 1948 from the aquarium Helsingborg Museum, Sweden, reported the death of a female European eel (Anguilla anguilla) named Patti, who was 88 years old. It is believed that she was born in 1860 in the Sargasso Sea, North Atlantic, and was caught somewhere in the river at the age of 3.
The oldest goldfish
Golden crucian From China there have been numerous reports of goldfish - goldfish (Carassius auratus) living for more than 50 years, but only a few of these reports can be considered reliable.
most valuable fish
Beluga The most expensive fish is the Russian Beluga (Huso huso). A female weighing 1227 kg, caught in the Tikhaya Pine River in 1324, produced 245 kg of the highest quality caviar, which would cost $200,000 today.
Carp Far Eastern carp (C. Carpio) 76 cm long, champion of the most prestigious nationwide Japanese koi shows (koi is the Japanese name for carp) in 1976, 1977, 1979 and 1980, in 1982 was sold for 17 million yen. In March 1986, this ornamental carp was purchased by Derry Evans, owner of the Kent Koi Center, near Sevenoaks, c. Kent, UK, price not disclosed; 5 months later, the fish, which was 15 years old, died. She was made into a stuffed animal.
A fish that can climb a tree
Anabas Anabas, or crawler fish, found in South Asia, is the only fish that comes out on land and even climbs trees. She walks the earth in search of a more suitable habitat. Gills of climbing perch are adapted to absorb oxygen from moist atmospheric air.
The smallest toad
Black-breasted toad The smallest toad - black-breasted toad (Bufo taitanus beiranus), living in Africa. The largest specimen was 24 mm long.
The smallest frog
Cuban dwarf The smallest frog and at the same time the smallest amphibian - Cuban dwarf (Sminthillus limbatus) living in Cuba; the length of a fully developed individual from the tip of the muzzle to the anus is 0.85 - 1.2 cm.
The biggest toad
Yeah, the biggest known toad - yeah (Bufo marinus), living in the tropical zone of South America and in Australia. The mass of a medium-sized specimen is 450 g. In 1991, according to measurements, the weight of a male of this species named Prince, owned by Haken Forsberg from Akers Stiekebrook, Sweden, was 2.65 kg, and the length from the tip of the muzzle to the anus in extended state - 53.9 cm.
The largest frog
goliath frog Goliath frog (Conraua goliath), caught in April 1989 by a resident of Seattle, pc. Washington, USA, by Andy Kofman in the Sanaga River, Cameroon, weighed 3.66 kg.
What animals of antiquity have survived to this day, and what do we know about them? The pages of our site have already talked about dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals that once inhabited our planet, but have already become extinct by now.
Is there really among the contemporaries of dinosaurs those who could survive to this day ?! Today we will present to your attention 25 of the most real "living fossils".
shield
A freshwater crustacean similar to a small horseshoe crab. Over the past 70 million years, its prehistoric morphology has hardly changed, almost no different from the ancestors of the shieldfish that inhabited the earth about 220 million years ago.
24. Lamprey
Jawless fish. It has a funnel-like sucker mouth. Occasionally they burrow their teeth into the bodies of other fish, sucking out blood, but the bulk of 38 species of this fish do not do this.
The most ancient remains of this fish date back to 360 million years ago.
23. Sandhill crane
Endemic to North-Eastern Siberia and North America is a heavy and large bird, weighing up to 4.5 kilograms. Presumably the most ancient representative of this species, the fossils of which could be found, lived 10 million years ago in Nebraska.
22. Sturgeon
Living in lakes, rivers and coastal waters, the subarctic, temperate and subtropical sturgeon is sometimes called "primitive fish". The reason for this is that the morphological characteristics of the sturgeon have not changed much. In any case, the most ancient fossils of the sturgeon are practically indistinguishable from its modern descendants, despite the passage of 220 million years.
True, regrettable as it may seem, environmental pollution and overfishing have put these unique fish on the verge of complete extinction, and some species of sturgeon are practically beyond restoration.
21. Giant Chinese salamander
The largest amphibian, the length of which can reach 1.8 m. It represents the family of cryptogills that appeared 170 million years ago. Like the sturgeon, it is on the verge of extinction.
The reason is habitat loss, overfishing and pollution. Like many other rare species, it is used by the Chinese for food and goes to the dubious needs of Chinese medicine.
20. Martian ant
It lives in the tropical forests of Brazil and the Amazon. Belongs to the oldest genus of ants and has an age of about 120 million years.
19. Goblin shark
The body length of this fish can reach 4 meters. A very rare and poorly studied species of deep-sea shark. Creepy and unusual appearance indicates prehistoric roots. Apparently, her first ancestors lived on Earth already 125 million years ago. Despite the frightening appearance and size, it is absolutely safe for people.
18. horseshoe crab
A marine arthropod that lives primarily in shallow ocean waters on soft, muddy or sandy bottoms. It is considered the closest relative of the trilobite and is one of the most famous living fossils that has not changed much over 450 million years.
17. Echidna
Like the platypus, the echidna remains the only egg-laying mammal. Its ancestors diverged from the platypus about 48-19 million years ago. The common ancestor of both led an aquatic lifestyle, but echidnas adapted to life on land. Due to its appearance, it was named after the "Mother of Monsters" from ancient Greek mythology.
16. Hatteria
Endemic tuatara from New Zealand can reach a length of 80 cm, distinguished by a spiny ridge along the back, which is especially pronounced in males. However, despite the clear resemblance to modern reptiles and lizards, the body structure of the tuatara has remained unchanged for two hundred million years. In this regard, tuatara are extremely important for science, as they can help in the study of the evolution of both snakes and lizards.
15. Frilled Shark
Frilled sharks live in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans at a depth of fifty to two hundred meters. Like the goblin shark, the frilled shark has an extremely intimidating appearance.
This line has existed for at least 95 million years (since the end of the Cretaceous). It is possible that the age of frilled sharks may be 150 million years (the end of the Jurassic period).
The frilled shark is a living fossil belonging to one of the oldest extant lineages of sharks. 14. Vulture Turtle
The vulture turtle lives mostly in the waters adjacent to the southeastern territories of the United States. Belongs to one of the two surviving families of Cayman tortoises.
This prehistoric tortoise family has a centuries-long fossil history dating back to the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous (72-66 million years ago). The weight of the vulture turtle can reach up to 180 kilograms, which makes it the heaviest freshwater turtle in the world.
13. Coelacanth
Endemic to the coastal waters of Indonesia, a genus of fish that includes two living species of the coelacanth family. Until 1938, coelacanths were considered extinct until they were rediscovered.
Ironically, coelacanths are more closely related to mammals, reptiles, and lungfish than they are to other ray-finned fish. Presumably, the coelacanth acquired its current form about 400 million years ago.
Coelacanth is endemic to Indonesian waters. 12. Giant freshwater stingray
The giant freshwater stingray is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, growing in diameter to almost two meters. Its weight can reach up to six hundred kilograms. According to research, its oval pectoral fin disc formed about 100 million years ago.
Like most of the representatives of the animal kingdom mentioned in this article, the giant freshwater stingray is on the verge of extinction due to excessive capture for the purpose of display in aquariums, sale for meat, and due to pollution of the living conditions of this animal.
11. Nautilus
A pelagic mollusk that lives in the central-western region of the Pacific and the Indian Ocean.
Prefers deep slopes of coral reefs. Based on fossils, the nautilus managed to survive five hundred million years, during which the earth changed several eras and several mass extinctions occurred. Of course, nautiluses, too, having existed for half a billion years and survived the most severe cataclysms, may not withstand the most terrible (and this is not an exaggeration) of the evils that our planet has ever faced - with a person. It is on the verge of extinction due to overfishing and human pollution.
10. Medusa
They live in all oceans from the depths of the sea to the surface. Presumably, they appeared in the seas about 700 million years ago. In view of this, jellyfish can be called the most ancient polyorganic animals. This is probably the only animal included in this list, the number of which can increase significantly due to excessive capture of natural enemies of jellyfish. At the same time, some species of jellyfish are also on the verge of extinction.
9. Platypus
An oviparous mammal with otter legs, a beaver tail and a duck bill. Very often it is called the most bizarre animal in the world. In light of this, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the roots of the platypus go into the prehistoric wilds.
On the one hand, the oldest platypus fossil is only 100,000 years old, but the first platypus ancestor roamed the expanses of the Gondwana supercontinent about 170 million years ago.
8. Long-eared jumper
This small four-legged mammal is widespread throughout the African continent and looks like opossums or some kind of small rodents. However, oddly enough, they are much closer to elephants than to opossums. The first ancestors of the long-eared jumper lived on earth already in the Paleogene period (about 66-23 million years ago).
7. Pelican
Oddly enough, but this large waterfowl with a long, heavy beak is one of the living fossils that have hardly changed since the prehistoric period. The genus of these birds has existed for at least 30 million years.
The most ancient fossilized skeleton of a pelican was found in France in the deposits of the early Oligocene. Outwardly, it is almost indistinguishable from modern pelicans, and its beak is morphologically completely identical to the beaks of modern birds of this genus.
Pelicans are one of the few birds that have not changed since the prehistoric period. 6 Mississippi Carapace
One of the largest North American freshwater fish. It is often called a living fossil or "primitive fish" because of the preservation of a number of morphological characteristics of its most ancient ancestors. In particular, among these characteristics we can mention the ability to breathe both in water and air, as well as a spiral valve. Paleontologists trace the existence of the shell for 100 million years back into the centuries.
The Mississippi shell is a primitive fish. 5. Sponge
The duration of the existence of sea sponges on our planet is difficult to trace, since estimates of their age vary widely, but today the oldest fossil is about 60 million years old.
4. Slittooth
Nocturnal venomous burrowing mammal. It is endemic to several Caribbean countries at once and is often called a living fossil, which is not at all surprising, since it has hardly undergone any changes over the past 76 million years.
3. Crocodiles
Unlike most animals on this list, the crocodile actually looks like a dinosaur. In addition to crocodiles, mention should be made of gharial crocodiles, gharials, caimans and alligators. This group appeared on our planet about 250 million years ago. This happened in the early Triassic period, and the descendants of these creatures to this day carry a lot of morphological features that were formed even in their distant ancestors.
2. Pygmy whale
Until 2012, the pygmy whale was considered extinct, but since it did survive, it is still considered the smallest representative of baleen whales. Since this animal is very rare, very little is known about its population and its social behavior. But it is known for sure that the dwarf whale is a descendant of the cetotherium family, which is included in the suborder of baleen whales and which existed from the late Oligocene until the late Pleistocene (28-1 million years ago).
1. Black-bellied disc-tongued frog
As it turned out, living fossils can also be found among, it would seem, such a completely prosaic creature as a frog. Like the aforementioned dwarf whale, this black-bellied frog was thought to be extinct, but was rediscovered in 2011.
At first it was believed that the black-bellied disc-tonguing frog existed for only 15 thousand years, but resorting to phylogenetic analysis, scientists were able to calculate that the last direct ancestor of this unique animal jumped on the earth's surface about 32 million years ago. This makes the black-bellied disc-tonguing frog not only a living fossil, but also the only representative of its kind that has survived to this day.
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