Given with some abbreviations
INDOOR AIR
In connection with the increased metabolism, the growing body of the child needs an increased delivery of oxygen to the tissues. The amount of air passing through the lungs of a one-year-old child in 1 minute per 1 kg of weight is 220 ml, while in an adult it is only 96 ml.
By the end of the first year of a child's life (with a minute breathing volume of 2600 ml), about 4000 liters of air pass through the lungs per day, and even more in older children.
Breathing in children has features associated with incomplete formation of the respiratory apparatus. It is more shallow, and to meet the need for oxygen, the child breathes quickly. The younger he is, the faster his breath.
So, in 1 minute, a 5-6-year-old child produces 25 respiratory movements, a one-year-old - 30-35, a 6-month-old - 35-40, and a newborn - up to 40-60.
All this indicates that for the normal functioning of the child's body it is especially important that the surrounding air has the necessary chemical composition, physical properties and was devoid of harmful impurities. These conditions are met by fresh atmospheric air.
As for the air in enclosed spaces during the stay of children, it largely loses its positive properties.
As a result of human activity, harmful substances emitted by the skin (sweat, decomposing surface layer of the skin - epithelium), intestines, dirty clothes, food residues and waste, etc.
The deterioration of indoor air quality is usually judged by the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in them, which increases along with other harmful substances. Based on research, it has been established that the air should be recognized as harmful to people in the room if the carbon dioxide content in it exceeds 0.1%.
Children during their stay indoors in one hour emit: heat (up to 30-50 calories), moisture (about 20 g), carbon dioxide (10-12 l). As a result, the temperature and humidity of the air rise in children's rooms, and the concentration of carbon dioxide increases.
The electrical state of the air also changes, in particular its ionic composition, which is considered as a kind of criterion of good quality. air environment.
It is known that the cleaner the air, the more light negatively charged particles of air ions in it and the less heavy positive ones. Clean country air usually contains about a thousand light ions per cubic centimeter and about the same number of heavy ions. In polluted urban air, the concentration of heavy ions reaches tens of thousands, while light ions are incomparably less (150-200).
The presence of children indoors increases the number of positively charged ions that adversely affect the human body and decreases the number of positively acting negatively charged ions.
Indoor air often has a specific, often unpleasant odor due to the presence of gaseous organic substances in it. The reasons for their appearance may be poor care for untidy children, drying contaminated children's clothes and linen, as well as wet outerwear after walks, drying rags after cleaning. Air infiltration from a poorly maintained toilet, nearby laundry, kitchen can also cause air pollution. organic matter and significantly reduce its quality in children's rooms.
In gasified buildings, the microclimate of children's rooms can deteriorate due to the products of incomplete combustion of gases and the formation of carbon monoxide. This happens when the children's rooms are not properly planned (their proximity to the kitchen) and there is no complete ventilation in the places where gas appliances are installed.
Research has established (M. N. Troitsky) that a three-hour burning of one gas burner in a kitchen with a cubic capacity of 21 m l).
With faulty ventilation, the content of carbon monoxide reaches 0.3 mg / l. The number of heavy horses in the air increases many times over. Such deterioration of the air environment in gasified kitchens affects the air quality of nearby premises, including children's ones.
In order to maintain full-fledged air in gasified kitchens, it is necessary to constantly use exhaust ventilation, install wall fans that are mounted directly at the openings of the exhaust ventilation ducts, and regularly ventilate the kitchen.
It is expedient from a hygienic point of view to arrange improved gas-burners and plates with removal of products of combustion of gas.
There is always dust in the indoor air. A distinction is made between easily visible dust, consisting of large dust particles, which quickly settle in a calm state of air, and fine dust, which remains in the air even when it is calm. The duration of dust in the air depends on the size of its particles, temperature, humidity and air velocity.
Dust particles, together with air, enter the respiratory tract of a child and mechanically irritate their mucous membrane, which is more delicate than that of an adult; therefore, the dustiness of the premises for children is more dangerous. A large accumulation of dust in the air can cause disease processes in the lungs.
The vast majority of microbes in indoor air are harmless to humans, but there are also pathogens.
The degree of insemination of air and household items by microorganisms is directly dependent on the number of children and the duration of their stay in the room.
A flu outbreak causes an increase in the number of germs in the air. In a kindergarten, during an outbreak of influenza, the number of microorganisms in 1 m5 of air increased from 6460 to 9072 in 2 days. After the disease stopped, the number of microbes in the air gradually decreased.
Microbes that do not enter the respiratory tract settle on surrounding objects and, drying up, form bacterial dust, which again easily rises into the air when it moves. It has been established that some pathogenic microbes are capable of fairly long survival.
After removing the patient with streptococcal infection, viable microbes were found in the dust of the room and on the clothes of children for 4-5 days. Therefore, germs can persist indoors even in the absence of sick children. This should be taken into account by employees of child care facilities.
One of the conditions for providing children with high-grade air is the rather large size of children's rooms. In a group room, 2.0-2.5 m2 is allocated for one child, and 50 m2 for a group of 20 people, with a wall height of 3.0 m.
But it is not enough to provide children with the right amount of air, it is necessary to take care of its quality.
The air temperature should contribute to maintaining the thermal balance of the child's body.
The incompleteness of the thermoregulatory apparatus makes the child more susceptible to overheating and hypothermia; therefore, in children's institutions, significant fluctuations in indoor air temperature are highly undesirable.
In the heat exchange of a person with the environment great importance have humidity and air movement. The high humidity of the cold air in the room enhances heat transfer, and the person experiences a feeling of chilliness. The increased humidity of the air at its high temperature sharply disrupts the transfer of heat, and the body overheats: the body temperature rises, the pulse quickens, and profuse sweat appears.
Such a temperature is favorable at which children, both at rest and in motion, in ordinary clothes adopted in children's institutions, feel good, i.e., such a temperature that does not cause significant stress on thermoregulatory mechanisms.
Observations of the physiological reactions of children showed that the most favorable air temperature in children's institutions for infants is +21, +22 °, for children 2-3 years old - from +19 to + 20 °, for children 3-7 years old - from + 18 to +20°.
The given norms of air temperature are not once and for all established. They are indicative to some extent and can change mainly due to the expansion of the adaptive capabilities of the child's body as a result of its training, hardening. However, the group may include children with eating disorders (malnutrition) and patients with rickets. In such children, heat exchange is somewhat disturbed: therefore, they overheat and cool faster. Such children need special attention from adults.
It is also necessary to take into account the content of water vapor in the air. For humans, the most favorable relative humidity is 35-65%. Increased air humidity has a negative effect on the human body. With a constant significant humidity, the walls in the room become damp and cold, fungi develop that destroy wooden walls and equipment.
The reasons for the appearance of dampness in the building are very diverse: a damp site, shortcomings in construction (for example, poor insulation of ground water), malfunctioning water, drain or heating pipes, improper operation of the premises (cooking, washing and drying clothes in residential premises), irregular heating rooms, inadequate ventilation.
To avoid high humidity in children's rooms, you should first of all pay attention to their correct operation. It is necessary to ensure that children's underwear, diapers, as well as clothes and shoes (coats, leggings, mittens, boots, felt boots after a walk for children) are not dried in group rooms. For this purpose, children's institutions should have drying cabinets or allocated special premises (away from the place of stay of children).
An effective measure to combat dampness is the combination of good space heating with ventilation. The task of controlling dampness is more difficult when it is caused by deficiencies in the construction of the building. In these cases, the intervention of construction organizations is necessary.
HEATING
Different heating systems can be used in preschool institutions. However, any of them must not only maintain the desired and uniform temperature in the room, but also satisfy other requirements, including hygienic ones.
In children's institutions, both local and central systems heating. With local heating, the combustion of fuel and the transfer of the heat released in this case into the air of heated rooms are structurally combined in one heating device.
Local heating is carried out mainly by heating furnaces with a large heat capacity. With this type of heating, the air should not be polluted with dust, soot, soot, smoke, as well as harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide. The latter may be due to improper oven design and premature closing of the pans. When burning furnaces, fire safety rules must be observed.
Stove heating is allowed temporarily in cases where other types of heating are not applicable for technical and economic reasons. At the same time, furnaces of large heat capacity are installed, providing daily temperature drops of no more than 2-5 °.
Stove heating is allowed in rural settlements in one-story buildings of nursery-kindergartens with the number of places not more than 50.
At furnace heating arrangement of furnace openings in children's rooms, toilets, dressing rooms is not allowed. The stoves are heated in the morning, before the children arrive. If there are round-the-clock groups in the children's institution, it is prohibited to heat stoves at night.
In cities, most children's institutions have central water heating. The advantages of central heating over local heating are obvious. The operation and maintenance of central heating appliances is incomparably easier and requires fewer people.
The best type of central heating for children's institutions is low pressure water heating. Such a system consists of a boiler located in the basement of the building and pipelines connecting the boiler with heating devices located in heated rooms.
The water in the boiler is heated (up to 70-90°C) and is directed through pipelines to radiators, the heating of which up to 60-70°C is sufficient to maintain a uniform air temperature in the premises. With this system, it is possible to lower or increase the temperature of the water in the boiler and thereby regulate the air temperature in the rooms.
To maintain normal indoor air temperature, it is necessary that the temperature of the water in the boiler and the outside air be in a certain ratio.
In those kindergartens that still use a different, less convenient type of local heating, such as a stove, it can be recommended to convert the heating system to the so-called local apartment water heating.
With this method, a small cast-iron boiler manufactured by our industry is installed. Hot water flows from the boiler to heating devices (radiators of the Moskva-132 and Moskva-150 types) through pipes laid along the top of the wall, and then back to the boiler through pipes at the bottom of the wall (near the floor).
High heat output of the boiler, long burning of fuel (up to 8-10 hours between loads), the ability to burn different kinds fuel, 45% less labor costs for the installation and operation of this type of heating compared to stove, as well as great sanitary-hygienic and fire-fighting advantages, allow us to recommend it instead of stove heating.
As heating devices, radiators, convectors with casings and tubular heating elements built into concrete panels are accepted.
To protect children from bruises, it is necessary that heating devices in children's rooms have removable fences that do not retain heat.
AT recent times in construction practice wide application finds panel heating. With this type of heating, instead of radiators, massive heating panels are used, which are part of the design of the floor, ceiling or walls. Hot water flows through tubular coils or registers embedded in building envelopes (ceiling, wall or floor).
Sometimes heated air is used as a heat carrier, circulating through the heater and panels in a closed system of channels located in the thickness of the building envelope. Panel heating provides a more even distribution of warm air in the room and maintains comfortable conditions even at low air temperatures.
Therefore, with such a system, it is possible to use more intensive ventilation. At panel heating to create a favorable microclimate, the location of the heater panels is of decisive importance.
According to D. I. Ismailova (1970), the most favorable microclimate conditions are provided when the heater panels are located in the outer wall (outer-wall heating system) or with a contour-partition system. It is unacceptable to place heating elements in the partitions of the internal walls, as this creates an uneven temperature in the room, does not make it possible to conveniently place furniture, interferes with the correct use of the room for rest and study, etc.
The design temperatures of the heating surfaces for panel heating are as follows: with a ceiling radiant heating system, the temperature of the ceiling should be 28-30°; with floor - 25-27 °; with wall - 40-45 °.
In children's institutions, especially importance has heating of the room in a zone of stay of children. This can be provided by a radiant underfloor heating system in combination with another such as wall panel heating.
In kindergartens that have a heating system common with residential buildings, uniform terms for the heating season are established. With an unexpected cold snap in spring or autumn, the temperature in children's rooms drops below normal, and this may affect the health of children. For fear of even more cooling of the room, the ventilation stops.
Therefore, it is desirable that the heating of buildings of preschool institutions does not depend on the heating system of residential buildings. It is allowed to design built-in boiler rooms as a heat source only for buildings of children's institutions. To create a sustainable climate in children's rooms, it is good to provide for automated supply to the heating network hot water the desired temperature according to the season and weather conditions.
Room ventilation
To maintain a normal indoor air regime, it is important to regularly remove poor-quality air and replace it with outdoor air, which is close in composition to atmospheric air. This is achieved by ventilation of the room. A constant but insignificant intake of outside air into the room occurs through the walls (through the pores of the building material), through closed windows, doors.
This is the so-called natural ventilation. It occurs, on the one hand, under the influence of wind, on the other hand, due to the difference in air temperatures outside and inside the room. However, this kind of ventilation is absolutely insufficient. Under these conditions, for a single exchange of air in the room, it is necessary long time- 6-9 hours. If the walls are completely covered with oil paint, natural ventilation through them stops, as the pores of the building material become airtight. But maintaining the purity of indoor air is only by natural ventilation ineffective.
To enhance natural ventilation, they resort to ventilation through windows, transoms, and vents. In order to be good result, their size should be at least 1/50 of the floor area this room. Transoms and vents should be in the upper third of the window, since the higher they are located, the more air is set in motion and exchange takes place. Air vents and transoms arranged at the bottom of the windows (at the height of the child), in addition, make it difficult to ventilate the premises in the presence of children in the cold season.
The most suitable for ventilation in the cold season are transoms designed in such a way that air enters from below through their outer sash, and then passes upwards through the inner one.
Outside air, getting into the room, in its mass rushes up, mixing with warm air, heats up and fills the room. To prevent cold air from flowing down, side shields are made on the inner sash of the transom. Such a device allows you to widely use the transom not only for periodic, but also for constant ventilation of the room in cold weather, even with children.
In order for the ventilation of children's rooms to be regular, you need to carefully monitor the serviceability of the devices used to open and close the transoms. During the repair of children's institutions, it is also necessary to fix transoms, arrange for them convenient devices, levers for opening and closing instead of the currently used cord, stick, etc.
The most convenient mechanism is mounted on a vertical bar of the middle blank window sash. The transom is opened by turning the handle down; turning it up closes the transom tightly. The manufacture of such devices is highly desirable not only for the construction of new, but also for existing children's institutions.
According to building codes, top folding transoms with lever devices for at least 50% of windows are provided in all rooms.
In the absence of transoms, children's rooms are most often (especially in cold weather) ventilated through the vents, less often through an open window. If their area is sufficient, the temperature difference between the outside air and the room is significant, and the wind moves towards the open window or window, a complete exchange of air in the room will be provided fairly quickly.
However, in the absence of these conditions complete replacement room air outside will require a very long time. For a constant influx of fresh air into children's rooms, you can use a window-attachment. It attaches to the inside window frame and provides long-term or even round-the-clock ventilation of the premises in the cold season.
The flow of outside air entering through the open window, passing through several hundred holes (5 mm in diameter) of the attachment attached to the inner window, breaks into many small jets and quickly mixes with warm room air.
Windows and transoms are not allowed to be sealed for the winter. In addition, in winter, one window in each room should be left unglued. In nurseries-gardens designed for areas with an estimated outdoor temperature of -40 ° and below, windows and balcony doors with triple glazing. In the warmer season, transoms, vents and windows should be kept open throughout the day.
It is necessary to provide for such a trifle: hooks should be attached to the vents and sashes of windows, which, in case of gusts of wind, would protect them from slamming.
Ventilation of premises, and even more so a constant supply of fresh air, significantly improves air quality, in particular, reduces its bacterial contamination and, therefore, is one of effective means to prevent air infections.
Observations carried out in a children's institution showed that airing for 30 minutes through a window at an outdoor temperature of +8 to +10 ° reduces bacterial contamination of the air by 40%, and at an outdoor temperature of -3 to -9 ° - by 65%.
By opening the window sashes, the area of which is 4 times larger than the window leaf, it is possible to reduce bacterial air pollution in the room by 70% within 10 minutes at an outside air temperature of +8 to +10 ° C, and in 30 minutes - by 85%.
As mentioned above, the ionic composition of indoor air can also serve as an indicator of the good quality of air, at the same time determining the effect of ventilation.
Prolonged (2-3 hours) ventilation combined with thorough wet cleaning rooms had a different effect depending on the season and the type of ventilation associated with it (open windows or vents).
In all cases, the number of heavy air ions, indicating air pollution, as a rule, decreased, and light air ions increased, but with the windows open, the effect was greatest.
A quick and complete change of air in the room is achieved through cross-ventilation.
It is impossible to open vents, transoms, windows in the restroom. To ventilate the latrines, enhanced exhaust ventilation is provided, and the influx of fresh air occurs through the rooms adjacent to it. An open window in the restroom will cause the movement of air (and with it the smell) into the corridors, group rooms.
Air renewal during through ventilation in winter through the windows occurs 5-7 times faster than with one-sided ventilation.
Through ventilation is possible if the windows are on two opposite walls or at an angle. If the windows are located on one side of the room, then cross-ventilation can be applied by opening the windows and the door to adjacent rooms: to the reception (cloakroom), lobby, to the veranda.
The duration of cross-ventilation depends on the outdoor temperature, the strength and direction of the wind. On cold winter days, short-term cross-ventilation is enough to completely change the air in the room.
At very low outdoor temperatures (below -20°C), cross-ventilation is applied for two to three minutes to prevent overcooling of the room. During the transitional season, it is held for at least 10-15 minutes.
In bedrooms, in the absence of children, it is advisable to keep the windows and transoms open throughout the day; in the cold season, you should close the windows and transoms 30 minutes before going to bed, and in the warm season, it is recommended to sleep with the windows wide open.
In summer, to protect from the sun, it is often practiced to cover open windows with curtains. This makes it difficult for fresh air to enter the room. For this purpose, it is better to use such sunscreens as awnings, visors, blinds, preferably with a mechanical regulator (lifting and rotary). Their use reduces the air temperature in the room and does not interfere with the access of fresh air.
Note. building codes(1972) in nurseries-gardens designed for construction in a hot climatic region, south of 45 ° north latitude, sun protection devices (blinds, visors, curtains, etc.) are provided in the premises for long-term stay of children.
Sun protection devices are allowed in group rooms, play-dining rooms, bedrooms, on the verandas of nurseries-gardens designed for construction in other climatic regions. Combustible polymeric materials are not allowed for sun protection devices.
To protect group rooms from overheating, open windows on the side that is not lit by the sun.
Very often in children's institutions to fight flies in the summer they tighten window openings with fine metal mesh or gauze. This leads to a sharp slowdown in air exchange, in hot weather - to the cessation of the supply of fresh air.
So that the change of air through the window of the room where the children are located does not cause a sharp decrease in temperature and tangible currents of cold air, on frosty days and when strong wind ventilation can be allowed through a window covered with gauze.
At a distance of 1.5 m from the window, the speed of air movement during aeration through a window covered with gauze is three times less than during normal ventilation. The air temperature during ventilation through gauze is kept almost at the same level all the time: +20, +20.5 °. If the window is not tightened with gauze, then the temperature drops from + 20.8 to + 18.8 ° in 30 minutes.
Tightening the window with gauze reduces the efficiency of air change; therefore, in the absence of children, even on frosty days, gauze should not be used when airing.
The greatest air pollution, especially in the cold season, is observed after a long stay of children indoors, i.e. after classes, lunch, daytime sleep, towards the end of the children's stay in a children's institution, in the bedroom after a night's sleep.
Therefore, during these hours, it is necessary to ventilate the children's rooms most intensively in the absence of children (going for a walk, home) or briefly take the children to another room, for example, to the reception (cloakroom).
In one of the kindergartens in Moscow, constant ventilation of the group room was organized - in winter through 1-2 transoms and in spring - through transoms and windows.
Under these conditions, we observed the natural fluctuations in air temperature in the group room and the thermal reactions of the children in them. Average monthly air temperature in a group room kindergarten at the level of 1.5 m from the floor (at the generally accepted height for a room thermometer) averaged 19-20°. The air temperature at the level of 1 m of the floor (the approximate height of children of this age), as a rule, was lower.
When the air temperature at the height of an adult was + 18°, the average air temperature at the height of a child was + 16.5; hence the difference was 1.5°.
The data we obtained indicate that it is wrong to assess the air temperature in children's rooms only on the basis of the readings of a thermometer located at the height of an adult, as is usually done.
Determining the air temperature and recommending the temperature standards of children's institutions, especially with constant ventilation, should be carried out at a level of 1 m from the floor.
Our data allow us to consider what is most acceptable for most children up to school age air temperature +18, +20° at relative humidity 40-60%. At the same time, most children have a favorable thermal state.
Constant ventilation in the presence of children not only supplies the room with fresh atmospheric air, but also contributes to the systematic hardening of the body, increasing its resistance to fluctuations in ambient temperature.
The number of colds in children in cold weather with constant ventilation of the room did not increase.
This means that with good heating and proper organization of ventilation, it is possible to ensure a constant supply of fresh air to the room where children are in cold weather.
However, it should be remembered that in windy weather, children should not be allowed to stay near open transoms for a long time.
The exchange of air in the room is also carried out with the help of a central artificial ventilation. There are three types of central ventilation: supply, exhaust and combined - supply and exhaust.
In children's institutions, it is advisable to use only exhaust central ventilation so that the used poor-quality air is removed through it. Receipt of pure atmospheric air the room is provided through windows, transoms, vents.
The central exhaust system should have separate shafts for removing spoiled air from the latrines, kitchen and isolation room and one common shaft for all other premises of the children's institution. There are exhaust vents on the top of the wall: two for each group room, kitchen, hall, and one for the rest of the rooms. Each exhaust hole equipped with shutters to control the flow of air from the premises. The switch for turning on the central exhaust system is located in a locked cabinet in the corridor or on the landing.
The artificial ventilation device is based on the difference between internal and external air pressure. From the room, the air enters through the channel into the ventilation chamber located in the attic, which has a thermal stimulator that creates air draft from the room to the channel.
Wind energy is also used for ventilation. In this case ventilation ducts taken to the roof in the form of a pipe, special nozzles (wind vanes, deflectors) are put on it, which, in any direction of the wind, suck air from exhaust pipe and this causes draft from the room. The effectiveness of this ventilation method is reduced by the fact that its use is limited and depends on the wind.
The advantages of the first two types of artificial ventilation, therefore, are that they use special stimuli and can act constantly and evenly, regardless of fluctuations in the temperature of the outside air, strength and direction of the wind. With the help of artificial ventilation, you can control the rate of removal of air from the room.
In the autumn-winter period, with the beginning of the heating season and before the onset of warm days, central exhaust ventilation is used to remove stale air. Spring, summer and early autumn arrange wide ventilation through open windows, vents, transoms, which sufficiently ensures a constant supply and exchange of air in children's rooms. For the correct functioning of the central exhaust ventilation child care staff need to learn how to use it.
LIGHTING
Lighting, both natural and artificial, is of great importance in the improvement of preschool institutions. Natural lighting is a necessary condition for the normal functioning of the body. If a person is deprived of natural light for a long time, then the body's defenses are weakened, mineral metabolism is disturbed, and functional disorders are observed. nervous system.
At the same time, the sun's rays, penetrating into the room through the window, give, although insignificant, but a bactericidal effect.
The correct light regime contributes to better visual perception, prevents the development of myopia in children.
In preschool institutions, systematic classes are held, children play with large and small toys, look at pictures, draw - all this causes significant visual strain and is closely related to the general fatigue of the body.
Conducted physiological studies (ED Demina) show that classes in kindergarten at low levels of artificial lighting affect the functional state of the central nervous system and visual apparatus: visual acuity decreases, the speed of discrimination decreases.
Good lighting makes children active, cheerful mood. In a bright room, disorder, pollution of the room, furniture and clothes are more noticeable, there is a need to constantly maintain cleanliness.
There should not be a single dark, insufficiently lit corner in the premises of children's institutions.
Norms of natural lighting are expressed not in absolute, but in relative terms: the ratio of indoor illumination to simultaneous outdoor illumination is taken into account. This ratio is expressed as a percentage and is referred to as the daylight factor (LLC).
According to sanitary norms and rules, the coefficient of natural illumination of premises is currently: in group rooms, bedrooms, an isolation room and a room for a sick child, in a hall - 1.5%; in the reception and dressing rooms - 1.0%.
The quality of natural lighting in children's institutions depends on many factors, primarily on the size of the windows. It is normal that the ratio of their glazed surface to the floor area (light coefficient) in children's rooms should be 1: 4. Windows should be wide, with small piers. The deeper the room, the higher the windows should be.
In order to increase the illumination of children's rooms, small bindings should not be made near the windows; the distance from the ceiling to the upper edge of the window (the most useful in terms of lighting) should be minimal (15-25 cm). The height of the window sill above the floor is 60 cm. This will allow children to look into the distance from time to time and give rest to tired eye muscles.
To create a normal light regime, the location of children's rooms is of great importance. South is recognized as the best orientation.
In rooms with a southern orientation, the most uniform lighting prevails.
In the northern regions, this will make it possible to increase the duration of solar illumination, which is very important for this climatic zone.
In the south, the sun is at its zenith during the hottest hours of the day, and its rays do not penetrate deep into the room, but only glide over the surface of the building, so children's rooms do not overheat.
Note. When orienting bedroom-verandas to the north, additional natural lighting should be provided from the east or west side.
It is important to sunlight not only penetrated the room, but was not absorbed. This largely depends on the color of the ceiling, walls, furniture. They should be covered with paints of light colors, giving the highest coefficient of reflection of light rays.
Thus, the reflection coefficient of a ceiling painted in White color, is equal to 70% and even 100%; walls painted in light yellow, cream, pale pink give a reflection coefficient of 60-75%, light yellow floors - 25-30%; light wood floors - 15-30%.
In addition, using the right combination of colors, you can make the room for children smart, cozy. Conversely, randomly selected, ill-conceived colors create a variegated or gray, unsightly environment. The combination of colors should take into account the purpose of this room.
Covers of windows, window sills, doors should be covered with white oil paint. It is also advisable to paint furniture in light colors.
Do not darken window openings with curtains, tall flowers; be sure to wash the glass regularly. All this will contribute to the greatest reflection of light rays and the best illumination of the room.
Artificial lighting must meet the following requirements: be sufficient, uniform, not flickering, without sharp shadows, not degrade the air with combustion products, and be safe in terms of fire.
With artificial lighting, it is possible to normalize not only the quantity, but also the quality of illumination.
Artificial lighting is created using incandescent or fluorescent lamps. The norm of artificial lighting in group rooms: 100 lux with incandescent lamps and 200 lux with fluorescent lighting. Conducted by the Institute. F. F. Erisman’s studies (E. M. Demina) allow us to conclude that it is advisable to increase these norms.
In this regard, in group rooms for preschool children, you need to have 8 electric bulbs, 200 watts each; for young children 6 light points, 200 watts each. In both cases, this amounts to about 25 watts for incandescent lamps per square meter floor area, for fluorescent lighting - 50 watts per 1 m2.
With kerosene lighting, which is still used in some children's institutions in the countryside, only pendant lamps (not lower than 2 m from the floor) are allowed, mainly with a round burner at the rate of 3 lines per 1 m2 of floor. This rule does not provide good conditions lighting, but it is impossible to increase the number of lamps, since this releases excess heat and carbon dioxide, which are harmful to health.
In addition, kerosene lighting is dangerous in terms of fire.
Lighting fittings should provide uniform diffused light; therefore, in preschool institutions, it is recommended to use SK-300 ring-type lamps or KSO-1 type lamps; milk balls with a diameter of 350 mm are also allowed. Lucets and lamps that are open from below and are not protected by fittings are not allowed, as they cause rapid visual fatigue. Usage wall sconces as well as chandeliers is strictly prohibited.
For fluorescent lighting, it is better to use white (BS) and warm white (TBS) light lamps.
With fluorescent lighting, lamps of the SHOD type (school general lighting diffuse) are used. Fluorescent lamps glow along their entire length and create uniform illumination. Its spectrum approaches natural light.
In some cases, for example, in the Far North, ultraviolet deficiency is observed during the polar night, which leads to a disruption in the formation of vitamin D in the body, which causes rickets in children. In these cases, it is required artificial lighting different type.
In recent years, Soviet engineers have designed an erythema fluorescent lamp. It is arranged like a fluorescent lighting lamp, and its inner surface is coated with a special compound that emits ultraviolet rays of low intensity compared to a mercury-quartz lamp.
Irradiation of school-age children with erythema lamps has a positive effect on their health, vital functions of the body; children gain weight, get sick less.
E. M. Demina (F. F. Erisman Institute) conducted observations in a kindergarten in Moscow, where this type of artificial lighting was installed. Lamps and erythema irradiators were used (4 fluorescent lighting lamps and 2 erythema), and they were mounted so that they could be used together and separately. This made it possible, under conditions of good natural light, to turn on only erythemal lamps, which give an ultraviolet beam.
From November to April, the children were irradiated daily. At the same time, they did not undress, but only wrapped their sleeves and lowered their stockings. Irradiation of the bare surface of the arms, legs, head and neck during 4-5 hours of stay in the group room was sufficient, the children received required amount ultraviolet rays.
Compared to the children of the other group of this kindergarten, who were not exposed to radiation, the state of health and physical development of the irradiated children was much better.
According to A. M. Vorobieva, daily preventive ultraviolet irradiation of erythemal fluorescent lamps at the rate of 1/8-1/6 erythemal dose per day increases the body's ability of preschool children to absorb nutrients (calcium by 9.3-20.3% and phosphorus by 6.3-17.5% of the administered amount).
Lighting with the use of erythemal lamps is currently recognized as the most effective. Such lamps are highly desirable for all kindergartens, but they are especially needed in the Far North, where it is important not only to provide full-fledged artificial lighting, but also to improve living conditions during the long polar night.
In areas north of 65 ° N. sh. sources of ultraviolet radiation (EUV, etc.) are provided for in the system of general lighting for group rooms, playing-dining rooms, bedrooms, in isolation wards and rooms for sick children or in the fotarium.
Artificial lighting can be used in two types: general and combined (when combined general and local lighting).
Local lighting is provided in reception rooms, locker rooms, bedrooms, in the medical room, in the manager's office, in washing rooms. In other rooms, the use of one local lighting is not allowed.
In the bedrooms, bedroom-verandas, the room for sick children and the isolation ward, standby (night) lighting with a voltage of not more than 36 watts is provided, connected to the emergency lighting network.
Lamps with glass should be used for emergency lighting. of blue color and shielding grille, installed at a height of 0.3 m from the floor, near the entrances to the premises.
Socket outlets are installed in all premises of the kindergarten to connect local lighting and cleaning machines.
In group rooms, halls, sockets and switches should be installed at a height of 1.8 m from the floor.
WATER SUPPLY
For the proper sanitary maintenance of preschool institutions, the nature of water supply, in particular the quality and quantity of water, plays an important role. Where there is city and village water supply, it is easier to provide proper water supply.
In cases where there is no central water supply, but in the microdistrict there are enterprises, institutions provided with local water supply, and if the supply of water and sanitary conditions allow, the buildings of preschool institutions must be connected to this water supply system.
Where there are no specified conditions, local water supply should be provided for the children's institution. When installing a water supply system, the choice of a water source and the amount of water in it must comply with GOSTs.
When it is completely impossible to provide a preschool institution with running water, water has to be taken directly from underground groundwater and artesian sources, for example, from wells, the arrangement and maintenance of which must meet basic sanitary requirements.
The best type of local water supply should be considered bored wells, in particular artesian ones. The water in them is not polluted from the surface of the earth, and usually its quality is quite satisfactory.
If it is impossible to have bored wells, dug (shaft) wells can be used, subject to the established sanitary requirements.
The well should be laid no closer than 25-30 m from sources of soil and water pollution (residential buildings, non-sewered latrines, cesspools, garbage dumps, old, abandoned wells, barnyards, etc.). Wells should not be built in low-lying and swampy places flooded with rain and melt water.
The inner surface of the well should have a dense concrete, brick or wooden lining. This will protect it from pollution, as well as from seepage through the walls of the mine of water from the upper layers of the soil.
The ground part of the log house of the well should be 0.8-1 m high. In order to prevent the penetration of pollution through the soil, it is necessary to make clay castle, for which it is necessary to remove the soil around the log house 0.5 m wide and 1.5-2 m deep, and fill the resulting depression with crumpled clay. From the well there should be a slope for the outflow of water. The opening of the log house must be kept closed at all times.
For guard top hole to prevent debris and foreign objects from entering the well, a hinged lid is arranged above the well, or even better, a closed booth with the pump handle and the neck of the drain pipe brought out. The door to the booth must always be kept locked.
To draw water from a well, it is better to have a pump, a gate or a “crane” with a bucket firmly attached. Drain pipe must be equipped with a hook for hanging the bucket. The use of individual buckets in order to avoid water pollution should be strictly prohibited.
The area around the well must be kept clean at all times. It is impossible to rinse clothes in the immediate vicinity of the well, wash various items, allow livestock and vehicles to access it. A fence must be built around the well. Periodic cleaning of the well is required.
Supplying children's institutions with household and drinking water from open water bodies (river, pond, lake, dam storage facilities, etc.) is unacceptable, since the water in them does not have the required physical, chemical and bacteriological composition. In addition, their pollution or contamination is always possible (dumping of industrial or sewage-fecal waters, washing away all kinds of litter from the banks with rainwater, watering and grazing of animals, etc.).
SEWER
It is most expedient to connect children's institutions to the city or village sewerage, and in case of its absence, use the local sewage system (by agreement with the nearest enterprises or cultural and community institutions). If there are no other possibilities, a local sewerage system is arranged for the children's institution in accordance with the design rules for these structures provided for current regulations bodies of the State Sanitary Supervision. In case of emergency, a cesspool system with backlash closets in outdoor latrines is allowed (the latter - in warm and hot regions of the country).
According to sanitary standards, buildings of nursery gardens with a capacity of up to 50 places in non-sewered areas are allowed to be designed without internal sewerage. Under these conditions, it is necessary to strictly comply with hygienic and anti-epidemic requirements. The arrangement of latrines is carried out no closer than 25 m from the building, with convenient approaches to them.
The most important sanitary part of such a restroom is a sewage receptacle. The cesspool should, if possible, be hermetically isolated from the soil.
The device of absorbing wells, allowing seepage of liquid into the soil, sanitary regulations is strictly prohibited.
To exclude contamination of soil and groundwater, the walls and bottom of sewage bins (as well as bins for liquid waste) must be waterproof - made of stone, brick, concrete, reinforced concrete. The outer part of the cesspool has a double cover. The latrines should be cleaned daily, in particular the toilet seats and the floor should be washed with hot water and lye.
Backlash closets should be arranged outside the main building, in the form of a one-story extension connected by a warm transition to the main building. The play closet consists of a lavatory and a lock with a stove. The lock has natural light and can be ventilated. The furnace furnace goes into the gateway. The backlash-closet cesspool is located on the shady side of the building, but not under the windows of the children's rooms.
For disinfection of latrines, it is recommended to use a 10% clarified solution of bleach, which moistens the toilet seats and the lower parts of the walls. Seats, handles, floors, walls should be wiped with a 1% bleach solution.
In the warm season, the contents of the receivers must be disinfected with dry bleach. To clean the cesspools, appropriate transport must be provided (bulk barrels filled with scoops or pumps, tank trucks).
In winter, when part of the liquid waste and sewage freezes, they need to be dug out and taken out on special rattles, upholstered inside with galvanized iron and closed with lids.
It is necessary to take out liquid waste at least once a month, while not allowing the cesspool to overflow by more than 3/4 of its volume. If necessary, the period of waste removal can be reduced.
Modern heating of a kindergarten: safety and savings
The time of old boiler houses, which were often built at kindergartens, has long passed. Modern heating kindergarten should be as comfortable as possible for use, but mainly - safe for children and economical. The budgets of children's institutions are still replenished from the state and local, which means that it is necessary that heating is also economical.
Easy to install as well as to use: the most beneficial combination of easy installation process, connection and further control of the system is a kindergarten heating system that does not require pipes, installation of intermediate equipment (pumps and other) and bulky boilers. A suitable option for the rapid heating of a kindergarten would be heaters that are directly installed and operate in a room where a comfortable microclimate is created. There is a large selection of electric convectors, new generation radiators that are installed directly in the room and increase the temperature by driving air through heating element or passively giving off heat. A modern approach to heating a kindergarten can also be called an installation, the use of which has long gone beyond the industrial sector. There are models specially adapted for the installation and heating of household premises, including living rooms, bathrooms, kitchens, offices and others where people are daily.
Safety: a characteristic that is of particular importance when choosing a heating system for a children's institution. Many autonomous systems, consisting of classic heaters or radiators, are installed at the bottom of the room, that is, at the level of the child's growth. The heating of the kindergarten should be protected as much as possible from accidental or special interference by a child who is interested in exploring everything and trying everything around. That is why the ideal option for heating a kindergarten is to install equipment closer to the ceiling or directly on it. Heaters that work with air are not designed for heating from above, since all warm air rises by its nature, it is accordingly established that heating must occur from the bottom up in order to gradually warm the room. We can offer a solution to this problem: the installation of infrared ceiling heaters will prevent children from accessing the heating system of the kindergarten, and the principle of operation of infrared equipment makes possible heating from top to bottom, since infrared rays interact with various surfaces by heating them up. So we ensure stable heating of all surfaces where children can be.
Savings: in an attempt to reduce heating costs, kindergartens often do not provide the necessary air temperature in the rooms - this causes many children to get sick or simply stay at home, because parents do not want to risk the child's health. To avoid extreme savings, you can use . As noted above - infrared rays directly affect the object and surfaces - thus, we achieve heat retention for a longer period and cost savings of 25-40% compared to convective systems. Also, modern technologies incorporated in the production of infrared heaters provide an efficiency rate of 98% - this is the highest coefficient among modern heating methods. Automatic control sensors and thermostats ensure stable operation of the system and do not require constant monitoring or parameter settings.
Infrared autonomous heating system for a kindergarten in Rivne
Representative office of TM Teplov in the city of Rivne, "Electrical systems" Megalit "does not tire of pleasing us with new objects heated using Teplov infrared heaters. In confirmation of the effectiveness of the use of technologies infrared heating in kindergartens you can see that TM Teplov B1350 heaters were installed around the entire perimeter of the rooms where children sleep, play and eat different ages. Such heating of a kindergarten is absolutely safe for their health, since IR rays are of the nature of the sun and have a positive effect on the body, which has been proven more than once by the use of IR technologies in medicine. During the installation of the system, 28 infrared heaters were used, which are mounted on the ceiling for safety and efficient floor heating. Thus, it replaces not only the main heating, but also the “warm floor” system, and also creates thermal curtains between door and window openings to prevent cold drafts.
According to Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets, the number of children in our country who need a place in a kindergarten is growing every year. So, in 2002, 6.7 million children aged 3 to 7 were registered in Russia, in 2012 - 7.6 million, and by 2015 there will be 8.4 million. “And this is not a forecast, but actual data, since these children have already been born, Olga Golodets clarifies. — There are about two million children in the queue for kindergarten.”
On the other hand, the number of preschool educational institutions themselves has halved since 1990.
The most active mothers of preschool children a year or two ago gathered rallies, the leitmotif of the speeches and propaganda posters of which was the call “Return kindergartens to children!” It was about the eviction of all kinds of municipal services from the former buildings of preschool institutions that occupied them in the 1990s, as well as the resettlement of families who were given some former kindergartens for housing (often doctors and teachers received it). However, if you look at the situation a little, it turns out that the eviction of state and municipal services from yesterday's kindergartens will not solve the problem.
“The vast majority of those built before the 1990s. preschool institutions do not comply with modern building standards and the provisions of the law "On Energy Saving", and therefore require serious investment in reconstruction,- says the director of Teploset LLC Sergey Ponomarev (Biysk, Altai Territory). — The minimum that today solves this problem in existing preschool institutions is the installation of triple-glazed plastic windows, metering devices, thermal automation, and in some cases, insulation of facades. The return of the old buildings of kindergartens, which are now occupied by civil services and housing, will require reconstruction both in the construction and in the energy sector: the presence of only plastic windows and metal-plastic heating risers will not solve the problem. From an economic point of view, it is much cheaper to build new buildings, providing them with modern energy-saving equipment.”. “Replacing worn-out pipes in existing social institutions, installing plastic windows and other similar activities are certainly important, but do not play a priority role in solving the problems of creating a comfortable microclimate and heat conservation,- agrees Anton Belov, deputy director of the thermal department of Danfoss. — Without integrated automation and the use of modern energy-efficient engineering equipment, these issues cannot be resolved. In addition, experience shows that no matter how expensive these solutions may seem at first glance, they pay off in an average of 2-3 years.. The need to create comfortable conditions for children is today another problem of preschool institutions. An unbalanced microclimate in the premises of kindergartens is becoming one of the main reasons for the increase in the incidence of children. “When we got a place in a kindergarten, there was no limit to joy. But very quickly it was replaced by disappointment: the son went to kindergarten for only a week - and fell ill,- says Anna Kudryavtseva, mother of 4-year-old Maxim from Biysk (Altai Territory). — It turned out that there is nothing surprising in this, and it is by no means a matter of the child's adaptation. One teacher makes the children dress warmer, does not ventilate the room, believing that in this way he saves them from a cold, and the other, on the contrary, brings excited children from a walk, although the windows in the group are not yet closed.
As can be seen from the example, often the comfortable level of temperature in the room is assessed by the educator or teacher based on their own feelings and opinions about what should be the optimal microclimate for the child. Moreover, kindergarten employees, as a rule, have to independently regulate the temperature in the kindergarten premises (mainly by opening and closing the windows), since outdated projects do not provide for automation of this process. In particular, acquaintance with the Federal data bank for the design of capital construction projects and the most cost-effective reuse projects on the website of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation (for example, Moscow, Tomsk Region and Altai Territory) plunges into discouragement - the projects of kindergartens presented here can hardly be called in full heat-saving. At best, the documentation provides for the use of water-heated floors and the installation of plastic windows.
Meanwhile, today there are successfully completed projects proving that modern solutions for heating and water supply systems are able to provide answers immediately to all existing questions. As Anton Belov (Danfoss) notes, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the solution to the problems of creating a comfortable microclimate and energy saving is achieved through the use of automated individual heating points (AITP) with weather compensation. One of the features of this solution is that automation allows you to set various modes of operation of the heating system. For example, you can program a decrease in the air temperature in the rooms at night and on weekends when there are no children in the kindergarten. And the rest of the time - to maintain the temperature at the level required by sanitary standards. Thus, the tasks of maintaining a healthy microclimate and saving heat are simultaneously solved.
An essential role in creating comfortable conditions in the premises of kindergartens is also played by automatic radiator thermostats installed on heating appliances. For children's institutions, experts recommend using temperature controllers with a gas-filled sensor, as they are the most sensitive to changes in air temperature.
There are even more advanced solutions. For example, in Tomsk, an energy-efficient kindergarten of category “A” is successfully operating, where, in order to ensure a comfortable microclimate in groups central heating not used at all. The basis of the heat supply system of the kindergarten is Danfoss heat pumps, which make it possible to obtain from 4 to 6 kW of thermal energy for each kilowatt of electricity that feeds them. In other words, from 75 to 84 percent of heat energy is free, if we compare the heating system of the new kindergarten with the classical heat supply scheme. Interestingly, such solutions in Tomsk pay for themselves already at the construction stage, since connection to the city heating network is more expensive than a fully installed turnkey system based on a heat pump. The municipal authorities plan to replicate the experience gained in new social facilities being built in the city.
The example of kindergarten No. 347 in Perm is no less interesting: here, an energy service company installed energy-saving equipment from a Danish concern at its own expense in order to recover the money spent by saving on the consumption of fuel and energy resources. Moreover, the very next year it amounted to 54% of the cost of modernizing the kindergarten.
It is noteworthy that both projects - both in Tomsk and Perm - allow not only to talk about significant savings in resources and financial resources for their payment, high return on investment, but also about the formation of a comfortable climate in kindergartens. The heads of the institutions note that the pupils get sick less, and they have no problems with regulating the temperature in the rooms at all.
When addressing the issue of the shortage of preschool institutions, one should not forget about the accompanying tasks - creating a comfortable microclimate for kids and energy saving. As practice shows, they not only do not contradict each other, but are links of one inextricable chain: it is possible to save heat without compromising health, first of all, for the smallest citizens of our country.
There are certain standards for heating. They are the same for all regions, but the systems are turned on at the moment when the average daily temperature in the city remains at the indicator set according to the norms for several days.
Heat values may vary depending on the type of room. In hospitals and kindergartens, heat is supplied earlier than in apartments.
Dear readers! The article talks about typical ways to solve legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve exactly your problem- contact a consultant:
APPLICATIONS AND CALLS ARE ACCEPTED 24/7 and 7 days a week.
It's fast and IS FREE!
If the standards are not met, an application should be submitted to the regulatory organizations, after which an audit will be carried out.
Who sets the start date for the heating season in Moscow
In Moscow, certain standards apply when heating is turned on according to the norms.
Heat is supplied under the condition that within 5 days the average daily air temperature is kept at a limit of 8 degrees and below. Despite the fact that it is still warm outside, the rooms begin to cool quickly.
According to weather forecasters, such a temperature in the Moscow region is set no earlier than in the second decade of October.
A few years ago, a rule was adopted, according to which the regional authorities have the right to decide on the premature inclusion of heating, if there are grounds for this.
In Moscow, the Moscow United Energy Company is responsible for the start of the heating season.
Thus, MIPC cannot start supplying heat without receiving a corresponding order from the Deputy Mayor for Housing and Public Utilities.
Technically, heat can be supplied to one specific house, however, this practice is not common. Schools and clinics, hospitals and kindergartens are connected in stages, and only then at home.
Last but not least, heat is supplied to enterprises - it depends on the degree of readiness of the organization itself.
According to available data, the average turn-on time for heating in Moscow is mid-October.
If five or more days have passed, it is cold outside, and heating has still not been supplied, you need to file a complaint with the management company. The problem can be technical or economic.
In the first case, after checking the pipes by a specialist and replacing broken parts, the issue will be resolved.
What should be the temperature
Work heating systems regulated by GOST 30494 "Indoor microclimate parameters".
First of all, the temperature should be comfortable for the citizens living in the apartment. If the cold persists outside for five days in a row, heating starts.
In general, the norm for living rooms is 20 - 22 degrees. It should be noted that in different rooms the air heats up at different speeds and intensity.
Much depends on the presence of windows and doors, cracks in the walls and the position of the premises.
In kindergarten
For kindergartens, certain heating standards apply:
These indicators are valid for those regions of the country in which the average January temperature is no more than -14 C.
Nuances to consider:
| Both too low and too high temperatures are not allowed | They can do more harm than good. From established norms 20 -24 degrees, a deviation of no more than 2-3C in the direction of decrease or increase is allowed |
| In addition to the heating mode, it is imperative to comply with the norms for air humidity | This indicator should be in the range from 40 to 50%. To measure data, special, sophisticated instruments are used. This is the reason why the humidity check is not carried out properly and the air is too dry. This, in turn, is the reason for the increase in the level of morbidity among children, in particular, respiratory diseases are widespread. To maintain an optimal indicator of humidity, you need to regularly check and ventilate the room in the kindergarten |
Monitoring the temperature regime in kindergartens and other institutions where there are often minors, preschoolers is very important.
school
In school premises - classrooms, a gym, a dining room, as in a kindergarten, it is important to maintain a certain temperature regime.
Most warm rooms- classes - heating should be supplied at least 20-22 degrees.
At the same time, it is important not to exceed this indicator, since too heat leads to an increase in dryness of the air, which contributes to the weakening of the concentration of schoolchildren.
Other school premises:
Do not use oven or electric heating in school premises.
apartment
According to the GOST standard, certain temperature standards are established for residential and non-residential premises in apartments and MKD:
| Bedrooms, living rooms | 20 - 22 C. An indicator of 18 degrees is allowed |
| Kitchen | The most optimal temperature is 23C, but possibly 20 degrees |
| dressing room | From 18 to 21C. The location can affect the indicators - in the central rooms, as a rule, it is warmer than in the corner |
| Bathroom | 23 - 26 degrees |
| Offices, rooms for rest and leisure | 20 - 22 degrees |
| Corridor in the apartment | 18C. Allowed indicator 16C |
| Stairwells in MKD, lobbies and halls | 12 to 18 degrees |
| Technical rooms, control rooms, storerooms, basement rooms | 16 - 18 degrees, but 14C is allowed |
Before submitting an application to the state regulatory organization, it is necessary to take measurements correctly.
The measuring device should not be placed too close to the floor, walls, windows and ceiling. It is very important to get the correct data before the specialist arrives at the house.
How to determine the average daily temperature
There is a certain standard for taking measurements. You need to place the device:
If a check is carried out taking into account the requirements, and deviations from the norm are found by more than 3-4 degrees, there is a decrease in the cost of housing and communal services by 0.15% per hour of non-compliance. Can be recalculated.
The nuances of taking measurements in the apartment before calling a specialist:
In order for measures to be taken - a recalculation is carried out or heating is supplied, you should request a specialist to visit the house.
He will re-take measurements using special equipment, check the apartment for heat leaks, holes, breaks in pipes, and draw up an act.
In general, the procedure takes about 30 days. If no results are received during this time, you can contact a higher authority.
Where to Complain If Batteries Stay Cold
In order for measures to be taken to restore the heat supply to the apartment, it is necessary to file a complaint initially with the Management Company or the Housing Office.
- Housing inspection.
- City (district) administration.
- Prosecutor's office.
- Court.
In order to find out the hotline number in a particular city, you need to call the dispatch service at the place of residence. The phone number can also be found on the website.
As a rule, after filing a complaint, a specialist is sent to the house to conduct an inspection within one to two days. Based on its results, an act is drawn up in two copies, one of which remains with the owner of the apartment.
How to correctly draw up an agreement on heating a kindergarten and how to act for management in the event of interruptions in heat supply, we tell in the article. We will give an answer, which heating systems to choose for kindergartens.
On the issues of providing heating in kindergarten, the head interacts, first of all, with the authorities local government or with heat supply organizations that, on behalf of these bodies, provide heat supply services on the territory of a municipal educational institution.
Organizations supplying heating to kindergartens
Local governments, which are the founders of kindergartens, are required by law to create conditions for the normal functioning of preschool educational institutions, including taking care of heating.
The authority to organize heat supply is vested in local governments of settlements and urban districts (first level) and local governments of municipal districts and urban districts (second level).
Kindergartens should contact heat supply organizations regarding the heating of their premises. In accordance with Law No. 131FZ, local governments can create special enterprises and institutions for the organization of heat supply. At the same time, heating of PEIs located on the territory of settlements and urban districts can be provided not by municipal, but by other (state or private) heat supply enterprises on the basis of municipal contracts.
HOW TO NOT FREEZE IN WINTER IN KINDERGARTEN
Distribute cards with instructions to each employee and check the implementation of the electronic checklists in the journal "Reference book of the head of the preschool institution"
Is your preschool ready for winter?
Conclusion of an agreement on heating in a preschool educational institution
Kindergarten on behalf of legal entity enters into a special contract with a heat supply organization for the supply of thermal energy (heat supply). When concluding this agreement, in order to avoid negative consequences, the manager must pay attention to the following points.
The heating contract must indicate the amount of heat energy that the heat supply organization undertakes to supply to the PEI. Important point: the total amount of thermal energy is better broken down by months. In this case, it will be easier for management to track the work of the performer and make claims in connection with improper performance.
In the heat supply agreement, it would be correct to establish requirements for temperature regime in the preschool premises. This item is especially relevant if the kindergarten does not have heat meter and in some other way it is impossible to determine the amount of delivered thermal energy. Requirements are prescribed on the basis of clause 2.6 of SanPiN.
The owner (founder) is mainly responsible for financing the kindergarten. It depends on him how timely and in full the DOW pays for the services rendered. In this regard, it is desirable to exclude from the heating contract penalties (fines, penalties, forfeits, etc.) in relation to the institution for late or incomplete payment for heat supply services. Otherwise, the children's institution will have to be responsible for the violation established by the agreement terms (or volumes) of payment for heat supply services, although the founder should be held responsible.
In the heating contract between the PEI and the heat supply organization, it would be reasonable to provide for a procedure for reducing payment for underdelivered thermal energy or delivered incompletely.
In the kindergarten heat supply agreement, it is also possible to determine the procedure for holding the heat energy supplier liable for violation of obligations under the agreement. However, this is rarely possible.
The price of the heat supply agreement for the kindergarten is determined based on the established local tariffs for heat energy under the section “budget consumers”.
Interruptions in the heat supply of the kindergarten: the procedure for the head
In practice, situations often occur when a kindergarten is left without heat supply (for example, in the event of an accident on heating networks or a unilateral suspension of the supply of heat energy). The head in this case must make every effort to protect the legitimate interests and respect the rights of the preschool institution and all participants in the educational process.
Information about interruptions in heat supply is immediately transferred by the head to the founder, local governments, and the education management body. Information is also submitted to the heat supply organization and the dispatch service (if any). Such efficiency will allow to restore heat supply in the kindergarten in a short time.
A preschool institution is obliged to suspend its activities if, as a result of a restriction or shutdown of thermal energy, the air temperature in the premises has dropped below the limits permissible by SanPiN, and it is not possible to heat the premises with alternative heat sources.
Otherwise, the institution or its head will bear administrative responsibility and will be required to pay a fine. In accordance with Art. 6.7 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation "Violation of sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions of education and training", the institution will pay a fine in the amount of 20,000 to 30,000 rubles, and the head may be fined in the amount of 2,000 to 3,000 rubles.
The kindergarten belongs to the first category of heat supply reliability, that is, it does not allow interruptions in the supply of heat energy and a decrease in air temperature in the premises below those stipulated by GOST 30494.
For kindergartens, the following heating standards are established:
for bedrooms in nursery groups - 21 degrees, in preschool groups - 19 degrees; permissible lower temperature for bedrooms - 18 degrees;
temperature in group rooms and locker rooms of preschool groups - 21 degrees;
for nursery toilets, the optimum temperature is 22 degrees, for preschool groups - 20 degrees;
in music and gymnastic halls - 19 degrees;
in pools - 29 degrees;
in the medical office - 22 degrees;
in heated transitions - 15 degrees.
The specified norms of heating in kindergartens are obligatory for areas with an average temperature in January below -14 degrees Celsius.
Responsibilities of the company providing heat supply to the kindergarten
Sometimes there are interruptions in heat supply due to the fault of the heat supply company. In this case, the company compensates the preschool institution for losses in the manner prescribed by law and the heating contract.
Thus, if during the period of the absence of central heating, the kindergarten used alternative sources heat (for example, electric heaters), the costs associated with their acquisition and operation are paid by the heat supply organization.
In addition, the heat supply organization is obliged to compensate for the losses incurred by the preschool institution in the event that it is necessary to temporarily close the kindergarten due to lack of heat supply and return part of the parental payment for this period.
The procedure for paying for heating in kindergarten
Preschool institutions are exempted from the obligation to pay for heat energy using advance payments. That is, kindergartens can pay for heat supply services at the end of the billing period (the month in which the service was actually provided). This is stated in clause 2 of the Procedure for Payments for Electricity, Thermal Energy and Natural Gas, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 04.04.2000 No. 294.
The heat supply organization, at the request of the DOW, is obliged to issue invoices for the heat actually received by the institution, and to recalculate the payment for the period when the heat supply was supplied intermittently or was actually absent.
Get a standard diploma
To learn more about contractual relations, equipment requirements and get methodological recommendations from experts, the Administrative and Economic Activity curriculum will help.
 |
 |
 |
 |
Reconstruction of heating systems for kindergartens
During the reconstruction of heating systems in kindergartens, a lot of problems arise related to
wear of pipes and heating devices;
redevelopment of premises;
insulation of the outer walls of buildings;
tightening norms and rules in the design;
transition to a heat supply system independent of heating networks.
Often these problems can only be solved by a complete replacement of the heating system circuit. For kindergartens, the most optimal is a horizontal floor dead-end heating system.
As heating devices it is allowed to use bimetallic sectional radiators. This is the most best option for today. Heating radiators installed in the kindergarten must be covered with plasterboard boxes with gratings (for heating appliances) made of wood or other heat-resistant materials. When using a radiator, it is necessary to ventilate the room every 1.5 hours for 10 minutes.
On the first floors, for group, sleeping and dressing rooms, a warm floor is recommended. The floor surface in winter should be at least 22 degrees.
In kindergartens, as a rule, steam heating is not allowed. Stove heating is not used for newly built and designed buildings of preschool institutions.
The kindergarten heating system is designed in accordance with the following regulatory documents:
SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the arrangement, content and organization of the work regime in preschool organizations”;
SP 118.13330.2012 “ Public buildings and structures”;
SP 60.13330.2012 “Heating, ventilation and air conditioning”.
Summing up, it can be noted that in order to protect their interests in relations with a heat supply organization, a preschool educational institution must have a well-drafted contract for the supply of thermal energy and metering devices (heat meters).
Loading...