Bar section. Standard sizes of a wooden bar. Standard sizes and types of timber Standard size of lumber in the construction of wooden houses

If you decide to build a house from a bar or are planning such a construction in the future, then first of all you need to calculate the amount of material that will need to be purchased. In order for your calculations to be correct, you need to know standard sizes of timber and edged boards, since these materials are the most commonly used lumber in construction wooden houses and timber houses.

To calculate the number of cubes of profiled timber for building a house, you can use the timber calculator.

Usually, construction timber has the following dimensions:

• 150*150 mm;
• 100*150 mm;
• 100*100 mm;
• small bar has dimensions of 40*40 mm and 50*50 mm.

The standard length of the beam is 6 meters, beams of greater length are made to order. When ordering such a beam, it is necessary to take into account possible difficulties during its transportation, since not all modes of transport are suitable for transporting material of this length. The standard dimensions of edged boards are 100 and 150 mm wide and 50, 40 and 25 mm thick. As with the beam, the standard length of the board is 6 meters.

Dimensions of edged boards and timber according to GOST.

The dimensions of the timber are regulated by GOST and the products of any sawmill are focused on standardized dimensions. Sawmills produce completely different products, such as edged, unedged boards, bars and beams, and so on.

By quality, hardwoods are divided into 3 grades, conifers - into 5. The highest grade lumber is called selected (marked with a horizontal stripe or the letter "O"), the remaining grades are marked with the numbers 1-4 (marked with the corresponding number of dots, vertical stripes or just a number) .

Table for all standard board sections GOST 8486.

Board sections, length in mm.	math action	number of pieces in 1 m 3
	1: 0.2m (width): 0.05m (thickness): 6 (length)
	1: 0.15m(width): 0.05m(thickness): 6(length)
	1: 0.1m (width): 0.05m (thickness): 6 (length)
	1: 0.2m (width): 0.04m (thickness): 6 (length)
	1: 0.15m(width): 0.04m(thickness): 6(length)
	1: 0.1m (width): 0.04m (thickness): 6 (length)
	1: 0.2m(width): 0.025m(thickness): 6(length)
	1: 0.15m(width): 0.025m(thickness): 6(length)
	1: 0.1m(width): 0.025m(thickness): 6(length)

Table for all standard beam sections GOST 8486.

Lumber quality is judged on the worst side or edge.

Varieties and symbols of wood.

First grade wood used to create elements building structures, windows, doors, stairs, fine finish floors and walls. The moisture content of the variety should not exceed 22%.

Second grade wood used for decking, load-bearing building structures (category II) formwork, battens and planed parts. The moisture content of the variety should not exceed 22%.

The third grade of wood used for production load-bearing structures(category III). The moisture content of the variety should not exceed 22%.

The fourth grade of wood suitable for the manufacture of containers, small blanks. Permissible humidity of the 4th grade is not standardized.

The designation of the bar indicates the material (board, bar, bar), then a number is indicated that determines the grade, type of wood (coniferous or other types of wood - pine, spruce, larch, cedar, fir). Then indicate the size of the cross section in millimeters and the designations of a certain standard.

What does it look like: Board - 2 - spruce - 40 x 150 - GOST 8486-86

Some manufacturers also indicate the length and cubic capacity of the product: Board - 2 - larch - 40 x 150 x 6000 - GOST 8486-86 Quantity in a cube: 27 pieces.

Measuring lumber.

To measure the length of lumber and blanks, you need to fix the smallest distance between the ends, and the width is measured anywhere, but retreating 150 millimeters.

The thickness of lumber is measured similarly at an arbitrary point with an indent of 150 millimeters. Width unedged lumber determined in the middle of the length (excluding the bark).

The volume of lumber is determined in cubic meters based on the dimensions determined by GOST 5306 - 83.

Cross-sectional dimensions (a x b) and lengths (L) edged boards defined by GOST 8486-86

• 1 is the length - 6.5 meters, with a gradation of 0.25 m.
• a is the width of the edged board: 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275 mm.
• b is the thickness of the edged board: 16, 19, 22, 25, 32, 40, 44, 50, 60, 75 mm.

How many pieces of edged board in 1 cubic meter lumber.

Board dimensions	Volume of the 1st board	Boards in one cube (pieces)

The weight of 1 m 3 is calculated by the formula: M \u003d V * P

• M - weight.
• V - volume
• P is the density of wood, which depends on the type of wood, its humidity, place of growth, the specific part of the trunk from which the board is made.

Table of density of various woods.

Breed	Density, kg / m 3
Low
Siberian fir
Poplar gray
Average density
horse chestnut
Yew ordinary
walnut
Maple white (sycamore)
Maple virginian (bird-eye)
Larch
Teak
Sviteniya (mahogany)
Platan (plane tree)
dense rocks
Pecan (carya)
Olive Tree(olive)
Ceylon ebony (ebony)

Calculation example: let's say you need to find out the weight of 1m 3 of a pine board: M = 1 cu. m. *520 kg / cu. m. = 520 kg at a moisture content of 12% (the physical and mechanical properties of wood are calculated with this indicator)

Absolutely dry wood will have a lower density (the equilibrium moisture content of wood for indoor use is 6-8%), and for natural humidity higher. Natural humidity is not standardized and can vary from 30% - 80%.

bar is a board whose dimensions correspond to the following inequality: a/b< 2. Длина бруса будет равна длине обрезной доски. Custom sizes can always be made to order.

• Size a (width) of the beam: 50, 60, 75, 100, 130, 150, 180, 200, 20, 250 millimeters.
• b (thickness) 130, 150, 180, 200, 220, 250 millimeters.

The table shows the volume of a beam 10 meters long, conifers. (m 3)

Width	Thickness mm.

Width (a) and thickness(b) softwood: 16; 19; 22; 25; 32; 40; 44; 50; 60; 75 millimeters.

Width (a) thickness(b) hardwood wood: 19; 22; 25; 32; 40; 45; 50; 60; 70; 80; 90; 100 millimeters.

The length of the bars is equal to the length of the edged board.

Beam is, of course, one of the most popular and common types of building material. It is used for the construction of walls and roofs of houses, when assembling ceilings, fences, and so on. And, of course, in order to assembled structure turned out to be reliable, during its construction it is important to choose the most suitable section of the beam. Standard dimensions in the manufacture of this material by manufacturers must be observed exactly. There are several types of timber on the market today according to this indicator.

lumber length

In most cases, specialized enterprises and workshops supply 6 m timber to the market. Such material is convenient both for transportation and for the assembly of most building structures. Also, if desired, for example, the owners suburban areas Those who decide to build a house, a bathhouse or a garage can purchase a beam of standard length 2, 4, 8, 10 and 12 m.

Sometimes it happens that it is not possible to select the material of the required dimensions. In this case, you can buy a standard 6 m timber and cut it into the appropriate number of pieces. There are also fairly simple methods for building timber during assembly. different kind building structures. For example, to get a beam of 8 m, you can:

cut a 6-meter beam into 3 parts, getting three pieces of 2 m each;

attach one of their segments to another whole beam at 6 m.

cross section

It will not be difficult to change the length of the purchased lumber during the construction of various kinds of structures. The situation is completely different with the cross section of the beam. IN this case the choice must be approached with all responsibility.

On the market today there are sawn timber of this variety, both with a square section and with a rectangular one. Both of these types of timber are equally popular with developers. In this case, materials of the first variety can have a standard cross section:

100 x 100 mm;

120 x 120 mm;

150 x 150 mm.

Also, very often in the construction of buildings, a beam of 200x200x6000 mm or 250x250x6000 mm is used.

Standard timber is supplied to the market in following sizes:

100 x 150 mm;

200 x 250 mm.

Rectangular lumber is well suited for the construction of, for example, truss systems. bar square section is in most cases used to assemble the boxes of buildings.

Dimensions of glued material

Most often, in the construction of various kinds of buildings, of course, an ordinary beam is used. Such material is not particularly expensive, but has some disadvantages. For example, log cabins from an ordinary bar give a strong shrinkage. Also, such material often does not have a very regular geometric shape.

Therefore, in Lately among developers, including frequent ones, it has become very popular special kind timber - glued. Such material lasts much longer than usual, has an attractive appearance, and is practically not afraid of moisture.

Of course, attention to the dimensions should be paid when choosing this type of timber. this variety can be 6 or 12 m. At the same time, in the cross section of a glued beam:

the width can be equal to 80-380 mm for the maple version and from 80 to 280 mm for pine and spruce;

• height can be 80-240 mm and 135-270 mm respectively.

Profiled timber

Such material (along with ordinary and glued) is also used in construction quite often. The profiled beam has a special configuration in cross section. The boxes of buildings and structures erected from it look more accurate than those built from ordinary lumber. A square or rectangular profiled beam, among other things, has the advantage of being easy to install. But according to some performance characteristics, as well as in terms of service life, the material of this type is still inferior to the glued one.

The standard width of profiled timber can vary between 80-230 mm. The height of such lumber made of pine, spruce or aspen is in most cases 140 mm. For a profiled larch beam, this figure is 190 mm.

How to calculate the required cross section in terms of thermal conductivity

Of course, the smaller the thickness of the timber, the cheaper it is to buy it for the owner of a suburban area. But to choose such lumber, based only on economic feasibility, of course, is not worth it. A building erected from a bar should not only be not particularly expensive, but also comfortable to live in and warm.

When choosing a section of a beam for assembling a particular structure, one should make accurate calculations. The owner of a suburban area, who decides to build any building on it, will need to find a middle ground in which it performance characteristics will be optimally combined with the size of the material.

The required section of the beam is calculated according to SNiP, according to the following formula:

S = Kt x R, where

Kt is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the beam;

R is the heat transfer coefficient of the walls.

The last indicator may vary depending on the region where the house was built. So, for example, for Moscow, the R indicator will be 3.16, for Rostov - 2.63, for Arkhangelsk - 3.56.

The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the timber itself, in turn, depends on what kind of wood it is made of. For cedar, for example, this figure will be 0.095, for linden and birch - 0.15, for spruce - 0.11, and so on.

Sometimes the result of the calculation is non-standard indicators of the thickness of the lumber. If, when performing calculations, it turns out that a 180 x 180 cm option is needed to build a warm house, the site owners will have to purchase a 200 x 200 mm beam. That is, the indicator in the preparation of the project always increases in big side.

Roofing use

the step with which it is supposed to mount the supporting elements;

wind and snow loads for this particular region.

When performing calculations in this case, various kinds of tables containing ready-made information are used.

Determine the dimensions of the beam section for truss system in a particular region will not be particularly difficult. In any case, the material commonly used is:

for the legs themselves - 100 x 150 or 100 x 200 mm in size;

for Mauerlats - with a section of 100 x 100, 150 x 150 mm;

for racks - 100 x 100 or 150 x 150 mm.

For Mauerlats of large buildings, a beam of 200 by 200 mm or even 250 x 250 mm can also be used.

SNiP requirements for the thickness of the timber, depending on the purpose of the structure

erected on suburban areas can the following types of buildings:

• economic;
• country houses;
• residential buildings.

All these types of buildings can be built using timber. But the material in all these cases, of course, can be selected in different dimensions. When assembling a box of various outbuildings, a bar with a section of 100 x 100 or 100-150 mm is usually used. Such material in most cases is very inexpensive. At the same time, you can assemble from it, for example, a bathhouse, sauna, barn, garage or utility block.

Country houses differ from residential ones in that people do not live in them year-round. Many citizens visit suburban areas, mainly only in summer, in late spring or early autumn. Therefore, too serious requirements in terms of the ability to retain heat are usually not imposed on the walls of such buildings. But such facilities, since the owners live in them, including in the off-season, should still be warm enough. Beam when assembling boxes country houses usually used with a section of 120 x 120 mm. Sometimes in this case, a beam of 6 m and 150x150 cm can also be used. It is advisable to use such material, for example, in the cold regions of the country - in the Urals or Siberia.

To residential buildings in terms of the ability of walls to retain heat, of course, they are presented with special requirements. The calculation of the required cross section in this case is carried out according to the formula discussed above in the article. In most regions of Russia, a beam of 200x200x6000 mm or even 250x250x6000 mm is used for the construction of residential buildings. The latter option is ideal for Siberia and the Urals.

Standard bar sizes

Sometimes, when erecting various kinds of structures in suburban areas, among other things, bars can also be used. Such lumber can be used in the assembly of street small architectural forms, fences, benches and other things. They differ from a bar in a smaller section. Of course, the workshops comply with certain standards in the manufacture of such lumber. The dimensions for the bar standards provide for the following:

for conifers - width and height from 16 to 25 cm (with a spread of 3 cm), 32, 40, 44, 50, 60, 75 mm;

for hardwoods - from 19 to 25 (3 cm), 32, 40, 45 and from 50 to 100 (with a spread of 10 cm).

Edged board

The standard length of sawn timber of this type can vary within 1-6 m with a gradation of 0.25 m. 19, 22, 25, 32, 40, 44, 50, 60, 75 mm. This type of material is used in the construction of various kinds of buildings in suburban areas as often as timber. At the same time, the most popular option among private developers is a material of this type with a width of 150-200 mm and a thickness of 2-4.5 cm. The properties of the beam, its strength and other performance qualities make it possible to use it in construction.

The possibility of unsupported overlapping of large areas greatly expands the architectural possibilities when designing a house. A positive solution to the beam issue allows you to "play" with the volume of rooms, install panoramic windows, build large halls. But if it is not difficult to block a distance of 3-4 meters with a “tree”, then which beams to use on a span of 5 m or more is already a difficult question.

Wooden floor beams - dimensions and loads

They made a wooden floor in a log house, and the floor is shaking, bending, the effect of a “trampoline” has appeared; we want to make wooden floor beams of 7 meters; you need to block the room with a length of 6.8 meters so as not to rest the logs on intermediate supports; what should be the floor beam for a span of 6 meters, a house made of timber; what to do if you want to make a free layout - such questions are often asked by members of the forum.

Maxinova FORUMHOUSE user

My house is about 10x10 meters. I “threw” wooden logs onto the ceiling, their length is 5 meters, the section is 200x50. The distance between the lags is 60 cm. During the operation of the floor, it turned out that when children run in one room and you stand in another, there is quite a strong vibration on the floor.

And this case is far from the only one.

elena555 FORUMHOUSE user

I can’t figure out which beams for interfloor ceilings are needed. My house is 12x12 meters, 2-storey. The first floor is made of aerated concrete, the second floor is attic, wooden, covered with a beam 6000x150x200mm, laid every 80 cm. When I walk on the second floor, I feel shaking.

Beams for long spans must withstand heavy loads, therefore, in order to build a strong and reliable wooden floor with a large span, they must be carefully calculated. First of all, it is necessary to understand what kind of load a wooden log of one or another section can withstand. And then think over, having determined the load for the floor beam, what rough and top coat gender; what will the ceiling be hemmed with; whether the floor will be a full-fledged living space or non-residential attic above the garage.

Leo060147 FORUMHOUSE user

1. Self-weight load of all structural elements overlap. This includes the weight of beams, insulation, fasteners, flooring, ceiling, etc.
2. operating load. The operating load can be permanent or temporary.

When calculating the operating load, the mass of people, furniture, household appliances, etc. is taken into account. The load temporarily increases with the arrival of guests, noisy celebrations, rearrangement of furniture, if it is moved away from the walls to the center of the room.

Therefore, when calculating the operational load, it is necessary to think through everything - up to what furniture is planned to be installed, and whether there is a possibility of installing a sports simulator in the future, which also weighs far more than one kilogram.

For the load acting on wooden beams of a long floor, are taken the following values(for attic and interfloor floors):

• Attic floor - 150 kg / sq.m. Where (according to SNiP 2.01.07-85), taking into account the safety factor - 50 kg / sq.m - this is the load from the floor's own weight, and 100 kg / sq.m - the standard load.

If it is planned to store things, materials and other household items in the attic, then the load is assumed to be 250 kg / sq.m.

• For interfloor floors and ceilings attic floor the total load is taken from the calculation of 350-400 kg / sq.m.

Overlapping boards 200 by 50 and other running sizes

These are the beams on a span of 4 meters that are allowed by the regulations.

Most often in construction wooden floors boards and timber of the so-called running sizes: 50x150, 50x200, 100x150, etc. Such beams satisfy the standards ( after calculation), if it is planned to block the opening no more than four meters.

For overlapping with a length of 6 meters or more, the dimensions 50x150, 50x200, 100x150 are no longer suitable.

Wooden beam over 6 meters: subtleties

A beam for a span of 6 meters or more should not be made of timber and boards of running sizes.

You should remember the rule: the strength and rigidity of the floor to a greater extent depend on the height of the beam and, to a lesser extent, on its width.

A distributed and concentrated load acts on the floor beam. Therefore, wooden beams for large spans are not designed "end-to-end", but with a margin of safety and allowable deflection. This ensures normal and safe operation overlap.

50x200 - overlap for an opening of 4 and 5 meters.

To calculate the load that the overlap will withstand, you must have the appropriate knowledge. In order not to delve into the strength of materials formulas (and this is definitely redundant when building a garage), it is enough for an ordinary developer to use online calculators for calculating wooden single-span beams.

Leo060147 FORUMHOUSE user

A self-builder is most often not a professional designer. All he wants to know is which beams need to be installed in the ceiling so that it meets the basic requirements for strength and reliability. This is what online calculators allow you to calculate.

These calculators are easy to use. To make calculations of the necessary values, it is enough to enter the dimensions of the lag and the length of the span, which they must cover.

Also, to simplify the task, you can use ready-made tables presented by the gurus of our forum with the nickname Roracotta.

Roracotta FORUMHOUSE user

I spent several evenings to make tables that even a novice builder will understand:

Table 1. It presents data that meet minimum requirements on the load for the floors of the second floor - 147kg / sq.m.

Note: since the tables are based on American standards, and the dimensions of lumber overseas are somewhat different from the sections adopted in our country, the column highlighted in yellow should be used in the calculations.

Table 2. Here are the data on the average load for the floors of the first and second floors - 293 kg / sq.m.

Table 3. Here are the data for the calculated increased load of 365 kg / sq.m.

How to calculate the distance between I-beams

If you carefully read the tables presented above, it becomes clear that with an increase in the length of the span, first of all, it is necessary to increase the height of the log, and not its width.

Leo060147 FORUMHOUSE user

You can change the stiffness and strength of the lag upwards by increasing its height and making “shelves”. That is, a wooden I-beam is being made.

Independent production of a wooden glued beam

One of the solutions for covering long spans is the use of wooden beam. Consider a span of 6 meters - which beams can withstand a large load.

According to the type of cross section, a long beam can be:

• rectangular;
• I-beam;
• box-shaped.

There is no consensus among self-builders which section is better. If you do not take into account purchased products (prefabricated I-beams), then the simplicity of manufacturing in the "field conditions" comes first, without the use of expensive equipment and tooling.

Just Grandpa FORUMHOUSE user

If you look at the cross section of any metal I-beam, you can see that from 85% to 90% of the mass of the metal is concentrated in the "shelves". The bonding wall accounts for no more than 10-15% of the metal. This is done on the basis of calculation.

What board to use for beams

According to the strength of materials: the larger the section of the “shelves” and the further they are spaced from each other in height, the greater the load the I-beam will withstand. For self-builder optimal technology the manufacture of an I-beam is a simple box-shaped structure, where the upper and lower "shelves" are made of a board laid flat. (50x150mm, a side walls made of plywood with a thickness of 8-12 mm and a height of 350 to 400 mm (determined by calculation), etc.).

Plywood is nailed to the shelves or screwed with self-tapping screws (only not black, they do not cut) and must be glued.

If you install such an I-beam on a six-meter span in increments of 60 cm, then it will withstand a large load. Additionally, an I-beam for a ceiling of 6 meters can be laid with a heater.

Also, using a similar principle, you can connect two long boards, assembling them into a “package”, and then put them on top of each other on an edge (take boards at 150x50 or 200x50), as a result, the cross section of the beam will be 300x100 or 400x100 mm. The boards are planted on glue and pulled together with studs or planted on capercaillie / dowels. You can also screw or nail plywood to the side surfaces of such a beam, having previously lubricated it with glue.

Also interesting is the experience of a forum member under the nickname Taras174, who decided to independently make a glued I-beam to block a span of 8 meters.

For this, the forum member purchased OSB sheets 12 mm thick, cut them lengthwise into five equal parts. Then I bought a board 150x50 mm, 8 meters long. Fresa " dovetail"I chose a groove 12 mm deep and 14 mm wide in the middle of the board - so that I get a trapezoid with an extension downwards. OSB in grooves Taras174 glued with the help of polyester resin (epoxy), having previously “shooted” a strip of fiberglass 5 mm wide to the end of the plate with a stapler. This, according to the forum member, would strengthen the design. To speed up drying, the glued area was heated with a heater.

Taras174 FORUMHOUSE user

On the first beam, I trained "filled my hand." The second one was done in 1 business day. At a cost, taking into account all materials, I include a solid board of 8 meters, the cost of a beam is 2000 rubles. for 1 piece

Despite the positive experience, such a "squatter" did not escape several criticisms made by our experts. Namely.

When choosing wood for building a house, the question of which timber is best for construction is of interest to any user. The number of buildings made of lumber is increasing, and, consequently, the demand for materials is growing, which allows manufacturers to offer more and more new products with a wide variety of quality and practical characteristics. As a result, the owner of the construction site is given a good choice, which needs to be carefully sorted out so as not to make a mistake with the purchase of materials.

Types and types of timber

Assuming to build log house For permanent residence, it is worth remembering that wooden lumber looks like a long beam with a rectangular cross section measuring 6 meters long and 100-300 mm thick. This is a standard size, considered the most optimal for the construction of buildings.

Advice! If this length of the beam is not enough, you should pay attention to the elite Finnish wood: manufacturers offer elements up to 12 meters in length.

Materials differ according to various indicators, for example, according to the degree of processing, there are the following types of timber:

• Raw edged/sawn;
• planed;
• Sanded;
• profiled.

According to the method of manufacture, lumber is distinguished into:

1. whole;
2. glued;
3. empty, padded thermal insulation materials as a filler.

Now a little more about the types of timber for building a house, modifications and characteristic features.

Edged timber

Considered a classic of the material, it is an element obtained in the process of sawing the body of a tree. During processing, a solid log is freed from edges, the result is a building material in the form of a square-section beam, which has even, untreated, rough planes on all four sides.

The product has a natural humidity, so it is possible to inspect the material for distortions that occur during improper storage. Section sizes: 250*250; 150*200; 150*150; 100*150; 100*100 mm. A large range of sizes allows you to choose the optimal batch of lumber to build yourself.

Affordable price, high quality and the practicality of the material are advantages, but among the disadvantages it should be noted the mandatory use of sealing material. It is mounted between the crowns so that precipitation does not fall into the cracks, leading to the destruction of the building. In addition, there is a possibility of losing the shape of the lamellas when the process of natural drying starts.

Planed, polished timber

This is an edged product made from wood, which undergoes a grinding process during processing. The result is sawn timber with smooth planes (on one, two or all sides), sometimes with a corner chamfer removed, which gives an aesthetic appearance and facilitates the construction process.

Advice! Dishonest manufacturers often pass off planed timber as polished, so you need to be especially careful: the price of polished timber is higher than that of planed timber. The differences are obvious: the planed material does not have enough smoothness of the sanded material.

Profiled timber building material

It is considered the most progressive and practical for building a house. Each element is equipped with a locking connection, and, therefore, the crowns adjoin with maximum density. In addition, the smoothness of both sides, the presence of fasteners make it possible to build a warm and strong structure, so the increased price of the product does not frighten consumers.

Advice! There are two profile options on the market: tongue-and-groove (German) and bowl (Finnish). The choice depends on the construction technology and the preferences of the developer.

Glued laminated timber

The material consists of several separate lamellae, obtained by sawing the body of a tree, glued together. Due to pre-drying and gluing, taking into account the direction of the fibers, the product is considered one of the most reliable and high-quality for building a house. High-tech glued laminated timber does not shrink, does not require additional processing of wall panels and has high energy saving rates. Developers consider the lack of deformation and resistance to moisture to be one of the main advantages of the material. The high cost of the material is due to its practicality and quality.

Advice! The material labeled LVL is also glued laminated timber, but having ordinary veneer as its components. This causes hardness on the outside, but softness in the core. It is considered the most expensive and high-quality wood material. Due to the increased strength, elasticity and moisture-repellent properties, the timber is not subject to corrosion, does not rot, the product range has a different set of lengths, which makes it possible to call piece goods universal for building a house.

Finnish timber

Elite wood with the following characteristics:

1. the annual rings in the lamellas have a unique direction opposite from each other, that is, they "look" at the center of the section.
2. Strength and flexibility also due to vertical splicing constituent parts every 4-6 meters.
3. To obtain the finished product, thick elements are spliced, so the question is: which timber thickness pick, has essential. Standard technology recommends impregnating elements adhesive composition not less than 2 cm, due to which the material is not completely impregnated, but only in the upper layers.

Important! Glued Finnish timber has a price 2-2.5 times higher than the Russian counterpart.

Composite timber materials

The package and hollow types of timber that have appeared on the market are also suitable for the construction of houses and buildings for various purposes. Representing a wooden block hollow inside, the structure consists of a pair of boards equipped with end elements and lintels.

The differences are:

1. The package material has internal filling insulation having a base of mineral wool or foam glass.
2. Hollow timber has no filling.

The main feature is an increased energy-saving characteristic, which allows you to build a house with high energy-efficient performance. Due to its technological feature, composite beams are extremely affordable, but they are superior in quality to foam blocks, and experts say: a piece composite product from a beam retains heat 2 times better than masonry made of bricks, gas blocks and other standard materials.

Advice! For areas with high temperature fluctuations, the latest development is suitable - thermal beam. it's the same composite material, consisting of a hollow beam with polyurethane foam filling. Price category finished house comparable to the cost of a house made of glued solid timber, however, when deciding how thick to take a timber, choosing a glued one, you will have to make a wall of 390 mm, an alternative thermal beam can be taken at 160 mm. And this means that at equal cost and energy saving indicators, wall panels made of composite thermal beams will be thinner.

Calculating the disadvantages and advantages of lumber, you should pay attention to the optimal humidity. This indicator should be approximately 15-20%. The quality is achieved by drying in special chambers. The process should be carried out immediately after cutting the log body, and only then, the dried lamellas are processed, polished, and so on.

The choice of timber thickness for building a house

Everything is quite simple here: a standard timber for construction is of square or rectangular section with side dimensions of 100, 150, 200 mm. Some manufacturers offer 250 mm sides to order, but here you will need to focus on the price of lumber. It turns out that Wall panel, given by the dimensions of the beam, can be 100-250 mm thick. And a parameter is selected depending on the needs of the owner: the thicker the beam, the higher the stiffness index of the structure. In addition, the wall must provide protection from the cold.

Important! The strength of wall structures is based not only on the thickness of the timber. When building a house, the presence and number of openings, the configuration of the walls and other indicators are taken into account, and the assembly, or rather, its quality, should also be taken into account.

Experienced builders advise for one-story building choose a timber with a thickness of 100-150 mm, but the parameters of 150-200 mm are better for building a house from 2 or more floors. It is also important to understand that when building an all-weather heated building, it is necessary to insulate the walls from the outside, without this element everything modern houses will not comply with accepted energy saving standards.

If we compare wall structures made of timber of different thicknesses, then a weak dependence of the resistance to thermal action, determined by the thickness of the elements, is noticeable. For example, an insulated wall made of 150 mm timber is only 12-15% “warmer” than a wall 100 mm thick. Conclusion: when high-quality insulation and thorough waterproofing, it is enough to choose a good timber, as well as a heater. The calculation is approximately the following: for walls made of timber of 100 mm (100 * 150-200 mm), purchase a heater on a mineral wool base of the same thickness (100-150 mm). This will be enough to maintain the high energy efficiency of the building.

But, nevertheless, when choosing what thickness of lumber to buy, it is worth remembering that the construction of a thick beam has a lot of other advantages, in particular, the structure will have less ability to warp when dried, greater strength and heat capacity.

Advice! Homes for seasonal residence, baths and outbuildings to sheathe heat-insulating material not necessary, but it all depends on what size of timber is selected. Experts recommend not to get cheap, but to build a bathhouse or a cottage from lumber with a thickness of 150 mm or more. The accumulation of heat is higher, which means that when warming up optimum temperature will last longer.

Types of timber connection

The technology for building walls from a bar is different, but it is important to know the types of joining a bar. Today, developers offer the following typical connections:

1. Angular. It happens with the remainder (in the bowl) and without the remainder (in the paw). With the remainder - a type that represents the protruding ends of the log house at a distance of about 0.5 meters. Expensive, but heat losses are reduced and the strength of the building is increased. Without residue - a type when the end of the frame ends at the level of the wall. The connection takes place by means of staples or studded plates with nails.
2. Longitudinal connection is used when the length of the beam is insufficient. The increase in size occurs by connecting two elements. There are several ways:

• spike with a key;
• in half a tree;
• root spike.

1. Connection T-shaped. It is used when it is necessary to fasten the outer and inner wall. The options are:

• by creating a trapezoidal symmetrical spike in the log house;
• creating a triangular spike in the log house;
• locking groove on the plug-in spike;
• straight groove on the root spike.

Despite the variety of connection types, there are some general recommendations:

• the rounding of the beam is made with outside to minimize the risk of water accumulation in the grooves;
• the place where log cabins adjoin, has to be equal and carefully polished.

It is not bad to give the elements additional tightness by smearing the joints with a composition of resin and sand.

Beams are made from saw logs and can serve as a ready-to-use building unit (building walls, frames) or as an element for creating beams, trusses, support posts, decking, battens, other load-bearing and enclosing structures in low-rise construction residential and public buildings.

Source material and regulatory documents

The beam is made mainly from coniferous wood - pine, spruce, larch, fir, cedar. IN wooden structures hardwoods are mainly used only for dowels, pillows, liners and other critical parts. Although for wall beams, excluding window sills, rafters and for the two lower rows, GOST 11047 allows the use of aspen and birch with a moisture content of less than 28%.

grade requirements, appearance, dimensions, physical and mechanical characteristics are set out in the following main standards:

• GOST 8486-86 "Sawn softwood"
• GOST 24454-80 "Sawn softwood. Dimensions"
• GOST 11047-90 "Details and wooden products for low-rise residential and public buildings"
• GOST 20850-84 "Laminated wooden structures"
• GOST 2695-83 "Sawn hardwood"
• GOST 18288-87 "Sawmill production. Terms and definitions"
• GOST 23431-79 "Wood. Structure and physical and mechanical properties. Terms and Definitions"

Production technology

Whole beams are made on circular saws longitudinal cutting from a log of 2-4 parts, followed by drying in vivo. Glued laminated timber goes through more difficult stages, but as a result it becomes the most durable of all wooden beams (50-70% stronger than solid timber):

• Sawing logs into boards, drying in special chambers to a moisture content of 10-15%;
• Treatment of boards with an antiseptic agent (it is also anti-corrosion), sizing;
• Splicing blanks, orienting them in the direction of the fibers so that the beam subsequently does not "twist" and does not "lead";
• The resulting lamellas are glued under pressure with wood glue;
• Profiling is the final stage, during which the beam acquires clearly defined parameters.

Wood beam classification

Other types of lumber can be edged or unedged, however, in relation to the beam, the degree of sawing of the sides is "measured" by the edges:

• Double-edged timber - two opposite faces are processed, two more sides are left in the form of log roundings;
• Three-edged beam - has three longitudinally processed surfaces;
• A four-edged beam is a bar in its usual sense, having planes on all four sides.

According to the structure, the bars are divided into:

• Solid - Solid wood mass obtained by filing a whole log;
• Glued - composite of specially prepared boards (lamellas).

According to the relief of surfaces:

• Simple (non-profiled) - with even longitudinal layers and edges;
• Profiled - have two opposite sides grooves and ridges, the front sides are perfectly smooth due to planing or milling of the surface.

The beam profile of different geometry allows to increase the contact area of ​​the crowns, while the density of the beams is such that they form an inseparable monolithic array. Increases the rigidity of the wall, protection from blowing, precipitation, freezing.

Dimensions

The length preferred for a solid beam is 6 m, while the range is from 2 to 9 m. Since the glued beam has a prefabricated structure, including along the length, its length can reach 18 m. The beams are usually cross-sectional in size (mm):

• Thickness 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250
• Width from 100 to 275

The manufacturer has the right to offer, and the customer to request products of other sizes: 188 × 140, 195 × 145, 400 × 400, etc. A product with parameters of 50 × 50 is called a half-beam. Among the square sections, a bar with a side of 150 mm is considered the most preferable:

• Requires fewer units to build structures. So, on a wall with a height of 1.2 m, 12 bars of 100 mm each or 8 bars of 150 each will go; the total number of crowns is reduced (one and a half times), therefore, the consumption of insulation, labor costs are reduced, the laying process is accelerated.
• With a wall thickness of 150 mm, the house retains heat better and absorbs sounds.

The use of a much heavier 200×200 beam complicates laying, increases the load on the foundation and total costs.

Depending on the quality, the bars are assigned a grade determined by the presence and allowable amount wood defects. Products of 1, 2 and 3 grades are suitable for construction.

Market building materials offers two types of solid profiled timber:

• Normal, or natural humidity (82-87%)
• Dry (10-15%)

Reference. Lumber is dry - humidity up to 22%, raw - over 22% and raw antiseptic.

Ordinary timber turns into dry after being in a special drying unit. This increases the cost, but also the advantages of dry timber, as close as possible to an even more expensive glued competitor:

• Glued structures should contain moisture within 12 ± 3%, dry timber corresponds to this;
• Shrinkage of an ordinary timber occurs by 4-8%, and it is strictly forbidden to install partitions, finish walls for 12-18 months. The shrinkage of a dry timber is quite small (1.5-2%), and almost immediately after construction it is possible to produce a fine finish.

Characteristics of a wooden beam

Compressive strength along the fibers (average for all types of wood) 450 kg/cm²

Ability wooden products to resist destruction depends on the variety, cross-sectional area, operating conditions, on the type of wood, type, direction and duration of the load.

Volume weight, kg/m³

It depends on the species, age and humidity, it is characterized by the density of wood: fir - 375, spruce - 445, pine - 500, oak -700 (values ​​are given for a dry state of 12%). The density of freshly cut coniferous and soft hardwoods is 850 kg/m³, hard hardwoods - 1000 kg/m³.

Thermal conductivity, W/(m °С)

For pine and oak in a dry state - 0.09-0.18 and 0.10-0.23, respectively. The heat-shielding properties of the timber improve with an increase in its thickness and decrease with an increase in humidity. A block wall 10 cm thick is comparable to a half meter brick wall.

Geometry violation

Temperature fluctuations, alternating absorption and evaporation of moisture by wood lead either to swelling or shrinkage and, as a result, a change in size, the appearance of twisting deformations (screw, bending), and cracking of the timber. Dry material is much less susceptible to volume changes, but overdrying can also result in similar negative consequences. The appearance of defects may be due to defects laid down during the growth of the tree, a violation of manufacturing and construction technology.

Disease susceptibility

An increase in humidity, temperature, lack of air exchange can lead to the appearance of mold, rot, fungus, and biological damage. For disinfection, wood is treated with an antiseptic, like individual bars in working conditions, and after the erection of walls. The spread of wormholes - wood-eating insect infestations - will prevent impregnation or fumigation of wood with insecticides. Structures damaged by house fungus are not repaired, but must be replaced.

Shrinkage, mm/m

• Solid timber 40-80
• Solid profiled 15-20
• Glued 5-10

Water absorption

More than 30% per day. The higher the moisture content of wood, the less liquid it absorbs. The value is given for absolutely dry wood.

Vapor permeability

Vapor permeability is 0.06-0.32 mg / (m h Pa) for pine and 0.05-0.030 for oak

fire resistance

Fire resistance group G. Wood has medium flammability and low smoke formation. Refers to combustible materials - flame retardants are used to protect against fire. The fire resistance limit of wooden walls and partitions 15 cm thick (plastered on both sides) is 45 minutes.

timber cost

The cost is from 4200 to 23000 rubles / m³. Prices vary greatly depending on the material, types of timber, increasing as the manufacturing technology becomes more complicated. So, for one manufacturer, pine can cost 8500, and larch - 18500 rubles. per cube

The maximum number of storeys of the building is 2 (for glued it can be higher).

Advantages of a wooden beam

• High mechanical strength, elasticity combined with low bulk density;
• Excellent thermal insulation qualities - wooden house able to hold 6 times more heat than brick, and 1.5 times than foam concrete;
• Eco-friendly, "breathable" material - in houses made of timber there is always a comfortable microclimate;
• The beam is less prone to cracking than the log, since when the edges are removed, more loose wood is removed, leaving the hard part of the log impregnated with resin;
• The beam is cheaper than rounded logs due to more simple manufacturing;
• Profiled and glued beams do not require additional finishing;
• A short time for assembling houses from a bar: a dacha of 48 m² can be completed in 3 weeks;
• Aesthetic appearance.

Disadvantages of timber timber

• It is necessary to protect the walls from an unprofiled beam with finishing materials, otherwise there is a high probability of water getting into the seams between the beams. It will force out air from wood micropores - natural and most effective insulation, significantly worsening the heat-insulating properties of wood.
• Susceptibility, especially of solid timber, to the formation of cracks (successfully eliminated, however, by rubbing with special mastics). Glued beams are deprived of this disadvantage due to drying during the manufacturing process, although they lose air permeability.
• Anisotropy of wood - many indicators vary depending on the direction: thermal conductivity, strength, vapor permeability are not the same along or across the fibers.
• The use of paving structures is limited by the ambient temperature - they cannot be operated under conditions of prolonged heating at an ambient temperature above 50 ° C for structures made of non-glued and 35 ° C - made of glued wood.

Transportation

The bars are transported packed in transport packages or block packages of rectangular or trapezoidal section, formed in accordance with GOST 19041-85 and GOST 16369-96.