The heating system is vertical. How a horizontal heating system works - types, wiring differences. Relevance for autonomous heating

Vertical wiring of the heating system is used both in autonomous and centralized heating networks. According to the method of transporting the working medium through the pipeline, it can be with natural or forced circulation. In the first case, the movement of the coolant is carried out due to the difference in density. AT low-rise buildings with an autonomous heating network with forced circulation, the movement of the working medium occurs due to the pump, and in the presence of centralized communications - due to pressure drops.

According to the option of supplying the coolant, the following vertical heating systems are distinguished:

with top wiring. Piping for such networks is carried out in the attic or under the ceiling;
with bottom wiring. The installation of pipelines for transporting the working medium is carried out through the basement or in the floor screed.

Compared to a horizontal heating system, a vertical heating network is not prone to air pockets and allows you to control temperature regime batteries. TM Ogint offers a wide range of thermostatic valves and thermostatic elements, with which you can install and maintain a comfortable microclimate in the room.

Depending on the nuances of the design, the vertical heating network is one-pipe or two-pipe. When choosing a certain type of system, the number of floors of the building and the need to install individual heat meters are taken into account.

Single pipe vertical system

For a single-pipe vertical system, the circulation of the coolant along closed loop. During the installation of such a heating network, radiators are connected in series, so there is a significant difference between the degree of heating of the first and last batteries. However, this shortcoming can be compensated for by the short length of highways.

For additional adjustment, heaters of single-pipe systems are equipped with various types pipe fittings. In the assortment of TM Ogint, it is represented by the following devices:

thermostatic sets;
shut-off valvesallowing autonomous repairs without shutting down the entire network.

To ensure the efficient functioning of a single-pipe circuit with natural circulation, it is advisable to install a Mayevsky tap with a cap for a screwdriver or another type of air vent on the radiators.

The advantages of a vertical one-pipe network include:

minimum consumption of materials;
the optimal amount of coolant, the volume of which can be adjusted by selecting the diameter of the pipes;
the possibility of installing the system without using a circulation pump.

However, it is effective for small spaces, and for heating rooms with an area of 40 m 2 or more, several risers will have to be installed, otherwise it is difficult to achieve a comfortable temperature. Therefore, the installation of a single-pipe vertical system is advisable in apartment buildings with a height of at least 5 floors. In addition, you need good insulation and small rooms.

Two-pipe vertical system

A vertical two-pipe heating system involves the installation of two lines for transporting the coolant. A heated working medium enters through one of them, and the second one performs the function of a drain after cooling. Since the radiators are connected in parallel, it is necessary to ensure that the pipelines are laid next to each other.

An additional line contributes to an increase in the cost of materials and the volume of the coolant, for the movement of which there is not enough natural circulation, since the hydrodynamic resistance increases. For effective functioning, autonomous engineering heating systems in private cottages are equipped with powerful circulation pumps.

According to the method of supplying the coolant, two-pipe networks usually come with an upper wiring. This option of organizing heating is more efficient and requires less effort during installation. The system with the bottom wiring is laborious installation and the complexity of the operation of the equipment.

The use of a vertical two-pipe scheme in multi-apartment buildings provides the following advantages:

the possibility of supplying a coolant of the same degree of heating to all heating devices, regardless of the floor;
ease of flushing and carrying out preventive maintenance when preparing the pipeline for operation.

The heating network of this design is almost not prone to the formation of air locks. To completely eliminate the likelihood of their occurrence, you can install one of the options for air vents offered by TM Ogint. For radiators, a Mayevsky crane is enough, and an automatic device will be required for the entire system.

In the context of rising tariffs for heating housing in multi-apartment buildings, it is important not only to regulate the temperature, but also to control heat consumption. Two-pipe vertical system heating allows you to install in-house metering devices for the consumption of thermal energy. Usage individual counters heat consumption in each apartment is hampered by the peculiarities of the legislation and the need to install the device on each riser.

Range heating equipment TM Ogint allows you to select components for laying vertical systems different types. Big choice thermostatic and shut-off valves, as well as other types of pipeline fittings, makes it possible to create an efficient heating network with minimal cost. High quality products ensures the functioning of heating systems for a long time.

The heating system is one of the most important engineering systems, and it has an important task. This system provides heating for residential or industrial premises during the cold season, thereby providing comfortable conditions for living or working. The heating system is designed for specific tasks, and its power is calculated for a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe room. Also, types of heating systems are selected that will be most effective in certain operating conditions. There are also several types of wiring heating system and each of them has its pros and cons. Conventionally, they can be divided into horizontal and vertical systems. Let's talk about each type in more detail.

This type is widely used for heating private one-story houses and apartments that are equipped with an autonomous heating system. Horizontal wiring is easy to install and maintain. Such a scheme is mainly used in two-pipe and radiant heating systems, which makes it the most popular. The horizontal scheme allows you to connect heaters in various variations, which significantly increases the heat transfer of the heating system - as a whole.

Horizontal heating distribution has three varieties:

Single pipe

The heating system, which is built according to, is widely used in apartments of multi-storey buildings. The heated coolant in such a heating system first rises to the most last floor, and then descends along the descending line of the heating circuit. It is to this line that all heating devices are connected. Single-pipe wiring has a small drawback. The whole point is that large quantity the upper floors of the high-rise building receive heat, and the coolant reaches the very first floors after it has cooled down a bit. Consequently, there will be excess heating on the upper floors, and insufficient heating on the first floors.

Single-pipe wiring of the horizontal heating system is also used in private cottages that have 2-3 floors. AT this case a single-pipe circuit will work most correctly, since the coolant will not cool down while passing through these three floors, and the temperature on all floors will be approximately the same. Also, single-pipe wiring has a higher hydrodynamic resistance than two-pipe wiring, and higher heat losses are observed in single-pipe wiring.

Single-pipe horizontal heating distribution also has some advantages. Such a scheme is easy to design. Also, a single-pipe circuit is much easier to install, and during the installation of such a circuit, much less materials. In single-pipe wiring, the best circulation of the coolant is observed, and in such systems, especially in private homes, antifreeze is often used as a coolant.

Two-pipe wiring

Two-pipe type horizontal wiring is increasingly used in multi-storey buildings. With the help of such wiring, it becomes possible to install heat metering devices, which allows you to save on paying for heating. The user gets the opportunity to pay for the amount of heat that he received. Horizontal wiring in apartment buildings also allows you to:

Disconnect one separate apartment from the heating system, which is convenient when carrying out repairs;
Reduce heat consumption if the residents of the apartment for a long time missing;
Design the heating system of a single apartment according to individual project;
Increase maintainability.

Also, a heating system with a horizontal two-pipe type, which is mounted in high-rise building, allows you to organize a "warm floor" system in the apartment. In a multi-storey building, the horizontal heating system is distributed into zones - several floors for each zone.

In a two-pipe horizontal heating circuit, water or antifreeze circulates from the boiler to the heaters. After the coolant gives off heat, through the return line (return) it returns again to the heating boiler. Thus, in a two-pipe heating circuit there are two lines - supply and return. Heating systems, which are built according to the 2-pipe principle, are divided into two types:

open;
closed.

In houses, horizontal and vertical wiring of the heating system can be used. In modern multi-storey construction, horizontal wiring is increasingly being used, which demonstrates good technical, aesthetic and operational characteristics. This article will consider the horizontal wiring of the heating system.

Advantages and disadvantages of horizontal wiring

Horizontal heating distribution has a number of advantages:

High degree of heat dissipation control. In such a scheme, heat consumption is very easy to monitor due to automatic remote control.
Possibility of individual settings for each section. On any segment of the circuit, you can set the temperature separately, depending on the specific needs of the room.
Possibility of hidden laying. Horizontal heating system is great for hidden installation, which allows you to visually unload the room and thereby improve its interior.
Reliability. With the use of good components and proper installation, a horizontal system can work without problems for several decades.

Of the shortcomings, the following points can be singled out:

Sometimes there is a need manual setting systems;
In the event of mechanical damage, serious problems arise with the system.

Horizontal and vertical heating systems have a lot of differences, so to choose suitable design you need to study them in detail. In what follows, only the horizontal system will be discussed.

Horizontal Wiring Diagrams

There are several types of horizontal wiring:

Single pipe;
Two-pipe;
Two-pipe collector.

Each scheme needs to be considered in more detail.

Single pipe main wiring

In such a system, there are several heat sources through which heating pipes. The coolant moves through such a system and gives off heat to devices located in certain sections of the circuit. Single pipe horizontal heating in apartment building It has good efficiency and has a relatively low cost.

The advantages of such a system are as follows:

Minimum cost;
Ease of installation;
Wear resistance and long service life;
Possibility of full heating of the building of any area.

There are also disadvantages:

The ability to adjust the temperature on each individual device is limited;
Weak resistance to mechanical damage.

Key Feature single-pipe wiring is the need to gradually increase the size of the radiators in the order of their removal from the heat generator - this rule allows you to balance the heat transfer. In the case of a long system, heating collectors will have to be installed more often so that the coolant does not have time to lose temperature.

Two-pipe main wiring

Such a horizontal heating distribution in an apartment building, as the name implies, includes two main lines, along one of which the coolant moves forward, and along the second it returns to the heat generator. Heat transfer is carried out by radiators, which are installed under the windows or near the walls facing the north side, because the most noticeable cold flows come from them.

A two-pipe system is required shutoff valves. These elements allow, if necessary, to turn off individual parts of the system without stopping the entire heating circuit. In addition, compensators are needed that level negative impact pressure. A properly assembled system can normally withstand maximum pressure and water hammer, and will not freeze even at sub-zero temperatures.

The advantages of such a system include:

No temperature difference between inlet and outlet;
Can be used in buildings of any configuration;
Possibility to turn off a separate section of the circuit without completely stopping the system.

The main and most noticeable drawback is the difficulty of fine tuning the temperature in the event that the system has a large number of branches - the vertical wiring of the heating system in this regard is somewhat simpler, but not as effective.

Two-pipe collector parallel heating system

This horizontal wiring diagram has a closed structure, consisting of several branches, each of which is connected to its own devices. As a rule, polymer or polyethylene pipes- their strength and performance characteristics are quite enough for the normal operation of the system, and they are cheap.

In such a system, the connection goes directly to the collector, which ensures a uniform distribution of thermal energy over the entire heated area. The supply and return circuits in this scheme operate independently of each other. The coolant passes through the radiators and is sent back for the next heating cycle. The result is a closed system, the operation of which is regulated automatically.

Horizontal parallel type wiring is quite suitable for arranging any projects, since the design includes several simple elements that are easy to customize. Importantly, when using such a scheme, radiators do not need to be equipped with valves for air removal.

The system must have a good circulation pump- the operation of heating in the considered version of horizontal wiring is possible only if there is a pump. The switchboard, in which all the equipment is located, is usually placed in the corridors or bathrooms, and for multi-storey buildings, the option of placing the switchboard in the basement is quite acceptable.

The list of advantages of such a wiring is as follows:

Low cost of arrangement;
Possibility of hidden laying;
The ability to combine several individual elements into one system;
The possibility of full heating of large areas;
No water hammer.

There are also disadvantages, and among them the most stands out:

The complexity of installation;
The need to use pipes of the same diameter.

During installation, it is imperative to pay attention to the quality of the thermal insulation of the heating system, especially the riser. It will not be superfluous to arrange an insulated box designed for installing a riser. In any case, it is better to entrust the design and installation of a two-pipe collector circuit to specialists with experience in carrying out such work.

Conclusion

The horizontal wiring of the heating system has a number positive qualities and well suited for most different conditions. The arrangement of such wiring in a complex configuration cannot be called simple, so it is worth hiring specialists for this work.

How to choose the optimal scheme for heating? One of the defining parameters is the minimum length of pipelines. In many cases, horizontal wiring is done for this. However, there are non-standard layouts of a house or apartment for which a vertical heating system is best suited: wiring, radiators, batteries must be designed and selected according to special conditions.

Features of the vertical wiring diagram

What is the difference between a vertical single-pipe heating system and a similar horizontal one? First of all - minimal heat loss. This is ensured by the location of the supply lines. Unlike a horizontal pipe, in a vertical system they perform the function of heat risers.

In fact, vertical heating distribution in the original version is very rare. This is due to the peculiarity of the installation and distribution of the coolant throughout the system. A similar scheme was popular in the design of Khrushchev houses. Due to the small areas of the apartments, it was impractical to install horizontal piping. Therefore, we developed a vertical hot water supply scheme. It has the following features:

Several heat risers to which batteries are connected. In most cases, this was a one-pipe heating system;
The ability to regulate the temperature of the radiator. This is a consequence of the features of the system;
The flow of coolant into the rooms was carried out through separate circuits.

As can be seen from the above, the vertical wiring of the heating system has a number of significant drawbacks. That is why it is practically not used for private houses, as well as in modern multi-storey residential construction.

Applicable in some cases combined scheme when the distribution riser is made horizontal, separate lines already diverge from it for connecting radiators to the system. Therefore, you need to find out whether it is advisable to use vertical heating distribution for a private house.

Relevance for autonomous heating

The first problems may arise even at the stage of connecting the batteries. This is due to the location of the nozzles and the very design of the heater. Almost all models are designed for installation in a horizontal system. Therefore, experts recommend installing special vertical wall-mounted heating radiators.

However, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of their functioning. The lower the battery is located, the more efficient it will work. Cold air has more mass than warm air, so it concentrates near the floor. The task of the battery is to heat it. Therefore, it should be located as low as possible. Narrow vertical heating radiators structurally cannot fully fulfill this task.

But this is not the only drawback characteristic of the vertical wiring of the heating system. It can be solved by slightly increasing the length of the radiator inlet pipes. If you adhere to the canons of the scheme, another problem will arise. It consists in binding vertical tubular radiators heating to the location of thermal risers. For rooms with a small quadrature, this is not essential. However, if the room has an area of 40 m2 or more and at the same time 2 external walls, it will be necessary to install several heat risers.

Summing up, we can distinguish the following conditions when the installation of a vertical single-pipe heating system makes sense:

Relatively large number of floors. Usually from 5 or more;
Relatively small area rooms;
Good thermal insulation and even distribution of heat throughout the room.

Alas, these characteristics are not typical for most private cottages. That is why they prefer to install a horizontal heating system as one of the best ways maintaining a comfortable temperature.

In old apartment buildings with a two-pipe vertical heating system with a lower wiring, a meter must be installed on each riser to account for heat. They can be from 2 to 5.

One-pipe or two-pipe system

It is important to decide for which scheme water vertical radiators will work best. At first glance, it seems that the traditional two-pipe heating system, with its advantages, is best suited for vertical wiring. This can be found out only after analyzing the operational and technical characteristics of each scheme.

Single pipe heating system

In it, the coolant circulates in a closed circuit, and the radiators are connected in series, i.e. the degree of water heating in the last battery will be significantly lower than in the first. For a horizontal system, this would be very important. But since the length of the thermal circuit is small, the temperature level of the coolant in vertical water heaters will be relatively the same. As additional measure adjustment, you can install bypasses between the inlet and outlet pipes of each radiator.

Other features of a single-pipe vertical distribution of the heating system are as follows:

Minimal amount Supplies for pipeline installation;
The ability to make a gravity system without installing a circulation pump;
Optimum volume of coolant. This parameter can be adjusted by selecting pipes of larger or smaller diameters.

Taking into account these factors, a vertical single-pipe heating system was chosen as optimal for multi-storey buildings built in the 60-80s. last century.

Two-pipe heating system

This system requires the installation of two main circuits. Hot coolant enters one of them, and the second serves as a return pipeline.

At the same time, they should be located next to each other, since the connection of vertical steel radiators heating takes place in parallel. As a result, the volume required water increases significantly, which affects the hydrodynamic resistance of the system. Often, two-pipe wiring for vertical heating is done with a forced supply of coolant. For this, powerful circulation pumps are installed, as well as control means - expansion membrane tanks, air vents.

In practice, a two-pipe vertical heating system with a lower wiring is extremely rare. This is due to the complexity of installation, specific operational characteristics. Experts highlight one significant advantage of such a scheme - the low probability of air jams.

Combined heating distribution with horizontal supply of coolant through vertical risers will be optimal for a 2- or 3-storey building with large area. In this way, air pockets in the system can be minimized.

Choosing a radiator for vertical wiring

For the systems discussed above, it is difficult to find vertical water heating batteries. This is due to the limited ways to connect them to the circuit. The greatest heat transfer of the radiator will be with a one-sided top and lower location nozzles.

In most cases, vertical tubular heating radiators tend to have mounting assemblies on one side. From the point of view of the distribution of hot water throughout the structure detailed diagram considered to be the most effective.

Accuro Korle

At present, it is one of the most famous manufacturers of vertical wall-mounted radiators. The peculiarity of his models is the predominance Hi-Tech style. A prime example similar design solution is the Caftan range of radiators. They can perform not only the functions of a heating device, but also a heated towel rail. Currently average cost Caftan is from 30 to 43 thousand rubles.

The Escape model is a typical tubular water vertical radiator. The strict classical form will make it possible to fit the radiator into almost any interior of a bathroom or hallway. Its cost is somewhat lower than that of Caftan - from 23 to 34 thousand rubles. with the same specifications.

Besides well-known manufacturer there are several reliable suppliers of such radiators - Caftan (Turkey), Kermi (Germany), Jaga (Belgium). Alas, the economy segment of the vertical battery market does not exist as such. The only way out is to do similar design on one's own. But her specifications will be significantly lower than the factory models. This is another factor in the unpopularity of the vertical wiring of the heating system.

Is it necessary to give preference to a vertical heating system? Wiring, radiators, batteries for it will cost a lot, and installation has a number of significant drawbacks. The main thing is to find out for yourself the expediency of its installation. It can be used for a small apartment building with autonomous heating. But first you need to do all the required calculations.

The video shows an example of a vertical two-pipe heating system in an office building:

The layout of the pipes of the heating system is, in fact, the layout of the heating devices and the pipes that connect them into one system. How warm it will be in the rooms, as well as the aesthetics and efficiency of the heating system, completely depends on the layout of the pipes of the heating system. The area of \u200b\u200bthe house, the features of its design, the type of heating system - all this affects the choice of piping.

Piping of the heating system in the MKD

District heating system is well suited for heating apartment buildings. In such a system, heat flows from the boiler room through pipes to the apartment building. Centralized boiler houses thanks to high efficiency show acceptable operating costs coupled with relatively high heating efficiency.

But if the heating system is poorly designed, then district heating will be much less efficient. That's why heating scheme for MKD are professionals - heating engineers. The main principle in drawing up a scheme of a heating system for an MKD is maximum efficiency at a minimum of costs.

So that the owners of apartments in a high-rise building do not freeze, the heating scheme of such a house is built taking into account the energy efficiency and heat output of heating devices, the cost of energy resources and correct sequence connection to the loop.

You can not compare the heating system of a private house and an apartment building, there is a fundamental difference between them. The heating system for an apartment building is more complex, it is designed in such a way as to exclude air locks in batteries, freezing of walls, leaks and water hammer in the pipeline, etc.

Thus, a well-designed heating scheme for an apartment building guarantees the temperature in winter in apartments not lower than 20–22 degrees at relative humidity air at 40%. To achieve such indicators, it is important not only to design the heating system correctly, but also to make high-quality thermal insulation of apartments, from which warm air through cracks in walls, roofs and windows.

Malfunction of the heating system and flooding of the apartment: who should be responsible for this

Expert opinion

Features of apartment-by-apartment metering of heat energy with various schemes for distributing pipes of the heating system

I. A. Kashmanov,

cand. tech. Sci., Director of STC Argo LLC

Hot water and heating - these two items take more than half of the cost utilities. In apartment buildings, you can save on water and electricity thanks to appliances individual accounting. A significant obstacle to saving on heat is the “communal mentality”. Even if there is a house heat meter or a weather-dependent heat regulator, this does not help much without understanding that savings begin with your own apartment. Many people think that they do not need to insulate windows by replacing old frames with new double-glazed windows, or install a thermostat in the apartment if the neighbors keep the windows wide open. Therefore, there is only one way out - heat metering in each apartment.

However, there are many difficulties in this area. the main problem consists in the widespread vertical wiring of pipes in the heating system. With such input data, it seems extremely challenging task arrange non-volatile heat metering in each apartment, and besides, with remote data collection. In theory, a simplified formula for calculating thermal energy can help:

Q \u003d M 1,

Q is thermal energy;
M 1 - mass flow of water;
T 1 and T 2 - temperature at the entrance to the apartment and at the exit from it;
f(T) is a function of the enthalpy of water as a function of temperature, close to linear in the range of normal temperatures.

However, there are problems here too. A significant difficulty lies in the fact that the difference between the temperature of the water at the entrance to the apartment and at the exit can be from half to five degrees. If it is not possible to ensure the correct temperature measurement, then it will not work and correctly calculate the heat removal. Given the need for energy independence and acceptable price, it's getting to the limit technical capabilities. However, with the passage of time and the development of technology, more and more manufacturers are talking about the possibility of solving this problem.

The essence of the solution is as follows: if the distribution of temperature and mass flows along the risers is known, then it is possible to estimate the heat consumption of individual apartments. achieve high precision not possible, since the temperature differences will not be very large. But here the main goal is not in the accuracy of the measurement, but in breaking the stereotypes of thinking. When people live according to the principle “turn off the heating tap, install heat-saving windows, pay less”, then more and more people will start investing in their apartments.

There are also heat distributors on the market. These devices are mounted on each radiator in the heating system and allow you to evaluate the amount of heat removal. Naturally, the data will be very approximate. At the same time, this method has a lot of disadvantages: in addition to low accuracy, it is also expensive, and insecure from vandals and susceptibility to hacking.

If the piping of the heating system is carried out horizontal way, then there are much fewer technical problems. However, the high cost of metering devices does not disappear anywhere. To make the price of these devices affordable, manufacturers are trying to combine their heat metering functions, taking into account hot and cold water supply, gas, hot water temperature control and make it possible to install one device in several apartments. However, despite these efforts, the price of these devices today cannot be called acceptable.

A classic solution is the implementation by the state of its own policy in the field of heat conservation. But on different reasons this policy is not prioritized, leading to legal confusion. A person who wants to install a heat meter in his apartment is faced with a circular walk through organizations. The management company sends it to the heat supply organization, they, in turn, send it back to the management company. It is necessary to solve such problems at the state level, by introducing the necessary regulations and introducing areas of responsibility.

Energy-saving technologies of MKD: from the state to a separate apartment

Vertical piping of the heating system

The main difference between vertical and horizontal piping is heat loss. With vertical wiring, they will be minimal due to the location of the supply pipelines. In the vertical distribution of pipes of the heating system, the function of the heat riser is assigned to the pipes themselves.

In principle, it is quite difficult to meet the vertical piping in the heating system in its original form. Such a scheme, due to the specifics of the installation and distribution of the coolant flow, was popular during the mass construction of Khrushchevs. The areas of apartments in such houses were not particularly large, so it would be impractical to arrange horizontal piping in the heating system in them. Thus, the choice fell on vertical wiring. Its features:

batteries are connected to several heat risers, the advantage is for a single-pipe heating system;
features of the heating system made it possible to regulate the heating of the batteries;
separate heating circuits ensured the flow of heat into the room.

Vertical piping in the heating system has significant shortcomings, so it is not used in private homes, and in modern apartment buildings too.

Sometimes they resort to mixed piping - when lines are removed from a horizontal distribution riser, to which batteries are connected. If such wiring is used, then vertical radiators will be the most optimal for it. In this case high price offset by their performance.

Vertical piping in a heating system can be of two types.

1. Single pipe vertical heating system

This system was used in houses built before 2000. With such a pipe layout, the house had one supply line, which was located either in the basement or on the technical floor and from which vertical risers departed. Through these risers, the coolant enters the batteries, and the supply is carried out sequentially, which leads to a gradual cooling of the coolant.

The advantage of this scheme lies in the small number of pipes required for heat supply. Sometimes, even in our time, unscrupulous developers resort to this method in order to save money.

There are more disadvantages to this method of piping the heating system. These are both serious losses of the coolant and overruns. heating appliances coupled with the inability to adjust or disable them. All this suggests that in an apartment where such a piping scheme is used, it is not possible to install a heat meter.

2. Two-pipe vertical heating system

A single-pipe system has one solid circuit, along which the coolant flows through all connected batteries. The two-pipe system is equipped with a pair of risers: from the first riser, the coolant enters the battery, from which it goes to another riser.

If this system uses a lower piping, then the supply and receiving lines are laid in the basement or along the floor of the lower floor. The coolant in such a piping scheme of the heating system is supplied to each radiator independently.

The advantages of such a scheme are greater than that of a single-pipe one. Here you can regulate the heating system, turn off the heating devices as needed and not worry about their overrun.

But there are also disadvantages: more pipes are needed for such a piping of the heating system, and it is still impossible to install heat meters.

The reasons why the installation of a heat meter in houses with vertical heating distribution is not possible:

metrological. The heat meter shows correct information only if the difference in the temperature of the coolant at the inlet to the radiator and at the outlet of it is more than 3 degrees. With vertical piping, the heat consumption of one radiator will vary from 0.5 to 2 degrees, depending on the type of radiator, its size, number of fins and heating area;
meters must be installed on each riser, which will be very costly and time consuming. Also, operation will be very difficult - residents will have to take readings from each meter, summarize these data and provide them to the heat supplier. Obviously, the influence of the human factor and possible risk errors in the calculations are very large. Also, the expensive verification of heat meters increases their payback and practically removes the savings from their installation;
in the passport of the meter, which describes the scope of its application, there is not a word about batteries, only about the supply and return pipelines.

All of the above reasons allow heat suppliers not to take into account heat meters that are installed in houses with a vertical distribution of pipes of the heating system.

Thus, in a house with vertical piping, it is possible to organize heat metering only with the help of a heat distributor.

Adjustment of the amount of payment for heating in a district heating system

Expert opinion

How to take into account the distribution of pipes of the heating system when installing a heat meter

R. M. Popov,

deputy CEO GC "Yurenergo"

To protect the MKD from heat loss, it is necessary to take active measures to save energy - change doors and windows in the entrances, insulate the walls. After such events, the house can reduce its heat consumption several times.

If the owners of the apartment want to install a heat meter, then it is worth remembering that this is only possible in a house where horizontal piping of the heating system is used. In this case, there is one riser in the apartment, from which the apartment batteries are powered around the ring.

In an apartment with a vertical distribution of pipes of the heating system, when there are two or more risers in it, from which the batteries are powered, it is forbidden by law to install heat meters (order No. 627 of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2011).

There were situations when management companies changed the distribution of pipes of the heating system in the house so that residents could install heat meters.

The heat meter is a heat consumption measurement instrument in which an electronic module is built in, which is inserted into a straight line or return pipeline(if the house uses horizontal piping of the heating system). This module can be remote. A pair of temperature sensors depart from it, which cut into each pipeline. Based on the data on the flow rate of the heat carrier and the temperature difference, the heat meter determines the heat consumption in Gcal.

Horizontal piping of the heating system in the MKD

This type of piping of the heating system is found, as a rule, in private houses a couple of floors high. But a horizontal two-pipe system with a bottom wiring can be used to connect to centralized heating. In this system, the supply and return lines are located horizontally.

If you opted for such a piping of the heating system, then you need to take into account the nuances of connecting it to a particular type of heating.

1. Central horizontal heating

To draw up an engineering scheme, it is worth referring to SNiP 41-01-2003, which states that the horizontal wiring of the pipes of the heating system should not only ensure the necessary circulation of the coolant in the system, but also organize its accounting. In the MKD for these purposes, two risers are mounted - supplying hot water and receiving the cooled coolant. It is mandatory to calculate the horizontal wiring of a two-pipe heating system, which is equipped with a heat meter. This device is mounted on the inlet pipe, after the pipe enters the riser.

In addition, hydraulic resistance at certain points of the pipeline is taken into account. This is necessary, because the horizontal wiring of the pipes of the heating system will be effective only when necessary pressure coolant.

Most modern MKDs are equipped with a single-pipe horizontal heating system with bottom piping. When choosing batteries for such a heating system, do not forget to take into account the distance from them to the central riser. The farther the radiator is, the larger the area it should have.

2. Autonomous horizontal heating

A horizontal heating system with a bottom piping is usually chosen for a private house or apartment that is not connected to central heating. But in these cases, a choice must be made between natural and forced circulation. If the first option is selected, then from the boiler set vertical riser from which horizontal pipelines are fed.

The advantages of this piping scheme are as follows:

inexpensive consumables. The heating system with horizontal piping and natural circulation does not need a pump, protective fittings and an expansion membrane tank;
reliability. Excess temperature in the system can be compensated expansion tank, because the pressure in the pipes is equal to atmospheric.

The main disadvantage of such a system is its inertia. Even with the best design of a horizontal single pipe system with natural room circulation two-story house won't warm up quickly. The reason is that the coolant begins to move through the pipes only after heating to a certain value. If the area of the house is more than 150 sq. m. and there are two or more floors, it is better to install a heating system with forced circulation.

Unlike natural circulation, forced circulation does not require a riser, since the pressure in the heating system is provided by the circulation pump. In turn, this leads to an increase in the performance of the system:

The coolant is distributed faster throughout the system.
In a two-pipe system, it becomes possible to adjust the volume of coolant for each battery.
Smaller installation area of the system, as no distribution riser is needed.

Also, horizontal piping of the heating system can be combined with collector wiring. This method will be indispensable for long pipelines, as it will ensure uniform distribution of the coolant in all rooms.

3. One-pipe horizontal heating system

Experts believe that single-pipe horizontal wiring of the heating system is the most affordable and easy to install. Its principle of operation is to connect the batteries in series to the pipeline. The nozzle connection configuration can be lower or upper.

The disadvantages of such a system would be:

uneven flow of coolant into the radiators - the farther from the boiler, the cooler the coolant;
difficulties with service and repair work, since the shutdown of one radiator in the system blocks the supply of coolant to the radiators following the disconnected one;
adjust the temperature in different rooms does not seem possible.

This system also requires the installation of a bypass in front of each battery. When equipped with shut-off valves, this will allow for the repair and replacement of individual parts of the heating system.

In order to establish optimal air convection in the room and ensure efficient heat transfer, the radiators must be closed by 2/3 of the window sill. It is also worth providing additional thermal insulation to those rooms that are located at the maximum distance from the boiler.

4. Two-pipe horizontal heating system

This heating system with a lower wiring is devoid of all the above disadvantages, since the radiators have a different - parallel - connection scheme to the pipes of the heating system. The heated coolant enters through the tee, the cooled one immediately goes into the pipe.

As a result, it becomes possible to control the volume of the coolant and the speed of its passage through each battery. Besides, This scheme of heating has a number of advantages.

The installation of additional heaters does not affect the operation of the system, as long as the boiler has a reserve of power to heat the increased volume of coolant.
Repair and preventive maintenance can be carried out without stopping the operation of the entire heating system. The coolant flow is blocked by shut-off valves on required area heating systems.
If, together with the horizontal lower piping in a two-pipe heating system, a distribution manifold is also installed, this will increase the efficiency of the entire system and thereby reduce energy costs.

A significant disadvantage of a two-pipe horizontal system with a lower wiring is increased likelihood formation of air pockets. To avoid such a situation, each battery must be equipped with a Mayevsky crane.

When calculating a horizontal two-pipe system, special attention should be paid to the rotary nodes, since it is because of them that the greatest pressure loss of the coolant is observed. Also, the calculation should take into account the pressure drop in each section of the heating system and the change in the temperature of the coolant. It is very difficult to carry out this calculation on your own, so it is better to contact specialists.

After the most remote radiator in this system, you need to install an air vent and a pressure gauge. This will make it easier to monitor the operating parameters of the heating system and prevent sudden pressure drops.

Are polymer pipes for heating as good as they paint?

Collector wiring of pipes of the heating system

The two-pipe collector floor system for piping the heating system deserves special mention. Its peculiarity is that a supply and return manifold are installed on each floor, from which the pipes go directly to the batteries. The heart of the system is a common supply riser. If there are many consumers of heat in the house, then there may be several such risers.

Collector wiring is distinguished by a significant length of the pipeline, in contrast to classical schemes. Since metal-plastic pipes are used in this scheme, the cost of such wiring of the heating system will be higher than conventional options.

Two-pipe collector wiring ensures that all rooms will be evenly supplied with coolant. On average, after 2–3 heating seasons, the expensive installation of a collector system will be paid off.

meaningful differences between two-pipe collector (beam) systems will be:

scheme flexibility;
the ability to provide a thermostat for each battery in the system;
use of a circulation pump;
each circuit is a separate system, with its own automation and equipment;
no need for air vents on batteries;
good reliability, minimum leakage and emergency situations;
water hammer resistance.

With all these advantages, the collector wiring of pipes of the heating system has another significant plus - aesthetics. Each of us, making repairs, wants to get a comfortable and eye-pleasing environment. Risers in all rooms do not go well with this desire, especially when it comes to old houses, where risers can leak and leak. It is clear that in such conditions any repair is under constant threat.

In a two-pipe collector distribution of pipes of the heating system, the pipeline is laid in the floor screed. Thus, the pipes will not be visible under any circumstances. At the same time, metal-plastic pipes are not afraid of corrosion, low temperatures and even freezing.

Horizontal collector wiring allows you to adjust the temperature in each room (using thermostats), which further increases comfort. The indoor temperature increases or decreases depending on the outdoor temperature, resulting in a highly energy efficient system.

Distribution of pipes of the heating system inside the apartment

Typically, heating devices are mounted in a gap in the riser. In order to maintain circulation in the riser when the device is throttled, a jumper is made between the device and the riser - a bypass.

Possible different variants base schema.

In old houses, the battery is connected in parallel to the riser, the bypass is installed without reducing the diameter.
In stalinkas, there is a wiring of two batteries from the riser. This can be done in modern homes as well. An additional radiator will slightly affect the circulation of the coolant.
The convectors of houses built in the 80s do not have jumpers and they do not provide for throttling.
Modern apartments in new buildings may not have wiring at all. The owner will receive two valves on the supply and return pipes and a heat meter. The layout of the pipes of the heating system and the design of the system itself is entirely the responsibility of the owner.

Heating system in an apartment building: types, pressure testing, calculation and drain

Requirements for the pipeline in the MKD

1. Reliability, strength and durability

There is no point in installing a system that will require repair in a couple of years. In addition, the heating system operates under high pressure and high temperature, which requires increased attention to the joints and branching of pipes. Because of this, wiring is losing its popularity. metal-plastic pipes, since their connections through fittings are prone to leakage after several years of service. Steel pipes are more resistant to this, but there are problems with their poor corrosion resistance.

2. Price of materials and installation

Polypropylene pipes will be the most affordable, and the purchase of accessories for them will also not ruin. The layout of polypropylene pipes of the heating system is quite reliable and has proven itself in Russian conditions. brass or copper pipes more expensive, but the question of justification for the overpayment remains open. There is no objective data to consider that the increased cost of such pipes guarantees greater reliability and efficiency.

3. Ease of installation

The easiest installation for metal-plastic pipes, as they do not require special equipment. It is also simple and quick to install polypropylene pipes, moreover, these pipes will be more reliable than metal-plastic ones.

4. Aesthetic installation

Time steel pipes and bulky batteries are almost gone. Now most of the heating system is hidden in the floor or wall, and joints and large nodes are in sight.

5. Efficiency and performance

Here, pipes have an advantage, which have a low coefficient of resistance of the inner walls and have a small heat loss. From this position, the first place belongs to polypropylene pipes.