IRGA CANADIAN
Almost round, petiolate leaves. The flowers are white, with shades. Propagated by petioles, root offspring, dividing the bush and seeds. Berries are best picked when overripe. True, they are difficult to keep intact by birds, which are very eager for them.
Yes, delicious, sweet berries of irgi! At least eat like that, at least make compotes from them, at least make jam. And they are rich in vitamins C, B1 and B2, provitamin A. They contain up to 10 percent of sugar. There are carotene, malic acid, other trace elements,
Irga is applicable for anemia, it treats disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. But in this case better use dried berries: more tannins. Two - three tablespoons of dry fruits pour half a liter of boiling water (preferably in a thermos), insist for about an hour. Drink a quarter cup 3-4 times a day.
Irgi juice is good for gargling with sore throat or tonsillitis, it also reduces high blood pressure, and is used for hypertension. But n is suitable for treatment: only he, but also the bark, leaves, color. Alcohol tincture of irgi flowers (1:10) treats hypertension and heart. In case of indigestion and intestines, a tablespoon of chopped grass is poured with half a liter of boiling water, boiled for 20-30 minutes over low heat. After the drug has cooled, it is filtered. They drink 3-4 times a day. Or else: a spoonful of crushed leaves is poured with the same amount of boiling water, boiled for 10-15 minutes. They wait until it cools down, pass it through a sieve or gauze and use it in the same concentration and the same number of times. A decoction of the leaves is used to treat wounds and diseases of the skin.
ARonia (chokeberry)
Aronia ( chokeberry) - a shrub up to two and a half meters high, not so rare in home gardens and summer cottages. Many gardeners love this plant, which has a "normal" - green color and turns red with the advent of autumn. The leaves are alternate. The flowers are not large, but noticeable: white or pinkish, five-membered, densely collected in dense corymbose inflorescences. Berries - a centimeter or more in diameter, round, juicy, black, shiny, with a bluish bloom. You can eat them both fresh, and dried, and processed (jam, marmalade) form. There is no need to talk about valuable medicinal value: the "parade" of vitamins - P, A. B1, B2, E, C, plus sugars, organic acids, tannins, iodine.
Chokeberry juice is suitable for rheumatism, as well as for the prevention and treatment of radiation sickness (now this is more than relevant!). Berries increase the acidity of gastric juice, therefore, they are useful for those suffering from anacid gastritis, who have high blood pressure, bleeding, and burns. They also contribute proper growth body, rapid healing of wounds, protect against scurvy, strengthen muscles, treat headaches, depression, mental disorders, skin diseases. Not only that, they protect against infertility, improve eyesight (consider that the cherished "unit" is provided to you!), Treat myopia. All? Where there! They also relieve skin flaking, restore the bone marrow, refreshing the blood. In addition, chokeberry neutralizes the side effects medicines. Salicylates, for example.
True, one "BUT": it is not recommended to use chokeberry berries for ulcers and diseases of the duodenum, with hyperacidity gastric juice.
Rowan is among the low-value fruit trees due to the characteristic bitter taste of its berries. However, being very common, it is widely used as ornamental plant. Durable and resilient wood is also often used in carpentry.
Botanical description
Under the name "rowan", the species and varieties of which you will find in the article, in modern botany it is customary to understand a whole genus of woody low plants from the large Pink family. The number of species exceeds a hundred, and about a third of them grow freely in Russia. Rowan is widely distributed in North America, Asia and throughout Europe. This deciduous plant in the form of a shrub or tree is especially impressive in autumn period when the leaves are painted in crimson tones, and the branches are decorated with huge bright clusters.
The use and properties of mountain ash
Rowan wood is resilient and high density, which allows it to be used for the manufacture of joinery. Blooming tree or shrub - an excellent honey plant.
Rowan berries are eaten, especially this was facilitated by the breeding of new varieties, the fruits of which have lost their bitter taste. Can you eat them in fresh, in canned food (compotes, jams, preserves), make marmalade or marshmallow, dry, pickle or soak. Some properties of mountain ash, or rather its berries, are used in folk medicine. In list useful qualities the following: diuretic and choleretic, laxative, hemostatic, diaphoretic, antiscorbutic. The first frosts help to get rid of bitterness in berries. They lead to the destruction of a specific glycoside.
Common mountain ash: varieties and types
The most famous and widespread species is the mountain ash. Its Latin name comes from the phrase "attracting birds". This is due, perhaps, to the fact that bright red berries remain on the bush not only in autumn, but almost all winter, serving as food for birds. The species is distributed throughout the world in the temperate zone. Most often it is a tree, less often - a shrub with a rounded crown and a height of up to 12 m, but, as a rule, only within 5-10 m.
Specialists in the field of breeding divide the bred varieties of mountain ash into two varieties: Nevezhinskaya and Moravian. The first includes hybrids of Eastern European origin, and the second - Central European. Differences are not only rowan berries (in taste, color, shape), but also the plants themselves - the shape of the crown, leaves, bark, etc.
Rowan Moravian
Rowan sweet, or Moravian, is a variety of ordinary. It was first discovered in the 19th century in Moravia in the Sudetenland region. Introduced into the culture thanks to the beautiful and tasty fruits. A tree 10-12 m high at a young age has a narrow pyramidal crown, large leaves up to 25 cm long, fruits up to 1 cm in diameter. The varieties of the Central European group presented below are of the greatest interest.
A not very tall tree (10-15 m) is distinguished not only by sweet fruits, but also by its decorative look. The crown is narrow-pyramidal, the leaves are large, not leathery, odd-pinnate, from the side they look like openwork, they turn into rich red and yellow shades in autumn. Flowering begins at the end of May, the inflorescence is corymbose, dense. The fruits are round-oval, large with juicy sweet-sour pulp, scarlet-red. Edulis mountain ash has a high winter hardiness, photophilous, but can withstand light shading, prefers fertile and well-drained soils. Does not tolerate bogging and excess moisture, does not respond well to gas contamination and smoke in the air. used as fruit crop, as well as in group alley plantings.
A hybrid with a narrow compact crown shape grows up to 11 m high. Decorative throughout the year thanks to large beautiful pinnate leaves, small sizes and bright berries. There is no bitter taste in fruits. Like many other varieties of decorative mountain ash, Bissneri is not afraid of frost, but is sensitive to polluted city air, swampy and heavy soils. Prefers sunny, well-lit areas, tolerates light shade.
Another Western European variety with a pyramidal crown shape. The leaves are large, whitish on the underside with serrated edges. The fruits are oval-round in shape, wide-ribbed, bright orange in color, collected in a dense shield of 70-100 pieces, have good taste without excess astringency and bitterness with juicy orange flesh. The variety is highly resistant to frost and diseases. Prefers loose fertile soils without moisture stagnation, good lighting.
Nevezhinskaya mountain ash
Nevezhinskaya mountain ash is also a variety of ordinary, and only a specialist can distinguish them by external signs. As mentioned above, rowan berries have a characteristic bitter taste and become edible only after the first frost. However, the Nevezhinsky variety has distinguishing feature. Its berries are devoid of bitterness even when unripe, and in terms of vitamin saturation, it is comparable to lemon and blackcurrant. The tree was not obtained by selection, but is a natural species. The history of its discovery is very interesting. The tree was found by the peasant Shchelkunov in the Andreevsky forest, which was located near the village of Nevezhino. Having planted it in his garden, he had no idea that the frost-resistant and unpretentious tree would spread throughout the country. Fellow villagers bred rowan seedlings and sold them to neighboring regions. AT this moment a large number of varieties have been bred, we draw your attention to the most famous and proven ones.
Eastern European varieties
- Kubovaya is a medium-sized tree with a paniculate crown shape, large thin leaves and elongated bright orange fruits. It is characterized by very high frost resistance, photophilous, undemanding to the soil, but prefers medium or light loams. The mountain ash of the Kubovaya variety does not have a bitter taste, moderately tart, the flesh is bright yellow, juicy. Fruits weighing 0.5 g.
- Sugar Petrova is a low tree (up to 5 m) with decorative large leaves. The variety is valued for the high content of sugars in the fruits in the absence of astringency and bitterness. Frost-resistant, unpretentious.
- Spark - an early variety of universal purpose. The plant is medium tall with straight ascending branches arranged compactly. The fruits are large, weighing 1.5-1.7 g with yellow flesh, red-orange when mature.
- Rowan is a very large tree, so it makes sense to plant seedlings around the perimeter of the site. The plant prefers well-lit places, tolerates light shading, develops poorly in the shade, bears fruit poorly.
- Almost all varieties of mountain ash are unpretentious and undemanding to the soil, but still develop better in a light substrate, on loam. Does not like excessive moisture and waterlogging.
- All mountain ash (varieties do not matter) prefers autumn planting or early spring (before growth begins). In order for the harvest to be plentiful, it is recommended to plant several different hybrids.
- The main tree care consists in the timely removal of root shoots and shoots that develop below the grafting site, watering (if necessary), loosening the soil and processing against pests and diseases.
- Rowan starts to grow quite early, in this regard, it is advisable to carry out pruning and top dressing in a short and early time.
- From the third year after planting, it is recommended to feed the trees with complex mineral fertilizers in three stages: before flowering in spring, in summer during fruit formation and in autumn after harvest.
- In the case of mountain ash, you can not worry when planting it. As already mentioned above in this article, this plant is very, very hardy and unpretentious, and feels quite comfortable on almost any soil. Also, do not forget about another important quality of this plant - frost resistance. This ability allows the mountain ash to endure even the most harsh winters. In addition, the plant boasts resistance even to high temperatures.
- This plant is ideal for lovers of beautiful landscapes who prefer to put a lot of effort into caring for plants, as it requires little to no constant, regular watering. True, in the summer it is recommended to periodically moisten the soil under the rowan tree. Also, thanks to its strong and developed root system, the plant will not fall in front of strong gusts of wind. It should also be noted that the plant is resistant to highly polluted city air.
- Some ailments should be identified, in which decoctions from useful rowan berries are sometimes used. It is recommended to drink such decoctions for hypertensive patients and people suffering from atherosclerosis. Also this folk remedy can help with disorders of the heart, kidneys and liver. Rowan juice can be used in cases where a person has gastritis, hemorrhoids or low acidity. One of the useful components of the fruits of this plant - sorbic acid - can become a serious assistant in the fight against dysentery bacillus and staphylococcus aureus.
- The berries of the plant are sometimes used as a food preservative and also for water purification. Our ancestors even had a certain way of purifying water - at night, a branch of this plant was simply thrown into a bucket of water. This method not only allowed the water to remain fresh for a long time, but also gave a pleasant aftertaste.
- tannins;
- pectins;
- B vitamins;
- vitamin E, C;
- iodine and zinc;
- iron and copper.
- The easiest way to treat is rowan juice. To prepare it, you should sort and wash a kilogram of berries, and then squeeze the juice with a juicer. You can store it in the refrigerator for a week. The daily norm for hypertensive patients is 200 ml.
- Another easy way to use mountain ash for high blood pressure is to eat 10 berries daily. According to doctors and herbalists, fresh berries are the most beneficial for high blood pressure.
- From high pressure, a decoction of rowan leaves is often used. To do this, two large spoons of dried and crushed leaves are poured into 500 ml of boiling water and boiled over low heat for half an hour. After cooling, the decoction is taken three times a day, 50 ml.
- Rowan grated with sugar effectively reduces pressure, besides, it is stored for a long time. It should be consumed daily in a tablespoon in the morning and evening. If desired, a spoonful of grated berries can be poured with hot water and drink such a delicious aromatic drink.
- With hypertension, chokeberry can be used as a compote. To prepare it, pour two glasses of berries into a thermos, pour boiling water over it and leave for 4 hours. When the remedy is infused, two tablespoons of honey are added to it. It is necessary to drink such an infusion twice a day, one glass each.
- Another recipe that is prepared for high blood pressure is tea from leaves and berries. It is drunk three times a day, one cup. 3 rowan leaves and 10 berries are placed in a cup, poured with boiling water and infused for 10 minutes.
Michurin varieties
Varieties bred by the famous domestic breeder Michurin I.V., meet in modern gardens succeeds extremely rarely. At present, some of them are lost, others are simply mixed up with each other and hardly distinguishable. But there is also a preserved hybrid Michurin mountain ash. Variety Titan (photo above), in particular, to this day is sold and bought by gardeners. It is bred by pollinating rowan flowers with pear and red-leaved apple pollen. The plant is a low tree (up to 3.5 m) with a rounded crown. large berries collected in powerful clusters, have a characteristic taste without bitterness and a rich dark red hue. The tree is highly resistant to even the most severe climatic conditions. Hybrids Liqueurnaya, Pomegranate, Burka are close to the Titan variety in all characteristics.
Do not forget that ordinary and chokeberry, the varieties of which are also very numerous, are far from the same thing. Even if you compare the appearance of plants, you can notice significant differences. Chokeberry, or Michurin's chokeberry, belongs to a completely different genus - Aronia, but to the same Pink family. The species was bred in the 19th century in the Michurin nursery. This is a low shrub (up to 3 m) with large dark green leaves and spherical black (sometimes with purple hue) fruits with seeds. It is popular as a honey, medicinal and fruit crop.
Features of growing rowan
Growing rowan and shadberry
Growing rowan
Mountain ash is planted in spring before buds swell or in autumn - 2-3 weeks before stable frosts. If there are no varietal seedlings, bring mountain ash from the nearest forest, since it can often be found in the undergrowth of mixed and coniferous forests, in clearings, along forest edges and even in mountains. Mountain ash is highly winter hardy, withstanding frosts down to 50°C. It blooms late - in May-June, and this saves the flowers from spring frosts. The berries ripen in September-October. If the mountain ash grows in an open area, its well-lit crown becomes rounded and bears fruit better.
Carefully handle the near-stem circles - the root system of the mountain ash is located very close to the surface.
Rowan is propagated by grafting, layering, root offspring and green cuttings.
It is best to harvest the fruits before frost - so they are not pecked by birds, and they are better preserved. Remove the stalks and debris, hang the fruit in the sun, and then dry at a temperature of 50-90°C.
Growing shadberry
Irga has been known in Europe for 400 years, and in Canada and the USA for over 100 years. But, unfortunately, this useful plant is not very common in our country, and many have only heard about it. Those who planted the irga on the north side of their site knew what they were doing: now the rest of the plants are protected from cold winds, and its owner is provided with tasty fruits with a high content of acids, sugars and vitamins.
Irga is a very decorative plant throughout the entire period of life, and it lives 60-70 years. Irga blooming and decorated with fruits is especially good. It reproduces well by sowing seeds, root offspring, root cuttings, dividing the bush. Irga is a fast-growing shrub, it can be 4 m high. It is self-fertile, gives a good harvest, and comes into fruiting from 2-3 years. Oval, bluish-black fruits with a bluish bloom ripen in July-August, very sweet, so a lot of sugar is not required to make jam from them.
You rarely see such unpretentiousness - the irga is resistant to pests, tolerates strong blackout, is undemanding to soils, heat-resistant, and low temperatures can reach up to -50 ° C - the irga will not be afraid. The flowers are frost tolerant.
Berries can be eaten fresh, dried, cooked from them jam, jelly, marshmallow, compotes and juices. Berries contain a lot of vitamin C, as well as vitamin B2, tannins and dyes.
Irga berry is a useful relative of chokeberry
This wonderful berry plant is a godsend for a summer resident. Irga is very undemanding to growing conditions and surprisingly hardy. She is also very prolific. Its berries, unlike chokeberry (chokeberry), are very tasty, almost not tart. They have a lot necessary to a person substances. These are, in particular, carotene, vitamins B1, B2, C, K, P, minerals and other biologically active components. Therefore, she is a real pantry of health.
Why is irga so useful?
Irga helps well with cardiovascular diseases, anemia, normalizes the work of the gastrointestinal tract, heals the liver. it is used in diabetes and obesity.
It is also recommended to use it for people affected by radiation exposure. It is an effective general tonic. Who uses irga, he feels a good influx of strength and energy. This reflects well in the appearance of a person.
Irgu is eaten fresh when it ripens (in July). Kissel is boiled from it, juice is pressed, wine and other products are made. Dried berries of irgi are also wonderful in taste and also healing.
Despite its usefulness, this berry is still quite rare for us. You can fill this gap for yourself by growing an irgu in a personal plot or cottage. And then you will see in practice its amazing properties.
The seeds of irgi are sown in the second decade of October (from the 10th to the 14th). To do this, they make a small bed in the front garden, divide it into squares 20 by 20 cm, and plant a seed of shadberry in the center of each square. You need to plant to a depth of 3 cm, after which the planting is covered with earth. In the spring, shadberry plants will sprout on this bed, which in a year can be transplanted to a permanent place.
In the 2-3rd year, young shadberry will begin to bear fruit. If you wish, you can make a wonderful hedge from berry bushes.
cemicvet.mediasole.ru
How to cut irgu, quince, hawthorn and mountain ash?
In our gardens, these beauties are rather random guests leading a semi-wild existence. However, these trees also need pruning so that they become not a "thorn" but an ornament to your garden. Therefore, we propose to briefly talk about pruning quince, hawthorn, shadberry and mountain ash.
quince pruning
Quince bears fruit on annual growths. For this tree, the frequency of fruiting is uncharacteristic. The main disadvantage, and at the same time - dignity, quince - it forms an extremely large number of shoots. Thus, it thickens excessively, but also easily restores the crown.
For successful cultivation of quince, pruning should be carried out every year: competing branches growing inward, dry and diseased shoots, and shoots are removed. In quince, fruit buds are most often laid on the upper part of long shoots (more than half a meter), and the lower eyes practically do not wake up. Because of this, the lower part of the quince crown is exposed. To avoid this, vigorous shoots are cut off by 30-50%, which causes them to be overgrown with short productive shoots. Young twigs 15-40 centimeters long are considered the most prolific.
For young quince trees that have come into bearing, light pruning is required. This is mainly thinning and removal of wen.
To stimulate fruit formation in old trees, about half of the overgrown shoots are shortened by 70% of their length. The remaining branches will act as insurance. And the next year, the "safety" branches are also cut.
With a strong attenuation of growth, quince pruning is carried out every three to four years. Anti-aging pruning quince consists in cutting branches at least 1 centimeter thick in diameter into three to four years old wood. At the same time, do not forget about correct top dressing and watering.
It is very important to monitor the shoots of own-rooted quince, because the shoots can absorb the mother plant. To do this, it is cut into a ring, excavating lower part escape to the point of departure from the root.
pruning hawthorn
Hawthorn is known for its vigorous growth, and it is not for nothing that it has long been used to form hedges. However, if you grow hawthorn not as a fence, but as a garden crop, you will have to work hard with pruning the hawthorn, otherwise your tree will very quickly turn into a shaggy ball.
When pruning hawthorn, a key role is given to thinning pruning, removal of branches that grow inside the crown, twin shoots, dry branches. This crop bears fruit mainly on last year's growths, but can also bloom on two to three year old branches. Strong hawthorn branches are pruned by 30% to stimulate the growth of side shoots.
When using a hawthorn as a hedge, it is cut heavily, leaving about 30% of the length of each shoot. Repeat pruning in late spring and summer. Hawthorn, in addition to the hedge, easily "acquires" the shape of a ball, cube or pyramid.
rowan pruning
Before, how to cut rowan, decide which rowan you have - chokeberry (chokeberry) or Scandinavian.
Pruning Scandinavian rowan
This tree needs almost no shaping. However, due to the fact that the crown of the Scandinavian mountain ash is characterized by an acute-angled discharge of skeletal branches, they often break. That's why Scandinavian rowan pruning carried out in such a way as to bring out the shoots growing to the trunk at an angle of 90 degrees.
Rowan pruning is carried out in early spring. At the same time, the branches of a young mountain ash are slightly shortened on the outer bud, excess, diseased, broken shoots are removed. Caring for mature trees also consists in stripping the trunk from the "tops" and cutting out the root shoots.
There are varieties of Scandinavian mountain ash that bear fruit on annual growths, others bear fruit on different types of fruit formations. In the first case, the branches are thinned out, while shortening the longest ones by 25-30%. Anti-aging pruning of mountain ash is carried out for trees with damped growth force by pruning on 2-5-year-old wood. In the second case, semi-skeletal branches should be shortened, the annulus should be thinned out and rejuvenated.
Pruning chokeberry (chokeberry)
Most often, chokeberry is grown as a bush. Pruning chokeberry is to select some of the most powerful annual shoots growing from the base of the bush. The rest of the young are mercilessly slaughtered. The tops of the left shoots are cut off at the same height, equalizing their growth. The most prolific are the branches of chokeberry no older than six to eight years, so part of the 5-7-year-old shoots must be removed without leaving stumps. When pruning chokeberry, do not forget to get rid of thickening, weak, diseased branches. Aronia chokeberry bush should consist of a dozen or one and a half shoots of different ages.
Rejuvenating chokeberry pruning consists in pruning all branches under the root, leaving no stumps. Of the young shoots, three to five of the most powerful are selected, getting rid of the weak throughout the summer. Thus, in a couple of years the bush will be updated.
Pruning irgi
Irgu is usually formed in the form of a bush, consisting of 10-15 shoots of different ages. Weak, broken shoots are cut out without leaving stumps.
The young irga is not cut off. The first two years leave all strong basal growths. Pruning an adult irgi consists in leaving two or three strong shoots, and removing the rest (weak, dry, broken branches, competing branches are also removed). Anti-aging pruning irgi is carried out when growth is attenuated, once every three to four years, on two to four years old wood. Every year, all tips of strong shoots are trimmed by 30%.
Tatyana Kuzmenko, member of the editorial board of the Sobcorrespondent of the Internet publication “AtmAgro. Agroindustrial Bulletin»
Rowan is a shrub or tree, a description of rowan
Rowan - perhaps one of the most common trees in Russia. With confidence, you can find out that every inhabitant of our country knows exactly what a mountain ash looks like. Older generations remember with pleasure the taste of sour berries, which become sweeter in the cold - a small part of childhood that remains with a person for life.
This plant can grow almost anywhere. This is explained by her unpretentiousness and endurance. That is why it is most often chosen for decorating a personal plot. Rowan can become really important landscape design element country house. Its advantages lie not only in its endurance, as mentioned above. Appearance rowan tree pleasing to the eye and attracts attention, which can look advantageous against the background of monotonous decorative and complex decorations.
This article, as you could already understand from the previous paragraphs, will be entirely devoted to mountain ash. it famous plant is of particular interest not only to specialists in the field of botany, but also to the ordinary reader, drawn to interesting information about everything at once.
Rowan - description. Rowan characteristic
To get started, you just need to describe the mountain ash, as well as answer a very common question that applies to this plant. Many users on the network ask the question "Is the mountain ash a shrub or a tree?". If you think about it, then this question is very logical, if you look closely at the mountain ash, you really won’t immediately understand whether it is a shrub or still a tree.
Finding the answer to this question is very easy. It is enough to simply enter “Wikipedia mountain ash” into the search engine line, and all the information will be posted in the very first paragraph of the article on this comprehensive resource. The fact is that this plant itself is a tree, but at the same time there are also shrub varieties. Rowan looks like a not very tall tree with a straight trunk, as well as a crown, the shape of which can be described as ovoid.
Rowan trees are distinguished by the smoothness of the bark, as well as a grayish color. . Leaves can be of different shapes: oblong-lacent or simply oblong, alternate, imparipinnate. This plant is indeed a very beautiful tree, which determines its popularity as an ornamental plant. The old leaves of this shrub are not pubescent, unlike the young ones.
Rowan is especially beautiful during its flowering, when it begins to bloom, and also looks very pretty in autumn. The flowers are collected in a kind of panicle, they can be white or have a pinkish tint. The smell, however, of rowan flowers is not very pleasant. This plant bears fruit annually, but do not be naive to believe that it is possible to harvest the “harvest” within the specified time frame. About once every three years, the plant gives a full "harvest".
Rowan tree usually blooms in late spring or early summer. Wherein fruit development begins in autumn in September. Gradually, from white berries, they turn into red or black fruits. Of course, maybe the berries of a mountain ash tree cannot stand on a par with berries of cherries or grapes, if we compare their taste, but in terms of usefulness they may well argue with them.
Some features of cultivation
The value of mountain ash as an ornamental plant
It is also worth noting the beauty of rowan leaves, which are distinguished by their unusual shape. In addition, in autumn the leaves become orange-reddish tint. In addition, bright rowan berries that are able to retain their beautiful color even until late winter.
Types of mountain ash
Serious work on the selection of rowan species was carried out at one time by the famous Russian scientist Michurin. The scientist brought out several new hybrids of this plant. It was thanks to his research that chokeberry already mentioned in this article. It, in principle, is very similar to the common rowan species, but does not belong to this species. In fact, this is a separate hybrid plant, which has its own name - chokeberry.
medicinal properties
The fruits of mountain ash have long been used by people as a folk remedy. Rowan berries contain various vitamins, as well as glucose, fructose and sorbic acid. All these components very beneficial to the body especially weakened by disease.
The meaning of rowan in ancient rites
The importance of mountain ash was noted in antiquity. The cases of using the plant as a decorative ornament and medicine, but even in pre-Christian Russia in some regions people used mountain ash for certain rituals. For example, there were wedding ceremonies, which involved lining shoes with rowan leaves for the newlyweds, as well as rowan berries were put in their pockets.
The specified plant in this case used as a symbol of protection against the possible intrigues of witches and sorcerers. Also rowan trees for the same purpose were planted next to the house. Rowan was also used to expel spirits that were brought to people various diseases and ailments.
In addition, the value and significance of mountain ash among the people emphasizes the existence various legends that have been passed down through generations by word of mouth. For example, you can point out an interesting and original legend that tries to explain the presence of bitterness in the taste of rowan fruits. According to this legend, the mountain ash was created by the devil himself from Eve's tears when she was expelled from paradise.
It was believed that this served as a kind of symbol of Satan's victory over humanity. But after the Creator discovered the similarity of the rowan tree leaves with the cross, he took it from the devil's garden. This could not please the devil, who later set out to destroy his own creation so that it would not go to the Creator and people. But he did not succeed in doing this, only as a result of an attempt rowan berries have become bitter.
The decorative and medicinal properties of mountain ash, which have already been mentioned in this article, are not the only advantages of this beautiful plant. The qualities and properties of the wood of this tree make it possible to make various joinery products from it. Here it is necessary to mention the main advantages of rowan wood- strength and elasticity.
As already mentioned, there are quite a few different varieties of this plant, but one of them boasts quite large fruits. Berries of large-fruited mountain ash really large compared to the fruits of other varieties of this plant. One berry can weigh twenty grams, and have a diameter of three and a half centimeters. The fruits of large-fruited mountain ash are very tasty. At the same time, this variety is not as unpretentious as other types of mountain ash. She does not like winter very much, so she needs special care. An interesting fact about the large-fruited mountain ash is that it was bred in the Crimea by the Crimean Tatars.
Rowan with sweet fruits instead of bitter, it was first found in the village of Nevezhino, Vladimir Region. From there it spread throughout Russia. It was this variety with sweet fruits, called Nevezhensky, that was used at the beginning of the twentieth century for the mass production of tincture, which was called Nezhinskaya.
Aronia, or chokeberry and preparations from it
Blackberry apples
Aronia chokeberry is usually called chokeberry, and often chokeberry, although chokeberry and mountain ash represent different genera of the Rosaceae family. But this is not the only inaccuracy regarding chokeberry. Usually the fruits of the blackberry are considered berries, but this is an apple. Rounded, almost black, with a bluish bloom apples ripen in August. But they can hang on a bush until frost.
But it is better to remove the fruits of chokeberry in early September, as they are readily eaten by birds, especially in October, before departure. In addition, the chokeberry fruits removed from the bush are stored for more than a month due to the presence of phytoncides; detrimental to putrefactive bacteria.
In the 70s, Aronia was an extremely popular crop - it could be seen in many areas. This tree is a pioneer in poor soils. Aronia is unpretentious - it grows on inconveniences (except for swampy and saline soils), it can grow when it occurs ground water at a depth of 1.5-2 m. But if you want to get large fruits, choose a lighted place for it with loose, moist and fertile soil. Please note that in the shade of trees and on dry soils, chokeberry does not grow well.
Due to its high winter hardiness, it can be grown even in Siberia, withstanding frosts down to minus 30-35°C. But it is guaranteed that it can still be grown there only with the shoots bent down to the ground for the winter and covered with snow. However, I want to dwell on one reason for the possible frost damage to chokeberry, which is not associated with its biological nature, but with the introduction of excessive doses of nitrogen fertilizers. With an excess of nitrogen, basal shoots and offspring are characterized by strong growth and a long phase of enhanced growth. Reaching a height of 60-80 cm, they often go into winter not lignified and with an unformed apical bud. The tops of such shoots freeze slightly even in favorable winters. Aronia reproduces easily - by root offspring, layering, lignified and green cuttings, dividing the bush, pre-stratified seeds. If you purchased chokeberry seedlings, then keep in mind that they will take root better if they are dipped in a mash made from fatty clay, mullein and water before planting. In the absence of these components, you can use peat, humus or just earthen mash.
On light soils, it is recommended to plant seedlings 6-8 cm deeper than they grew before digging, and on heavy soils - 2-3 cm. rapid growth of the base of the bush.
Aronia begins to bear fruit at the 3-4th year of life.
Aronia bushes perfectly tolerate transplantation and division. Moreover, this can be successfully done not only with five-six-year-old bushes, but also with middle-aged ones (from 8 to 15 years). When dividing, all old, diseased and broken branches are cut out. The root system is dipped in the same talker as the seedlings. The transplanted rowan bushes quickly and well take root and bear fruit, as a rule, for a year of transplantation.
Considering the biological feature of chokeberry to give a large number of offspring of root and stem origin, with the right agricultural technology, the age of the bushes can be significantly extended. Shoots of renewal, having your own root system and, thus, becoming independent in the bushes, they keep the chokeberry bushes in a state of "eternal" youth, with a significant general age of the bushes. Due to this circumstance, the life span of a bush in more does not depend on biological features this culture, but from the selection of a site and care that meets its requirements.
Aronia blooms late, in the second half of May, and therefore it is not afraid of spring frosts. It bears fruit every year, its harvest is very generous.
In the garden, 2-3 of its bushes with a feeding area of 3x2.5 or 3x2 m are enough to provide the family with the fruits of this crop.
Interestingly, in Europe, chokeberry, whose homeland is North America, was first cultivated as an ornamental shrub. Indeed, in early spring, our eyes are pleased in this beauty with her white, like a bride’s, dress of flowers, in summer - dark green, shiny, like a polished leaf. In late autumn, it is decorated with bright contrasting colors - large, black, also shiny berries, heavy clusters hanging from the branches, against the background of purple leaves.
Extremely attractive is the chokeberry grafted into the crown of an ordinary mountain ash - a spectacular combination of a straight, like a candle, the trunk of an ordinary mountain ash and a sprawling weeping crown of an chokeberry. You can create such beauty yourself. To do this, you need to bring from the forest or buy in the nursery trees of ordinary mountain ash 1-1.2 m high. Plant them in the form of an alley or in a group. In a year or two, when the rootstock takes root and gives growth, in the spring, graft a cutting of chokeberry into the main trunk.
Aronia, which we grow on household plots, in a number of ways it is not similar to the natural American species - it is a hybrid with larger fruits, bred by I. V. Michurin. By the way, the mountain ash Likernaya received by him is the result of crossing chokeberry with ordinary mountain ash. There are no zoned varieties of aronia chokeberry ( promising variety Black eyes are still in testing).
Now the "chokeberry boom" has subsided somewhat. Probably due to the tart, astringent taste of berries with a rough consistency. But, if you make preparations from chokeberry with berries, apples, quince, then its tart taste will add piquancy, not to mention the color. Add chokeberry to faded strawberry juice, and it sparkles with ruby reflections, acquires a whole new taste. Apple jam, jam will also benefit in taste and color if made with chokeberry. We will introduce you to some recipes for cooking chokeberries with other berries and fruits.
Convenient and affordable way preparations of chokeberry for the future - drying. It helps to improve the taste of fruits: they lose their excessive astringency, while the medicinal properties are preserved. It is better to dry quickly so that the fruits do not deteriorate. Well-ripened fruits are separated from the brushes, washed, laid out on sheets and placed in an open oven or a slightly heated oven with a temperature of 50-60 °. Dried fruits are used to make jelly, compotes, fruit tea.
The properties of chokeberry are perfectly preserved even when frozen. When thawed, the shape and taste of the fruit is preserved. Choose recipes to your liking, the benefits of such blanks will be undeniable. After all, the medicinal properties of chokeberry are very multifaceted: it has a choleretic effect (therefore, it is suitable as a supplement when eating hard-to-digest foods), moderately lowers blood pressure. Organic iodine compounds, which are present in aronia in sufficient quantities, remove excess cholesterol from the body and have a beneficial effect on the function of the thyroid gland. By the way, in terms of the amount of iodine in fruits, chokeberry ranks second after feijoa, the leading plant iodine collector. In addition, chokeberry contains a lot of P-vitamin and other biologically active substances. The sugar in it is easily absorbed by diabetics.
The healing properties of aronia chokeberry were known to the Indians of North America long before the appearance of white man. The Dakota and Delaware Indians treated many diseases with chokeberry fruit juice, including burns, colds, and a general weakening of the body. They dried the fruits, preparing sweet flour from them in reserve. Europeans quickly appreciated the high qualities of this native American plant and began to actively cultivate it.
Black chokeberry preparations
ARONY AND APPLE JAM
Aronia cooked with apples has a pleasant sweet and sour taste. Blanch fruits (500 g) and apple slices (500 g) for 2-3 minutes, cool with cold water, add sugar (1.2 kg per 1 kg of the mixture). Jam should be repeatedly boiled, and at the end of cooking, add 2-3 g of citric acid.
500 g chokeberry, 500 g black currant, 0.8-1 kg of sugar.
Wash the fruits, dry and transfer to glass jars, mixing with sugar. When they are covered with juice, stand for a few more days so that the sugar penetrates inside, then cook until tender.
1 kg of chokeberry, 400 g of quince, 1-1.5 kg of sugar, 0.2 l of water.
Thoroughly wash the chokeberry and rub it completely with a small amount of water (0.2 l). Add sugar and cook for another 5-10 minutes, then add sliced quince and cook until tender. Pour into sterile jars and close with lids.
Aronia, chokeberry - black gold
Aronia is a plant with a rich history that originates from North American swamps, sandy plains and steep cliffs. It is in these places that an unsightly, undersized shrub grows, which is radically different from the chokeberry known and loved since childhood.
The genus Aronia belongs to the apple subfamily. Species of this genus grow in large numbers in eastern North America. There you can also find black chokeberry with black, early ripening fruits of mediocre taste, as well as a. arbutus-leaved with red, much later ripening fruits.
The name of the genus comes from the ancient Greek name of the rowan aria, which in turn comes from the Greek word meaning "benefit, help". One of the earliest names of chokeberry is alive to this day and is familiar to everyone - chokeberry.
The Russian chokeberry (chokeberry) owes its appearance to the great breeder - Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin, who, through numerous experiments, received a new culture - chokeberry. The main difference between chokeberry, originating from North America, and chokeberry, cultivated by I. V. Michurin, is an incomparably more attractive form ( decorative leaves- rounded, large beautiful flowers), increased productivity and palatability, winter hardiness (withstands up to - 35 ° C).
Ivan Vladimirovich did not have high hopes for the culture and recommended using it only for planting as forest belts, and the fruits for processing. Aronia Michurina very soon spread and became popular almost throughout Russia, enduring the harsh winters of Gorno-Altaisk and the unstable climate of the foothills of the Caucasus without damage.
However, over the years, gardeners' enthusiasm for this curious culture gradually began to fade, despite the increased interest of breeders in it. In recent decades, several dozen Danish, Finnish and Polish varieties have been created, and Russian breeders have not bypassed this culture. Most well proven Altai large-fruited, Black-eyed, Black-fruited and others.
Meanwhile, the fruits of aronia have been and remain a pantry of vitamins and minerals that are necessary for a person, especially during an acute shortage of vitamins, and are much more easily absorbed by the body than artificial dietary supplements.
These fruits contain a large amount of vitamin P, necessary for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. Aronia is the leader among berry crops in terms of the content of anthocyanins, coloring substances that give juices and wines a stable color. In addition, chokeberry fruits contain vitamins A, E, B, PP, C, microelements, including fluorine, iodine, copper, and iron. The tart-sweet taste characteristic of chokeberry is given to the fruits by the sugars, pectin and tannins contained in them, and the acid content does not exceed 1%.
Aronia fruits, due to the presence of vitamins P and C in their composition, can be used as a vasodilator, for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Fresh fruits strengthen the cardiovascular system, improve brain activity, have a positive effect on the immune system and the activity of gastric enzymes, help with allergic reactions and diabetes. Not only fresh fruits have a positive effect, but also frozen, dried and even processed products: jam, jelly, jam, compote.
In addition to medicinal qualities, Michurin's chokeberry plant is also characterized by high decorative qualities. Its light pink flowers in lush inflorescences begin to please the eye already in May, and the fruits in elegant dense racemes ripen in September and can be stored in a domestic refrigerator for up to several months without losing their taste and flavor. medicinal properties. The plant is no less decorative in the autumn period, the purple-red color of the foliage looks beautiful against the background of a faded landscape.
Aronia is one of the easily propagated crops, nice results obtained with autumn sowing seeds into the ground, but there are more time-consuming and no less effective ways reproduction - green cuttings and grafting by cuttings, in the latter case, mountain ash can be used as a stock. Grafting with a cutting significantly accelerates the production of high-quality planting material, and, consequently, the harvest. The first fruits can be obtained already in the year of vaccination (up to 300-400 g per plant), and if the primroses are removed and the plant is allowed to “rest”, this will favorably affect the next year's harvest, which can be 2.5 and even 3 kg per plant.
As for green cuttings, here an indispensable condition for obtaining high-quality planting material is the presence of a greenhouse equipped with a fogging installation, although you can somewhat simplify the design by building it in your garden plot and shading it with burlap. In this case, 5-7 waterings from a conventional watering can are enough, and in rainy weather - 1-2.
The resulting planting material should be planted in a permanent place, taking into account the fact that chokeberry is a rather unpretentious and undemanding plant and grows remarkably on any type of soil. An indispensable condition for obtaining high stable yields is the density of plantations. The distance between plants should not be less than 2 m. Planting is carried out in holes 50x60 or 60x60 cm and up to half a meter deep. 100-150 g of superphosphate is added to the hole, up to 70 g of potassium sulfate. The root neck is deepened by 1-1.5 cm. Seedlings are sometimes cut off immediately after planting, leaving stumps 15-20 cm high with 4-5 buds. The young plantings obtained in this way during the first years of growth must be fed with ammonium nitrate, and starting from the age of five, a bucket of humus or compost, up to 70 g of superphosphate and up to 30 g of potassium sulfate are added to the tree trunks.
Aronia does not require personal care, with the exception of pruning, which should be carried out starting from the seventh or eighth year of fruiting, when the crown needs thinning.
As for planting time, the most suitable period, as with most crops, is autumn, which allows the plants to take root and prevents premature bud break in the spring.
In conclusion, we should mention the honey-bearing properties of this wonderful plant, which is one of the favorites of bees, which is also facilitated by phytoncidal properties that have a detrimental effect on most bee diseases and pests, including bee mites.
N. Khromov , researcher VNIIS them. I. V. Michurina
www.sadisibiri.ru
Does chokeberry increase or decrease blood pressure?
Chokeberry, or chokeberry, is a tart healthy berry with unique properties. The question of how chokeberry affects, increases or lowers blood pressure, is incorrect, since its main property is the normalization of blood pressure.
What is useful berry?
Chokeberry, chokeberry or chokeberry are all names for the same berry. It has many useful properties, but is not particularly popular due to its specific tart taste and binding properties which few people like.
The healing properties of this medicinal plant as chokeberry are very diverse - from the normalization of blood pressure to the relief of inflammatory processes. In folk medicine, this berry is used to treat many different conditions, including hypertension and hypotension.
The beneficial properties of the berry and its specific taste are due to the composition. Aronia contains:
Chokeberry - not the most sweet berry, but beneficial features more than compensate for the specific taste
Thanks to tannins in the composition, chokeberry has a positive effect on the stomach and intestines. Its use normalizes the digestive process, delicately solves the problem of constipation. Pectins protect the body from free radicals. Recent studies have shown that pectins reduce the risk of developing malignant neoplasms. B vitamins have a positive effect on the cardiovascular and nervous system.
The chokeberry contains a large amount of vitamins and minerals.
Chokeberry lowers blood pressure or increases it, depending on the method of use. It is generally accepted that the berry normalizes blood pressure, so it can be used for both hypertension and hypotension.
It has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system, strengthens blood vessels and increases their elasticity, reduces the risk of atherosclerosis by reducing cholesterol levels. Aronia is used for pressure in diabetes mellitus, as it does not increase blood glucose levels, but has a positive effect on heart function.
A large amount of iodine in the composition normalizes the functioning of the thyroid gland, thereby eliminating one of the factors that increase pressure - hyperthyroidism. Zinc and selenium in the composition of this berry have a positive effect on men's health, preventing the development of prostatitis. Vitamin E provides protection against premature aging, normalizes the functioning of the heart and helps prolong youth.
Aronia has a beneficial effect on all organs and systems of the human body.
Chokeberry and pressure
Chokeberry for hypertension is a natural and safe remedy for controlling blood pressure.
Chokeberry helps with hypertension to normalize blood pressure due to antispasmodic properties. This also explains the effectiveness of its use in headaches caused by vasospasm.
How chokeberry affects, increases or lowers blood pressure - it depends on how you use it. Problem with hypertension high pressure caused by vasospasm. Chokeberry is able to reduce pressure due to antispasmodic and diuretic properties.
With hypotension, the pressure-lowering effect of chokeberry is due to the effect on the nervous system. It is stress and disturbances in the work of the autonomic nervous system that lead to a decrease in blood pressure.
Recipes for hypertension
Aronia Pressure Recipes Cover different ways use of the berry and its leaves. Treatment of hypertension with chokeberry is carried out in the following ways.
Take chokeberry from high pressure should be within a month, then you need to take a three-week break.
In the same way, with hypertension, you can use red mountain ash, which has a pronounced diuretic effect.
For hypertension, red rowan is also used.
Recipes for hypotension
Knowing how mountain ash affects blood pressure, it becomes clear that the berry can help with hypotension. To use mountain ash to increase pressure, you need to use one of the following recipes.
- Black chokeberry tincture slightly increases blood pressure, but effectively strengthens blood vessels. To prepare it, grind 500 g of berries in a mortar and pour the same amount of vodka. The remedy is insisted in a closed bottle for 10 days, and then 30 drops are taken daily after each meal. The course of treatment is two months.
- An infusion of leaves and honey helps to improve well-being at low pressure. To prepare it, pour two large spoons of dried leaves with boiling water, cover and wrap with a towel. The medicine should be infused for three hours. Then 4 tablespoons of honey are added to it and taken daily at bedtime, 100 ml.
- With hypotension, you can also use rowan juice by adding a teaspoon of lemon juice to it. This will not only increase vascular tone, but also strengthen the nervous system.
- Red mountain ash helps to improve well-being, slightly increases blood pressure. To do this, it is recommended to prepare juice by mixing chokeberry and red berries in equal proportions.
The course of treatment for low pressure takes at least two months. A break of 30 days is required between courses.
Contraindications
Like any other berry, mountain ash is prohibited during exacerbation of gastrointestinal diseases, especially gastritis and ulcers. Despite the fact that mountain ash effectively reduces pressure, it cannot be used in a hypertensive crisis. Another contraindication is an allergy to red or black rowan.
Chokeberry helps to lower blood pressure only with regular use. Nevertheless, mountain ash will not replace antihypertensive drugs used in the treatment of hypertension. Diet, normalization of the regimen and the rejection of bad habits will help to increase the effectiveness of the treatment of pressure surges.
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cultivation berry bushes, in particular shadberry and chokeberry, is accompanied by two periods of absorption of nutrients during the growing season that are worth highlighting.
The first is from the beginning of the growing season to the end of shoot growth and harvesting of berries. When there is a rapid growth of shoots, flowering, setting, berry formation, as well as the laying of fruit buds. During this period, the main need is manifested in berry growers.
The second is from harvesting until late autumn. The laying of buds continues, the growth of plants in thickness occurs, the deposition of substances in the reserve, which play an important role in overwintering. At this stage, the greatest need for and mineral fertilizers.
Before growing berry bushes, organic matter is introduced under deep plowing (25 - 30 cm). The dose depends on the content of humus in the soil and ranges from 60 to 150 t/ha.
The growth, development and productivity of berry bushes, as well as the quality of berries, directly depends on the sufficient and harmonious ratio of nutrients in the plant - phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and nitrogen. When determining the need for fertilizers, the presence of mobile forms of nutrients in the soil is taken into account, which are determined in a soil layer of 0–40 cm. With a very high content of mobile nutrients, they are limited to a minimum dose of potassium. Continuous cultivation is carried out for 3-4 years over the entire area, which will be occupied for planting.
Approximate norms of nutrients for laying a berry plant, kg AI/ha
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Battery |
Granulometric composition of the soil |
Provision of soil with mobile nutrients |
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very low |
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sandy, loamy |
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sandy |
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loamy |
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sandy, loamy |
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When making organic components, the doses of mineral fertilizers are adjusted.
Approximate rates of fertilizers for deep plowing for laying a berry
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Soil security in R 2 O 5 and K 2 O |
Manure, compost, t/ha |
Mineral, kg a.i./ha |
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on light soils |
on the heavy soils |
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increased |
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