The importance of chokeberry - the medicinal property of the fruit, which occupy a leading position in the content of antioxidants.
The culture has special genetics that contribute to high and stable yields even with minimal care.
Culture requirements for growing conditions
chokeberry- the result of crossing aronia chokeberry and mountain ash.
The range of the natural species of chokeberry is swamps, sandy plains and mountain slopes North America. This is an unsightly and undersized shrub, which is fundamentally different from the well-known chokeberry.
The shrub owes its cultivation and popularity in Russia to the Russian breeder I. V. Michurin. As a result of numerous experiments and practical tests received completely new culture - chokeberry .
Due to its high winter hardiness, disease resistance, unpretentiousness to climatic and soil conditions, the shrub quickly spread over vast areas.
Good for lowlands, where the occurrence of groundwater is not more than 2 m. This is isolated by a relatively shallow occurrence of plant roots, the bulk of which is located up to 60 cm, and tap roots rarely reach a depth of 2 meters.
With a lack of moisture in the root layer, the winter hardiness and productivity of the shrub decreases.
Chokeberry develops well on different types soil: chernozems, gray-forest, drained peatlands, sod-podzolic. Stony, swampy and saline soils are absolutely unsuitable for its cultivation.
Chokeberry can be planted in a combination hedge or as a tapeworm plant to decorate a spacious area.
it a good option to strengthen ravines or the perimeter of a personal plot located along a cliff or the mouth of a river.
For growing chokeberry, you need to choose well-lit areas with a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil.
The choice of seedlings and varieties of chokeberry
Scientists-breeders have introduced many varieties and hybrids of chokeberry. Popular varieties:
Their signs are almost similar, there are slight differences in taste and fruiting time.
That's why the main criterion when choosing a seedling should be acquisition planting material adapted to the conditions of the region.
For planting, you need to purchase a one- or two-year-old seedling, it is important to pay attention to quality indicators.
These are: height up to 1.3 m, healthy bark without signs of damage, developed tap roots of at least 25 cm with a mass of overgrown roots.
For planting, you need to purchase a one- or two-year-old seedling from the nursery
The productive period of chokeberry in the middle lane is 25-30 years. All this time, it has a stable and high yield.
Therefore, to provide one family with fruits, it is enough to plant 1-2 shrubs, which will bear fruit in 2-3 years.
When to plant: autumn or spring?
Chokeberry can be planted in spring or autumn. The most preferable for the development of a seedling and a gardener is an autumn planting. At this time, you can buy planting material with fresh roots at a bargain price.
AT middle lane chokeberry planted from mid-September to the third decade of October. During this period, the shrub gradually enters a state of relative dormancy, but its roots will develop until the soil temperature drops to -4 ° C.
Therefore, in the spring, the plant will immediately begin to increase the vegetative mass. This gives a great advantage to seedlings planted in autumn, which are ahead in development of plants planted in spring by more than 20 days.
Benefits of autumn planting for the gardener- saving time, the plant will not need additional care, except for shelter for the winter.
At spring planting the likelihood of return frosts, exposure to dry winds and temperature changes will need to be controlled.
Regardless general recommendations when planting a seedling, you need to focus on the average temperature indicators of the region. Can be planted at least 20 days before the first frost. If the deadlines are missed, the seedling needs to be dug in the ridge until spring.
In the spring, the plant is planted before bud break. when the air temperature warms up to +15°C.
You can plant at least 20 days before the first frost. If the deadlines are missed, the seedling needs to be dug in the ridge until spring.
How to plant: stages of work
The planting pit and the substrate for the seedling are prepared in advance., preferably in 1-2 months. During this time, the soil mixture is structured, and the nutrients will take on easily digestible plant roots. The optimal size of the pit is 60x60x50 (cm), the landing pattern is 2.5x4 (m).
To prepare the substrate you will need upper layer soil excavated while digging a hole. It is supplemented with components:
At the bottom of the pit, a drainage layer of broken brick or crushed stone is laid, no more than 15-20% of the total volume.
Before planting, the seedling must be inspected again.. When damaged roots are found, problem areas cut off to healthy skin, and dried are placed in water for 10 hours.
For better survival, the roots are dipped in a mash made from fatty clay, mullein and water.
In light soils, the seedling is buried by 6 cm, in heavy soils by 2-3 cm.. Thus, the root neck of the shrub after shrinkage of the soil should remain 1-3 cm below the ground level.
In light soils, the seedling is buried by 6 cm, in heavy soils by 2-3 cm, the root collar should remain 1-3 cm below the ground
The roots are covered with soil mixture, periodically shaking the stem to avoid the formation of voids. After compacting the near-stem circle and watering the seedling, need to form a layer of mulch. For this, peat, sawdust, mowed grass or wood chips are well suited.
After planting, the aerial part of the seedling is cut off, leaving only 20 cm in length.. During the autumn planting, the procedure is postponed until spring and carried out until the buds open.
Care after landing
Shrub care requirements are minimal. Besides it is rarely attacked by pests and diseases. This makes it especially attractive for growing in the country, where the gardener's presence is not constant.
Shelter for the winter
A seedling planted in autumn must be prepared for the first winter season. For this he is bent to the ground and pressed with boards. This is important to do until the air temperature drops to -1°C-2°C.
Otherwise, the stem of the shrub will lose its elasticity and may break. While bending the bush it is important to ensure that the height of the arc does not exceed 20-30 cm.
Additionally seedling covered with spruce branches, and the mulch layer is made higher. In winters with little snow, the bush is spudded with snow.
In the spring, with the establishment of a stable temperature, the plant needs to be straightened. If you keep it bent down for a long time, the apical shoots can support it.
A seedling of chokeberry is bent to the ground and pressed, covered with spruce branches
Do you need to cut the shoots?
For the right balance of stability and yield an adult shrub should have 30-50 strong trunks.
Sanitary pruning is in removing old, rotten and bare branches. The shrub lays fruit buds on annual shoots, so they should not be shortened.
To increase the productivity and life expectancy of the shrub, rejuvenating pruning should be carried out every 3-4 years. During the procedure, the shoots of chokeberry are shortened by half their height.
Chokeberry responds well to top dressing, which should be carried out twice a year. To do this, in the trunk circle, based on 1 m2, you need to close up:
- ammonium nitrate 20 g (spring);
- potassium salt 20 g, superphosphate 30 g (autumn).
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Gives good results foliar top dressing shrub after flowering when fruits begin to set. To do this, it is sprayed with an aqueous solution of urea (20g / 10l).
Chokeberry responds well to top dressing, which should be carried out twice a year
With the accumulation of an excessive amount of nitrogen, the growth and the duration of the formation of root shoots increase. In young shoots, the bark does not have time to become woody, and the apical bud does not form.
This leads to severe freezing even during the most favorable winter. That's why in the second half of the growing season, nitrogen fertilizing should not be done.
Watering and loosening the soil
Chokeberry - moisture-loving culture. Watering is especially important for her at the beginning of the growing season and during fruit formation.
In stable hot weather, the bush is watered every week. The norm of water for an adult shrub is 30 liters.
To do this, you can make watering furrows at a distance of 30-40 cm from the trunks of the bush. With this method, water will penetrate to all the roots of the plant.
Excessive soil compaction contributes to severe freezing of the soil in the root layers, which significantly reduces the winter hardiness of the shrub.
Prevention of diseases and pests
After harvesting and in the spring before bud break, the shrub must be treated with fungicides. For this it is sprayed with 1% Bordeaux liquid.
Shrub resistant to pests. The reason for the spread of insects on chokeberry can be a massive damage to the site by pests.
In these cases, it is necessary to apply a cardinal measure - spraying with chemicals.
Chokeberry is resistant to pest damage; for prevention, it is sprayed with 1% Bordeaux liquid
The fruits of chokeberry are good for culinary preparations and are especially valuable for their medicinal properties. Attractive shrub and its decorative effect.
plant hedge will transform the home garden backdrop three times a year, ranging from white during flowering to purple leaves in late fall.
Planting and caring for chokeberry:
Aronia, or chokeberry and preparations from it
Blackberry apples
Aronia chokeberry is usually called chokeberry, and often chokeberry, although chokeberry and mountain ash represent different genera of the Rosaceae family. But this is not the only inaccuracy regarding chokeberry. Usually the fruits of the blackberry are considered berries, but this is an apple. Rounded, almost black, with a bluish bloom apples ripen in August. But they can hang on a bush until frost.
But it is better to remove the fruits of chokeberry in early September, as they are readily eaten by birds, especially in October, before departure. In addition, the chokeberry fruits removed from the bush are stored for more than a month due to the presence of phytoncides; detrimental to putrefactive bacteria.
In the 70s, aronia was an extremely popular crop - it could be seen in many areas. This tree is a pioneer in poor soils. Aronia is unpretentious - it grows on inconveniences (except for swampy and saline soils), it can grow when groundwater occurs at a depth of 1.5-2 m. But if you want to get large fruits, choose a lighted place for it with loose, moist and fertile soil. Please note that in the shade of trees and on dry soils, chokeberry does not grow well.
Due to its high winter hardiness, it can be grown even in Siberia, withstanding frosts down to minus 30-35°C. But it is guaranteed that it can still be grown there only with the shoots bent down to the ground for the winter and covered with snow. However, I want to dwell on one reason for the possible frost damage to chokeberry, which is not associated with its biological nature, but with the introduction of excessive doses of nitrogen fertilizers. With an excess of nitrogen, basal shoots and offspring are characterized by strong growth and a long phase of enhanced growth. Reaching a height of 60-80 cm, they often go into winter not lignified and with an unformed apical bud. The tops of such shoots freeze slightly even in favorable winters. Aronia reproduces easily - by root offspring, layering, lignified and green cuttings, dividing the bush, pre-stratified seeds. If you purchased chokeberry seedlings, then keep in mind that they will take root better if they are dipped in a mash made from fatty clay, mullein and water before planting. In the absence of these components, you can use peat, humus or just earthen mash.
On light soils, it is recommended to plant seedlings 6-8 cm deeper than they grew before digging, and on heavy soils - 2-3 cm. rapid growth of the base of the bush.
Aronia begins to bear fruit at the 3-4th year of life.
Aronia bushes perfectly tolerate transplantation and division. Moreover, this can be successfully done not only with five-six-year-old bushes, but also with middle-aged ones (from 8 to 15 years). When dividing, all old, diseased and broken branches are cut out. The root system is dipped in the same talker as the seedlings. The transplanted rowan bushes quickly and well take root and bear fruit, as a rule, for a year of transplantation.
Considering the biological feature of chokeberry to give a large number of offspring of root and stem origin, with the right agricultural technology, the age of the bushes can be significantly extended. Renewal shoots, having their own root system and thus becoming independent in the bushes, keep chokeberry bushes in a state of "eternal" youth, with a significant overall age of the bushes. Due to this circumstance, the life span of a bush in more does not depend on biological features this culture, but from the selection of a site and care that meets its requirements.
Aronia blooms late, in the second half of May, and therefore it is not afraid of spring frosts. It bears fruit every year, its harvest is very generous.
In the garden, 2-3 of its bushes with a feeding area of 3x2.5 or 3x2 m are enough to provide the family with the fruits of this crop.
Interestingly, in Europe, chokeberry, whose homeland is North America, was first cultivated as an ornamental shrub. Really, in early spring our eye pleases in this beauty, her white, like a bride, dress of flowers, in summer - dark green, shiny, like a polished leaf. In late autumn, it is decorated with bright contrasting colors - large, black, also shiny berries, heavy clusters hanging from the branches, against the background of purple leaves.
Extremely attractive is chokeberry grafted into the crown of ordinary mountain ash - a spectacular combination of a straight, like a candle, the trunk of an ordinary mountain ash and a sprawling weeping crown of chokeberry. You can create such beauty yourself. To do this, you need to bring from the forest or buy in the nursery trees of ordinary mountain ash 1-1.2 m high. Plant them in the form of an alley or in a group. In a year or two, when the rootstock takes root and gives growth, in the spring, graft a cutting of chokeberry into the main trunk.
Aronia, which we grow in home gardens, in a number of ways is not similar to the natural American species - it is a hybrid with larger fruits, bred by I. V. Michurin. By the way, the mountain ash Likernaya received by him is the result of crossing chokeberry with ordinary mountain ash. There are no zoned varieties of aronia chokeberry ( promising variety Black eyes are still in testing).
Now the "chokeberry boom" has subsided somewhat. Probably due to the tart, astringent taste of berries with a rough consistency. But, if you make preparations from chokeberry with berries, apples, quince, then its tart taste will add piquancy, not to mention the color. Add chokeberry to faded strawberry juice, and it sparkles with ruby reflections, acquires a whole new taste. Apple jam, jam will also benefit in taste and color if made with chokeberry. We will introduce you to some recipes for cooking chokeberry with other berries and fruits.
A convenient and affordable way to harvest chokeberry for future use is drying. It helps to improve the taste of fruits: they lose excessive astringency, while medicinal properties are saved. It is better to dry quickly so that the fruits do not deteriorate. Well-ripened fruits are separated from the brushes, washed, laid out on sheets and placed in an open oven or a slightly heated oven with a temperature of 50-60 °. Dried fruits are used to make jelly, compotes, fruit tea.
The properties of chokeberry are perfectly preserved even when frozen. When thawed, the shape and taste of the fruit is preserved. Choose recipes to your liking, the benefits of such blanks will be undeniable. After all, the medicinal properties of chokeberry are very multifaceted: it has a choleretic effect (therefore, it is suitable as a supplement when eating hard-to-digest foods), moderately lowers blood pressure. Organic iodine compounds, which are present in aronia in sufficient quantities, remove excess cholesterol from the body and have a beneficial effect on the function of the thyroid gland. By the way, in terms of the amount of iodine in fruits, chokeberry ranks second after feijoa, the leading plant iodine collector. In addition, chokeberry contains a lot of P-vitamin and other biologically active substances. The sugar in it is easily absorbed by diabetics.
The healing properties of aronia chokeberry were known to the Indians of North America long before the appearance of white man. The Dakota and Delaware Indians treated many diseases with chokeberry fruit juice, including burns, colds, and a general weakening of the body. They dried the fruits, preparing sweet flour from them in reserve. Europeans quickly appreciated the high qualities of this native American plant and began to actively cultivate it.
Black chokeberry preparations
ARONY AND APPLE JAM
Aronia cooked with apples has a pleasant sweet and sour taste. Fruits (500 g) and apple slices (500 g) blanch for 2-3 minutes, refrigerate cold water, add sugar (1.2 kg per 1 kg of mixture). Jam should be repeatedly boiled, and at the end of cooking, add 2-3 g of citric acid.
500 g chokeberry, 500 g blackcurrant, 0.8-1 kg of sugar.
Wash the fruits, dry and transfer to glass jars by mixing with sugar. When they are covered with juice, stand for a few more days so that the sugar penetrates inside, then cook until tender.
1 kg of chokeberry, 400 g of quince, 1-1.5 kg of sugar, 0.2 l of water.
Wash chokeberry thoroughly and rub thoroughly with large quantity water (0.2 l). Add sugar and cook for another 5-10 minutes, then add sliced quince and cook until tender. Pour into sterile jars and close with lids.
Aronia, chokeberry - black gold
Aronia is a plant with a rich history that originates from North American swamps, sandy plains and steep cliffs. It is in these places that an unsightly, undersized shrub grows, which is radically different from the chokeberry known and loved since childhood.
The genus Aronia belongs to the apple subfamily. Species of this genus grow in large numbers in eastern North America. There you can also find black chokeberry with black, early ripening fruits of mediocre taste, as well as a. arbutus-leaved with red, much later ripening fruits.
The name of the genus comes from the ancient Greek name of the rowan aria, which in turn comes from the Greek word meaning "benefit, help". One of the earliest names of chokeberry is alive to this day and is familiar to everyone - chokeberry.
The Russian chokeberry (chokeberry) owes its appearance to the great breeder - Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin, who, through numerous experiments, received a new culture - chokeberry. The main difference between chokeberry, originating from North America, and chokeberry, cultivated by I. V. Michurin, is an incomparably more attractive form ( decorative leaves- rounded, large beautiful flowers), increased yield and taste, winter hardiness (withstands up to -35° C).
Ivan Vladimirovich did not have high hopes for the culture and recommended using it only for planting as forest belts, and the fruits for processing. Aronia Michurina very soon spread and became popular almost throughout Russia, without damage transferring harsh winters Gorno-Altaisk and the unstable climate of the foothills of the Caucasus.
However, over the years, gardeners' enthusiasm for this curious culture gradually began to fade, despite the increased interest of breeders in it. In recent decades, several dozen Danish, Finnish and Polish varieties have been created, and Russian breeders have not bypassed this culture. Most well proven Altai large-fruited, Black-eyed, Black-fruited and others.
Meanwhile, the fruits of aronia have been and remain a pantry of vitamins and minerals that are necessary for a person, especially during an acute shortage of vitamins, and are much more easily absorbed by the body than artificial dietary supplements.
These fruits contain a large amount of vitamin P, necessary for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system. Aronia is the leader among berry crops in terms of the content of anthocyanins, coloring substances that give juices and wines a stable color. In addition, chokeberry fruits contain vitamins A, E, B, PP, C, microelements, including fluorine, iodine, copper, and iron. The tart-sweet taste characteristic of chokeberry is given to the fruits by the sugars, pectin and tannins contained in them, and the acid content does not exceed 1%.
Aronia fruits, due to the presence of vitamins P and C in their composition, can be used as a vasodilator, for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Fresh fruits strengthen the cardiovascular system, improve brain activity, have a positive effect on the immune system and the activity of gastric enzymes, help with allergic reactions and diabetes. Not only fresh fruits have a positive effect, but also frozen, dried and even processed products: jam, jelly, jam, compote.
In addition to medicinal qualities, Michurin's chokeberry plant is also characterized by high decorative qualities. Its light pink flowers in lush inflorescences begin to please the eye already in May, and the fruits in elegant dense racemes ripen in September and can be stored in a domestic refrigerator for up to several months without losing their taste and medicinal properties. The plant is no less decorative in the autumn period, the purple-red color of the foliage looks beautiful against the background of a faded landscape.
Aronia is one of the easily propagated crops, nice results obtained with autumn sowing seeds into the ground, but there are more time-consuming and no less effective ways reproduction - green cuttings and grafting by cuttings, in the latter case, mountain ash can be used as a stock. Grafting with a cutting significantly accelerates the production of high-quality planting material, and, consequently, the harvest. The first fruits can be obtained already in the year of vaccination (up to 300-400 g per plant), and if the primroses are removed and the plant is allowed to “rest”, this will favorably affect the next year's harvest, which can be 2.5 and even 3 kg per plant.
As for green cuttings, here an indispensable condition for obtaining high-quality planting material is the presence of a greenhouse equipped with a fogging installation, although you can somewhat simplify the design by building it in your garden plot and shading it with burlap. In this case, 5-7 waterings from a conventional watering can are enough, and in rainy weather - 1-2.
The resulting planting material should be planted in a permanent place, taking into account the fact that aronia is a rather unpretentious and undemanding plant and grows remarkably on any type of soil. An indispensable condition for obtaining high stable yields is the density of plantations. The distance between plants should not be less than 2 m. Planting is carried out in holes 50x60 or 60x60 cm and up to half a meter deep. 100-150 g of superphosphate is added to the hole, up to 70 g of potassium sulfate. The root neck is deepened by 1-1.5 cm. Seedlings are sometimes cut off immediately after planting, leaving stumps 15-20 cm high with 4-5 buds. The young plantings obtained in this way during the first years of growth must be fed with ammonium nitrate, and starting from the age of five, a bucket of humus or compost, up to 70 g of superphosphate and up to 30 g of potassium sulfate are added to the tree trunks.
Aronia does not require personal care, with the exception of pruning, which should be carried out starting from the seventh or eighth year of fruiting, when the crown needs thinning.
As for planting time, the most suitable period, as with most crops, is autumn, which allows the plants to take root and prevents premature bud break in the spring.
In conclusion, we should mention the honey-bearing properties of this wonderful plant, which is one of the favorites of bees, which is also facilitated by phytoncidal properties that have a detrimental effect on most bee diseases and pests, including bee mites.
N. Khromov , researcher VNIIS them. I. V. Michurina
www.sadisibiri.ru
chokeberry
chokeberry, also called chokeberry, is not often found on summer cottages. A pity, this plant is decorative in spring and autumn. It blooms with white flowers late, which saves it from frost.
This shrub, a deciduous perennial, reaches a height of 2.5 m, its productive age is 20 years. The soil should be plowed to the depth of the arable layer with preliminary application of organic and mineral fertilizers.
You can plant chokeberry in spring and autumn. In the spring, this should be done in April before the buds open, and in the fall at the end of September. After planting, the earth is well compacted and watered abundantly, then mulched. The chokeberry vegetation begins early, when the average daily temperature reaches 5-6 degrees, and it blooms at the end of May, when the spring frosts pass.
Gardeners propagate chokeberry with horizontal layering. In the spring, after digging the soil near the mother bushes, grooves are made 4-7 cm deep, the shoots are bent down and pinned with wooden hooks to the bottom of the groove and watered. Shoots grow on the upper side of the shoots laid in the grooves, and roots grow on the lower side. When young shoots grow, sprinkle the ground or spud, to preserve moisture, the soil is mulched 2-3 times.
By the way, blackcurrant can be propagated in the same way. In September, when growth stops, these branches are separated from the mother bush and planted for growing.
With this method of reproduction, chokeberry bears fruit in the third year. The landing site should be sunny. Chokeberries have common pests with cherries: slimy sawfly and aphids, so they cannot be planted nearby.
The peel of the fruit is dense, they do not crumple, they can be transported over long distances. To preserve all the vitamins and not reduce the medicinal properties, the fruits can be frozen. After freezing, they lose their astringency, and after thawing, they retain their shape. Berries contain a large amount of iodine, vital trace elements such as magnesium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, iron - this is a whole first aid kit.
Especially recommend chokeberry to improve the functioning of the thyroid gland. Berries are used for beriberi, for the treatment of hypertension (100 g per day), atherosclerosis. When using berries and preparations from them in treatment, you need to know the measure, since they have contraindications. The fruits of chokeberry are contraindicated in low blood pressure, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.
Aronia bushes tolerate winter well. She bears fruit every year. The fruits hold well on the branches and are best cut in clusters to get good harvest next year. You can make jam from chokeberry berries, make juice and wipe with sugar (1.5 kg of sugar per 1 kg of berries).
Unpretentious and useful chokeberry decorate any garden area.
Chokeberry defeated pressure
The plant is native to North America. At first, this plant was used both in Europe and in Russia only as an ornamental. Only in the 19th century did Michurin pay attention to chokeberry, realizing that it bears juicy fruits, is suitable for selection and is very unpretentious. And now chokeberry (the scientific name of chokeberry) grows almost everywhere.
© pauk
Rowan chokeberry, Latin- Aronica melanocarpa L.
Chokeberry, or chokeberry, is a shrub up to 3 m high, with a compact, and then spreading (up to 2 m in diameter) crown. There can be up to 50 stems in a bush different ages. Rowan chokeberry is winter-hardy, undemanding to soils, photophilous, resistant to pests and diseases, tolerates transplanting well. One of the most fast-growing crops, since 1-2 years after planting, the plants begin to bear fruit.
Aronia chokeberry is widely known and is grown in gardens as a fruit and medicinal culture.
The fruits are round, up to 1.3 cm in diameter, black, shiny, juicy, sour-sweet with astringent tart taste. The fruits contain many useful substances - sugar, pectin, malic, ascorbic, folic acids, carotene, citrine (vitamin P). As well as trace elements - iron, iodine, manganese, etc. The fruits of Aronia chokeberry are useful for hypertension, diabetes, gastritis with low acidity, kidney disease, rheumatism, to lower blood cholesterol, etc.
Fruits are used to make jam, compote; jam, jelly, juice, while retaining all medicinal properties.
© BotBln
In swamps, along the banks of lakes and streams in vast areas of eastern North America, there is a low shrub that forms a lot of overgrowth, with small, almost black fruits - black chokeberry.
Probably, only a specialist would be able to find a similarity between this shrub and that popular plant that has been grown in our gardens for half a century and is commonly called “chokeberry”. In total, up to 20 species of chokeberry are found in the USA and Canada. Some who are too "active" are treated like weeds. But when the culture came to Europe (and this was three hundred years ago), the black chokeberry, plum-leaved chokeberry and aronia arbutus-leaved chokeberry, the first to settle in the Old World, became the pride of botanical gardens. Another century passed - and chokeberry reached Russia.
In our country, too, for a very long time it was perceived exclusively as a decorative culture.. But the ability of chokeberry to survive harsh winters, its stability and unpretentiousness interested Ivan Michurin.
Having received the seeds of chokeberry from Germany, he began to cross seedlings with distantly related plants (presumably mountain ash). As a result, a new culture was created, which Michurin called black chokeberry - for the similarity of fruits with the fruits of mountain ash. (In fact, it is not a mountain ash, although in a number of ways it is close to both mountain ash and pears. For fifty years now, chokeberry has been separated into an independent genus - Aronia.)
The resulting culture “grew up” to 2–2.5 m and turned out to be very attractive in appearance: flexible shoots, leathery dark green rounded leaves that take on a variety of shades in autumn - from bright orange to purple and ruby; delicate, white, lush inflorescences, turning into large clusters of shiny black berries by September. And most importantly, Michurin's chokeberry is even more winter-hardy than its progenitor. In the 1930s, it passed a “strength test” in Altai and, starting with the conquest of Siberia, gradually spread throughout Russia. As predicted by its creator, chokeberry is successfully cultivated where it is difficult to grow other fruits. berry crops: in the north of the European part, in the harsh conditions of the Urals and Siberia, even in the Arctic: it withstands frosts down to minus 35 ° C.
Not many inhabitants of the garden can compete with the "chokeberry" in terms of productivity.. From a 6-9-year-old bush, you can get 9-10 kg of berries. It produces a crop every year and in any weather. Aronia flowers very rarely freeze slightly - late flowering protects them from spring frosts. It is pollinated with the help of insects and wind, while up to 90% of fruits are tied. It enters fruiting early: seedlings delight with the first berries already a year or two after planting, when grafted with a cutting - in the same year. At suitable conditions the productive period can last up to 20–25 years.
The fruits are large, up to 1.5 cm, shiny, juicy, sweet and sour, tart, do not crumble until frost.. There is no need to hurry with the collection - in September the berries become tastier.
Over time, it turned out that chokeberry berries are not just useful - they are healing, and this is recognized by official medicine. The composition of its fruits is unique. The combination of vitamins P and C is of particular value. Moreover, in terms of the content of the first chokeberry, it is unmatched among all fruit, berry and vegetable crops of the middle zone (1 g of fresh berries fully satisfies the daily requirement), and in terms of vitamin C content it approaches lingonberries and cranberries .
Berries are rich in vitamins A, E, B, PP, contain trace elements, including fluorine, iodine, copper, iron, zinc, boron. They are used for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and hypertension. They improve brain activity, have a positive effect on the immune system and the activity of gastric enzymes, help with diabetes, sleep disturbances, overwork, treat radiation sickness, and relieve allergic reactions. Most of biologically active substances are concentrated in the skin. Not only fresh fruits are useful, but also frozen, dried, juice and even processed products such as jam, jelly, jam, compote. But the fermentation process greatly destroys the complex of useful compounds, although it must be admitted that very tasty wine is obtained from the “chokeberry”.
A contraindication to the use of chokeberry is increased blood clotting, hypotension, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, gastritis with high acidity.
Aronia is not only an excellent honey plant, but also a bee healer - its phytoncidal properties are detrimental to many pests and diseases that bees suffer from, including such dangerous ones as bee mites.
Aronia can be used in group landings, in hedges and as a tapeworm. Particularly impressive are plants grafted at a height of 1.5 m on a stem of mountain ash or hawthorn. You can form them in the shape of a ball.
© Tie Guy II
Aronia is an unpretentious and winter-hardy plant.
Aronia is best planted in autumn. It is not difficult to choose a place for planting, since any soil is suitable for it, except for saline ones. The bulk of the roots is within the projection of the crown at a depth of up to 50 cm, so it is quite tolerant of the close standing of groundwater.
The distance between plants should be at least 2 m so that the bushes do not shade each other. The size of the planting pits is 60 x 60 cm, the depth is 40–45 cm.
The planting mixture is prepared by mixing the top layer of the earth with 1-2 buckets of humus, compost or peat, add 150 g of superphosphate and 60-70 g of potassium sulfate. The root neck is deepened by 1–1.5 cm. Immediately after planting, it is recommended to cut the seedlings, leaving stumps 15–20 cm high with 4–5 buds.
In the first two years of planting, they are fed with ammonium nitrate (50 g per pit). From the age of five, 1-1.5 buckets of humus or compost, up to 70 g of superphosphate and up to 30 g of potassium sulfate are added to the trunk circles. The soil is kept sufficiently moist - this is a necessary condition for a bountiful harvest..
Starting from the seventh or eighth year of fruiting, the crown must be thinned out. In old, neglected plantations, rejuvenating pruning is done, cutting down all the shoots to the soil level.. This stimulates the growth of coppice shoots, of which no more than ten of the most developed ones are left.
© Tappinen
Chokeberry is an exceptionally light-loving crop. It is also demanding on soil moisture.. It can be planted in those areas where an apple or pear tree will not grow - where they come close ground water. It tolerates a slight acidity of the soil, but bears fruit better on a neutral one. Therefore, when planting, lime or wood ash must be added.
Chokeberry is an early crop. In the third year after planting in a permanent place, it already gives the first harvest.. Differs in the big pobegoproizvoditelny ability. The most productive of her are the branches of age from 4 to 7 years. Fertilization of flowers occurs with the help of insects and wind. root system in chokeberry, it is highly branched, fibrous and penetrates to a depth of 2-3 m. However, their main mass lies in the soil layer up to 60 cm.
It is easy to propagate by root offspring, parts of the bush, layering, cuttings.. Seedlings can be grown from seeds. Planting pits are dug 40 cm deep and 50 cm in diameter. Soil preparation is no different from preparation for other berry crops. A bucket of humus and 60-80 g of superphosphate are introduced into each hole. Aronia is planted at a distance of 2 x 2.5 m from each other.
Caring for chokeberry consists in tillage, weeding, fertilizing, pruning and shaping bushes, pest and disease control.
reproduction
Chokeberry is propagated by seeds, root offspring, layering, dividing the bush, lignified and green cuttings and grafting into the crown or seedling of ordinary mountain ash. The most widely used seed method of reproduction, based on the property of chokeberry to give relatively the same plants in terms of growth, yield and fruit quality. Since this crop still does not have varieties, propagation by seeds remains the main way.
Seed propagation is not difficult, but requires great attention and adherence to a certain order of stratification. Dry seeds are stored in bags made of dense fabric at a temperature not exceeding 5°C. Before stratification, seed bags are placed in water at a temperature of 18°C for a day. Then 10 days they are stored on racks at room temperature, periodically moistening, or placed in a box filled with moss or sawdust.
After that, the seeds in the box are placed on ice with a layer of 15-20 cm. The bottom is made with a groove for draining melt water. Seed bags are also layered with pieces of ice. The filled box is buried for 3-4 months in a 2 m high snow pile and covered with plastic wrap, and on top with sawdust or straw. Three to four days before sowing, the seeds are brought into a warm room and ventilated.
Seeds can be stratified for 90 days in a basement with a constant temperature of 4-5°C. To do this, they are mixed with coarse sand in a ratio of 1:4 or peat-1:2. During stratification, the substrate is kept moist.
For sowing seeds, light, fertile soils, cleared of weeds . Seeds are mixed with sawdust, evenly sown in grooves 6-8 cm deep, covered with soil 0.5 cm and mulched with a layer of sawdust or humus. To obtain good planting material, the first time the seedlings are thinned out when two true leaves are formed, leaving a distance of 3 cm between them, the second time - in the phase of four to five leaves at a distance of 6 cm. The last thinning is done in the spring of next year with a distance of 10 cm.
For growing seedlings of two years of age without transplanting, the distance between rows is 70-90 cm. In the conditions of the Leningrad region with a protracted and cold spring, it is more profitable to first grow seedlings in protected ground (in a greenhouse or at room conditions) and, in the phase of three to five true leaves, dive onto ridges with placement in three to four lines at a distance of 25 cm, in a row - 5-7 cm.
You can grow seedlings by rooting annual lignified and summer green cuttings. The propagation methods are the same as for other berry bushes.
Chokeberry produces rhizomatous offspring that can be used for planting. After planting, the upper part of the shoot is cut off, leaving 3-5 buds. It can be grafted onto mature tree mountain ash ordinary for the bark or split. The first way is more accessible.
© Sanja
rowan moth
This pest is widely distributed. More than 20% of rowan fruits are damaged per year. Sometimes found on an apple tree. Pupae overwinter in the soil and fallen leaves, so plant debris should be destroyed. The brown-winged butterfly often appears in early summer. Approximately a week after emergence, it begins to lay eggs in several pieces on the top of the fetus. One female is able to lay up to 45 eggs. Caterpillars are pale red or gray in color. They leave the eggs after two weeks and penetrate the fruit, making narrow passages, the caterpillars get to the seeds and gnaw them out.
Cherry slimy sawfly
It usually appears around the beginning of July, and by autumn the sawfly already seriously damages the leaves of the tree, destroying them completely less often. The mid-grown insect has a shiny black color, its wings are transparent. The larva is up to 9 mm long, greenish- yellow covered with black slime. The pupa is white in a dense oval-shaped cocoon. The female lays her egg on a tree leaf, thereby making an incision inside the leaf. One female can lay up to 70 eggs. The eggs are oval and pale green in color. About 10 eggs can be found on one leaf. The hatching of larvae occurs in about a week. The larvae feed on the leaves for 1 month, then go into the soil, where they overwinter. To kill the pest, plants are pollinated with lime or sprayed with a solution of soda ash.
Aronia berries have a pleasant sour-sweet, tart taste. Aronia is a real storehouse of nutrients! It contains rich natural complex vitamins (P, C, E, K, B1, B2, B6, beta-carotene), macro- and microelements (boron, iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, fluorine), sugars (glucose, sucrose, fructose), pectin and tannins. For example, in the fruits of aronia, vitamin P is 2 times more than in black currants, and 20 times more than in oranges and apples. And the iodine content in chokeberry berries is 4 times higher than in strawberries, gooseberries and raspberries.
The pectin substances contained in the chokeberry remove heavy metals and radioactive substances from the body, retain and remove different kinds pathogenic microorganisms. Pectins normalize the functioning of the intestines, eliminate spasms and have a choleretic effect. The healing properties of chokeberry help strengthen the walls of blood vessels, improving their firmness and elasticity.
Also, one of the most useful properties of this berry is the normalization of blood pressure and lowering blood cholesterol levels. Chokeberry fruits are prescribed for various disorders in the blood coagulation system, bleeding, rheumatism, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and allergic diseases. Recent studies have shown that chokeberry improves liver function, and regular use of this berry improves immunity and has a positive effect on the endocrine system.
But, unfortunately, in some diseases, chokeberry may be contraindicated.. So, it is not recommended for gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, gastritis, frequent constipation, hypotension, increased blood clotting and thrombophlebitis.
© Tappinen
www.botanichka.ru
Chokeberry (Aronia)
Aronia, or chokeberry, is a shrub up to 3 m high, compact, with a spreading (up to 2 m in diameter) crown. There can be up to 50 stems of different ages in a bush.
The fruits are round, apple-shaped, black or black-purple with a bluish bloom, shiny, quite juicy, sour-sweet, with an astringent tart taste. They contain many useful substances - sugar, malic, ascorbic, folic acids, pectin, carotene, citrine (vitamin P), as well as trace elements - iron, iodine, manganese, etc.
Aronia is winter-hardy, undemanding to soils, photophilous, resistant to pests and diseases, tolerates transplantation well. This is one of the most early-growing crops - it begins to bear fruit 1-2 years after planting.
Useful properties of Aronia
Aronia has gained wide popularity and is grown in gardens as a fruit and medicinal crop. Its berries are useful for hypertension, diabetes, gastritis with low acidity, kidney disease, rheumatism, reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood, etc.
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The use of chokeberry juice contributes to the establishment optimal ratio processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex and a decrease in emotional imbalance. Jam, compote, jam, jelly, juice are made from fruits, while all medicinal properties are preserved.
Aronia chokeberry, mashed with sugar, has a capillary-strengthening and anti-sclerotic effect. It is prepared as follows: well-washed fruits are blanched in boiling water for 5–6 minutes, after which they are rubbed through a stainless steel sieve; the mashed mass is thoroughly mixed with granulated sugar (1: 1), heated to a temperature of 80 ° C (until the sugar stops crunching on the teeth) and laid out in hot sterilized jars. Sterilized in boiling water: floor - liter jars - 20 minutes, liter - 25-30 minutes.
Aronia fruits can also be dried by spreading them in a thin layer on a baking sheet, in an oven or oven at a temperature of 60-70 ° C. During drying, open the door to allow fresh air to enter. Ready fruits have a dense texture and crumble well.
How to plant Aronia
Aronia is planted in spring (late April) and autumn (mid-September). So that the bushes do not shade each other, the distance between them should be 2–2.5 m.
Pits are dug with a diameter of 60 and a depth of 50 cm. For 1 pit from organic fertilizers, they take 1 bucket of manure or vegetable humus and peat, 500 g of the soil-nutrient mixture of the universal "Exo", from mineral - 2 tablespoons of nitrophoska, 2 tablespoons of superphosphate and 1 tablespoon a spoonful of potassium sulfate. Everything is thoroughly mixed with the earth taken out of the pit, they fall asleep back into the pit, watered and seedlings are planted a week later. Before planting, their roots are shortened by 20–25 cm.
Care and feeding of chokeberry
Care consists in watering and fertilizing Aronia, especially during fruit ripening, as well as in the constant loosening of tree trunks by mulching with humus, compost, peat, and fertile soil.
Up to 3 top dressings are carried out per season.
The first dressing of chokeberry is done in the spring, when the leaves begin to bloom: 2 tablespoons of Ideal fertilizer are diluted in 10 liters of water, 5–6 liters of solution are spent on young bushes, and up to 20 liters on fruit-bearing ones.
The second top dressing is carried out at the beginning of flowering: for 10 liters of water, they take 1 tablespoon of potassium sulphate and 2 tablespoons of organic fertilizer "Effekton - berry", watered at the rate of 8 liters per young bush, 20-25 liters - fruiting.
The third dressing is done after the final harvest of berries (in autumn): 2 tablespoons of superphosphate and potassium sulfate are diluted in 10 liters of water, 10 liters are spent on young bushes, and 20 liters on fruit-bearing ones.
How to prune chokeberry
Aronia forms a shoot well, which must be removed in time, otherwise the bush is very overgrown, which negatively affects the crop.
Root shoots are dug up and cut off from the mother plant.
From old bushes, shoots that bear fruit are cut out, which already give small berries, and replace them with new, strong ones. Usually 20-25 shoots of different ages are left.
Aronia bears fruit annually and yields up to 5–8 kg per bush.
Description of the sweet late autumn pear variety Medovaya Description and characteristics of the variety The pear is classified as a late autumn variety. This variety appeared as a result breeding work a group of scientists from the Crimean test base in the 60s. last century. That is why the tree is often called the Crimean honey pear. […]
Fashion for standard forms of currant and gooseberry, and after it, and most others horticultural crops, came to us from Europe, where gardeners tired of the monotony, and simply the owners of their plots are trying to surprise their neighbors and guests with something.
Using stamp forms fruit bushes in our suburban areas, it is not only possible, it is simply necessary: these plants are a decoration of the garden, facilitate the collection of fruits, give aesthetic pleasure when contemplating them, allow you to transform a dull area into a special and very interesting world in which familiar plants appear in a new one for us form.
There are two ways to get a plant formed on a stem, the first is that the plant, whether it be currant, gooseberry, chokeberry or irga, removes all side shoots, leaving only a shoot that is designed to remove the stem from it when it reaches desired height. Pinch off the top and form a bush. The bush is formed due to the fact that side shoots appear from the axils of the leaves, the tops of which are also pinched, this procedure is carried out 2-3 times until the crown branches well enough.
A stem is a part of a tree trunk from the root collar to the first skeletal branch located in the lower tier of the crown. By height and purpose, all stems are divided into high-stem, semi-stem, low-stem, bushy and creeping.
The second way to obtain standard plants is grafting on a stamb former, which is golden currant (when grafting currants and gooseberries) and common mountain ash (when grafting chokeberry and shadberry). This method is more interesting because it is less time consuming and the result is original trees. Such trees-bushes on legs have their advantages. Firstly, they are beautiful - such a tree can become the center of absolutely any composition in the garden. Secondly, the crown of such a plant is much better illuminated, which avoids many diseases.
Currant and gooseberry
The transformation of an ordinary currant and gooseberry plant into a standard plant can be easily accomplished by grafting. It is carried out in early spring during the period of active sap flow on the scion and stock, which is easy to check, just make an oblique cut and run a dry finger over it, if you feel moisture on the skin, this is a signal - it's time to graft. Don't be in too much of a hurry to get vaccinated. Excessive moisture, recurrent cold, insufficient plant activity - all this can lead to the fact that both plants (both scion and rootstock) will die. As a rootstock (the plant on which they will be grafted) for both gooseberries and currants, golden currant is ideal. Grafting on it is carried out with a cutting by the method of improved copulation (with a tongue), wrapping the places of cuts with plastic wrap. Further care for the "postoperative" plants consists in watering, fertilizing with complex fertilizers and removing wild shoots on the trunk. In the autumn, when it is clear that the vaccination has turned out, new shoots will be observed at the scion, the film is carefully removed, it is better to do this by cutting off the knot with a sharp budding knife, trying not to damage the shoot. It is imperative to remove the film, because if this is not done, constrictions may form, since the film will prevent the natural thickening of the trunk, and in this place, most likely, there will be a break, which will lead to the death of the scion.
Immediately after the film is removed, it is necessary to protect the new plant from gusts of wind, since, alas, the standard forms of currants and gooseberries cannot grow without supports - even an average gust of wind breaks them, so the establishment of supports is a must. Either wooden pegs or metal rods can be used as a support. Both, of course, spoil the picture. natural beauty, but, giving the supports a somewhat sophisticated look - painting metal rod, or by cutting out a kind of dry shoot from a wooden peg, you can smooth out the forced intervention in nature.
The next season after grafting, it is highly likely that you will receive, along with aesthetic pleasure, the first fruits, which often have a peculiar, more pleasant taste and a larger mass than fruits grown in the usual bush form.
Aronia and irga
These are another favorites, which, along with currants and gooseberries, have suffered the fate of being a decoration of garden plots in the form of a bush on a leg. For chokeberry and shadberry, it is no longer necessary to use golden currant as a stock (it will not give a result), but a plant more compatible with them. Rowan ordinary is ideal for this. Compatibility is almost 100%, there are no sags and kinks at the junction of the scion and stock.
The grafting of chokeberry and shadberry on a stem former is carried out in the same way as in the case of currants and gooseberries - in the spring, when sap flow is most active. Grafting is carried out on a cloudy day or in the morning by the method of improved copulation with a cutting (with a tongue), the cut points are isolated with garden pitch and wrapped with plastic wrap. Watering after vaccination is not necessary, but if there is such an opportunity, then it can be carried out, top dressing is also not needed. The scion fuses with the stock quickly, after a few days the buds on the scion (and at least three of them should be left on the handle) begin to awaken, shoots actively grow. As soon as the trunk of the scion and rootstock (now common) begins to thicken, the film must be removed. The positive thing about using these crops and mountain ash as a rootstock is that the supports are absolutely not needed. Rowan ordinary can only suffer from the action of very strong gusts of wind, when even supports do not help, it has a high degree of elasticity and bends, not breaks. In view of this, standard forms of chokeberry and mountain ash can be planted quite calmly in any part of the garden. Flowering plants of these crops will add charm and grace, and ripened fruits will decorate the upper tier of the site.
Well, if the process of plant formation is too complicated for you, then go to nurseries or autumn exhibitions and get the specimens you like there, because autumn is ahead - the time for laying a new orchard.
Nikolai Khromov, researcher, Ph.D. Sciences, Scientific Secretary of ANIRR,
Member of the All-Union Society of Geneticists and Breeders
GNU VNIIS them. I. V. Michurina RASH
Lettuce, as the earliest and most unpretentious green crop, has always been held in high esteem by gardeners. Spring plantings most gardeners usually start by planting lettuce, parsley, and radishes. Recently, the desire for a healthy diet and big choice greens in supermarkets make gardeners wonder which of these plants can be grown in their beds? In this article we will talk about the nine most interesting, in our opinion, varieties of lettuce.
Despite the fact that the calendar spring begins in March, you can really feel the awakening of nature only with the appearance of flowering plants in the garden. Nothing testifies to the arrival of spring as eloquently as clearings of blooming primroses. Their appearance is always a small holiday, because winter has receded, and a new garden season awaits us ahead. But, besides spring primroses, there is still something to see and admire in the garden in the month of April.
Carrots come in a variety of colors: orange, white, yellow, purple. Orange carrots are dominated by beta-carotene and lycopene, the yellow color is due to the presence of xanthophylls (lutein); white carrots are high in fiber, while purple ones contain anthocyanin, beta and alpha carotenes. But, as a rule, gardeners choose varieties of carrots for sowing not by the color of the fruit, but by the timing of their ripening. We will talk about the best early, medium and late varieties in this article.
We recommend a fairly easy recipe for a pie with a delicious filling of chicken and potatoes. Chicken and potato open pie is a great hearty dish that is suitable for a hearty snack, it is very convenient to take a couple of pieces of this pastry on the road. The cake is baked in the oven for one hour at 180 degrees. After that, lay it out on a wooden surface, after releasing it from the mold. It is enough to slightly cool the pastries and you can start tasting.
The long-awaited spring for many houseplants is the period of the start of active vegetation, and for the majority - the return of their decorative effect. Admiring the young leaves and emerging shoots, you should not forget that spring is also a big stress for all houseplants. Sensitive to changes in conditions and versatile, all indoor crops are faced with much brighter lighting, changes in air humidity and temperature conditions.
You can easily cook homemade Easter cake with cottage cheese and candied fruits, even without any confectionery experience behind you. You can bake Easter cake not only in a special form or in a paper mold. For the first culinary experiences (and not only) I advise you to take a small cast-iron frying pan. Easter cake in a pan will not turn out as high as in a narrow form, but it never burns and always bakes well inside! Yeast curd dough is airy and fragrant.
It is also interesting in that its fruits (pumpkins) are used as food by young, not ripe ones (zelenets). This means that you do not have to wait for the harvest to ripen, and from late spring to autumn you can have fresh vegetables on the menu. In your beds, it is better to grow varieties and hybrids of zucchini that are resistant to disease and change. weather conditions. This eliminates unwanted treatments and allows you to get a crop in any weather. It is about such varieties of zucchini that will be discussed in this article.
In the middle lane, April is the time when the first flowering of plants begins in gardens and parks. The constant soloists of the spring that has come into its own are bulbous primroses. But also among ornamental shrubs you can meet those that will delight you with fragrant flowers that enliven a still inconspicuous garden. The main riot of flowering ornamental shrubs falls on the month of May, and most of them, as a rule, bloom in mid-May.
Salad "Uzbekistan" with green radish, boiled meat and eggs is a classic dish of Uzbek cuisine, known to many since the days of the USSR. In any Uzbek restaurant for a snack, you could order this unpretentious, but very tasty salad with meat and radish. If you have never cooked this dish before, I advise you to try it - you will like it and fall into the favorite category! You can diversify the taste a little and add finely chopped cilantro, parsley and a pod of red chili pepper.
We are offered such a huge number of different preparations that, at times, even an experienced summer resident can get confused in the choice of a particular fertilizer. In this article, we invite the reader to get acquainted with OMU - a complex granular organomineral fertilizer of prolonged action, which compares favorably with other modern complex fertilizers. Why WMD is the best food, which you can offer your plants, and how does it work?
The group of medicinal plants that have a general calming (sedative) effect includes a large number of aromatic herbs and shrubs. At correct application teas and infusions from these plants help to cope with stressful situations, improve mood, eliminate or reduce nervous overexcitation. In this article, we will talk about the nine most interesting, in our opinion, medicinal plants that can be grown on the site without much difficulty.
Aroma is not the most important and not at all associated with orchids trait. But in some species and individual varieties, the smell is a significant addition to their main "image". Favorite sweets, confectionery and spicy flavors are not uncommon among orchids. Vanilla aromas or more original spicy notes make the delightfully bright flowers even more exotic. And you can choose spicy fragrant orchids from both popular and rare species.
Easy pear and walnut muffins - sweet, juicy and delicious! The homeland of muffins is considered to be Great Britain and America. In England, such cupcakes are made from rich yeast dough, in America from buttery yeast-free dough, which is loosened with baking soda or baking powder, or both at the same time. The basic muffin recipe looks something like this: 200 g flour, 200 ml milk or kefir, 100 g eggs, 100 g butter, baking powder and soda.
What does it take to get a good potato crop? Many gardeners will say - good seed material, fertile soil, timely watering and top dressing. But there is one negative factor, which can significantly reduce the yield of potatoes, despite the fulfillment of the above conditions - weeds. On plantations overgrown with weeds, it is not possible to get a rich harvest of potatoes, and reusable weeding is one of the most time-consuming procedures in crop care.
Some of the summer residents are lucky, and they acquire an estate with several adult sprawling trees that create shade and cozy corners. But our new dacha there were practically no such plantings. And the half-empty area behind the chain-link mesh turned out to be completely open to prying eyes. Therefore, this interesting design that meets the specific requirements of our family. I think our experience in building a multifunctional support for plants will be of interest to you.
IRGA CANADIAN
Almost round, petiolate leaves. The flowers are white, with shades. Propagated by petioles, root offspring, dividing the bush and seeds. Berries are best picked when overripe. True, they are difficult to keep intact by birds, which are very eager for them.
Yes, delicious, sweet berries of irgi! At least eat like that, at least make compotes from them, at least make jam. And they are rich in vitamins C, B1 and B2, provitamin A. They contain up to 10 percent of sugar. There are carotene, malic acid, other trace elements,
Irga is applicable for anemia, it treats disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. But in this case better use dried berries: more tannins. Two - three tablespoons of dry fruits pour half a liter of boiling water (preferably in a thermos), insist for about an hour. Drink a quarter cup 3-4 times a day.
Irgi juice is good for gargling with sore throat or tonsillitis, it also reduces high blood pressure, and is used for hypertension. But n is suitable for treatment: only he, but also the bark, leaves, color. Alcohol tincture of irgi flowers (1:10) treats hypertension and heart. In case of indigestion and intestines, a tablespoon of chopped grass is poured with half a liter of boiling water, boiled for 20-30 minutes over low heat. After the drug has cooled, it is filtered. They drink 3-4 times a day. Or else: a spoonful of crushed leaves is poured with the same amount of boiling water, boiled for 10-15 minutes. They wait until it cools down, pass it through a sieve or gauze and use it in the same concentration and the same number of times. A decoction of the leaves is used to treat wounds and diseases of the skin.
ARonia (chokeberry)
Aronia (chokeberry) is a shrub up to two and a half meters high, not so rare in home gardens and summer cottages. Many gardeners love this plant, which has a "normal" - green color and turns red with the advent of autumn. The leaves are alternate. The flowers are not large, but noticeable: white or pinkish, five-membered, densely collected in dense corymbose inflorescences. Berries - a centimeter or more in diameter, round, juicy, black, shiny, with a bluish bloom. You can eat them both fresh, and dried, and processed (jam, marmalade) form. There is no need to talk about valuable medicinal value: the "parade" of vitamins - P, A. B1, B2, E, C, plus sugars, organic acids, tannins, iodine.
Chokeberry juice is suitable for rheumatism, as well as for the prevention and treatment of radiation sickness (now this is more than relevant!). Berries increase the acidity of gastric juice, therefore, they are useful for those suffering from anacid gastritis, who have high blood pressure, bleeding, and burns. They also contribute to the proper growth of the body, the rapid healing of wounds, protect against scurvy, strengthen muscles, treat headaches, depression, mental disorders, and skin diseases. Not only that, they protect against infertility, improve eyesight (consider that the cherished "unit" is provided to you!), Treat myopia. All? Where there! They also relieve skin flaking, restore the bone marrow, refreshing the blood. In addition, chokeberry neutralizes the side effects of drugs. Salicylates, for example.
True, one "BUT": it is not recommended to use chokeberry berries for ulcers and diseases of the duodenum, with hyperacidity gastric juice.
It is no secret that most household plots cannot boast of a large area, and after the construction of the house and the necessary outbuildings, there is very little space left for landscaping. Therefore, it is quite difficult for beginner gardeners to make their garden comfortable for relaxation, beautiful, and at the same time place plants that produce healthy, vitamin fruits. But there are quite a lot of such shrubs. We will talk about them.
In past years, even in urban gardening, felt cherry (Prunus tomentosa, or Cerasus tomentosa) was used. It got its name because of the external resemblance of its fruits to cherry fruits, although this species is closer not to cherries, with which it is incompatible when grafted, but to plums, for which it serves as a low-growing stock. Breeders of the Far Eastern Research Institute Agriculture the first large-fruited varieties "Amurka" and "Summer" were created. Its large-fruited hybrids with sand cherries are known: "Coral", "Cascade", "Elgera". Felt cherry grows in the form of a tall shrub up to 1.5-2.5 m, sprawling. In April-May, it is covered with many pinkish-white flowers up to 2 cm in diameter, simultaneously with the dissolution of leaves, which later in autumn turn into light yellow and carmine tones, giving the bush an additional decorative effect.
Cherry felt in blossom
In June, the branches of the shrub are literally strewn with spherical, shiny, slightly pubescent, bright red-orange fruits with a pleasant sour-sweet taste. They can be eaten both fresh and processed, since the fruits contain 6-10% sugars, about 1% organic matter and 10-30mg/100g of vitamin C.
Here is one way to make felted cherry marmalade:
Wash the fruits, remove the stalks and seeds, crush with a crush, rub through a sieve, add sugar in three steps (1.1 kg per 1.2 kg of cherries), each time boiling down the mass. Cut the ready thickened marmalade into slices, sprinkle with powdered sugar, let cool, put in boxes and store in a cool place.
Felt cherry fruits Prunus tomentosa
This species is unpretentious, frost-resistant and drought-resistant, although it is better to water the plant to get a good harvest (from one bush with good care up to 5-15 kg). Pruning is almost not required, except for thinning thickening branches. Most often they are propagated by seeds (stratification at 0-5 ° C in sand, peat for 2-3 months or without stratification immediately after harvest, seedlings bear fruit already for 3-4 years), green cuttings, and varietal specimens - by grafting on cherry plum, bessey (sand cherry) or felt cherry.
Many are familiar and have long loved a useful and beautiful shrub (or small tree) irga (Amelanchier). The following species are more often cultivated: guests from North America Canadian shadberry (A. canadensis), smooth shadberry (A. laevis), blood-red shadberry (A. sanguinea), spiked shadberry (A. spicata), Lamarck shadberry (A. lamarckii), and also round-leaved irga (A. ovalis) comes from the Crimea and the Caucasus, Europe, Asia Minor and North Africa. The most decorative is the irga profusely flowering (A.florida), also a North American species, in May-June covered with a mass of white 2-3 cm flowers in 5-15-flowered racemes.
Irga smooth Amelanchier laevis in bloom
Irgi fruits are apple-shaped, rounded, 10-15 mm in diameter, dark purple or almost black, with a wax coating, sweet, pleasant in taste, ripen early in mid-late June. Irgi fruits do not ripen at the same time, so they are harvested in several doses or once when fully ripe, as they do not crumble. From one bush you can collect 7-15 kg. The fruits of shadberry contain 8-12% sugars, 0.4-0.9% organic acids, 0.002-0.007% carotene, up to 0.0040 flavonols, as well as vitamins C and B2, trace elements. Fruits can be eaten both fresh and dried, make jam, marshmallow, jelly and compotes, freeze. The fruits of irgi have long been used in traditional medicine for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases.
Fruits of irgi
Several varieties of shadberry have been bred: 'Altaglow', 'Forestburg', 'Pembina' and 'Smoky'. All cultivated species of shadberry are very undemanding to growing conditions, frost- and heat-resistant, durable (bearing fruit annually for 40-50 years), practically not damaged by pests and diseases. Irgu can be propagated by sowing seed seeds
(seedlings bloom and bear fruit for 3 years), green cuttings and grafting.
In ornamental horticulture, shadberry species are valued for their high decorativeness at all stages of development - from leaf dissolution and flowering to fruiting and bright autumn coloring - and unpretentiousness. Irga is good both in single and in group plantings, as well as in the form of topiaries and hedges. It is used in fruit growing as a rootstock for undersized apple and pear trees.
Irga Lamarck in autumn outfit
Aronia chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) is native to eastern North America. Many call it "chokeberry" for the external similarity of the berries. Aronia got its name from the Greek word "aros", which means "help", "benefit", emphasizing its undoubted health benefits. In nature, it is a sprawling shrub 0.5-2 m tall, with whole leaves similar to cherry ones. Nurseries often offer chokeberry in standard form, grafted onto mountain ash. In May-June, the bush is covered with white flowers with a faint smell in corymbose inflorescences (12-34 flowers each), and in August medium-sized (6-8 mm, up to 1g) black fruits with a slight wax coating ripen. From one bush you can collect 5-15 kg of berries. Aronia fruits contain 6-10% sugars, up to 1% organic acids and pectin substances, 10-100mg/100g of vitamin C, vitamins A, E and K and 1-3% P-active substances, which allows them to be used for the treatment of hypertension . All useful substances are well preserved in berries until spring.
chokeberry flowers
Aronia berries are tart in taste, so they are often dried, frozen, jam, compotes are made from them (it can also be mixed with other berries, improving the appearance of compotes and jams from pale berries and fruits), jam, marmalade, jelly. For storage, the fruits are collected in shields.
Aronia fruits
Aronia is quite frost-resistant, unpretentious, however, a good harvest of fruits can be obtained only by watering and in well-lit places. The distance between fruit-bearing bushes should be 1.5-2 m, avoiding thickening. Aronia is characterized by the formation of apogamous seeds that give maternal type plants, therefore this shrub is most often propagated by seeds, for which they are stratified at 0-5 ° C in sand or peat for 3-4 months and sown in the ground in spring. Summer cuttings, division of the bush and layering are also practiced. Aronia is also beautiful in group plantings and free-growing hedges, and in autumn its leaves blaze in all shades from purple to orange.
Victoria Roy
landscape designer
specially for the Internet portal
garden center "Your Garden"
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