In almost every garden you can find ornamental flowering shrubs. They have many advantages. Firstly, they are very beautiful, secondly, many of them are quite frost-resistant, and thirdly, they are high and low (which expands the possibilities of using them for different types of landscapes). But the main thing is that with their correct selection, it is possible to achieve constant flowering of shrubs from the first spring days until late autumn. They are valued not only for their beautiful, often fragrant flowers, but also for their decorative leaves, crown shape and various fruits. There is a great variety of ornamental shrubs.
Most shrubs do not lose their decorative effect throughout the warm season, and some remain attractive even in winter.
There are shrubs that attract with their bright and abundant flowering, they can be called beautifully flowering. And there are those who cannot boast of beautiful flowers, but they have leaves of an unusual color or shape. Such bushes can be called decorative leafy.
The first group includes rhododendrons, lilac, hydrangea, bulldenezh, spirea, hawthorn, buddley, euonymus and some types of barberry. And from the second group, one can name Thunberg's barberry, holly, privet, tannery and others.
It is possible to divide flowering ornamental shrubs into groups according to the time of flowering. In April, we are pleased with forsythia, wolfberry, daphne. A little later they are joined by chaenomeles, low almond, cotoneaster, spirea, barberry. In May, viburnum, wild rose, lilac, and mock orange take over. Summer gives us the flowering of roses, cinquefoil, some varieties of spirea. In July, hydrangeas conquer with their beauty, which adorn the gardens until the very cold. In early autumn bloom: heather, kalmiya. Well, in winter, the decoration of the garden will be holly and its coniferous counterparts.
Autumn gardens look unusually colorful and elegant, thanks to some deciduous types of shrubs. When nothing else is in bloom, barberry, euonymus, chokeberry, spirea, wild rose, skumpia and hybrid azaleas add bright colors of various shades of autumn with their foliage. Most shrubs have fruits that are also very decorative.
Shrubs differ in growth, you can pick up both dwarf - undersized, and high varieties. The shape of the crown is domed, upright (pyramidal), fountain-shaped, creeping.
In addition to beauty and decorativeness, the practical properties of shrubs should also be emphasized. They grow fast enough and are long-lived (up to 5-8 years without a transplant). Most of them are unpretentious in terms of illumination, soil composition, and are quite frost-resistant. Do not require constant care. Thanks to the superficial root system, they can grow on slopes, fixing loose soil.
Barberry (Berberis)- deciduous or evergreen thorny shrubs, the barberry family. The color of barberry leaves is very diverse, in addition to the usual green, it can be variegated - with spots or a border, as well as purple or yellow. The height of the bush is also different, it depends on the variety. The range is from low - up to 30 cm, to high - more than 3 m. Barberry flowers are small yellow bells. Blooms in mid-May. Excellent honey plant. 
It will not cause much trouble, because it is a very unpretentious shrub. Loves the light, but grows well in the shade. It is completely undemanding to soils, it does not tolerate only soaking. Not afraid of wind and drought. It is frost-resistant, especially the variety - Thunberg's barberry (Berberis thunbergii), however, in the first three years, a little shelter is needed for the winter. If the barberry variety is unknown to you, then you need to make a frame of arcs and cover it with non-woven material in two layers (as some variegated varieties may be less frost-resistant).
Undersized species of barberry look great on rocky hills and in rock gardens. And tall ones - like tapeworms and in group plantings. This shrub is a leader in use in hedges and borders, both clipped and loose.
Common privet (Ligustrum vulgare)- deciduous or evergreen shrub, olive family, 2-3 meters high. In June-August, pretty paniculate inflorescences appear with a pleasant aroma, white or cream. They are replaced by shiny black fruits. The leaves are leathery, most varieties are dark green, but there are also decorative forms with yellow, bluish-silver leaves.
Privet is an unpretentious plant. Can grow in full sun and partial shade. Any soil is suitable (except clayey with an acidic reaction). It is drought-resistant, in very hot weather rare but plentiful watering is recommended. Winter-hardy, easily restored, only some varieties need to be covered.
A feature of privet is that it responds very well to a haircut and can retain its shape for a long time. Therefore, it is great for dense borders. It makes wonderful molded hedges. You can even create unusual living walls. Topiary figures cut from privet are a wonderful landscape decoration.
Spirea (Spiraea)- Deciduous shrub with beautifully curving branches, Rosaceae family. This is a large genus of shrubs, which is divided into spring-flowering and summer-flowering. Flowers are varied in the form of inflorescences and color (from white to deep crimson). Its height does not exceed 2 m.
The plant is very unpretentious. Well adapted to urban conditions. Grows well in partial shade, but prefers full sun. Any soil is suitable, but slightly acidic is best. Watering is moderate. It grows quickly, blooms in the third year. Frost-resistant.
Has gained well-deserved love from gardeners and landscape designers. The vast variety of its varieties provides many opportunities for creativity. The shape of the bush can be pyramidal, spherical, flowing. The color of the leaves varies from green to yellow, orange or purple-red. Numerous small flowers are collected in inflorescences of various shapes. All these features of the crown, leaves and flowers allow you to create wonderful compositions. And if you choose the right varieties, you can admire the continuous flowering of spirea throughout the warm season. It is used in rockeries, hedges, as a frame for green-leaved groups of trees.
Bobovnik (Laburnum)- the legume family, has 6 types of shrubs, valued for their beautiful flowering. The most common are anagyroleaf bean or Golden Rain (Laburnum anagyroides) and Alpine bean (Laburnum alpinum). 'Golden Rain' is a shrub with smooth green and later light brown bark. It can have both pyramidal and dome-shaped drooping crown shape. The leaves are trifoliate, consist of oval leaves, the underside of which is pubescent. At the end of summer they become light yellow. Blooms in May. Inflorescences in the form of a large hanging brush (up to 30 cm), consisting of yellow flowers with moth corollas. They have a weak aroma. The fruits are first pubescent, then become smooth. The alpine beaver is very similar to the "Golden Rain", although it is more frost-resistant. Its branches and leaves are smaller, the fruits are not pubescent.
The plant is poisonous! The fruits contain alkaloids - laburnine and cytisine. Children should not be allowed near it.
The beaver is light-loving. The soil is undemanding, but good drainage is required. Bobovnik requires constant pruning to avoid turning the shrub into a large (up to 7 m) tree. While the trees are young, they need support. The first three years, young plants should be mulched and covered with agrofibre. After a slight freezing, the crown is quickly restored.
Both in a group and in a single planting, it looks very bright and beautiful, thanks to the large number of huge flower brushes. From the beaver, delightful canopies and pergolas are obtained.
Rhododendron (Rhododendron)- deciduous or evergreen shrub, heather family. In nature, it grows in Western Siberia, the Far East, Mongolia and China. There are many varieties with a variety of foliage: spear-shaped, round, oval. Inflorescence corymbose. The shape of the flowers and their color are also very diverse, in their beauty they can even compete with roses. They bloom from the end of April and almost all summer. They began to grow little by little in gardens, but you need to carefully select frost-resistant varieties that can overwinter in our climate.
The site for planting rhododendrons should be protected from the wind and be in partial shade. The soil is acidic or neutral. Needs regular watering.
In our area, they do not reach large sizes. By choosing different varieties of rhododendrons, you can ensure their constant flowering throughout the season. They look very nice next to coniferous plants. Their undersized varieties are great for rock gardens. Rhododendrons are used to create hedges near water bodies.
Irga (Amelanchier)- deciduous shrub or small tree, Rosaceae family. In the spring, often ahead of the leaves, beautiful white flowers bloom on the irga. Flowering is short, after which small black-purple fruits of a rounded shape appear (similar to tiny apples). 
The fruits are tasty, juicy, rich in vitamins (especially P). The green leaves of the shadberry in autumn flash with bright colors: yellow, scarlet.
Irga is a very unpretentious plant. Light-loving, but tolerates shading. Doesn't like waterlogging. Very winter hardy. Not afraid of cold winds or spring frosts. Some species of this ornamental shrub are even suitable for decorating a garden in Siberia and the Far North.
This is not a complete list of frost-resistant ornamental shrubs.
shadow lovers
Many ornamental shrubs can grow and develop normally in moderately shaded areas. True, this may affect the abundance of flowering. Some also tolerate shading well, moreover, direct sunlight is contraindicated for them.
Dogwood (Cornus)- deciduous strongly branched shrub, dogwood family. In spring, dogwood decorates the garden with its flowering. Small white, purple or yellow dogwood flowers are collected in a head or umbrella (depending on the species). There are varieties in which small flowers in inflorescences are unsightly, but are surrounded by large bright petal-like leaves (bractei). 
In autumn, dogwood foliage also pleases the eye with bright yellow, orange and crimson colors. The fruits also ripen in autumn. Most often dark red, sometimes light yellow or pink, oblong in shape. They not only add decorativeness to the bush, but are also tasty and healthy.
Dogwood leaves burn easily in the open sun, so shaded areas are suitable for it. Prefers moist soil and air. The composition of the soil is undemanding. Most varieties are hardy, but some require little shelter for the winter. Differs dogwood and durability. In landscape design, dogwood bushes are used as a tapeworm or in mixborders.
Hydrangea (Hydrangea)- hydrangea family, deciduous ornamental shrub. The flowers are collected in large domed or paniculate inflorescences. Most often they are white, but there are blue, red and pink. The color of some plants may vary depending on the chemical composition of the soil. AT 
Depending on the variety, the height of the bushes ranges from 1 to 3 meters. There are also dwarf varieties.
The plant is moisture-loving, it is better to plant in partial shade. Many varieties of paniculate and tree hydrangeas are frost-resistant. However, protection is needed in the winter: pinning branches to the ground, followed by spruce branches and agrofibre. Frozen branches are pruned in spring and the plant grows quickly.
In landscape design it is used both singly and in compositions with coniferous or other ornamental shrubs, as well as bulbous flowers. The bushes look amazing due to the splendor of the inflorescences and their large number.
Holly (Ilex aquifolium) or Holly- evergreen or deciduous shrub, holly family. In the wild, it grows almost everywhere. It is a beautiful plant with dark green or bicolor leathery leaves. Flowering lasts only two weeks from May to July (depending on the variety). The flowers are small, white and fragrant. Especially decorative with the onset of winter, when modest flowers are replaced by bright seedlings of bead-berries. Holly is an indispensable component of Western Christmas wreaths. 
Many varieties of holly have been bred. Some with a white or yellow border around the edges of the leaves, or with a hint of blue. The purely male variety Blue Prince is an excellent pollinator. It should be noted that the holly plant is dioecious and female varieties delight us with red berries only if a male specimen grows nearby.
Holly areas exposed to the sun are contraindicated, as it can suffer from sunburn. You need to plant it in a shady place with forest soil. Does not tolerate drought, requires regular moisture. Most varieties are cold hardy.
Thanks to the dense and prickly foliage, the holly is well used as a hedge. It is a slow growing shrub that responds well to shearing, which is why it makes wonderful topiaries. The beautiful holly leaves make a great backdrop for bulbous or other perennial flowers in summer. Evergreen foliage and red berries make holly a bright accent in a deserted garden in winter.
coniferous shrubs
There is also a type of ornamental shrubs that have neither beautiful leaves nor flowers, but this makes them no less attractive. These are coniferous shrubs.
Juniper (Juniperus) is an evergreen shrub of the cypress family. The needles are needle-shaped or scaly. The fruits are blue-black cones (sometimes red-brown). The plant is dioecious. Exists 
many types of juniper. Among them there are also high bushes (more than two meters), there are completely dwarf ones (up to 30 cm). They are also represented by a variety of forms: creeping, pyramidal, domed. Many frost-resistant varieties.
Junipers grow well in bright sunny areas. Undemanding to soils. Drought-resistant. In dry summers, it is required to water them well several times. Even frost-resistant varieties require winter shelter in the first year after planting. Junipers with a pyramidal crown for the winter must be tied up so that branches do not break under the weight of snow.
Low-growing and creeping varieties of juniper are used in alpine slides and to secure slopes and slopes. You can also create very original borders from them. High varieties are used in single and small group plantings.
Thuja- evergreen trees and shrubs, cypress family. Leaves are scaly. The fruits are oblong or oval cones with several pairs of scales. Seeds are flat with two wings. This plant is monoecious. It has many decorative artificially derived forms.
Grows in sunny areas and partial shade. The soil is suitable for any, but well permeable. Need regular watering and mulching of the root zone. Tui are frost-resistant, but young plants in the first two or three years require shelter for the winter. Like junipers, high pyramidal varieties of thuja for the winter must be tied to avoid damage to the branches under the weight of snow.
Due to its durability, winter hardiness and adaptability to urban conditions, thuja is very widely used in ornamental gardening in many climatic zones.
In landscape design, it is used to create picturesque alleys. From densely planted groups, depending on the height of the bush, living walls or hedges are formed. Thuja looks just as good as a tapeworm.
Ornamental shrubs, for the most part, are distinguished by unpretentious care, tolerate winter frosts well and at the same time are unusually beautiful. Everyone can choose the varieties and species that are suitable for his or her garden. Their diversity allows you to make the garden bright, blooming and delightful almost all year round!
When planning the garden of your dreams, the most attractive and exciting process is the process of choosing plants. Planting should be in harmony with all elements of the garden. It is the vegetation that is remembered in the garden first of all. It must be borne in mind that each plant has its own characteristics and tendency to a certain type of soil. When all the issues with the preparation of the soil are carried out, we proceed to the selection of plants. This is done taking into account their requirements for light, moisture, soil nutrition and belonging to the climatic zone. It is possible, of course, to create collections and difficult-to-care gardens, but this requires a conscious, responsible decision. Only taking into account the above points, the plants will grow well and delight you with the splendor of greenery and a riot of colors. But, the most important rule is to start working with plants with love. Many experiments have been carried out, proving that plants react to your attitude towards them.
Having a wide range of plants (unless of course you collect a collection) does not mean that the garden is perfect. The main attention is paid to the appearance, texture, leaf shape, color, size, flowering time of plants. It will not be superfluous to get acquainted with the types of the root system. These data should be taken into account when preparing planting pits and determining the location of plants.
In garden centers, plants are now sold in containers (closed root system). It is easier to compose a composition from such plants and they can be planted almost all year round, with the exception of the period when the ground is frozen. It is easier to transport container plants and their survival rate is better. Checking a container plant or not is easy - just get the plant out of the container. The lump must be intertwined with roots and not fall apart. But, if the roots crawled out of the drainage holes, it means that the plant has not been transplanted for a long time and it will be in a depressed state (you need to pay attention to such things). Large specimens are often sold in "balots" - a prepared root ball in burlap, placed in a metal mesh. This is also a closed root system. Burlap in the ground rots in a season, and the mesh decomposes in 3-4 years. Therefore, such plants are planted in a grid, only the upper part is cut off - this is done to allow the trunk to grow. In spring and autumn, plants with an open root system are transplanted and divided - such planting material is cheaper, but planting time is reduced.
Typical root systems of woody plants:
1 - Rod unbranched root system, the main roots during normal development are very deep (fir, ginkgo biloba, larch, pseudohemlock, red maple, field maple, Norway maple, hornbeam, tree-like hazel (bearnut), small-leaved linden, elm, horse chestnut, black alder, birch, beech, lirodendron, yew berry) rice. one
2 - Tap root system unbranched in youth, branched with age, deep on normal soils (European larch) fig. 2
3 - Deep, branched root system. With age, the taproot branches out due to the increase in the mass of lateral roots (pedunculate oak, mountain ash, pseudolarch, hawthorn, plum, pear, common ash) Fig. 3
4 - Tap root system unbranched in youth, branched with age. On normal soils it is deep, on heavy soils it is flat (Scots pine) rice. four
5 - Superficial root system. Basically, the roots are very superficial, often located radially (warty birch, Griffith pine, red oak, maple, locust, willow, cypress, thuja, hemlock, spruce, turf, magnolia, sumac) fig. 5
You should be aware that not all plants tolerate the influence of the roots and crowns of other trees. There are a number of plants that are still quite unpretentious next to more powerful neighbors. These are: boxwood, sod, hazel, euonymus, ivy, holly, privet, honeysuckle, pyracantha, alpine currant, elderberry, snowberry, yew, mahonia, wolfberry, chaenomeles, lingonberry, periwinkle.
The territory of our sites, as a rule, is small. Therefore, you should know by sight the plants that are inappropriate to use in small areas (unless, of course, a decision has been made to plant one or two large-sized plants). Types of tall plants whose height in adulthood is from 4 to 20 meters: single-colored fir (15m), lawson cypress (5m), larch (18m), Serbian spruce (14m), prickly spruce (15m), Austrian black pine (15m), field maple (15m, crown diameter 12m), common maple (30m), silver maple (30m), horse chestnut (25m), forest or European beech (25m), ash (up to 35m), English oak (40m), red oak (up to 20m), Robinia (12m), white willow (crown diameter and height 20m), European linden (up to 40m), small-leaved linden (up to 20m).
But, at present, our market is very rich dwarf types and varieties of ornamental plants. With their help, you can decorate even very small rockeries and mixborders very beautifully, make a beautiful accent on an alpine hill, replenish a collection or make a single landing in front of a window or in a lawn. When choosing plants, it is very convenient to use Polish catalogs sold in garden centers. Here not only photographs of plants are placed, but also their shape and size relative to the human figure are indicated. Dwarf firs, spruces, thujas, junipers, birches, barberries, spireas, columnar oaks and mountain ash, a lot of standard forms of coniferous and deciduous plants can please the eye.
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It would be nice to know that there are concepts of frost resistance and winter hardiness of plants. Frost resistance- this is the ability of plants to withstand low temperatures characteristic of a certain climatic zone. BUT winter hardiness- the endurance of plants with frequent changes in the environment (either a sharp cold snap with strong wind and frost, then warming, then snowfall, etc.). Each type of plant has its own distinctive characteristics, for example: Horse chestnut does not come from our places, it is frost-resistant and can grow in both sunny and shady places. Black alder requires moist soil and does not tolerate calcareous soils. Beech and hornbeam tolerate pruning well and require fresh soil. Birch tolerates pruning well, but you need to know what time to do it so that it does not dry out from loss of juice, but in general, this plant is unpretentious. Small-leaved linden does not tolerate soil compaction. And the pedunculate oak is thermophilic and grows very slowly.
Exists plant classification in relation to lighting, soil acidity, relation to environmental influences and industrial emissions, soil compaction at the roots, wind-resistant and wind-resistant plants. It is necessary to identify groups of plants that tolerate short-term flooding: field maple, ash-leaved, pseudoplane tree, alder, chokeberry, birch, hornbeam, white turf, holly, magnolia, plum, rhododendron, black elderberry, snowberry, linden, elm, mountain ash, viburnum, aristolochia , clematis, honeysuckle, larch, spruce, Scotch pine, Weymouth, thuja, cypress. But there are very few plants that will endure a constantly elevated water level: the deren will give a weak increase, and the metosequoia will take a long time to rebuild, and this is not our plant.
Heavy clay soils for Belarus is not uncommon. You can completely replace the soil on the site, carry out drainage work, make the necessary slope for water drainage and add a sand cushion, but in this case, we are talking about a 60 cm soil layer. from surface to depth. For annuals and herbaceous perennials, this is a solution to the problem, but for trees and tall shrubs, in which the root system goes several meters deep, this is help, but as long as the plant is young. Therefore, it is better to save yourself from disappointment in the future and study the list of plants suitable specifically for your conditions. Moreover, the list of plants is quite large: maple, alder, hornbeam, turf, hazel, cotoneaster, hawthorn, euonymus, beech, forsythia, ash, ivy, holly, oak, alpine currant, wild rose, blackberry, willow, clematis. From conifers: cypress, larch, microbiota, spruce, pseudo-hemlock. It should be remembered that some varieties of the above plants can be very whimsical, but an individual approach is important here. And species plants calmly tolerate these conditions.
A very important indicator soil acidity. In the past, we have already said that acidic soils prevail in Belarus, but conifers, rhododendrons, hydrangeas and some other plants need a special substrate. It must be added to the planting hole and mixed with the existing soil. Consider many beloved hydrangea- about the physiological origin of the change of colors in these plants. How to get blue hydrangeas? It is very important to choose the right variety. A pure blue color is possible only in a pink-flowered variety, whose flowers contain a sufficient amount of the coloring matter delphinidin. White flowers do not have this coloring matter, so they will never turn blue. Deep pink cultivars such as 'Hamburg' contain small amounts of delphinidin in their flower cells. They are dominated by red, they will give purple, which can also be interesting. Only with sufficient application of aluminum to the soil before flowering will it guarantee a pure blue color. Aluminum can be applied to plants in soil with a low pH value, because. it decomposes sufficiently only at a value less than 5.0 and can be absorbed by plants. Aluminum sulfate is applied from 1.5 to 5 per cubic meter. Hydrangea of the delicate variety "Bouquet of Roses" easily changes color even with slightly acidic soil. But, it should be noted that plants with blue flowers are much lower than those with blue and pink flowers. Mixed-color specimens may be the largest.
Plants for acidic soils: Coniferous - fir, cypress, ginkgo, juniper, spruce, microbiota, low pine or dwarf pine, Weymouth pine, common, Griffith, pseudo-hemlock, yew, thuja, hemlock. Deciduous - broom, dabetia, action, sucker, erica, gorse, hydrangea, holly, willow, magnolia, pachysandra apical, types of cinquefoil, swamp oak, red, some varieties of currants, raspberries, blackberries, roses, red elderberry, blueberries. Mountain ash, viburnum, spirea, lilac, dogwood - withstand acidic soils.
If we are more or less clear with moisture and acidity, then “turn on” sunlight in shady corners and from the north side of the buildings will not work. But nature took care of that too. If such conditions exist, then there are plants for them. Green varieties of barberries feel good without bright sun, they endure shade: boxwood, hornbeam, derain, hazel, cotoneaster, hawthorn, euonymus, forest beech, holteria, witch hazel virginian, ivy, hydrangea, holly, kerria, privet, honeysuckle (flowering will not plentiful), some varieties of magnolia, pachysandra, vesicle, japanese pieris (in our zone winters under cover), bird cherry, rhododendron, some varieties of gooseberries, dog rose, elderberry, mountain ash, varieties of viburnum, large-leaved linden, euonymus forchuna, clematis, aristolochia. From coniferous plants: fir, species and varieties of spruces, cypress trees, hemlock, microbiota, western thuja, folded, chisel-shaped thuja.
It is necessary to note one more very important point, which is usually not paid attention to - in nature there are poisonous plants and they are widely used in landscaping. If there are small children in the house, then their attention is often attracted by berries on ornamental plants, they often tear off the bark from branches or take plant parts in their mouths. In the wolf, all parts of the plant are poisonous, and 10-12 berries are a lethal dose for children. In the euonymus, all parts are poisonous, 36 berries are deadly for an adult. The holly has poisonous fruits and leaves, 30 berries are deadly for an adult. In the bean plant - all parts of the plant are very dangerous, 4 beans is a lethal dose for a child. In sumac, bark and milky juice are dangerous. In juniper, all parts of the plant are poisonous, 20 grams are deadly, the ends of the shoots are especially dangerous. Datura, lily of the valley, foxglove are also classified as poisonous plants, but they are not as dangerous as those listed above.
Allergy- an insidious disease and it is necessary to know the allergens of natural origin. The most numerous group of allergens that enter the body mainly from the air and through direct contact with the skin: plant pollen (most of the pollen is emitted by plants in the morning), mold spores, powdery mildew, the juice of some plants, which is released when they are damaged. There are two periods when pollen is constantly in the air - this is spring, when deciduous trees bloom and summer, the time of flowering grasses. You can leave for this period. I don’t want to create an image of enemy plants, each of the following has properties that are unique in beauty. Deciduous trees: goat willow, black and gray alder, poplar, aspen, hazel, birch, ash, jasmine. Lawn grasses should not be brought to flowering and mowed in time. Cereals and herbs: oats, rye, wheat, rice, wheatgrass, timothy, hedgehog, ragweed, bluegrass, chaff, chamomile, fescue, plantain, ryegrass, foxtail, ornamental cereals, yarrow, asters, chrysanthemums, helenium. Many herbs bloom during the flowering of poplars and it is the herbs that cause allergic reactions, and poplars are only a source of fluff. Plants that cause phytodermatosis: nettle, wolf's bast, dandelion, white gauze, quinoa, wormwood, nightshade, ivy leaves, primrose plants.
The plant is monoecious, with bisexual flowers in inflorescences, fruiting mainly on annuli and fruit twigs. Biologically close to mountain ash. It differs from others in simple leathery leaves, dark-colored fruits and a bushy type of growth (the height of the shrub does not exceed 2-3 m). The root system is horizontal, fibrous, superficial, undemanding to soil conditions.[ ...]
It blooms from July to autumn, ripened spikelets fall along with the inflorescence. One plant produces about 1000-2000 seeds. For seed germination, a temperature of 20-35 ° C and sufficient soil moisture are required. Seedlings are formed only when seeds are placed on the surface to a depth of 3 cm, and light increases their germination by 2 times. The root system is represented by adventitious roots penetrating the soil to a depth of 1.5-2 m. Thick rhizomes penetrating the arable layer in all directions, carry renewal buds in numerous nodes and are concentrated mainly in a layer up to 20-25 cm on loose soils. buds or from ascending rhizomes, above-ground shoots are formed. Some of them bear fruit, while others, especially on dense soils, spread over the surface in the form of lashes, and after 1-3 m their top sinks into the soil again. Therefore, there is a strong turfing of the soil with pigs.[ ...]
In the fight against bodyak, agrotechnical measures are widely practiced. Peeling after harvesting crops ensures the elimination of relatively weak young plants grown from seeds. Against well-developed plants, the depletion method is used, which includes repeated surface treatments with deep pruning of the root system. Cutting the root system accelerates the awakening of the renewal buds, weakens and depletes the viability of plants. The greatest success in the destruction of this weed is achieved by a combination of mechanical and chemical methods. In crops of crops, thistle is well suppressed by herbicides 2,4-D, 2M-4HP, as well as their mixtures.[ ...]
In the spring of 1997, due to the increased thickness of the snow cover, which contains large reserves of water, during the period of snowmelt on the slope where experiment 5 is located, an intensive meltwater runoff formed, which led to the development of soil erosion. Melt waters, flowing down the waterlogged layer of soil thawed from the surface, underlain by permafrost, which served as an aquiclude, produced striate erosions on the plots to the depth of soil thawing (3-5 cm). Due to the exposure of the tillering node and the upper part of the root system, plants died in places of soil erosion. Plants suffered the most from erosion in the plots of the first repetition of the experiment, located in the concave part of the slope, through which the most concentrated surface runoff passed. In this regard, the first repetition of the experiment, in which more than 50% of the plants died from erosion, was excluded from the experiment and plowed up.[ ...]
Each of the three types of xerophyte root systems is oriented towards different water sources. Plants with a deeply penetrating taproot use deep water, which, although difficult to reach, is a fairly reliable permanent source of water supply. Plants with a superficial type of root system are focused on maximizing the use of precipitation almost at the time of its fall. Such plants have the ability to use rainfall to a greater extent than plants with a deep root system. A powerful root system, intensively penetrating the entire volume of soil available to the plant, occupies an intermediate position. It uses water that has penetrated into the soil and is retained by it, that is, it has not gone into the depths where groundwater occurs.[ ...]
Due to deeper root systems, most soils are capable of activating the biogeochemical exchange between the deeper soil layers and the plow horizon. Absorbing nutrients from the deep layers of the soil, they raise phosphorus, calcium, microelements to the surface layers, where the root systems of cultivated plants are concentrated. A one-year culture of S. replaces the application of 25 kg/ha of phosphorus.[ ...]
Young generative plants retain the ability to form sylleptic shoots. The shoots of the basal part of the crown are so long and thin that they sag down under the influence of their own gravity. In the basal part of the trunk, the crust is fissured. Leaves of an adult type, mainly with a wedge-shaped base of the plate, rhombic. The root system is adnexal, superficial.[ ...]
Weeds with a deep root system extract minerals from deep soil layers inaccessible to cultivated plants. Nutrients obtained by weeds from the depths of the soil enrich the surface layer of the soil, and this helps to improve the conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants. To a certain extent, weeds protect the soil from erosion, preventing the movement of elements of the mineral nutrition of plants beyond the limits of agrobiogeocenosis. Weeds diversify the species composition of agrobiocenosis, contributing to an increase in the number of animal species associated with them, and especially insects. The emergence of new symbiotic relationships is stimulated, bringing the agrobiocenosis closer to the natural community. The multi-species composition of agrobiocenosis prevents the exorbitant reproduction of dominant insects that can cause significant damage to crops. Crops without weeds are more often affected by Pests.[ ...]
Cucumber is an annual creeping plant. With the help of antennae, it is firmly attached to the supports and grows upwards. The leaves are angular-heart-shaped, large, alternate. In the axils of the leaves, male flowers (barren flower) and fruiting female flowers (ovary) appear. On lateral shoots, as a rule, female flowers are formed more than on the main one. When growing cucumbers in protected ground, in order to obtain an early and friendly harvest, the main shoot of plants is pinched over the second or 3-4th leaf. Cucumbers were brought to us from the hot tropics, so the high demand for heat and moisture is the most characteristic feature of cucumber plants. It is no coincidence that people single out “cucumber” years, when the weather is warm in summer, drizzling rains fall in a decade or two, and warm evaporation occurs from the heated surface of the earth. In an atmosphere of air drought, the growth of cucumbers weakens and even stops. Cucumbers are also demanding on soil moisture. Their root system develops in the surface layer of the soil and a change in the moisture content of this layer adversely affects the overall development of plants. To keep the top layer of soil (10-15 cm) moist all the time, cucumbers require small but frequent waterings.[ ...]
Features of caring for early spring bulbous plants. The main value of early spring bulbous plants lies in the very early flowering, which is not repeated during the summer. Therefore, early spring bulbous plants are planted in sunny places near the house against the backdrop of a lawn or in front of small shrubs. After the leaves begin to die off in June, July, the place vacated in the flower garden from under the early spring bulbous plants can only be occupied by summer plants with a shallow and superficial root system, for example, nemesia, lobelia, purslane. That is why early spring bulbous plants are not planted in the center of the flower garden.[ ...]
Phosphorus absorbed (adsorbed) on the surface of the root system was easily washed off when the root system was immersed in water and entered the plants much more difficult. From the total amount of phosphorus adsorbed by the root during the 20 minutes of the plant's stay on the water, almost seven times less entered the above-ground organs than was lost to the external solution during the same time. It seems that the first portions of phosphorus, adsorbed by the roots in a short time, cannot move further through the plant, and that this is more easily carried out for new portions of phosphorus entering the plants after saturation of the surface absorption capacity of the root.[ ...]
It is also possible to arrange letniki, close in color, but with a different structure of the bush, for example, eschol-tion, glazing and marigolds. The contrasting combination of yellow and purple (tagetes Gnome and ageratum) has become classic. The superficial root system of annuals (salvia, begonia, gracilis, terry petunia, nasturtium, lobelia) allows them to be planted in wide vases, boxes, decorative containers, etc. The continuous flowering of these plants creates a decorative effect for several months.[ ...]
The amount of suspended material that can be carried off the surface by runoff depends to a large extent on vegetation cover (Figure 2.13). The structure of plants above the surface of the earth is a physical barrier that reduces the intensity of surface runoff. The root system of plants under the ground binds soil particles, which prevents erosion.[ ...]
In this work, we were interested in the general question: how deeply surface effects on plants are reflected by solutions of chemical compounds on the course of physiological processes that are remotely related to what happens at the site of exposure. In particular, it was interesting to consider the nature of the effect of surface spraying with growth-activating substances on the activity of the root system of a plant organism. The studies were carried out on wheat of the Lutescens 758 variety and tomatoes of the Best of All variety. The sodium salt of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) was taken as a growth regulator in the form of an aqueous solution, which was sprayed on the plants. In the experiments it was supposed to trace the effect of toxic, causing formative changes in plants, doses of 2,4-D and lower, stimulating doses.[ ...]
The leaves are entire, broadly oval, basal, on the main velvety green background along the veins there are darker spots of oval, elongated or linear shape, the underside of the leaves is purple, with the same pattern. Petioles are long, up to 15 cm, with wings. In nature, this species, like other members of the arrowroot family, lives in the tropics of Brazil, in the Amazon basin, where high temperatures and air reign, the spirit is saturated with water vapor, which determines the plant's requirement for culture: shade and moisture-loving, needs constant spraying yes I maintain high humidity and cover the rhizome with damp moss, winter temperature should not fall below 17 °, grows well with northern exposure, but when protected from direct sunlight can be kept in western and eastern. Land mixture: sheet, humus, peat, sand (4:1:2:2) with the addition of a small amount of coniferous earth and crushed charcoal. Maranths have a superficial root system, so they are cultivated in flat containers, arranging good drainage. At the slightest overdrying, the plants roll up the leaves, and when the water stagnates, the roots rot, so you need to water moderately in winter. Propagated by dividing large specimens in the spring during a period of active growth. In wide containers or in the soil of the winter garden, calatheas grow luxuriantly, forming spectacular decorative leafy groups. They are also good for arranging flower baskets. In room conditions with high air dryness, calatheas and some types of arrowroot “are best grown in glass greenhouses with a waterproof deck and artificial illumination with fluorescent lamps (Fig. 60). [...]
Of the 13 dogwood species found in the USSR, the most famous and useful is the male dogwood (C. mas). This is a large, up to 4-5 m high, multi-stemmed shrub, sometimes taking the form of a low (5-7, rarely up to 9 m) tree. Male dogwood is widely distributed in the mountains (from the foothills to 700-800 m) of the Caucasus and Crimea, it also grows in the south of the European part of the USSR, and outside our country - in Southern and Central Europe and Asia Minor. This is a very hardy plant. It can be found on the slopes of all exposures, and on a wide variety of soils, including dry rubble, in the undergrowth of deciduous forests, in thickets of shrubs and on open sunny slopes; superficial mycorrhizal root system allows dogwood to be fixed even on a significant steepness.[ ...]
The movement of water in the soil from the bottom up is carried out by capillary forces. Since this is a surface tension phenomenon, the height of the water rise is inversely proportional to the diameter of the soil pores. Thus, the smaller the pores, the greater the distance of capillary movement. The rise of capillary water from the water table (the depth at which all the soil is in field capacity) makes up for water lost to plants and to soil evaporation. The loss of water to evaporation affects only the upper layers of the soil, since as the water column increases, more and more pressure is required to extract soil moisture. During a period of prolonged drought, it is easy to recognize plants with a shallow root system.[ ...]
Choosing the right variety plays a big role. In recent years, interlinear hybrids Pb have been bred. A hybrid plant on 20 racemes produces more than 20 kg of fruit. It should be noted that the seeds collected from hybrids cannot be used for sowing in the following years, since the plants from them do not have high qualities. I have a new cultivar which I named Golden Acre Dwarf. Plant growth stops when they reach a height of about 1.2 m. This is a very bushy standard variety that does not require supports. The variety Lycopersicum exulentum with its excellent shallow root system is very valuable for both large and small hydroponic farms.[ ...]
The main condition for building a stable, long-term functioning composition is the correct selection of species from the point of view of their ecology, namely, the same requirements for the irrigation regime, illumination and soil composition. It is important to take into account the nature of the root system and the growth rate of each species when planting in groups. Plants with a superficial deep root system are planted in low flowerpots - with a strong rod. When planted freely in the ground, the plants grow very quickly and luxuriantly, losing their original proportions. This planting method is suitable for compositions built symmetrically, that is, visible from all sides, and according to the principle of a free, natural arrangement of plants. When building asymmetric compositions, it is better to cultivate each plant in a separate pot, and combine it into a group using any aggregate - peat, moss, vermiculite, sand, expanded clay. A potted culture inhibits the development of root systems and, accordingly, the above-ground parts of plants, slows down their growth, and the composition as a whole retains its original proportions longer. The advantage of this planting is also the ability, if necessary, to quickly replace one instance with another without damaging the roots of the plant. The current care of compositions consists in watering and top dressing, taking into account the rhythm of plant development, alternating periods of dormancy and vegetation, timely pinching and pruning. Group plantings and tapeworms in mobile containers are recommended to be rotated periodically to avoid uneven growth of shoots due to one-sided lighting.[ ...]
The selective action of auxins depends on a number of factors. Very often, dicotyledonous plants with horizontally arranged wide leaves are sensitive, and after spraying the solution is retained, and resistant plants, often monocotyledons, with narrow, vertically directed leaves, from which droplets easily roll off. In addition, the epidermis of some plants is more permeable to auxin solutions than others. Another reason for the selectivity in the action of herbicides in the treatment of soil is related to their solubility in water. For example, a weakly polar herbicide can be adsorbed in the surface layers of the soil. From here it is absorbed by weeds with a shallow root system, which therefore die, and cultivated plants with deeper roots are not damaged. Conversely, if crop roots are shallow, then a more polar herbicide can be used, which seeps down and is absorbed by deep-rooted weeds. However, more important than all these factors is the hereditary difference in the sensitivity of living cells of various plant species to synthetic auxins.[ ...]
When setting the timing of fertilization, the depth of their incorporation, in particular when top dressing, it is necessary to take into account the nature of the development of the root system of plants, the depth of its penetration, as well as the ability of some crops to form additional roots that develop in the surface layers of the soil.[ ...]
On steeper slopes, to reduce the mobility of disturbed soils and inhibit the processes of solifluction, plants with a strong and deep root system - shrubs are used. At the same time, great attention is paid to preventing the washing away of grass or shrub crops by surface runoff, especially in the initial period. With a high speed of surface runoff on steep slopes, do you use? mulching - lining the roots of plants with straw, manure branches or foliage, and in addition, diversion ditches are arranged.[ ...]
The role of mycorrhiza is very great in tropical rainforests, where the absorption of nitrogen and other inorganic substances occurs with the participation of a mycorrhizal fungus that feeds on saprotrophs on fallen leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, etc. The main source of minerals here is not the soil itself, but soil fungi . Mineral substances enter the porcini directly from the hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi. In this way, a more polyoo use of mineral substances and their more complete cycle are ensured. Impossibly, it is explained that most of the root system of rainforest plants is located in the surface layer of the soil at a depth of about 0.3 m.[ ...]
MICROIRRIGATION - the most economical water-saving methods of irrigation, among which the most famous is drip irrigation. With this method of irrigation, water is supplied through a system of distribution plastic pipelines, on which each plant has droppers that supply moisture drop by drop to the soil surface in the zone where the main mass of plant roots is distributed (used in the former USSR); or porous tubes laid above the ground or bringing water directly to the root system. All this significantly reduces losses from evaporation and seepage, but most importantly, drip irrigation consumes 20-25% less water than conventional sprinkling, and 40-60% less than surface irrigation. This economical method of irrigating agricultural land has become widely used in many countries of the world (Table 40), and the area of irrigated land with the help of microirrigation has increased almost 8 times since the mid-70s, and at present this value is more than 475 thousand .ha Experiments carried out in foreign countries (USA, Israel, South Africa) showed that the use of M. made it possible to increase the yield of alfalfa by 2 times, potatoes - by 75%, barley - by 43%, etc. (Poustel, 1989).[ ...]
Deserts grassy and shrubby (some parts of Africa, such as the Sahara, the Middle East and Central Asia, the Great Basin and the southwest of the United States, northern Mexico, etc.). The climate is very dry, with hot days and cold nights, with less than 200-250 mm of precipitation per year. Vegetation: xerophytic herbs and sparse shrubs, cacti, many ephemerals that develop rapidly after short rains. The root systems of plants are extensive, superficial, intercepting moisture from rare precipitation or tap roots penetrating the ground to the groundwater level (30 m and deeper). Fauna: various rodents (jerboas, ground squirrels), ungulates (kulans, goitered gazelle, pronghorn antelope), predators (wolf, coyote, corsac). From the birds of saja, sandgrouse, larks. Lots of reptiles, insects and arachnids. The soils are light brown, gray soils, takyrs. Ecosystems are fragile, easily disturbed as a result of overgrazing, wind and water erosion.[ ...]
The leaching of trace elements and their inclusion in migration processes occurs not only as a result of the impact of abiogenic factors on rocks and products of their mechanical destruction. Living organisms also play an active part in this. Some of them, primarily woody plants, extract ore elements, including heavy metals, from the depths with the help of the root system. The subsequent decomposition of leaf litter and dead wood leads to the enrichment of the surface soil layer with these elements. Therefore, we can talk about the functioning of a kind of geochemical, or rather biogeochemical pump (V. M. Goldshmidt), due to which geochemical anomalies often form on the surface.[ ...]
As for the results of the impact of emissions on wildlife, the following circumstances should be taken into account. For the conditions of the Bovanenkovskoye field, for almost 9 months, the ground surface is covered with snow, in which acid precipitation gradually accumulates, essentially without any further physical and chemical transformations. During the spring flood, part of the pollutants dissolved in the water is carried away with the channel runoff of the Seyakha River, which flows through the territory of the complex. However, due to a poorly developed runoff system, in most of the fishing area during the flood period, there is no active mixing and movement of "contaminated" water, and it territorially remains approximately in the same zones (in the same areas) where the surface accumulation of pollutants took place, t .e. either in adjacent water bodies, increasing the acidity of the upper layers of water, or in the upper soil layer, having a partially negative effect on the root system of plants. However, as the analysis showed, the main negative impact on mosses and lichens (the main type of vegetation for the area of the BGCF location), moreover, during their spring-summer vegetation period, is caused by “acidic” precipitation. The histogram of the area distribution of some threshold levels of irreversible changes in mosses and lichens due to the impact of acid precipitation is shown in Fig. 2. fifteen.
It was beautiful all year round, plants are selected different in height, and in terms of flowering or fruiting, resistance to climatic conditions. In this article we will talk about the most popular of them.
Best blooming (with photo)
Tall shrub, grows up to three meters, with a spreading crown. About a hundred varieties and forms of the plant are known. Flowering time, depending on the species, is from mid-summer to frost.
Paniculate inflorescences are more like clusters, reach a length of 45 cm, there are different shades: white, pink, orange, purple, colors. The flowers are small with tubular petals, similar to or, with four lobes.
When growing, it prefers places closed from drafts, but open to the sun, and is unpretentious. Care is in, fertilizer,.
Propagated by seeds, which are formed in a box after flowering, and cuttings: green and woody.
Care consists in regular watering, weeding and. Neither winter, if there is no snow, it is better to cover the culture. Cassiopeia is propagated by cuttings.
Frost-resistant species
Product of selection by Canadian scientists, grown for northern latitudes. These flowers withstand 45-degree frosts.
If their foliage freezes due to sudden changes in temperature, it quickly recovers without harm to the plant. Roses bloom profusely with bright colors of various shades, are not afraid of shadows,.
The shrub has curly juicy green foliage, strong thin shoots. Roses are easy to care for.
A frequent visitor to gardens and parks. Branched, lush shrub grows quickly, lends itself perfectly to a haircut. 
Thanks to the dense, oval foliage, an almost continuous hedge is obtained from the shrub. Common lilac tolerates shade well; in too bright sun, its delicate inflorescences can get burned and turn brown.
It blooms early in April - May with beautiful bright clusters of white, cream, pink-lilac inflorescences. Lilac feels great on any type of soil, but prefers loose soils.
Ornamental fruit bushes for summer cottages
A bush about a meter high, with thin shoots, curved in an arc. The foliage is green, glossy, some species have thorns.
Lush flowering begins in May, flowers are simple and double. Most often there are varieties with orange inflorescences, but there are also pink and white ones.
The plant bears fruit in a yellowish color, similar to. Quince is drought tolerant and grows in almost any soil.
Important! Transplantation is carried out very carefully because of the long tap root, which is easy to damage.
- not only decorative, but also. It grows up to five meters tall, has thorns on red-brown glossy stems.
The foliage is up to 6 cm long, oval in shape with a pile on both sides of the sheet. Small thyroid inflorescences bloom in May, at the end of summer red fruits appear.
Hawthorn grows equally well in dry and wetlands, in the shade and in the sun, easily adapts to weather conditions.
Another medicinal and, of course, a beautiful plant is viburnum. ordinary- a tall lush bush, with brown bark, dense green foliage, which turns red in autumn.
“Plant a tree, build a house, give birth to a son...” From time immemorial, life has been inextricably linked with human life. How to place faithful companions so that they feel great and please the eye for many years?
The tradition of planting a tree on significant dates for a person goes back to prehistoric times. Our ancestors revered the "luminaries" of the plant world and attributed magical properties to them. The druids were especially good at this. To this day, it is considered a good sign to plant a tree for a wedding, in honor of the birth of a child and after arranging your own family nest: a living amulet protects from evil, gives strength and health. Entire alleys raise branches to the sky in memory of outstanding people ... What can we say about - a rare owner refuses to plant at least one tree on the site. But in our time, the practical value of these representatives of the flora is a priority - they are key elements. So trees:
- make the garden three-dimensional,
- zoning,
- cover up the unsympathetic
- or, conversely, serve as bright accents
- and, of course, give a fertile shadow.
autumn leaves palmate maple(Acer palmatum) ‘Aureum’ take on an orange-red hue. This low-growing tree reaches only 3 m in height, so it is great for planting in a small garden. 
Jacquemont birch and palm-shaped maple "Aureum"
leafy canopy plane tree(Platanus acerifolia) brings welcome coolness on hot summer days.
Foliage plums serrate(Prunus serrulata) turns reddish-yellow in autumn. The plant in the garden needs a lot of "personal space", since its crown in diameter reaches 5 m.
Choosing a Green Companion, analyze its deco potential: will the “newcomer” fit into the look of the garden? For example, trees with picturesquely falling branches, such as drooping birch(Betula pendula) ‘Youngii’ or forest beech(Fagus sylvatica) ‘Purpurea Pendula’, are ideal candidates for a romantic and natural style site. And trees with geometric crowns are a winning option for modern-style gardens. They take up little space and, as a rule, even without retaining their shape.
The undisputed favorites of the garden there will be trees that retain decorativeness all year round due to bright foliage and bark, lush flowering, abundant fruiting (, mountain ash).
We keep our distance
The tree near the house is a classic of the garden "genre". But in order for this tandem to be harmonious, when landing, you need to carefully verify the distance. Do not plant large trees near the wall of the house. After all, even species with narrow crowns, such as small-serrated cherry, or ‘Amanogawa’ sakura, require a lot of “personal space”.For narrow front gardens it is better to choose plants that tolerate well (for example, common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), because they are easy to "fit" to the desired size.
Another important point is the features of the root system.. next to the paved The trunk circle of a tree is not the most suitable place for planting other plants.
Only shade-tolerant and drought-resistant herbaceous perennials, such as:
- sparrow (Lithospermum),
- (Duchesnea)
- epimedium (Epimedium),
- (Symphytum)
as well as hardy ornamental grass and dwarf shrubs, for example:
- shadow sedge (Carex umbrosa),
- (Euonymus fortunei),
- pachysandra (Pachysandra).
Somewhat easier to find satellites for catalpa, liquidambar, ginkgo, ornamental apple and sakura. Under them you can break a flower garden:
Pests don't like them.
Linden large-leaved(Tilia platyphyllos) often attacks leafy. As a result, a sticky pad appears on the leaves, which makes it very unpleasant to rest under a tree. If you decide to plant such a tree in the garden, give preference to silver linden (Tilia tomentosa): it is more resistant to this scourge.
Sticky pad appears on linden leaves field maple(Acer campestre) often strikes. The situation will be saved by choosing a variety less susceptible to this disease - ‘Elsrijk’.
love horse chestnut(Aesculus hippocastanum), but the contemplation of the leaves turned brown due to the parsley moth does not delight you? Settle your garden more undersized horse chestnut meat-red(Aesculus x carnea) ‘Briotii’ with red flowers - it is not to the taste of the pest.
Photo: Annette Timmermann, Gartenfoto.eu/Martin Staffler, GAP Gardens, Marion Nickig, Ursel Borstell, GBA/Staffler, D. van Dieken, F. Schuberth, F. Siemens, Alamy/Zoonar, Robert Mabic. Production: W. Bohlsen/K. Nennstiel/M. Schacht.A., Georg/K. Wiegert.
Artwork: MSG/Claudia Schick.
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