Centaurea cyanus L.
Cornflower Centaurea is a genus of herbs in the Asteraceae family. In Russia, it grows almost throughout the country, the most common species are blue cornflower and meadow cornflower, both types of cornflowers are medicinal plants.
Cornflower blue is found in all grain crops in our fields - among spring and winter crops of wheat and rye, grows along the edges of fields, along roads, in wastelands. A small number of cornflowers in the fields, according to research, increases the yield of grain crops. This is an annual or biennial plant with a straight branched stem up to 50 - 80 cm high.
There are many legends about the bright blue color of field cornflowers. An ancient Greek legend tells how one day heavy ears of rye turned to the blue sky with a complaint that they could not see it when they bowed under the weight of the grains. The sky promised that it would descend to them, and it descended to them, and when it rose again, the pieces of the sky that remained among the ears of rye turned into blue flowers, over which now they bend and look at them, rustling and whispering, ears of bread.
Cornflower blue, probably spread along with rye and wheat, and in ancient times was brought to Central Europe from Mediterranean countries.
Let's return to the description of the blue cornflower. lower leaves cornflower petiolate, pinnately lobed, higher along the stem - sessile, linear. The leaves are covered with hairs.
The flowers are collected in single baskets located at the ends of the stems and branches. Marginal flowers in baskets - funnel-shaped, enlarged blue, sometimes blue or white, barren. The inner flowers are blue-violet, tubular, bisexual, form fruits - oblong cylindrical achenes 3 ÷ 5 mm long, gray in color with a thick reddish tuft, with which they spread with gusts of wind.
Blue cornflower blooms in June - July, about 6000 seeds are formed on one plant. IN folk medicine for medicinal purposes, marginal asexual flowers are used.
Cornflower flowers contain flavonoids, bitter glycosides, carotene, ascorbic acid, dyes. They are harvested by hand when cornflowers are in full bloom, trying not to get inside, tubular flowers, which in some cases degrade the quality of raw materials.
Flowers are dried, spreading in a thin layer, protecting from bright light, stored in a dark place. The dried flowers are bright of blue color, odorless with a bitter astringent taste.
The healing properties of blue cornflower are known from ancient times. Therapeutic action cornflower petals due to the presence in them of tannins, mucous, resinous substances, organic acids, trace elements. Ancient manuscripts describe the treatment of deep wounds with crushed cornflower seeds, the removal of warts.
The scientific name of the blue cornflower Centaurea was given by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in honor of the mythical centaur Chiron, who widely used medicinal herbs, and cornflower juice healed his wounds and the wounds of the heroes of his time.
The specific name cyanuc is derived from the Greek word kyanos - dark blue, indicating the color of the flowers. Another one of the legends ancient rome tells about the young handsome Cyanus, who was very fond of the color blue. He died unexpectedly, he was found in the middle of a grain field. The goddess Flora, very revered by the young man during her lifetime, turned him into a blue cornflower, since then both the flower and the color have been called cyanus - blue.
A Russian name kind of cornflower - from the Greek word basilikon means royal potion in translation, this name is also associated with the name Vasily, popular among the people.
Cornflower blue application
In folk medicine, an infusion or tea from the marginal flowers of the cornflower inflorescence is used for chronic diseases of the kidneys, bladder, spasms, edema, and dropsy.
Cornflower blue finds use as a good choleretic agent for diseases of the liver, biliary tract, and jaundice; use an infusion of cornflower to stimulate appetite and improve digestion.
Cornflower blue is used as a diaphoretic, antipyretic, bactericidal agent for fevers, colds, disorders of the nervous system, headaches, eye diseases, skin irritations.
Infusion of blue cornflower flowers:
One tsp flowers pour 1 cup boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. Drink 1/4 cup 3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
An infusion of blue cornflower calms the nervous system, has a good effect on the cardiovascular system, and is used for uterine bleeding.
For conjunctivitis, barley, use an infusion of flowers in the form of lotions to wash the eyes with inflammation.
To improve hair growth:
One st. l. inflorescences-baskets of cornflower pour 200 ml of boiling water, add 200 ml of vinegar, leave for 30 minutes, cool, strain. Rub into the hair of the head, use for washing the head - rinsing the hair, stimulates hair growth.
IN scientific medicine cornflower is used in the treatment of the liver, gastrointestinal tract in case of metabolic disorders.
Cornflower flowers, as a cleanser, are part of many complex herbal preparations.
Collections of medicinal herbs with cornflower application
For diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract , especially with edema of renal and cardiac origin:
- cornflower flowers - 3 parts
- angelica root - 3
One table. l. mix pour 2 cups of boiling water, leave for 20 minutes. Take 3-4 times a day for 1/4 cup as a diuretic. Store the infusion in the refrigerator for no more than two days;
- cornflower flowers - 1 part
- bearberry leaves - 3
- licorice root - 1
One st. l. mix pour 1 cup boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. Take 1/4 cup 3-4 times a day 15-20 minutes before meals as a diuretic and anti-inflammatory agent.
Decoction for washing eyes with eyebright:
- 1 tsp cornflower flowers,
- 1 tsp eyebright,
Pour two teaspoons of the mixture with a glass of boiling water, boil for 2-3 minutes on low heat under the lid, cool, strain, filter through cotton wool. Instill 2-3 drops into the eyes, rinse the eyes with this infusion 3-4 times a day.
Baths with a decoction of herbs with cornflower petals are used for diathesis in children, local baths are used for diseases of the joints.
Contraindications:
- Hypersensitivity, individual intolerance to drugs with cornflower.
- Cornflower preparations are contraindicated to be taken orally during pregnancy.
- Consult with your doctor before taking medications with cornflower.
Watch the video of cornflower blue application:
Cornflower blue
Blue cornflowers are a good honey plant, from the flowers they get thick greenish-amber honey with a pleasant almond smell.
Blue dye can be obtained from tubular cornflower flowers.
Cornflower meadow description application
Cornflower meadow Centaurea jacea L. is a perennial rough plant with an upright ribbed branched stem up to 1 m tall with lilac-purple flowers collected 1-2 at the tops of the stems. Grows along paths, roads, meadows and clearings in the European part of the country and Altai.
Marginal flowers - with a leukoid corolla, barren, designed for beauty and attracting insects, in the middle the flowers are tubular, bisexual, pollinated by insects, bees especially love nectar, this is a good honey plant.
Meadow cornflower blooms in June - July, inflorescences and grass are used for medicinal purposes. Cornflower inflorescences are harvested and dried during the flowering period, the grass is cut throughout the summer.
In folk medicine, an infusion of meadow cornflower grass is used for stomach pain, headache, jaundice, dropsy, and heart disease.
Externally, the infusion is used for bathing children with diathesis, for baths with rheumatism, as lotions for eczema and purulent wounds. Make poultices when stretching muscles.
The infusion is used in the form of lotions for irritation of dry skin of the face, neck, hands, for eczema and seborrhea of the head. The infusion is used in the form of lotions for conjunctivitis, night blindness, and furunculosis.
Meadow cornflower flowers contain flavonoids, alkaloids, mucus, ascorbic acid, and mineral salts.
An infusion of meadow cornflower flowers has an antispasmodic, analgesic effect.
Preparation of an infusion from meadow cornflower flowers description:
One st. pour a spoonful of flowers with 2 cups of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. Drink 1/4 cup 3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals. The same infusion is applied externally.
To stimulate appetite, improve stomach function:
One tsp flowers pour 1 cup of boiling water, boil over low heat or a water bath for 10 minutes, leave for 1.5 hours, strain, squeeze. Drink in small sips of 1/3 cup three times a day before meals.
From the inflorescences of meadow cornflower you can get yellow paint for dyeing fabrics.
Bright colorful flowers of cornflowers in the height of summer not only delight us with their beauty, but can also bring great health benefits if they are attentive to their healing properties!
Read also about the medicinal properties of plants:
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The cornflower flower was widely used in medicine by the ancient Greeks. It was they who called him kentaurion in honor of the legendary centaur Chiron. The creature had a great command of the magical secrets of flowers, including cornflowers. There is also a legend about the guy Cyanus, who was madly in love with the color blue. When he died, the goddess Flora turned Cyanus into a bright blue flower, since during his lifetime he greatly revered her. Hence the Latin word Cyanus, literally meaning "blue".
In short, the birthplace of the peduncle is Southern Europe. Cornflower flowers belong to the Compositae family. They feel best at temperatures from +15 to +35. In winter, they do not need watering, they like bright sunlight.
Many gardeners love mountain cornflower because it blooms profusely, looks elegant and bright. And the plant does not need any specific conditions of care. So if you consider yourself a beginner gardener, you can safely grow absolutely any kind of cornflowers in your backyard.
Cornflower: detailed description
The plant is herbaceous, but one- and two-year-old species are found in nature. The stem can be erect or practically lie on the ground, reaches a height of 120 centimeters. The leaves are whole, and the lush inflorescences are a basket. The flowers are funnel-shaped or tubular, the color is not necessarily blue. There are varieties with flowers of white, pink, yellow, and many other shades. The root system is different: from rather long, resembling branches, to powerful rhizomes.
In total, there are about 500 subspecies of cornflowers. They differ in stem height, structure, color and some other characteristics. Below we list the most popular types:
- Cornflower blue. Description, appearance match the name. Has bright blue flowers, also come in blue. Will delight you until the end of autumn. In the people it is called a hair, a blue flower and a blue.
- Cornflower white. calling card are white flowers that are collected in neat inflorescences. Their diameter does not exceed 4 centimeters. It is a perennial, included in the Red Book of Europe.
- Cornflower mountain. Perhaps the most famous of the perennial plants. Cornflower mountain is a rhizomatous plant with a 75 cm stem, gray-green leaves, bright blue marginal flowers, and purple in the middle. The diameter of the inflorescence is up to 7 centimeters. Be sure to plant a mountain cornflower on your site to transform the territory and fill it with heavenly shades.
- Yellow cornflower. Perennial representative of the flora, grows up to 1 meter. The flowers are bright yellow, no more than 5 cm in diameter. The leaves are oblong, lanceolate, the stems are straight.
- Cornflower large-headed. It differs from other "relatives" in rather large flowers that have a light or bright yellow tint. It begins to bloom in July, the flowering period lasts 1.5 months.
- Eastern cornflower. It was first opened in 1759. It is considered a wild plant, yellow flowers are collected in a basket, the leaves are pinnately divided.
- Cornflower meadow. Like many other perennial cornflowers, it has lanceolate leaves and flowers. white color(basket). The flowers can also be purple-pink. In Eurasia, this species is considered one of the most common.
- Cornflower field. Another fairly common type. Relatively small growth - 60 cm. Single flower baskets. The blue marginal flowers are funnel-shaped, but the middle ones are more like a tube. Blooms all summer.
- Cornflower spreading. Among their brethren this species is one of the lowest. In nature, there are specimens 20-30 and even 15 cm high. The baskets are very small, no more than 5 mm wide, the flowers are white or pink, appear in June until September.
To summarize, in gardening, the annual cornflower is not in such great demand as perennials. The second option is unpretentious, reproduces very simply, and rarely gets sick. At the same place garden perennial cornflower growing for 7 or more years.
cornflower planting
It is best to plant plants in April-May. At this time, the soil warms up superbly. It does not have any special requirements for the soil - it can be planted even in soil with a high lime content. Both root suckers and seedlings, as well as segments of rhizomes with buds, are placed in the ground.
Observe the distance - it should be at least 50 centimeters. This will allow the cornflower to form a lush, beautiful bush.
After planting in the open field, the soil is compressed a little to fill the empty cavities in the ground. Thanks to this simple technique, the plants will be able to take root well. Planting and care suggest that the rhizomes will grow down and to the sides, and the kidney can be buried in the ground by no more than 3 centimeters.
The land when planting cornflowers can really be any, but it is better to choose an open and well-lit place. Penumbra is also allowed, but in this case they will grow a little worse.
How do cornflowers reproduce?
There are several proven ways to propagate flowers. It is most convenient to do this with root cuttings and seeds. The latter are sown in April, and when the first shoots appear, they are thinned out. In addition, terry cornflower and many other species reproduce by self-seeding immediately after flowering.
Now you know that terry cornflower propagates by cuttings, but it is possible to grow from seeds. But the transplant is best done in late August or even early September. Choose a bush that suits you, dig it up and shake it off the ground. After that, wet the roots, and cut off the ground shoots. Cut off part of the bush so that it has at least three buds. Delenka is planted in a place intended for planting, watered up to 4 times a week for a month. You can be sure - already on next year the plant will delight you with magnificent flowers.
As for annual plants, they are able to reproduce exclusively by seeds. They are sown in late April-early May, the first shoots become noticeable after a week. We advise you to sow exactly in the place where garden cornflowers will grow all the time. This is due to the fact that most annuals tolerate transplantation very poorly, they may simply not take root.
Cornflower from cultivation to care
It is most convenient to grow a plant in open soil, in a well-lit and regularly lit area. It loves maximum free space, the optimal distance between two seedlings is at least fifty centimeters. This will allow the representatives of the flora to grow in a comfortable environment without shading each other. We have already said that the choice of soil is not fundamental - cornflower grows almost everywhere. The only exception is musky cornflower, Russian and mountain. It is desirable that watering be moderate - it is much easier for cornflowers to survive drought than excessive moisture.
Care comes down to loosening the soil once or twice a month, removing weeds and moderate watering. To encourage flowering, it is recommended to remove specimens that have already faded.
It's interesting that given culture almost does not get sick, is not afraid of pests. In very rare cases, leaves can be affected spider mite and fusarium. The treatment is quite simple: with a tick, you just need to remove diseased leaves, and with fusarium, sprinkle diseased plants with ash, spray with foundationazole along with topsin-M.
Cornflowers in folk medicine
Even if you do not plan to grow this plant yet, you definitely need to know what a cornflower looks like. The fact is that this peduncle is used in gynecology, traditional medicine, and is actively welcomed by cosmetologists. Since ancient times, healers have used it as a diuretic and choleretic agent. Decoctions help with severe cough and nephritis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and disorders of the nervous system. Women know that an infusion of cornflowers allows you to normalize the menstrual cycle, enhances lactation. In cosmetology, a decoction is used internally if the pores of the face are greatly expanded, in case of swelling of the eyes, and so on.
Cornflower flower belongs to the genus herbaceous plants family Astrovye or else this family is called Compositae. The flower has a straight stem that can reach over a meter in height. Flowers are collected in baskets and can be different colors: white, yellow, blue, pink, blue, purple, red or burgundy. The plant is annual, biennial or perennial. Flowers begin to bloom from June and can delight with their beauty until late autumn.
Cornflower can be found almost throughout Europe and throughout Russia. The most famous species is blue cornflower, which is found in fields, in winter crops, and in wastelands. The plant propagates by seeds.
The plant itself is unpretentious, drought-resistant and frost-resistant. He loves the sun very much. Can grow in one place up to 10 years and at the same time keep lush bloom. Virtually disease free. Due to its unpretentiousness and beautiful flowering, it is very common among gardeners.
Application of Cornflower:
Cornflower flower is used in cooking. Its leaves have a delicate aroma and are often used as a seasoning for dishes.
Not bypassed cornflowers and medicine. This flower has diuretic properties. Therefore, decoctions of cornflower are used for kidney diseases, edema, and so on. Also, decoctions of cornflower have choleretic properties. It is also used for liver diseases, including jaundice. Cornflower also has antipyretic, diaphoretic and bactericidal properties.
The flower is often used in cosmetics. Cornflower is in demand and how decorative flower. And also cornflower is mentioned as a dye for Easter eggs. But nowadays, when food colorings are affordable, it is unlikely that people will run in the field for cornflowers.
Flower Cornflower video
Cornflower varieties:
Cornflower blue - the most famous variety. Is very beautiful turquoise color flowers, the length of the flower stem can reach a height of 80 cm. One- or two-year-old plant. You can meet in the fields, in wastelands, in meadows.
Cornflower mountain
Cornflower mountain - perennial. Can grow on any soil. Very unpretentious plant- can survive difficult conditions. Flowers can be blue, purple, burgundy. In height it can reach growth up to 1 meter.
Cornflower white
Cornflower white - a rare variety of flower, which is listed in the Red Book. Differs in white color of flowers and terry petals. At the same time, the growth of the flower is quite small - up to 30 cm in height.
Cornflower large-headed is a perennial plant. Distinguished by its large size. In height, the size of the flower can reach more than 1 meter. Flowers also differ in their size - they can be up to 7 cm in diameter. The color of the flowers is light or bright yellow.
Meadow cornflower is a perennial plant, the size of which can reach up to 80 cm in height. The color of the flowers is lilac, pink, less often white. The plant is covered with cobwebs. Flowers are collected in baskets.
Cornflower yellow is a perennial plant, the size of which can reach up to 1 meter in height. The color of the flowers is bright yellow and the cornflower flower is about 5 cm in diameter. The stem is thick and straight.
Oriental cornflower
Cornflower orientalis is a large perennial plant that can reach a size of 120 cm in height. The flowers are quite large, collected in baskets.
Cornflower bleached - one of the most beautiful views cornflower. It can reach a height of up to 60 cm. The lower leaves can be white and the upper ones green. The cornflower flower is beautiful in itself. Flower color is bright pink.
Cornflower pink - a perennial plant up to 1 meter in height. Inflorescences large and solitary Pink colour. The stems of the flower are strong and swollen under the inflorescences.
Cornflower sprawling - a biennial plant up to 50 cm in height. The flowers are white or pink, collected in baskets. The plant itself is very splayed.
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There is a saying that a weed is a flower, only growing in the wrong place. IN more this is true. Is the plant really a weed? Is it determined by where it is located, growing? What influence does it have on its neighbors?
It may also be that even a very beautiful and expensive plant can fall into the category of weeds if it grows where it is undesirable for it to be. Or it may be that an ordinary field flower can perfectly decorate the design of a garden or a public garden. These flowers include cornflower.
Wildflowers: names
Cornflower is a representative of the Aster family.
Cornflower meadow plant: description
Who does not know modest, gentle and cute cornflowers? They attract with their unique charm. They have many popular names: voloshka, ringing grass, blue flower, blue, commotion.
It is widespread in different parts Earth and is a symbol of fidelity, truth and simplicity.
Cornflower meadow - perennial wild species. Its height reaches one meter. Long, green, slightly hairy leaves are arranged on a straight stem. Pink inflorescences flaunt at its tip. Funnel-shaped petals are located along the very edge of the basket, and tubular petals are located in the center. The latter contains pollen. When insects touch the flower, the ball is released. Usually there are up to 7 balls of pollen in each funnel. Thus, cornflower is an excellent honey plant, especially since it blooms almost all summer.
Today, meadow cornflower, unfortunately, belongs to endangered plant species due to the reduction in the area of its growth.
Spreading
Most people associate cornflower with flowers. blue color. In fact, in nature you can find lilac, yellow, pink and even white cornflowers. There are more than 500 species in total. In natural natural conditions they grow in Africa, Eurasia and North America.
Cornflower meadow can be found in meadows, fields, forest edges. IN Lately more and more often these delicate wild flowers take pride of place on adjoining plots. For this, breeders bred variety of varieties cornflowers.
Planting, soil
Cornflower is very fond of sunny places and does not tolerate shady areas.
When planting, be sure to take into account the height of neighboring plants and the fact that the cornflower itself is a plant that loves space (as in nature). Otherwise, it will bloom very poorly. The optimal distance between flowers should be approximately 40 cm.
Landing in the prepared soil is carried out in April.
Soils for cornflower are moderately moist, and when water stagnates, they can die. Flowers do not tolerate acidic soils.
For planting, you can use seeds (preferably collected from cornflowers older than 2 years of age) and seedlings. Their seed germination is 3 years. You can also transplant parts of the roots with buds. When planting them, it must be taken into account that the kidney should remain almost on the surface of the soil.
Care
Cornflower meadow in the care is completely unpretentious. He responds well to moderate watering, conventional weed removal and loosening. They need to be watered, like other garden flowers, early in the morning or in the evening.
In the second year, the plant can bloom with numerous flowers already at the beginning of summer (there are fewer in the first year).
After flowering, the stems are carefully removed, leaving only a green rosette. Cornflower can grow in one place without transplants up to 10 years.
There are many beautiful wild flowers, which without special efforts and labor can be grown in the garden. This will make it possible to admire the true natural beauty of such plants every day. They help fight stress, improve and cheer up, or simply provide an opportunity to get positive emotions, energy charge.
Cornflower - ornamental plant from the Asteraceae family. In nature, there are blue, pink, purple, red, white, burgundy and yellow color. Grows among spikelets of wheat in the field. Cornflowers, as seen in the photo, look like light snowflakes. They are getting more and more popular. Flowers are planted in flower beds and household plots. The picture is proof of that.
The people blue cornflower called a voloshka. The plant is an annual, it can reach a height of up to 80 cm. There is always one double or semi-double bud up to 5 cm in diameter on its stem. Blooms from mid-June to late autumn.
This flower is widespread in Asia, America and especially in Europe. You can also meet him in North Africa. Scientists count up to 500 species of this plant, differing in the shape of the edges of the flower and the baskets of inflorescences. They are cylindrical and spherical, as seen in the picture.
- Mountain cornflower. Perennial, reaching a height of 40 cm, with blue flowers that bloom in June-July.
- Bleached cornflower. The name was given due to the unusual color of the leaves (whitish-pubescent below). It can grow up to 80 cm in height. The flowers are bright pink in color, with a white center.
- The large-headed cornflower (pictured) has bright yellow flowers and large buds up to 80 cm high, as seen in the photo.
- Beautiful cornflower. It has pinnately dissected leaves and pinkish-lilac flowers, spherical in shape and reaches a height of only 20 cm.
- Rough cornflower (photo) has a purple color, can reach a height of 1 meter.
You can admire the plant in the photo of flowers. Cornflowers look charming.
plant in folk medicine
The plant is medicinal. Its flowers contain flavonoids, dyes, ascorbic acid and carotene. The most effective decoctions and infusions of the plant.
The flower is considered a good diuretic, anti-inflammatory, choleretic and analgesic effect.
Its decoction is taken for diseases of the heart system, headaches and stomach pains.
Baths with a decoction of this plant are used for gynecological diseases, eczema, rheumatism, diathesis, diarrhea, jaundice and dropsy.
But these flowers, like all other plants, have some contraindications. It is required to apply it after consultation with the doctor and only in complex therapy.
Application in cosmetology
The medicinal properties of the plant can use for oily skin, with split ends and falling hair, for the treatment of seborrhea. For this, an infusion of the flowers of the plant is used. They can rinse your head after washing or rub it into the scalp.
Cultivation of cornflower
It is necessary to grow flowers in the garden in the open sunny places. If planting is done with other plants, then cornflowers are planted in the first row so that they receive enough light.
Decorate the area with small groups of rolls. Their tall species look great near shrubs. Flowers not only decorate, but also protect the soil from erosion.
Cornflower is often planted to decorate flower beds. This is a great photo showcase.
In flowerbeds, it looks effective with perennial poppies and calendula. They bloom at the same time, forming an original meadow. For alpine slides It is necessary to use low-growing species of plants.
Neighbor plants for cornflower
Cornflowers are not bad combined with the following plants:
- blue aquilegia;
- dicentro;
- silver-blue alpine eryngium;
- catnip Fassen.
Annuals are grown in balcony boxes and in pots on window sills outside.
Seeds are sown in April-May. The soil should be rich in humus with neutral acidity. IN clay soil sand is added. Lime should be added to acidic soil (1 cm layer) once every 3 years and only in autumn.
For abundant flowering top dressing can be carried out before flowering.
Annuals are sown from seeds in open ground spring or autumn. A transplant is not required, because it is poorly tolerated.
If you need seedlings, then it should be grown in peat tablets. It is also necessary to plant in open ground at the end of May.
Seedlings need to be thinned out, leaving a distance between flowers of up to 30 cm.
Propagation by root division
This type of reproduction is used for transplanting perennials. In August, the flowers must be dug up, cut off the stem, leaving only 10 cm in length. Free the roots from the ground, wash and cut into 2 parts. Each part should have 2-3 kidneys.
Delenki are planted in holes fertilized with compost. Seedlings should be watered 3 times a week. But the soil should be slightly dry before watering. Flowers will bloom profusely next summer.
If you need seeds, then you need to wait until the petals on the inflorescence fade and its center darkens. Plucked inflorescences store 3 weeks in a dry place. Then shake the seeds out of the head and store in a paper bag at room temperature.
Disease control
Of the diseases, only fusarium wilt can threaten a cornflower. This is a fungal disease. Therefore, processing is required not only of the plant itself, but also of the soil. The soil is sprinkled with ashes, fertilized with a weak infusion of manure or foundation.
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