Introduction. the concept of automated systems. What is the difference between automated systems and automatic control systems. Automatic control systems classification. main functional parts of asup

The concept of automated systems.

What is the difference between automated systems and automatic control systems.
Give examples of automated systems.
What are computer-aided design systems?
Give examples of legal reference systems.
The structure of the automated system of pension accounting.
The structure of the automated tax accounting system.
What is electronic document management.
Areas of application of expert systems.
What are automatic learning systems?

Descriptive geometry, studied by part-time students in the first semester, is the first part of the discipline "Engineering graphics" and its theoretical base.

Given teaching aid devoted to this part of the discipline. The second part of it will be reflected in subsequent works.

When studying the course, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the program, purchase educational literature and carefully consider the calendar plan for independent work, coordinating it with the study schedule and plans for other academic disciplines of the first year. In this regard, descriptive geometry should be given a special place, given that, along with the study of theory, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the solution of typical problems of each topic of the course and perform tests.

The goals and objectives of studying the discipline are to be able to accurately and accurately perform graphic constructions when solving specific graphic problems. Properly built self-study in descriptive geometry will solve the difficulties in studying this discipline and teach the student to represent all kinds of combinations geometric shapes in space. Descriptive geometry contributes to the development of spatial imagination, the ability to “read” drawings, to convey one’s thoughts with the help of a drawing and to correctly understand the thoughts of another, which is extremely necessary for an engineer.

When studying descriptive geometry, general guidelines should be followed:

1) Descriptive geometry must be studied consistently and systematically.

2) In descriptive geometry, mechanical memorization of theorems, formulations, and solutions to problems should be avoided. Such a memory is fragile. The student must understand theoretical material and be able to apply it as a general scheme to solving specific problems. You need to check your knowledge by answering the questions of the control and measuring materials included in this manual and by solving problems.

4) In the course of descriptive geometry, problem solving should be given Special attention. Problem solving is best remedy deeper comprehension of the provisions of the theory. Before you start solving a problem, you need to understand its condition and clearly imagine the solution scheme.

5) At the initial stage of studying the course of descriptive geometry, it is useful to resort to modeling the studied geometric shapes and their combinations. Sketches of imaginary models, as well as their simplest layouts, are of great help.

The first distinguishing feature of automated control systems (ACS) from automatic control systems (ACS) is the presence of a human operator (dispatcher) in the circuit. In addition, the possibility of performing additional features thanks to the use of modern computer technology. good example can serve as a single-circuit water temperature control system at the outlet of the heat exchanger, which is shown in fig. 2.

Water is heated to the desired temperature due to the energy of the exhaust steam. If the actual temperature of the heated water Treal, measured by a thermocouple, differs from the specified Tzad, then the control device CU, consisting of measuring, regulating units and a power amplifier, generates a control action on the motor M, which regulates the extraction of exhaust steam in such a way as to compensate for this difference.

Despite the fact that the control in the circuit is carried out according to the PID law, it is not possible to ensure the maximum efficiency of the heat exchanger without additional functions and devices in the system under consideration.

Additional temperature sensors T1 and expense Q1 feed water temperature T2 and hot steam consumption Q2 allow, in the presence of devices for converting analog information into digital information and vice versa (not shown in Fig. 21), to implement the following functions:

- F1– task calculation Q2ass in accordance with the accepted criterion, taking into account the situation at the facility and using a heat exchanger model;

- F2– visualization of the main parameters for the dispatcher;

- F3– flow control Q2 according to the PID law with additional conditions checked;

- F4– calculation of technical and economic parameters (TEP).

15. Operating modes of automated process control systems

When creating an automated process control system, the purpose of its functioning and the role assigned to this system in the overall structure of enterprise management should be determined. In accordance with the given functions, both the entire system and its subsystems can operate in different modes. There are four such modes:

1.data acquisition mode;

2. operator advisor mode;

3. supervisory management;

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All topics in this section:

APCS functions as a sequence of separate processes
The APCS functions are selected from a list in which they are grouped according to their purpose, for example, for control, management, research, planning, etc. The function is represented as a sequence

Direct Digital Control (DNC)
Information-measuring systems or the operation of the system in the data collection mode are designed to collect and issue information about the state of the control object. Information-measuring

Functional-hierarchical structure of GSP
Rice. 3. Hierarchy of GSP 5.

Local programmable controllers
Currently, there are two types of local controllers used in the industry: Embedded in the equipment and being an integral part of it. This controller can control

Network complexes of controllers
Network PTCs are most widely used to control production processes in all industries. The minimum composition of this class of PTK implies the presence of the following components

PLC for small scale distributed control systems
This class of microprocessor PTK surpasses most of the network controller complexes in terms of power and complexity of the functions performed. In general, this class still has a number of restrictions on the volume of the car.

PLC for full-scale distributed process control systems
This is the most powerful class of controllers in terms of capabilities and coverage of production, practically having no boundaries either in terms of functions performed in production or in terms of the volume of automated production.

Special PLC Functions
l in-depth diagnostics of computing devices, l automatic redundancy measures, including troubleshooting without stopping the device (using gesture

What SCADA brings to the enterprise
· Accurate compliance with technological standards and regulations. Significant reduction in the percentage of marriage, auto boost quality; Decrease

Requirements for mnemonics and signal elements of mnemonic diagrams
The complex of mnemonics used on one mnemonic diagram should be developed as a single alphabet. It is necessary that the mnemonic alphabet be as short as possible, and the distinguishing features

Spark Power Limit
According to this method, protection type "i" (intrinsically safe circuit) is implemented. This method implies that in the event of a spark, its power will not be enough to ignite an explosive mixture

1. Basic concepts and definitions

Purposeful processes performed by a person to satisfy various needs are an organized and ordered set of actions called operations. Operations are divided into two classes: work operations and control operations.

To work operations include actions of this kind, such as, for example, removing chips when processing a part on a machine, moving a load, etc. Replacing a person with a mechanism in work operations is called mechanization.

For the correct and high-quality performance of work operations, it is necessary to direct them by actions of a different kind - management operations, by means of which, at the appropriate moments, the beginning, sequence and termination of individual work operations are ensured; the process is given the necessary indicators - in direction, speed, acceleration of the working tool, temperature, pressure, etc. The set of control operations forms management process.

The replacement of human labor, both in work operations and in management operations, by the actions of technical devices is called automation.

The totality of technical means - machines, tools, mechanization means - is control object.

The set of control devices and the control object forms control system.

A system in which all work and management operations are carried out technical devices, is called automatic control system (ACS).

A system in which only part of management operations is automated, and the other part (usually the most responsible) is performed by people, is called automated control system (ACS).

In the course of the development of control systems, the relationship between these types of control has changed. Automated control at a certain stage was considered highest level automatic. As the ACS algorithms improved, standard control algorithms appeared that automate the collection, processing of information and acceptance standard solutions under conditions of certainty. Hence, in this region, automatic control is the upper limit automated control. But if we take the whole complex of tasks of functional production management, it is clear that automated control cannot be overcome because of the need to make creative decisions in conditions of uncertainty.

2. Classification and composition of automated control systems

By type of control object ACS are divided into: automated process control systems ( APCS) and automated control systems for production and economic activities ( ASUPD), examples of which are automated enterprise management systems (APCS).

These types of automated control systems have a single basis, which is the process of processing information. This makes it possible to build integrated control systems, where both data on technological processes and data on production and economic activities are processed.

process control system for type of production are divided into ACS for continuous production and ACS for discrete production.

The technological process includes processing, transportation and storage. Production is discrete and continuous.

Discrete- production in which processing is carried out in several stages and transportation is necessarily carried out from one of its phases to another.

continuous- production in which processing is carried out against the background of transportation.

Every ACS consists of functional and supporting parts. The subsystems included in the functional part are called functional subsystems of automated control systems, and the subsystems included in the supporting part - supporting subsystems of automated control systems.

The tasks of functional subsystems are those tasks for the sake of which the ACS is created. They are different for various kinds ACS, i.e. for process control systems there are some functional tasks, and for process control systems - others. As an example, consider the composition of the functional subsystems of ACSMS.

Functional subsystems of ACSPD correspond to the types of production and economic activities. Each production facility carries out, firstly, the main production. For the functioning of the main production, an auxiliary production arises. In addition, it is necessary to organize the processes of supply and marketing, etc.

Each of these processes is an independent control object.

Thus, as a rule, the following subsystems are included in the functional subsystems of ACSMS:

- Subsystem of technical and economic planning;

- Subsystem of operational management of the main production;

- Subsystem for managing the technical preparation of production;

- Logistics management subsystem;

- Subsystem for managing sales and sales of products;

- Quality management subsystem;

- Accounting subsystem, etc.

The purpose of the supporting subsystems is to provide a solution to the problems of the functional subsystems of the automated control system. The composition of the supporting subsystems does not depend on the type of ACS and includes the following subsystems:

- Information Support;

- Mathematical support;

- Software;

- Technical support;

- Linguistic support;

- Ergonomic support;

- Legal support, etc.

Information Support - this is a set of data necessary to solve the functional tasks of automated control systems, organized in the form of databases and data banks.

Mathematical support are mathematical models, methods and algorithms for solving functional problems of automated control systems.

Software is a set of programs used in ACS. Distinguish between general and special software. General The software implements management of the work of technical means and information base. Special ON designed to solve functional problems.

Technical support is a set of technical means for collecting, transmitting, storing and processing information.

Linguistic support is a set of language tools used for machine processing of information and facilitating human communication with the technical means of automated control systems.

Ergonomic support - these are methods and means that ensure effective interaction with the system of all categories of users and maintenance personnel.

Automated control systems ACS ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc. in the position of director of the Central Research Institute technical management TsNIITU, being also a member of the collegium of the Ministry of Instrument Engineering of the USSR, he supervised the introduction of the country's first automated production control systems at machine-building enterprises. He actively fought against ideological PR actions to introduce expensive computers instead of creating real automated control systems to increase ...

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AUTOMATED AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMS

Automated control system (ACS) and automatic and control system (ACS) a set of hardware and software designed to control various processes within the framework of technical about logical process, production, enterprise.

Automated control systems (ACS)

ACS are used in various industries, energy, transport, etc. The term automated, in contrast to the term automatic e Skye emphasizes the preservation of certain functions for the human operator, l and more of the most general, goal-setting nature, or not amenable to automatic and tizations. ACS with Decision support system(DMSS), are the main in nym tool to improve the validity of management decisions.

The creator of the first automated control systems in the USSR is a doctor of economic sciences, professor, corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, principal about the founder of the scientific schoolstrategic planningNikolai Ivanovich Veduta(19131998). In 19621967. in the position of director of the Central Research Institute of Technical Management (TsNIITU), being also a member of the collegium of the Ministry of Instrument Engineering of the USSR, he supervised the implementation and We eat the country's first automated production control systems at machine-building enterprises. Actively fought against ideological PR campaigns on the introduction of expensive computers, instead of creating real automated control systems to improve the efficiency of production management.

The most important task of the automated control system is to increase the efficiency of facility management based on the growth of labor productivity and the improvement of plan methods. and management process. There are ACS objects (technological about cesses-APCS, enterprise-APCS, industry-OAPS) and functional auto about matizirovannye systems, for example, the design of planned calculations, mat e real-technical supply, etc.

Goals of management automation

In the general case, the control system can be considered in the form of about a set of interconnected management processes and objects. The generalized goal of control automation is to increase the efficiency of using about potentialitiescontrol object. Thus, a number of goals can be distinguished:

Providing the decision maker decision maker) relevant yes n decision-making
Acceleration of individual collection and processing operations yes these
Reducing the number of decisions that the decision maker must make
Increasing the level of control and performance discipline
Improving the efficiency of management
Reducing the costs of decision makers for the implementation of auxiliary processes
Increasing the degree of validity of decisions made

Composition of ACS

The structure of the automated control system includes the following types of support: information, pr about grammatical, technical, organizational, metrological, legal and linguistic and static.

Main classification features

The main classification features that determine the type of ACS are:

scope of operation of the control object (industry, construction and government, transport, Agriculture, non-industrial sphere, etc.)
type of controlled process (technological, organizational, economic o mic, etc.);
level in the public administration system, including the management of the national economy in accordance with the current management schemes about t industries (for industry: industry (ministry), all-Union association e nie, all-union industrial association, research and production association and nenie, enterprise (organization), production, workshop, site, technological unit).

ACS functions

The functions of the automated control system are set in the terms of reference for the creation of concrete t ACS based on the analysis of management goals, specified resources to achieve them and the expected effect of automation and in accordance with the standards applicable to this species ACS. Each ACS function is implemented with about a set of task complexes, individual tasks and operations. ACS functions in b generally include the following elements(actions):

planning and (or) forecasting;
accounting, control, analysis;
coordination and/or regulation.

The required composition of the elements is selected depending on the type of concrete. t Noah ACS. ACS functions can be combined into subsystems according to functional and other features.

Functions in the formation of control actions

Information processing functions (computing functions) implementation in accounting, control, storage, search, display, replication, transformation about the form of information;
The functions of information exchange (transfer) are associated with bringing the expression a botanical control actions to OS and exchange of information with decision makers;
A group of decision functions (conversion of the content of info R mation) creation of new information in the course of analysis, forecasting or op e effective management of the facility

Classes of ACS structures

In the field of industrial production, from the standpoint of management, one can e pour the following main classes of structures of control systems: decentralization about bathroom, centralized, centralized dispersed and hierarchical e sku.

Decentralized structure

Building a system with such a structure is effective in automating technologically independent control objects in terms of material, energy e skim, information and other resources. Such a system is a combination of several independent systems with their own information and algorithms. about rhythmic base.

To develop a control action on each control object, information about the state of only this object is needed.

Centralized structure

The centralized structure implements all object management processes in a single control body, which collects and processes information about managed objects and, based on their analysis, in the t in accordance with the criteria of the system, it generates control signals. The emergence of this class of structures is associated with an increase in the number of controlled, regulated e controllable and controlled parameters and, as a rule, with a territorial dispersal about the value of the control object.

The advantages of a centralized structure are a fairly simple implementation of information interaction processes; fundamental in h the possibility of optimal control of the system as a whole; quite easy corre to tion of rapidly changing input parameters; the possibility of achieving ma to maximum operational efficiency with minimal redundancy of technical controls.

The disadvantages of a centralized structure are as follows: the need for high about which reliability and performance of technical controls for d about achieving an acceptable quality of management; high total length of communication channels in the presence of territorial dispersal of control objects.

Centralized distributed structure

The main feature of this structure is the preservation of the principle of the center a lysed management, i.e. development of control actions on each control object based on information about the states of the entire set of objects to Comrade management. Some functional devices of the control system in are common to all channels of the system and are connected to individual devices of the channel with the help of switches, forming closed loop management.

The control algorithm in this case consists of a set of interconnections n algorithms for managing objects that are implemented by a set of a directly related authorities. In the process of functioning, each control body receives and processes the relevant information, as well as the issuance of control signals to subordinate objects. For real and management functions, each local body, as necessary, enters into the process of information interaction with other management bodies in leniya. The advantages of such a structure are: reduced requirements for the performance and reliability of each processing and control center without compromising the quality of control; reduction in the total length of communication channels.

The disadvantages of the system are as follows: complication of information procedures With owls in the control system due to the need to exchange data between processing and control centers, as well as adjust stored information; redundant h ness of technical means intended for information processing; layer and ness of synchronization of information exchange processes.

Hierarchical structure

With an increase in the number of control tasks in complex systems significantly increased and the volume of processed information increases and the complexity of the algorithm increases. t mov control. As a result, centralized control of the h possible, since there is a discrepancy between the complexity of the managed object and the ability of any governing body to receive and process s vot information.

In addition, in such systems, the following groups of tasks can be distinguished, each of which is characterized by the corresponding requirements for response time to events occurring in the controlled process:

tasks of collecting data from the control object and direct digital control (reaction time, seconds, fractions of a second);

extreme control tasks associated with the calculation of the desired parameters of the controlled process and the required values of the controller settings, with the logical tasks of starting and stopping the units, etc. (response time seconds, minutes);

tasks of optimization and adaptive process control, technical and economic tasks (reaction time a few seconds);

information tasks for administrative management, tasks of dispatching and coordination on the scale of a workshop, enterprise, planning tasks, etc. (reaction time hours).

Obviously, the hierarchy of control tasks leads to the need to create a hierarchical system of controls. Such a division, allowing each local government to cope with information difficulties, creates the need to coordinate the decisions made by these bodies, i.e., create a new governing body over them. At each level, the maximum correspondence of the characteristics of technical means to a given class of tasks should be ensured.

In addition, many production systems have their own hierarchy, which arises under the influence of objective trends in scientific and technological progress, concentration and specialization of production, which contribute to an increase in the efficiency of social production. Most often, the hierarchical structure of the control object does not coincide with the hierarchy of the control system. Consequently, as the complexity of systems grows, a hierarchical control pyramid is built. Controlled processes in a complex control object require the timely formation of the right decisions that would lead to the set goals, be taken in a timely manner, and be mutually agreed upon. Each such solution requires the formulation of an appropriate control problem. Their combination forms a hierarchy of control tasks, which in some cases is much more complicated than the hierarchy of the control object.

Types of ACS

Automated process control system or APCS solves the problems of operational management and control of technical facilities in industry, energy, and transport.
Automated production control system(ACS P ) solves the problems of organizing production, including the main production processes, incoming and outgoing logistics.Carries out short-term production planning taking into account production capacities, analysis of product quality, modeling production process. To solve these problems, apply MIS and MES systems, and LIMS systems.

Examples:

Automated street lighting control system(“ASU UO”) is designed to organize the automation of centralized control of street lighting.
- Automated outdoor lighting control system("ASUNO") is designed to organize automation of centralized control of outdoor lighting.
- Automated control system road traffic or ACS DD designed to manage Vehicle and pedestrian flows on the road network of a city or highway
Automated enterprise management system or ASUP to solve these problems, MRP, MRP II and ERP systems. If the enterprise is an educational institution, applylearning management systems.

Examples:

« Hotel management system". Along with this name, PMS Property Management System is used.
- « Automated operational risk management system» is a software containing a set of tools necessary for solving the problems of managing the operational risks of enterprises: from collecting data to reporting and building forecasts.

Automatic control systems (ACS)

Types of automatic control systems

The automatic control system, as a rule, consists of two main elements of the control object and the control device.

ACS can be divided:

According to the purpose of management

Control objectchanging the state of an object in accordance with a given control law. Such a change occurs as a result of external factors, for example, due to control or disturbing influences.

A) Automatic control systems

Automatic stabilization systems. The output value is maintained at a constant level (setpoint constant ). Deviations occur due to disturbances and when turned on.
Program control systems. The set value changes according to a predetermined program law f. Along with the errors encountered in automatic control systems, there are also errors from inertia regulator .
tracking systems. The input effect is unknown. It is determined only during the operation of the system. Errors are highly dependent on the type functions f(t).

B) Systems of extreme regulation

Able to supportextreme valuesome criterion (for example, minimum or maximum) characterizing quality functioning of the object. The criterion of quality, which is usually calledobjective function, an indicator of an extremum or extreme characteristic, can be either directly measuredphysical quantity(for example, temperature, current, voltage, humidity, pressure), or efficiency, performance and etc.

Allocate:

Systems with extreme relay action controller. The universal extremal regulator should be a highly scalable device capable of performing a large number of calculations according to various methods.
- The Signum regulator is used as an analog quality analyzer that unambiguously characterizes only one adjustable parameter of the systems. It consists of two devices connected in series: Signum-relay ( D flip-flop ) and executive engine ( integrator).
- Extreme systems with a non-inertial object
- Extreme systems with inertial object
- Extremal systems with floating characteristic. Used when extremum changes in an unpredictable or difficult to identify way.
Systems with a synchronous detector (extreme systems of continuous operation). The forward channel hasdifferentiator, which does not pass the constant component. For some reason, this link cannot be removed or shunted or is not applicable. To ensure the operability of the system, modulation of the driving influence and signal coding in the direct channel are used, and after the differentiating link,synchronous phase detector.

C) Adaptive automatic control systems

They serve to ensure the desired quality of the process with a wide range of changes in the characteristics of control objects and disturbances.

By type of information in the control device

A) Closed ACS

In closed systems of automatic control, the control action is formed in direct dependence on the controlled value. The connection between the input of a system and its output is called feedback . The feedback signal is subtracted from the command input. This kind of feedback is called negative .

B) Open ACS

The essence of the open-loop control principle is hard given control program. That is, control is carried out "blindly", without monitoring the result, based only on the model of the controlled object embedded in the ACS. Examples of such systems: timer , traffic light control box, automatic lawn watering system, automatic washing machine, etc.

In turn, there are:

Open-loop by setting action
Disturbed open

Characteristics of the ACS

Depending on the description of the variables, the systems are divided into linear and non-linear . Linear systems include systems consisting of elements of description, which are given by linear algebraic ordifferential equations.

If all parameters of the equation of motion of the system do not change in time, then such a system is called stationary . If at least one parameter of the equation of motion of the system changes during time , then the system is called non-stationary or with variable parameters.

Systems in which external (setting) influences are defined and are described by continuous or discrete functions in time belong to the classdeterministic systems.

Systems in which random signal or parametric influences take place and are described by stochastic differential or difference equations belong to the class stochastic systems.

If there is at least one element in the system, the description of which is given by the equationpartial derivatives, then the system belongs to the class of systemswith distributed variables.

Systems in which continuous dynamics generated at each moment of time are interspersed with discrete commands sent from outside are calledhybrid systems.

Examples of automatic control systems

depending on the naturemanaged objectsone can single out biological, ecological, economic and technical control systems. Examples of technical management include:

Discrete action systems or vending machines (vending, gaming, musical).
Stabilization systems sound, picture or magnetic recording. It can be controlled complexesaircraft, which include automatic control systems engine, steering mechanisms, autopilots and navigation systems.

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Automatic and automated systems

automated control system corrective coding

Automatic and automated systems based on the latest computers, they raise operational and planning and organizational management to a level corresponding to modern technology and production technology in the energy sector.

Distinguish automatic and automated systems management. In automatic control systems (ACS), consisting of a control object and a control device (control part), a person does not directly participate in the control process. Unlike automatic control systems, automated control systems (ACS) assume the mandatory participation of people in control processes. The fundamental difference between an automated control system and a traditional control system is that in an automated control system part of the management work, namely the collection, analysis and transformation of information, is performed using computer technology.

Distinguish automatic and automated systems management. Automated control systems for AC operate without human intervention. They are used to control individual machines, units, technological processes. Automated control systems for automated control systems assume the presence of a person in the control process and are used primarily for organizational management, the object of which are collectives, enterprises. Automated process control systems are called process control systems.

AT automatic and automated systems- the time from the moment a signal is given to the system input until the moment when it responds to this signal.

It is customary to distinguish automatic and automated systems management. Their difference lies primarily in the fact that automatic systems can work without human intervention, while in automated systems, part of the object control functions is performed technical means and some people. Thus, an important feature of ACS is the presence of a person in the control process.

Control machines are used in automatic and automated systems management and ensure the optimal flow of the technological process.

Theoretical basis of management and development automatic and automated systems is cybernetics - the science of the most general laws of obtaining and purposeful processing of information in controlled systems.

There is a need to apply automatic and automated systems management various destination computer with correspondingly different characteristics.

In addition to formal and informal, there are also manual, automatic and automated systems management. If the task of management - the development and implementation of management decisions - is performed by a person, then they talk about manual control. In automatic systems, control processes are implemented without the direct participation of a person - the work is performed by computers and automata.

Automated control systems (ACS) are human-machine systems, the control functions of which are distributed between a person - a decision maker, and a computer in accordance with the level of automation of SD adoption and execution achieved in a particular control system.

Metrological characteristics of measuring instruments used in automatic and automated systems management.

The articles published different approaches to design automatic and automated systems management, as well as methods convenient for implementation on a computer for solving typical control problems are proposed.

Built on the specified hardware and software information-measuring systems allow you to create especially responsible automatic and automated systems signaling, diagnostics and management different configuration and information capacity, with a sufficiently high speed of information transfer, operating in difficult climatic conditions (from minus 40 to 60 C) or in explosive zones at facilities under the control of the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia, which distinguishes the proposed systems from their counterparts. It expands functionality systems. The systems created on the basis of modern hardware and software are widely introduced into industry.

As already noted, there are automatic and automated systems management. Unlike automatic systems, in which control is carried out without human intervention, in automated systems, part of the control functions is performed by a person, the other part is automatic devices. In automated control systems (ACS), with the help of computer technology, the functions of collecting, analyzing, registering information, and also converting it to perform individual decision-making operations are most often performed. To implement these functions, economic and mathematical methods and models are used to obtain an optimal or close to optimal solution.

automatic and automated systems

Due to the wide variety of control objects in the chemical industry, when creating automatic and automated systems in each case, it is necessary to solve complex problems of designing specific systems. Numerous objects and limited resources for designing and implementing systems make it necessary to typify design solutions and focus on serial equipment, universalize the software for systems, and improve the organization and management of developments.

The use of microcomputers is developing in two main directions: as part of automatic and automated systems management and as personal computers(PC) for engineers and specialists of electric power systems.

Digital electronics play a critical role in ensuring high reliability created automatic and automated systems, managing objects, processes and production systems. The current generation of students of various specialties will also have to solve this problem at a qualitatively new level. Tokheima focuses primarily on them. She can be good study guide, which successfully combines an extremely intelligible presentation theoretical foundations digital electronics with a variety of topics for laboratory work and colloquia, for the organization of which the tasks for self-examination that complete each chapter can be used.

The book is intended for engineering and technical workers involved in the development and operation of automatic and automated systems management. It can also be used by students, graduate students and university professors of relevant specialties.

Development practice and experience in creating management systems allow us to assert that in future automatic and automated systems the role of a person in management will not only not decrease, but, on the contrary, will increase, since a person will be the main command link in them. As a result, one of the central problems of human-technical interaction becomes such an organization of information flows to a person and command information from him, so that optimal use all his extremely rich creative possibilities. Information is usually understood as any changes in the serviced object, displayed by means of information presentation or perceived by the operator directly from the object, as well as commands, indications of the need to implement certain influences on the process. Any message is informative if it contains previously unknown information.

The proposed book aims to consider a number of issues encountered in the development and implementation of automatic and automated systems management chemical industries.

As mentioned in the introduction, control objects in the chemical industry are quite diverse, so when creating automatic and automated systems every time you have to solve complex specific problems. The huge number of objects, the limited design capabilities and resources for the specific implementation of systems make it necessary to typify design solutions, focus on serial equipment, and universalize the software systems.

The state system of devices and means of automation is a set of standardized factory products intended for use as technical means automatic and automated systems control, regulation and control of technological processes. GSP provides operational and structural compatibility of products, their appropriate accuracy, specified reliability and durability.

This system is a metrologically, informationally, energetically, structurally and operationally organized set of products intended for use in industry as technical means. automatic and automated systems control, measurement, regulation and control.

The State System of Industrial Instruments and Automation Means (GSP) is an operationally, informationally, metrologically and structurally organized set of products intended for use in industry as technical means automatic and automated systems control, measurement, regulation and control of technological processes.

Automatic and automated systems management collect, store, transfer and process information reflecting the state of regulated facilities. The information generated by the system is used to promptly influence the controlled object (process) in order to maintain the desired state. Computers form the basis of such control systems.

The need for timely and high-quality processing of all kinds of information is currently leading to the widespread use of computers to control processes and objects in various areas of industry, transport, and military affairs.

Mathematical computers are used for making calculations in all areas of science and technology. Control computers are used in automatic and automated systems management.

However, the use of computer technology is not limited to its use only for the mechanization and automation of computational work. At present, computer technology is also widely used in the creation of various automatic and automated systems management. In such systems, the collection, storage, transmission and processing of information reflecting the state of a particular control object is carried out. The basis of such control systems are electronic computers. It is with the help of computers that the system generates necessary information, used to influence the control object in order to maintain the required state.

One of the first economic decision-making tasks was successfully solved - the management of stocks in warehouses of military equipment, food, fuel and other materials of US military bases scattered around the world after the Second World War. The problems of decision-making of transportation management (the so-called transport problem), navigation problems, etc. were solved. Finally, there were automatic and automated systems management production, in which computers made decisions on the management of technological processes, or worked in advisor mode.

The microprocessor and microcomputer are complex logical devices, the operation of which can often not be described by the simplest means, for example, transfer functions. Therefore, it is natural to search for other methods. Development trend automatic and automated systems management- this is the emergence of more and more complex subordinate systems with a complex hierarchy and control, the integration of what, in current terminology, is called APCS and APCS.

The basic concepts of the theory of automatic control are stated. The main methods of analysis and synthesis of linear automatic systems, as well as methods for the analysis of nonlinear automatic systems are considered; the influence of random influences on the properties of automatic systems is considered; methods of optimal and adaptive control are presented. Tells about contemporary automatic and automated systems and mathematical methods of their analysis and synthesis. Tasks are given for a deeper assimilation of the material presented. The appendices give brief information on the Fourier and Laplace transformations - the transformation and random processes.

The Soviet Union has accumulated a certain amount of experience in the use of computers in various automated and automatic systems. For 1971 - 1975 the production and use of computer facilities in the national economy increased significantly, the quality of manufactured computers improved, and the production of auxiliary and peripheral equipment expanded. More than 2300 put into operation automatic and automated systems management technological processes, enterprises, associations and branches of the national economy.

The author presents the main provisions of the control theory based on linear finite-dimensional stationary models using operator-frequency methods, the concept of transfer function and time characteristics. The advantage of such a presentation is that students can master the information-algorithmic approach adopted in control theory, which reflects the causal nature of the interaction of elements and subsystems in complex control systems. In the future, this greatly facilitates structural analysis and synthesis during design. automatic and automated systems with elements of artificial intelligence, and also allows you to choose options for actions in case of failures and accidents during operation.

Instrumentation is one of the branches of the machine-building complex and most capaciously determines the level of scientific and technological progress of the national economy of the country. The machine-building complex of Russia, currently headed by the Committee of the Russian Federation for Mechanical Engineering (Roskommash), consists of the following industries: instrument-making industry; heavy, power and transport engineering; machine tool and tool industry; electrical industry; chemical and oil engineering; Automotive industry; construction, road and municipal engineering. Instrument-making enterprises, until recently concentrated in the sectoral ministry, produce measuring instruments, analysis, processing and provision of information, control devices, automatic and automated systems management.

Any problem on such a machine is solved in such a way that in necessary moment time on all devices of the machine participating in its solution, all the mathematical transformations required by the equation are performed simultaneously, corresponding to the current value of the variable. Therefore, the type and complexity of mathematical problems that can be solved on analog computers are limited by the composition of the machine's hardware. Based on this, when creating such machines, they try to design them flexible enough to solve a relatively wide range of engineering, scientific and research problems. Machines of this class, operating in real time, are widely used in automatic and automated systems management.

In corrective coding, both the transmission method and the reception method are affected to improve the fidelity of information transmission. It is used in cases where the possibilities of other ways to increase fidelity have been exhausted. This is due to the complication of communication systems with the introduction of corrective devices, an increase in material costs, and in some cases a decrease in the reliability of the equipment.

The development of corrective coding is largely associated with the introduction automatic and automated systems processing information built on a digital computer. These systems are usually an important part of higher-level hierarchical systems such as automated air traffic control systems, booking and ticketing systems, plant and process control systems. The permissible error probability in the transmission of one bit of information in modern automated systems should not exceed 10 - 6 - 10 - 9, which is 3 - 4 orders of magnitude less than that observed in real communication channels.

Corrective coding aims to match high demands to the fidelity of data transmission and the low quality of real channels, poorly adapted for data transmission. The use of coding is favored by the fact that most of the encoding and decoding algorithms can be implemented not in hardware, but in software in a computer.

Information and Computing Network (ICN) is a communication network in which information is the product of generation, processing, storage and use, and computing equipment serves as network nodes. IVS components can be computers and peripheral devices that are sources and receivers of data transmitted over the network. These components make up the data terminal equipment. Computers, printers, plotters and other computing, measuring and executive equipment can act as terminal data equipment. automatic and automated systems. Actually, data transfer occurs with the help of media and means, united by the term data transmission medium.

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