Fire communication and signaling play an important role in measures to prevent fires, contribute to their timely detection and call fire departments to the place of the fire, as well as provide management and operational management of fire work. Fire communications can be subdivided into notification communications (timely receipt of calls to fires), dispatch communications (management of forces and means for extinguishing fires) and fire communications (management of fire departments).
For notification of a fire, the most widely used technical means of communication and fire alarms - telephone, electric fire alarm, automatic and non-automatic and radio. Industrial enterprises, households and other facilities with increased fire hazard, as a rule, are equipped with direct telephone communication.
Fire detectors. The most reliable and fastest means of communication for calling the fire brigade is an electrical fire alarm, consisting of the following main parts: detectors installed in industrial buildings or on the territory of an industrial enterprise, farm or warehouse and designed to signal a fire; a receiving station with receiving devices that provide reception of fire signals and fix these signals; linear networks connecting detectors with receiving stations. The receiving station has optical and acoustic alarms.
Electrical fire alarm systems detect the initial stage of a fire (burning) and report the place of its occurrence. Woodworking and furniture companies use highly efficient types of automatic fire alarms, the detectors of which react to smoke, ultraviolet rays of the flame and heat. Automatic signaling systems without the participation of people transmit messages about the fire and the place of its occurrence, and in some cases also automatically turn on stationary fire extinguishing installations. According to the method of actuation, fire detectors are divided into non-automatic - manual (push-button) and automatic.
Manual (non-automatic) detectors Depending on the method of connection with receiving stations, they are divided into beam and stub ring stations. Beam systems are called systems where each detector is connected to the receiving station with a pair of independent wires that form a separate beam. Each beam includes at least three detectors. When a button is pressed on each of these detectors, the receiving station receives a signal indicating the beam number, i.e. the location of the fire.
The electric fire alarm of a looped ring system differs from a beam one in that the detectors are connected in series in one common ring wire (loop) laid in the ground or mounted on poles. The operation of this system is based on the principle of transmission by the detector of a certain number of pulses (detector code). The stub ring alarm system is used, as a rule, at large industrial enterprises, warehouses, farms and other facilities.
Automatic detectors. Automatic fire detectors for response are divided into heat, smoke, light and combined. There are automatic extinguishing devices that eliminate fires at the moment of their occurrence with water, foam and gas.
Automatic detectors include fire alarm devices, sensors for water and irrigation systems (sprinkler and deluge), fogging devices, automatic fire extinguishing gas installations, water curtains, automatic fire doors, etc. These detectors are included in the lines of beam alarm systems or as sub-detectors in loop systems through code detectors. Switches (detectors) of maximum action have a sensitive element made in the form of a bimetallic diaphragm mounted on a round plastic base and closed with a plastic split casing.
Rating: 2.25
Rated: 4 people
Basic terms and definitions.
Fire post - a special room of the object with round-the-clock stay of duty personnel, equipped with devices for monitoring the state of fire automatics.
Fire alarm system - a set of fire alarm installations mounted at one facility and controlled from a common fire station.
Fire alarm installation - a set of technical means for detecting a fire, processing, presenting a fire notice in a given form and issuing commands to turn on automatic fire extinguishing installations and technical devices.
Fire alarm control panel - a device designed to receive signals from fire detectors, provide power to active (current-consuming) fire detectors, output information to light, sound annunciators and centralized monitoring consoles, as well as generate a starting impulse for starting a fire control device.
Fire detector device for generating a fire signal (GOST 12.2.047).
Automatic fire detector - a fire detector that responds to factors associated with a fire (GOST 12.2.047).
General requirements for signaling.
In the premises of the fire post or other premises with personnel on duty around the clock, the following should be provided:
a) light and sound alarm:
about the occurrence of a fire (with decoding in directions or premises in the case of the use of addressable fire alarm systems);
about the operation of the installation (with decoding in directions or premises);
b) light signaling:
on the presence of voltage at the main and backup power supply inputs;
about turning off the sound alarm about a fire (in the absence of automatic restoration of the alarm);
about turning off the audible alarm about a malfunction (in the absence of automatic recovery of the alarm);
The sound signal about a fire must differ in tone or character of the sound from the signal about a malfunction and operation of the installation.
General provisions when choosing types of fire detectors for a protected object
The choice of the type of point smoke detector is recommended to be made in accordance with its ability to detect various types of smoke, which can be determined according to GOST R 50898.
Fire flame detectors should be used if an open flame is expected to appear in the control zone in the event of a fire at its initial stage.
The spectral sensitivity of the flame detector must correspond to the emission spectrum of the flame of combustible materials located in the control zone of the detector.
Thermal fire detectors should be used if significant heat release is expected in the control zone in the event of a fire at its initial stage.
Differential and maximum-differential thermal fire detectors should be used to detect a fire source, if there are no temperature drops in the control zone that are not associated with the onset of a fire that can trigger these types of fire detectors.
Maximum thermal fire detectors are not recommended for use in rooms where the air temperature during a fire may not reach the detectors' response temperature or reach it after an unacceptably long time. When choosing thermal fire detectors, it should be taken into account that the response temperature of maximum and maximum differential detectors must be at least 20? C above the maximum allowable room temperature.
Gas fire detectors are recommended to be used if in the control zone in the event of a fire at its initial stage, the release of a certain type of gases in concentrations that can cause the detectors to operate is expected. Gas fire detectors should not be used in rooms where, in the absence of a fire, gases may appear in concentrations that cause the detectors to operate.
In the event that the dominant fire factor is not determined in the control zone, it is recommended to use a combination of fire detectors that respond to various fire factors, or combined fire detectors.
The choice of types of fire detectors, depending on the purpose of the protected premises and the type of fire load, is recommended to be made in accordance with Appendix 12.
Fire detectors should be used in accordance with the requirements of state standards, fire safety standards, technical documentation, and taking into account climatic, mechanical, electromagnetic and other influences at their location.
Fire detectors designed to issue notifications for the control of automatic fire control, smoke removal, fire warning, must be resistant to electromagnetic interference with a degree of severity not lower than the second according to NPB 57-97.
Smoke detectors powered by a fire alarm loop and having a built-in sound annunciator are recommended to be used for prompt, local notification and determination of the location of a fire in premises where the following conditions are simultaneously met:
the main factor in the occurrence of a fire in the initial stage is the appearance of smoke;
the presence of people is possible in the protected premises.
Such detectors should be included in a unified fire alarm system with the output of alarm notices to the fire alarm control device located in the premises of the duty personnel.
Fire alarms are used to timely notify the time and place of a fire and take measures to eliminate it.
Fire alarm systems consist of fire detectors (sensors), communication lines, a receiving station, from where a fire signal can be transmitted to the premises of fire brigades, etc.
Electric fire alarms, depending on the connection scheme of the detectors with the receiving station, are divided into beam and ring or loop.
With a beam scheme, a separate wiring, called a beam, is connected to each detector from the receiving station.
With a ring (stub) scheme, all detectors are connected in series to one common wire, both ends of which are connected to the receiving station. At large facilities, several such wires or loops can be included in the receiving station, and up to 50 detectors can be included in one loop.
Fire detectors can be manual (buttons installed in corridors or stairwells) and automatic, which convert non-electric physical quantities (radiation of thermal and light energy, movement of smoke particles, etc.) into electrical signals of a certain form, transmitted by wire to a receiving station.
Manual call point type PKIL-9 is activated by pressing a button. These detectors are located in prominent places (on landings, in corridors) and are painted red. The person who noticed the fire must break the protective glass and press the button. At the same time, the electrical circuit is closed and an audible signal is generated at the receiving station and a signal lamp lights up.
Detectors are divided into parametric, in which non-electric quantities are converted into electrical ones, and generator ones, in which a change in a non-electric quantity causes the appearance of its own electromotive force (EMF).
The most widely used time automatic detectors. By the principle of action on thermal, smoke, combined and light. Thermal detectors of maximum action ATIM-1 ATIM-3, depending on the setting, are triggered when the temperature rises to 60, 80 and 100 ° C. The detectors are triggered due to the formation of a bimetallic plate when heated. Each of these detectors can control an area up to 15 m2. In semiconductor thermal detectors PTIM-1, PTIM-2, the sensitive elements are thermal resistances, when heated, the current in the circuit changes. The detectors are triggered when the temperature rises to 40-60°C and protects the area up to 30 m 2 . Thermal detectors DPS-038, DPS-1AG of differential action are triggered by a rapid increase in temperature (by 30 ° C in 7 s) and are used in explosive premises; the controlled area is 30 m 2 . In detectors of this type, thermocouples are used, in which, when heated, thermo-emf occurs. In smoke detectors DI-1, an ionization chamber is used as a sensitive element. Under the action of the radioactive isotope plutonium-239, an ionization current flows in the chamber. When smoke enters the chamber, the absorption of a-rays increases and the ionization current decreases. Combined detector KI-1 is a combination of smoke and heat detectors. A thermal resistance is additionally connected to the ionization chamber. Such detectors react both to the appearance of smoke and to an increase in temperature. The operating temperature of such detectors is 60-80 ° C, the estimated service area is 50-100 m 2.
Detectors DI-1 and KI-1 are not installed in damp, heavily dusty rooms, as well as in rooms that contain vapors of acids, alkalis or the temperature of these rooms is above +80 ° C, since these conditions can cause false alarms of the detectors.
Light detectors SI-1, AIP-2 react to the ultraviolet part of the flame spectrum. Their sensitive elements are photon counters. The detectors are installed in rooms with illumination of no more than 50 lux; the area controlled by them is 50 m 2 .
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Primary means include fire extinguishers, hydropumps (piston pumps), buckets, barrels of water, sandboxes, asbestos sheets, felt mats, felt mats, etc.
Fire extinguishers are chemical foam (OHP-10, OP-5, OHPV-1O, etc.), air-foam (OVP-5, OVP-10), carbon dioxide (OU-2, OU-5, OU-8), carbon dioxide - bromoethyl (ОУБ-3, ОУБ-7), powder (OPS-6, OPS-10).
Chemical foam fire extinguishers such as OHP-10, OHVP-10 (Fig. 3) consist of a steel cylinder containing an alkaline solution and a polyethylene glass with an acid solution. The fire extinguisher is activated by turning the handle up to failure, which opens a glass with an acid solution. The fire extinguisher is turned upside down, the solutions mix and begin to interact. The chemical reaction is accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide, which creates excess pressure in the cylinder. Under pressure, the resulting foam is injected into the combustion zone.
Chemical foam fire extinguishers of the OP-3 or OP-5 type are activated by the impact of the firing pin against a solid base. At the same time, glass flasks are broken, sulfuric acid is poured into a cylinder and enters into a chemical reaction with alkali. The resulting carbon dioxide as a result of the reaction causes intense foaming of the liquid and creates a pressure of about 9-12 atmospheres in the balloon, due to which the liquid in the form of a foam jet is ejected from the balloon through the nozzle.
The duration of action of chemical foam fire extinguishers is about 60-65 s, and the jet range is up to 8 m.
Air-foam fire extinguishers (OVP-5, OVP-10) are charged with a 5% aqueous solution of foam concentrate PO-1. When the fire extinguisher is actuated, the compressed carbon dioxide ejects the foaming agent solution through the foam nozzle, forming a jet of high expansion foam.
The duration of action of air-foam fire extinguishers is up to 20 s, the range of the foam jet is about 4-4.5 m.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers OU-2 (Fig. 4) consist of a cylinder with carbon dioxide, a shut-off valve, a siphon tube, a flexible metal hose, a diffuser (snowmaker bell), a handle and a fuse. The shut-off valve has a safety device in the form of a membrane, which is activated when the pressure in the cylinder rises above the allowable one. The gas in the cylinder is under a pressure of about 70 atmospheres (6-7 MPa) in a liquid state. Fire extinguishers are activated by turning the shut-off valve counterclockwise. When the valve is opened, carbon dioxide escapes in the form of snow. With an increase in ambient temperature, the pressure in the cylinder can reach 180-210 atmospheres (180-210-105 Pa).
The action time of carbon dioxide fire extinguishers is up to 60 s, the range is up to 2 m.
Fig.3 Chemical foam fire extinguisher OHP-10
Fig.4. Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher OU-2
A carbon dioxide-bromoethyl fire extinguisher (ОUB-7) consists of a cylinder filled with ethyl bromide, carbon dioxide, and compressed air for ejection of the extinguishing agent through a nozzle. The duration of the OUB-7 is about 35-40 s, the jet length is 5-6 m. The OUB-7 is activated by pressing the starting handle. The fire extinguisher can be stopped by releasing the handle.
Powder fire extinguishers (OPS-6, OPS-10) consist of a body with a capacity of 6 or 10 liters, a cover with a safety valve and a siphon tube, a gas canister with a capacity of 0.7 liters connected to the body with a pipe, a flexible hose with an extension and bell.
When the fire extinguisher is activated, the powder is pushed out of its body through the siphon tube by compressed gas, which presses on the mass of powder from above, passes through its thickness and, together with the powder, comes out.
The action time of powder fire extinguishers is 30 s, the working pressure is 8∙10 5 Pa, and the initial pressure in the gas cartridge is 15∙10 6 Pa.
All fire extinguishers are subject to periodic monitoring and recharging.
Stationary fire fighting installations are fixed-mounted devices, pipelines and equipment that are designed to supply extinguishing agents to the combustion zone.
Mobile installations in the form of pumps for supplying water and other extinguishing agents to the fire site are mounted on fire trucks. Fire trucks include fire trucks, tank trucks, auto pumps, motor pumps, fire trains, motor ships, etc.
FIRST AID FOR ACCIDENTS
At communication enterprises, as a result of violation of safety rules or equipment malfunctions, accidents can result that lead to injury to the human body or disruption of its normal functioning.
Timely and qualified pre-hospital medical care to the victim can not only preserve his health, but also save his life. The lack of breathing and blood circulation for 4-6 minutes causes irreversible changes in the body (changes, and the help of medical workers who arrived some time after the accident may be useless. Therefore, each communications technician must be able to quickly and correctly provide the first help.
First aid consists in stopping the action of dangerous factors, temporarily stopping bleeding, applying aseptic (sterile) and splint dressings, combating pain and carrying out revitalizing measures to restore the breathing of cardiac activity, and, finally, delivering the victim to a medical institution.
FIRST AID FOR ELECTRIC SHOCK
First aid to the victim of electric current is divided into several stages:
release of the victim from the effects of electric current;
determining the condition of the victim;
carrying out artificial respiration and indirect heart massage.
To release the victim from the effects of electric current, disconnect the electrical installation from the supply voltage using the shutdown elements: buttons, knife switches, switches; if this is not possible, then it is necessary to unscrew the plug fuses or cut the wires with sharp objects that have insulating handles. If the wire lies on the victim, then any non-conductive object (dry stick, board) should be used to remove the wire from the victim and throw it aside.
If a person came under the influence of electric current while on a support, then to stop the action of the current on the current-carrying wires, you can throw a pre-grounded wire, which will trigger the protection and turn off the voltage. In this case, it is necessary to provide measures to prevent the victim from falling from the support.
In many cases, you can pull the victim by the clothes, without touching the bare parts of his body with your hands, so as not to get under the influence of an electric current. If possible, you should first put on dielectric gloves, galoshes
Having freed the victim from the effects of electric current, his condition should be quickly assessed. If the victim is conscious, but has been under the influence of current for a long time, then he must be provided with complete rest and observation for 2-3 hours, since disturbances caused by electric current may occur without visible symptoms, but after some time they may develop pathological consequences up to the onset of clinical death. In this regard, calling a doctor for all electric shocks is mandatory. If the victim is unconscious, but breathing and cardiac activity are preserved (a pulse is felt), then he should be comfortably and evenly laid on his back, unfasten tight clothing, and create an influx of fresh air. Then the victim should be given ammonia to smell from time to time, sprinkle with water and constantly rub and warm the body. If vomiting occurs, the head of the victim should be turned to the left side.
If the victim has no signs of life (no pulse is felt, there is no heartbeat, convulsive irregular breathing), then resuscitation (revival) should be started immediately. First of all, it is necessary to normalize breathing as the main source of oxygen supply to all organs and blood circulation, which delivers oxygen to all tissues of the human body. Restore breathing in the victim with artificial respiration. Artificial respiration can be carried out in various ways: manual (methods of Sylvester, Schaefer, etc.); mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose; hardware-manual.
Manual methods of artificial respiration are ineffective, since they do not provide sufficient air supply to the lungs of the victim. In recent years, mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose artificial respiration methods have become widespread. These methods consist in the forced filling of the victim's lungs with air from the lungs of the caregiver by blowing. As you know, the air around us contains about 21% oxygen, and exhaled from the lungs - 16%.
This amount of oxygen is sufficient to maintain, to some extent, gas exchange in the lungs. With one tire, 1-1.5 liters of air enters the lungs of the victim, which is much more than with manual methods. Insufflation should be carried out with the frequency of one's own breathing, but not less than 10-12 times per minute. If the victim makes an independent breath, then the blowing should be timed to coincide with the time of the victim's own breath. It is not necessary to stop artificial respiration at the first spontaneous breath, it must be continued for some more time, since irregular and weak spontaneous breaths cannot provide sufficient gas exchange of the lungs.
Hardware-manual methods of artificial respiration are implemented with the help of bellows, which provide sufficient gas exchange in the lungs of the victim. The most convenient in operation are portable devices RPD 1 and RPA-2.
To restore cardiac activity, an indirect, or closed, heart massage is performed. The one who provides assistance stands on the left side of the victim and puts the base of the palm on the lower third of the sternum, and the other hand puts it on top of the first. Using body weight, he presses on the sternum with such force that it shifts towards the spine by 3-6 cm. 60-70 pressures should be performed per minute. Signs of the restoration of the work of the heart - the appearance of one's own pulse, pinking of the skin, constriction of the pupils.
Often chest compressions are combined with artificial respiration. If two people provide assistance, then one performs a heart massage, and the other performs artificial respiration. After every three or four pressures, one blowing follows.
If one person is involved in providing assistance, then the cycle of artificial respiration and chest compressions changes: 3-4 blows, then 15 pressures, 2 blows, 15 pressures, etc.
FIRST AID FOR WOUNDS. STOP BLEEDING
A wound is a consequence of mechanical damage to tissues and the human body. Various microbes can be introduced into the wound, so you should definitely consult a doctor to treat the wound and administer tetanus toxoid. Do not wash the wound with water, remove the earth, fill the wound with powders or other therapeutic agents, remove blood clots from the wound; only a medical professional can properly treat a wound. It is necessary to open an individual package, apply a sterile material to the wound and then bandage it. To stop capillary or venous bleeding, lift the limb up, apply a pressure bandage to the wound. To stop arterial bleeding, the limb is sharply bent at the joint, the artery is pressed with a finger, a tourniquet or twist is applied. A rubber cord is used as a tourniquet, and belts, towels, scarves, etc. are used as a twist. The tourniquet or twist is applied above the wound at a distance of 5-7 cm from its edge. Under the tourniquet or twist, you should put a note indicating the time of application. In the summer season, the tourniquet is applied for 2 hours, in the cold - for 1 hour. Then loosen the tourniquet for 2-3 minutes so that blood can flow to the injured limb, otherwise tissue necrosis may occur. If bleeding resumes after loosening the tourniquet, the tourniquet is tightened again.
FIRST AID FOR FRACTURES, BRUISES AND STRAINS
In case of fractures and dislocations, the first first aid is to ensure complete immobility, immobilization of the damaged part of the body. Immobilization is necessary to reduce pain, prevent further injury to the soft tissues of the body by bone fragments.
Signs of fractures are pain, unnatural shape of the damaged part of the body, bone mobility in the area of the fracture. To ensure immobility, special splints or improvised means are used - ski poles, boards, umbrellas, etc. Tires must be chosen so long as to immobilize two joints - above and below the fracture. If the fracture is open, then first you should bandage the wound with an aseptic bandage, and then apply a splint.
In case of skull fractures, the victim is laid on his back, his head is turned to one side, cold is applied to the head (ice, snow or cold water in plastic bags).
In case of spinal fractures, a wide board or shield is carefully slipped under the victim, or the victim is turned face down on his stomach. When turning over, make sure that the spine does not bend, otherwise you can injure the spinal cord.
In case of a fracture or dislocation of the collarbone, a lump of cotton wool or soft tissue should be placed in the armpit. Bandage an arm bent at a right angle to the body or tie it with a scarf to the neck. Apply cold to the injured area.
In case of fractures and dislocations of the bones of the hands, splints should be applied, the hand should be hung at a right angle on the braid or jacket field. apply ice to the injury site. An independent attempt to eliminate a dislocation can lead to a more severe injury; only a doctor or a paramedic can properly correct a dislocation.
In case of rib fractures, the chest should be tightly bandaged during exhalation.
With all kinds of bruises and sprains, the damaged area should be tightly bandaged and a cold object applied to it.
FIRST AID FOR BURNS AND FROSTBITE
A burn is tissue damage that occurs under the influence of low temperature, chemicals, electric current, sunlight and x-rays. There are four degrees of burns: 1st - redness of the skin, 2nd blistering, 3rd necrosis of the entire thickness of the skin and 4th - charring of tissues. The severity of the injury depends on the extent and area of the burn. If more than 20% of the body surface is damaged, then the burn causes changes in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. The victim may go into shock. When providing first aid, a sterile bandage, a bubble with ice or cold water should be applied to the damaged area and the victim should be sent to the hospital.
You should not open blisters, tear off adhering clothing, sealing wax, rosin, as this can lead to infection and prolonged wound healing. You should also not lubricate the burn wound with ointments, oil, or cover it with powders. In case of eye burns with a voltaic arc, they should be washed with a 2-3% solution of boric acid and the victim should be sent to the hospital.
In case of chemical burns (acids or alkalis), the damaged area must be washed with water (preferably running water) for 10-15 minutes, and then with a neutralizing solution; for acid burns, 5% potassium permanganate or 10% drinking solution howling soda (one teaspoon per glass of water), for alkali burns with a 5% solution of acetic or boric acid. For washing the eyes, use weaker, 2-3% solutions.
Frostbite is damage to body tissues as a result of exposure to low temperatures. The lower extremities are most commonly affected by frostbite. First aid for frostbite consists in warming the whole body, rubbing the frostbitten parts with a soft dry cloth (gloves, scarf, etc.). Snow should not be used for rubbing, as the ice it contains can damage the skin, which contributes to infection and prolongs the healing process. After the damaged area turns red, it is necessary to apply a bandage with some kind of fat (oil, lard, etc.) and keep the damaged limb in an elevated position. The victim must be sent to a medical facility.
FIRST AID FOR FAIN, HEAT AND SUN STROKE, POISONING. CARRYING AND TRANSPORTATION OF THE INJURED
Fainting is a sudden, brief loss of consciousness. Fainting is preceded by fainting (nausea, dizziness, blackout). In case of fainting, the victim should be laid on his back with his head slightly lowered, unfasten tight clothes, create an influx of fresh air, give him a sniff of ammonia, apply a heating pad to his legs. the victim wakes up, you can give him hot coffee. 100
Heatstroke is a sharp sudden disorder of the activity of the central nervous system, resulting from the rehashing of the whole organism. Heat stroke occurs with prolonged exposure to high ambient temperature, staying in rooms with high humidity and insufficient air movement. In this case, the mechanism of heat transfer is disturbed, which leads to serious disturbances in the body. Close to thermal is sunstroke, which occurs as a result of overheating of the head by direct sunlight.
In case of heat and sunstroke, the victim must be quickly transferred to a cool, shaded place, laid on his back with his head slightly raised, ensure peace, create an influx of fresh air and put ice or cold lotions on his head.
When carrying and transporting the victim, one should be very careful not to cause him pain, additional injury, and thereby cause a deterioration in his condition. It is best to transfer on a stretcher (special or made from improvised material). When laying on a stretcher, you should lift the victim and place the stretcher under him, and not transfer the victim to the stretcher. In case of fractures of the spine or lower jaw, the victim is placed on the stomach if the stretcher is soft.
On flat terrain, the victim is carried feet first, and when climbing a mountain or stairs - head first. The porters should walk out of step, with their knees slightly bent, so that the stretcher sways as little as possible. When carrying over long distances, straps are tied to the handles of the stretcher, which are thrown over the shoulder. When transporting by transport (by car, wagon), maximum comfort should be created, shaking should be avoided; it is better to lay the victim directly on the stretcher, spreading something soft (hay, grass, etc.).
Safety requirement for telephony station equipment
At present, coordinate stations AMTS-3, ARM-2I, quasi-electronic station "Metakonta YUS", transmission systems - K-60P, K-1920P, K-1920U " etc. are used to organize long-distance telephone communication. In their production workshops significantly reduced the noise level and thus improved working conditions for communication workers. All work at telephone and telegraph stations is carried out in accordance with the Safety Regulations for the equipment and maintenance of telephone and telegraph stations. Of all the workshops of the MTS, the linear-hardware and ale-trip and cue workshops represent the greatest danger from the point of view of electric shock.
When working in a linear hardware shop (LAS), you should be especially careful, since some racks are powered by 220 V AC, while others are supplied with a remote power supply voltage (DP), which can reach high values. For example, for the K-1920P system, the DC voltage is 2 kV.
The LAC is powered by a two-beam scheme from two independent sources. DC voltage is supplied to the equipment through uninsulated busbars located at a height. Touching the tires is possible only when working on a ladder. To exclude such contact, the Metakonta YUS system uses a cable instead of tires.
To check the passage of signals towards the line and switching shops in the LAC for equipment K-1920P, test stands IS-1UV and IS-2UV are installed. in the optimal working area.
In the LAC, the racks are installed in rows, between which there is a passage of sufficient width for safe and convenient maintenance of the equipment. On cabinets and racks, to the equipment of which the DC voltage is supplied, red arrows are applied to warn personnel about the danger of electric shock. To exclude contact with live parts that are energized by the DP, in some systems, for example, K-60P, blocking of the DP circuits is used.
To protect the LAC equipment from possible overloads, the racks are equipped with automatic or fuses. In the event of a fuse blowing or other malfunctions, an optical and audible alarm is triggered, signal lamps are located on the cabinets, on an ordinary banner and on a general station display. For example, when the lamps of the linear amplifiers of the K-1920U system exit from the three lamps, the “US” lamp on the protection and signaling board (CCD), the “Tract” signal on an ordinary banner, the red general rack lamp and the bell ring. To prevent electric shock, dielectric mats should be placed in front of the input, input-test racks, DP racks, auxiliary end racks (SVT), racks of automatic voltage regulators (SARN), and the rack housings should be grounded.
When carrying out preventive and repair work on the current-carrying parts of the LAC equipment, the voltage is removed from them, i.e., the work is performed with complete removal of the voltage. If it is impossible to remove the voltage on equipment up to 500 V, then, as an exception, it is allowed to work without removing the voltage, but with the obligatory use of dielectric gloves, dielectric mats and tools with insulating handles. This is especially true for electrical measurements and determining the location of damage to the circuits of overhead lines that are subject to the dangerous influence of power lines and electrified railways. It is necessary to connect measuring devices to cable conductors under voltage with dielectric gloves in the presence of a second person. It is forbidden to take measurements during a thunderstorm.
The cable cores are soldered on the boxes. The pins of the cable boxes, through which the DC voltage is supplied, are enclosed in insulating tubes, and the sockets of the boxes are closed with protective covers. A red arrow is applied to the cover. The lines on the boxes are switched using two-pair plugs with a plastic case or special shackles with an insulating coating of the part that is taken by hand. When rearranging the shackles or plugs, it is necessary to pay attention to the state of the insulation.
When working on a line or equipment that is associated with touching live parts that are energized by the DC, it must be turned off. The head of the amplifying point is responsible for the timely switching off and on of the DP. All orders, as well as the time of switching off and on the DP, are recorded in the work log. The voltage of the DP is turned off by switches, on which posters are hung: “Do not turn on! People are working." The number of posters on one switch must correspond to the number of teams working on the line. To eliminate the erroneous switching on of the DP, additional visible ones are made in the circuit by removing the fuses or rearranging the high-voltage shackles. It is allowed to remove high-voltage shackles only in dielectric (gloves, standing on a dielectric mat.
After the DP voltage is removed, the cable is discharged to the ground using a spark gap - a metal rod connected to a grounding device and mounted on an insulating rod.
It is allowed to turn on the voltage of the DP and remove the warning poster only after receiving messages from all the teams working on the line about the possibility of turning on the voltage.
In the shops of automatic and semi-automatic communication, as well as in switching shops, the equipment is placed on racks, the design of which excludes the possibility of touching live parts. Racks are equipped with fuses and alarm devices.
Preventive work is carried out, as a rule, with complete stress relief and only in exceptional cases without stress relief using protective equipment. It is forbidden to check the absence of voltage by hand, it is necessary to use voltage meters or indicators. When replacing signal lamps or fuses on switches and cabinets, do not touch grounded metal structures with your free hand, otherwise electric shock may result.
When performing work on switching and testing equipment using cord pairs, it is necessary to take only the insulated part of the plug and make sure that the cord is not damaged. When inspecting or repairing equipment, if the illumination of the workplace is insufficient, you can use a portable lamp. It should be designed for a voltage not higher than 42 V, since the workshops are classified as high-risk areas. To connect the lamps on the cabinet, a special socket is installed at the end of each row.
Operators at work use microtelephone devices (headsets). To reduce the impact of acoustic discharges on telephone operators (for example, when a lightning strikes a line), acoustic discharge limiters (fritters) are switched on parallel to the headset phone. To reduce pressure on the head, the phones are equipped with soft earpieces.
Responsibilities of communication officials. Discipline and communication rules.
Dispatcher (radio telephone operator) reports to the head of the guard of the GPS unit, and operationally - to the garrison dispatcher. He is responsible for the clear reception, transmission and registration of messages arriving at the unit's communication point, the timely dispatch of units to fires, accidents and natural disasters. He is obliged:
know the operational fire situation in the area of departure of the State Fire Service units, the list of objects for which operational plans and fire extinguishing cards are drawn up or units are sent in case of fire by an increased call number, waterless areas, the location of important and fire hazardous objects, driveways and water sources, as well as the main tactical technical data of fire trucks (ships, trains) available in the garrison;
be able to quickly receive messages about a fire and use the reference documentation of the PSC;
check the operation of communication and signaling equipment at the PSC when taking up duty, and also periodically during the process of duty keep them clean and in good order, report all malfunctions to the head of the guard and the garrison dispatcher;
maintain contact with the services of the area (objects) interacting with the fire department, and, if necessary, send the forces and means of these services to the area of the fire (accident, natural disaster) in accordance with the established procedure;
upon receipt of messages about the closure of passages, failure of the fire water supply, communication breakdowns and other changes in the operational fire situation, immediately report to the head of the guard and the dispatcher of the garrison;
when calling by phone, answer: "Fire brigade";
having received a message about a fire by phone, without interrupting the conversation, turn on the alarm, and at night and additional lighting of the premises, fill out a permit for the departure of the guard and its copies according to the number of departing departments, establish the address of the fire, the name and telephone number of the applicant, and if possible - other information about the fire that could affect the successful extinguishing of the fire;
hand over the permit to the head of the guard, informing him of the available information about the object and the nature of the fire, keep one copy of the permit;
together with a ticket (token) to leave, hand over to the head of the guard an operational card (plan) for extinguishing a fire (if any have been developed for this object);
when receiving an "alarm" signal from a fire alarm detector, give a return signal, take the detector tokens, carefully check the numbers of the tokens with the numbers of the triggered detector and transfer them to the head of the guard;
upon receipt of an "alarm" signal from the fire alarm installation, arrange the departure of the guard in the same way as when receiving a notice by phone;
upon receipt of a message about a fire at an object to which automatic dispatch of forces and means is provided for by an increased call number, immediately inform the garrison dispatcher about this;
on the departure of the guard, the direction of additional forces and means, information received from the place of work of the guard, on the return of the guard, inform the dispatcher of the garrison and officials in the prescribed manner;
establish and maintain contact with the guard that went to the fire (to the site of an accident, natural disaster, for practical exercises), taking into account the characteristics of the object, find out with the help of reference documentation, as well as through the relevant services, the operational and tactical features of the object, the level of gas contamination, the radiation situation, expected changes in weather conditions, etc. and upon receipt of additional information, immediately report them to the garrison dispatcher and the head of the guard;
take all necessary measures to timely receive information about the situation from the place of work of the State Border Service unit and immediately transmit the received instructions and information to the NCC;
upon receipt of a notice of a fire outside the area of departure of this unit of the State Fire Service, immediately transfer it to the NCC or to the unit of the State Fire Service, in the protection area of which the fire occurred, and report this to the head of the guard;
record in the journal of the point of contact the time of receipt and the content of messages (indicating the names of those who reported fires, accidents, natural disasters, the failure of hydrants, water supply networks, roads, passages, communications, etc.), orders and messages from the fire site , accidents, natural disasters, time of departure, arrival at the place of call and return of the guard on duty (including classes and exercises), which of the officials, when and what information was transmitted, what and when was done according to the messages received and in pursuance of the orders received etc.;
keep records of objects with round-the-clock stay of people (kindergartens, medical institutions, etc.);
allow only the head of the guard and his direct superiors, as well as persons responsible for the maintenance of communication equipment, to enter the premises of the communication point.
Radiotelephonist operating a portable radio, reports to the head of the guard (commander of the squad) and the person at whose disposal he is sent. He is obliged:
establish and maintain communication with radio stations operating on fire;
know the call signs of radio stations working on fire;
have a pencil and notepad to write on.
Radiotelephonist working with telephone, reports to the head of the guard (commander of the department) and the person at whose disposal it is sent, and is responsible for the serviceability of the telephone, the timely establishment and uninterrupted operation of the communication line. He is obliged:
after laying the line and turning on the telephone set, check their serviceability, report to the switch;
know the subscriber numbers of the switch;
do not leave the device, waiting for a call signal from the switch;
when called, answer: "1 section (for example, Ivanov's section) is listening", and then enter into a conversation;
conduct negotiations briefly, without unnecessary words and only on matters of an official nature;
prevent the use of the phone by unauthorized persons;
upon receipt of an order by telephone, quickly and accurately convey them to the addressee;
immediately notify the p / telephone operator working on the switch about the transfer of the device to a new location and the temporary termination of communication;
handle the telephone with care and protect it from dust and moisture;
have a notepad to record messages.
Radio communication rules.
Messaging involves the transmission and reception of telephone messages, radiograms, telegrams, graphic and text images, signals, commands, etc.
According to the content of the messages are divided into operational and service. The exchange of operational messages is carried out on the management of the units of the State Fire Service and life support services in their combat activities. The exchange of official messages is carried out when establishing and checking communications and when resolving issues of the administrative and economic activities of the garrison.
Messaging should be brief. Conducting all sorts of private requests and private negotiations between subscribers is strictly prohibited.
The list of issues on which messages are exchanged in clear text is determined by the head of the UGPS (OGPS).
Establishing a connection is carried out in the form: "Angara! I'm Falcon! Answer", "Falcon! I'm Angara! Over!".
If it is necessary to send messages, the caller, after establishing a connection, sends it in the form: "Angara! I am the Falcon! Accept the message" (the text follows), "I am the Falcon, welcome!". On receipt of the message, a response is given in the form: "Falcon! I am Angara" (repeated message text), I'm Angara, over!".
The operator notifies of the end of communication with the words: "End of Communication". The transmission of messages should be carried out slowly, clearly, distinctly. It is necessary to speak in a full voice, but not to shout, since the clarity and clarity of the transmission are disturbed by the cry.
With poor audibility and ambiguity, difficult-to-pronounce words are spelled out, with each letter being transmitted as a separate word according to the following table:
| A - Anna | L - Leonid | C - Heron |
| B - Boris | M - Michael | H - Man |
| B - Vasily | N - Nikolay | Sh - Shura |
| G - Gregory | Oh - Olga | Shch - Pike |
| D - Dmitry | P - Pavel | E - Echo |
| E - Elena | R - Roman | Yu - Yuri |
| F - Zhenya | S - Semyon | I am Jacob |
| 3 - Zinaida | T - Tatiana | Y - Yery |
| I - Ivan | U - Ulyana | b - soft sign |
| Y - Ivan the Short | F - Fedor | Ъ - Solid sign |
| K - Konstantin | X - Khariton |
The transmission of digital text is carried out according to the following rules:
Three-digit groups 126, 372 - one hundred and twenty-six, three hundred and seventy-two, etc.;
Four-digit groups 2873, 4594 - twenty-eight seventy-three; forty-five ninety-four, etc.;
Five-digit groups 32481, 76359 - thirty two four hundred and eighty one; seventy-six three hundred fifty-nine, etc.;
In case of poor hearing, it is allowed to convey each digit in words: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, zero.
When transferring from the scene of a fire, it is necessary to adhere to the following exemplary message texts:
- "Arrived at the place of call. Reconnaissance is being carried out"
- "It burns in the attic of a four-story building. Send an additional ladder."
- "Arrived at the place of call, the short circuit of the electrical wires. Send the emergency power supply service."
- "The fire has been extinguished, dismantling is underway"
Communication quality is assessed according to a five-point system:
5-excellent communication (interference is not heard, words are legible);
4-good communication (interference is heard, words are legible);
3-satisfactory communication (interference is strongly heard, intelligibility is insufficient);
2-unsatisfactory communication (noise is so great that words are difficult to understand);
1 reception is not possible.
If no response is received from the called subscriber for three consecutive calls within 1-2 minutes, the dispatcher (radio operator) is obliged to report to the NCC about the lack of communication.
All radio stations must operate only on their assigned frequency channels. Work on other frequency channels, with the exception of cases of entry into the radio network of life support services, is prohibited.
The call signs of radio stations are assigned by the technical departments (departments) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Central Internal Affairs Directorate, the Internal Affairs Directorate of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The assignment of arbitrary callsigns is strictly prohibited.
Before starting a transmission, the radio operator, by listening on the frequency of his transmitter, must make sure that this frequency is not occupied by other network subscribers.
Only the main radio stations and radio stations operating at the fire site are allowed to interfere in the radio exchange between two radio stations, if necessary, call additional forces and announce an increased fire number.
It is allowed to check the passage of radio communication only by transmitting the words of the ordinal count: "I'll give you the count for tuning: one, two, three, four, five...". It is forbidden to check the radio communication channel with an increased call number and through negotiations.
Only persons who have undergone special training and have the appropriate permission from the head of the UGPS (OGPS) are allowed to work at the radio stations of the State Fire Service.
Call processing and receiving information.
Call processing is carried out in the prescribed manner by the duty dispatcher (radio telephone operator) of the fire department and includes:
Receiving from the applicant and fixing information about the fire;
Evaluation of the information received and making a decision on sending forces and means to the place of call, provided for by the departure schedule (plan for attracting forces and means);
Giving signal "ALARM";
Preparation and delivery (transfer) to the official heading the guard on duty or the shift on duty (hereinafter referred to as the head of the guard), a ticket to go to the fire, as well as, if necessary, operational plans (cards) of fire extinguishing and other information about the burning object.
When receiving information from the applicant about the fire, the dispatcher on duty should, if possible, fully establish:
The presence and nature of the danger to human life and health;
Features of the object on which the fire occurred;
Surname, name, patronymic of the applicant;
Other information (including the applicant's phone number) about the fire that could affect the successful completion of the main combat mission.
The "ALARM" signal is given immediately after the establishment of the address or other information about the place of the fire and the decision to leave.
Call processing should be completed in the shortest possible time and not delay departure and following to the fire site.
If necessary and if it is technically possible, information about the fire can be transmitted by the dispatcher to the head of the guard by radio communication during his journey to the place of fire.
Automatic fire detection and extinguishing systems include:
- automatic fire alarm installations (AUPS) designed to detect a fire in its initial stage, report on the place of its occurrence, give an appropriate signal to the security post (duty post);
- automatic fire extinguishing installations (LUP), designed to automatically detect and extinguish a fire in its initial stage with the simultaneous filing of a fire alarm.
The existing practice of designing LUP and AUPS is such that APs simultaneously perform the functions of AUPS. AUP and AUPS systems protect buildings, premises in which flammable and combustible substances are stored or used, valuable equipment and raw materials, warehouses for petroleum products, varnishes, paints, book depositories, museums, rooms with electronic computers, etc.
The sensors that respond to fire factors (fire, smoke, gas, elevated air temperature, increased rate of rise of any factor, etc.) in the AUP and AUPS systems are fire detectors (PI), which are installed in the premises to be protected. In the event of a fire, they send a signal to the fire control panel, control devices, as well as to the fire department station (or to the duty personnel station), where they inform about the situation that has arisen, indicating the room, zone where the PI worked.
When two or more PIs are triggered at the same time (and they are usually located in each room at least two), control devices, depending on the program embedded in them: turn on the warning system and control the evacuation of people in case of fire, turn off the power supply of process equipment, turn on smoke exhaust systems , close the doors of the room where the fire that has arisen is supposed to be extinguished with a gas fire extinguisher, and at the same time delay the release of the fire extinguisher for the time during which people must leave the corresponding room; if necessary, turn off ventilation; in the event of a power failure, the system is transferred to a backup power source, a command is given to release the fire extinguishing agent into the combustion zone, etc.
The choice of one or another type of PI depends on the predominant type of emerging fire factors (smoke, flame, etc.). For example, in accordance with "SP 5.13130.2009. Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations. Design norms and rules", approved by order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated March 25, 2009 No. 175, industrial buildings with the presence of wood, synthetic resins or fibers, polymeric materials, textiles, rubber products, protect PI with smoke, heat, flame; rooms with computers, radio equipment, administrative and public buildings - smoke PI, etc.
On fig. 34.1 shows one of the schemes for automatic detection and extinguishing of a fire. In the event of a fire in one of the premises, after the operation of two or more fire alarm sensors 2, the signal from them is fed to the control panel 1. This device sends a signal to the fire department (to the fire department), turns on the light alarms 14 "Fire" located outside and inside the building, and the pump 6 water fire extinguishing or undermines squibs 8 start-up of the gas fire extinguishing system. In addition, the AWP program can provide for the simultaneous de-energization of process equipment through a disconnecting unit 10, turning on light alarms 12 "Do not enter", installed outside the building, and light annunciators 13 "Go away" installed indoors.
In some cases, the program may also delay the release of gas until all doors are completely closed, when a high fire extinguishing concentration is needed. At the same time, the doors close automatically, and their position is controlled by sensors. 4. If necessary, the fire alarm and extinguishing system can be turned on manually by pressing one of the buttons 3. In the event of a malfunction in the automation system, a corresponding signal is sent to the fire department post. When the automatic mode is turned off, the alarms light up 11 "Automatic disabled", located in the protected area.
All automatic fire extinguishing installations can be operated manually and automatically. In addition, they simultaneously perform the functions of an automatic fire alarm.
Automatic fire extinguishing installations are subdivided according to their design into: sprinkler, deluge, sprinkler-drencher, modular; according to the type of fire extinguishing agent used - for water (including with water mist, drops - up to 100 microns), foam (including with high-expansion foam), gas (using carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, various refrigerants, etc.) , powder (modular), aerosol, combined fire extinguishing.
On fig. 34.2 as an example, a diagram of a sprinkler fire installation is presented. It consists of an extensive system of pipes 7 located under the ceiling and filled with water under pressure created by an automatic (auxiliary) water feeder. 4. Sprinklers (sprinklers) are screwed into the pipes every 3–4 m 8, the outlets of which are closed with glass or metal fusible locks. When a fire occurs and the air temperature in the room reaches a certain value (for various sprinklers it is 57, 68, 72, 74 and up to 343 ° C (16 steps in total)) the locks are destroyed and water, sprayed, enters the combustion zone. The nominal operating temperature of sprinklers is usually higher than the maximum permissible operating temperature in the room by about 1.5–1.14 times. Also used sprinkler AUP with forced start. At the same time, the control and signal valve 5 is activated, the main water feeder is turned on. 2 (pump) that draws water from a water source 1 (main tank or fire water main) and a fire alarm sounds.
Rice. 34.1.
СО1, СО2, СО3, СО1 - loops of light annunciators; 30 - sound alert loop; ШС1, ШС2, ШС3 - loops of fire alarm sensors (PI); MANUAL - a loop of manual start buttons; DC – a loop of control of provision of doors; workstation - automated workplace of the operator; 1 - fire alarm control panel; 2 – fire sensors (PI); 3 – fire extinguishing manual start buttons; 4 – door position sensors; 5 - water sprayers; 6 – water pump; 7 – fire extinguishing gas sprayers; 8 – gas start squibs; 9 – block disconnection from the network of process equipment; 10 – sound annunciator about the fire; 11, 12, 13, 14 – light alarms
When protecting unheated buildings, where there is a risk of water freezing, sprinkler installations of the water-air system are used, filled with water only up to control and alarm valves, after which compressed air is in pipelines with sprinklers. When opening the heads, air first comes out, and then water begins to flow.
Rice. 34.2.
1 - water sources: 2 - the main water feeder; 3 – auxiliary water supply feed pipeline; 4 - auxiliary water feeder; 5 - control and signal valve; 6 - signaling device; 7 - distribution pipelines; 8 - sprinkler sprinkler
Drenchers of deluge installations, unlike sprinklers, do not have fusible locks, and their outlets are constantly open, and the water supply network itself is closed by a group action valve that opens automatically from the signal of fire detectors.
Sprinkler installations irrigate only that part of the room in which the sprinklers opened, and deluge installations irrigate the entire settlement part at once. These installations are used not only to extinguish a fire, but also as water curtains to protect building structures, equipment, and raw materials from fire. The estimated area of irrigation by one water sprinkler of a sprinkler or deluge type is from 6 to 36 m2, depending on their design and the diameter of the through hole.
As a fire extinguishing agent, sprinkler and deluge installations can also use a foaming solution. Mixed sprinkler-drencher systems are also used.
The power supply of fire alarm systems and fire extinguishing installations must be carried out according to reliability category I (according to the PUE). That is, in the event of a power outage, the AUP and AUPS systems should be automatically transferred to backup power. The delay time is no more than the automatic switching time.
SP 5.13130.2009 defines a list of buildings and structures, individual equipment subject to protection by AUP and AUPS (Table 34.7). For example, buildings for public and administrative purposes, premises for accommodating personal computers protect AUPS regardless of their area, industrial premises with the presence of alkali metals when placed in the basement with an area of 300 m2 or more - AUPS, less than 300 m2 - AUPS, spray booths with the use of flammable and combustible liquids - AUP, regardless of the area.
The type of fire extinguishing and alarm installation or a combination of them, the method of extinguishing, the type of fire extinguishing agent is determined by the design organization specifically for each object individually. This organization must have an appropriate license for the right to design such systems, install and maintain. The register of such organizations is maintained by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. After the commissioning of fire automatics installations, the head of the organization, by his order (instruction), appoints the persons responsible for their operation (usually these are employees of the departments of the chief mechanic, chief power engineer, instrumentation and automation service).
Daily round-the-clock control over the work of the AFS and AFPS is carried out by operational duty personnel (shift service, fire station), who must know the procedure for calling the fire brigade, the name and location of the premises protected by fire automatics (AFS, AUPS), the procedure for maintaining operational documentation and determining the operability of these systems.
The performance of automatic fire alarm installations is checked by exposing reusable detectors to exemplary (standardized) sources of heat, smoke and radiation (depending on the type of detector).
Table 34.7
List of buildings, structures, premises and equipment subject to protection by AUP and AUPS
|
PREMISES |
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Object of protection |
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Standard indicator |
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Warehouse premises |
||
|
300 m2 or more |
Less than 300 m2 |
|
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6. Categories A and B for fire and explosion hazard with the circulation of flammable and combustible liquids, liquefied combustible gases, combustible dusts and fibers (except for those specified in clause 11 and rooms located in buildings and structures for processing and storing grain) |
300 m2 or more |
Less than 300 m2 |
|
Industrial premises |
||
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8.1. In basement and basement |
Regardless of area |
|
|
8.2. In overground (except for those specified in paragraphs 11-18) |
300 m2 or more |
Less than 300 m2 |
|
9.1. In the basement and basement: |
||
|
9.1.1. Not having exits directly to the outside |
300 m2 or more |
Less than 300 m2 |
|
9.1.2. With exits directly to the outside |
700 m2 or more |
Less than 700 m2 |
|
9.2. In elevated |
1000 m2 or more |
Less than 1000 m2 |
|
11. Premises of preparation: suspensions from aluminum powder, rubber glues; based on flammable and combustible liquids: varnishes, paints, adhesives, mastics, impregnating compositions; rooms for painting, polymerization of synthetic rubber, compressor rooms with gas turbine engines, fired oil heaters. Premises with generators driven by liquid fuel engines |
Regardless of area |
|
|
20. Railway transport premises: electric machine, hardware, repair, bogie and wheel, disassembly and assembly of cars, repair and assembly, electric cars, preparation of cars, diesel, maintenance of rolling stock, container depots, production of switch products, hot processing of tanks, thermal chamber processing of wagons for oil bitumen, sleeper-impregnating, cylinder, impregnated wood sludge |
Regardless of area |
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|
public spaces |
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26. Premises for storing and issuing unique publications, reports, manuscripts and other documentation of special value (including archives of operational departments) |
Regardless of area |
|
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28. Exhibition halls |
1000 m2 or more |
Less than 1000 m2 |
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35. Premises for accommodation: |
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35.1. Electronic computers operating in control systems for complex technological processes, the violation of which affects the safety of people |
Regardless of area |
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38. Premises for other administrative and public purposes, including built-in and attached |
Regardless of area |
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EQUIPMENT |
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|
Object of protection |
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|
Standard indicator |
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1. Spray booths with the use of flammable and combustible liquids |
Regardless of the type |
|
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2. Drying chambers |
Regardless of the type |
|
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3. Cyclones (bunkers) for collecting combustible waste |
Regardless of the type |
|
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4. Oil-filled power transformers and reactors: |
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|
Regardless of power |
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200 MBA and above |
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6. Racks over 5.5 m high for storing combustible materials and non-combustible materials in combustible packaging |
Regardless of area |
|
|
7. Oil tanks for hardening |
3 m3 or more |
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For installations with single action detectors, the test is carried out by introducing artificial damage (break) performed in the most remote junction or branch box, which has "clamp" mounting terminals, or by disconnecting the most distant detector from the loop line.
Checking the performance of automatic fire extinguishing installations is carried out by visual inspection of instrumentation and assessing the health of individual components or checking the performance of the installation as a whole, which is carried out according to a specially developed program agreed with the State Fire Supervision Authority. Inspections are carried out at least once a quarter. Their results are formalized by the relevant act.
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