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| Luminaire type | Number and power of lamps, W | Mains voltage, V | Efficiency, % | Dimensions, mm | Mass, kg | ||
| length | ksh width | height | |||||
| OD, ODR | 2 x 40 | 72 (65) | 10,5 | ||||
| 2 x 80 | Same | Same | 13,5 | ||||
| ODO, ODOR | 2 x 40 | 75 (68) | 10,5 | ||||
| 2 x 80 | Same | Same | 13,0 | ||||
| Note. In parentheses are the values of the efficiency of luminaires with a grate |
Table 15
Luminous flux utilization factor
| Lamp | OD | ODOR | NOGL | At | UPD-DRL | PVL-1 | |||||||||||||
| r p, % | |||||||||||||||||||
| r s, % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Room index i | Utilization factor, h | ||||||||||||||||||
| 0,5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 0,6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 0,7 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 0,8 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 0,9 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1,0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1,1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1,25 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1,5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1,75 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2,0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2,25 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2,5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 3,0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 3,5 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 4,0 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 5,0 |
The utilization factor of a lighting installation is the ratio of the luminous flux incident on the working surface to the total luminous flux of light sources. Its value depends on the efficiency of the lamp, the luminous intensity curve, the color of the walls and ceiling, and the index of the room.
Room index i is determined by the formula:
where L and B are the length and width of the room, respectively, m;
H p - the estimated height of the suspension of the lamp, m.
In all cases, i is rounded up to the nearest tabular value, with i greater than 5, i = 5 is taken, since a change in the room index over five has almost no effect on the utilization factor.
The number of lamps is chosen based on the size of the room. The distance from the wall to the first and last row of fixtures should be l \u003d (0.3 ... 0.5) l a, where
l a - the distance between the rows of fixtures, is taken from the condition of ensuring uniformity of illumination: l a /H p £ z. If the work surfaces are located directly against the walls, then
l \u003d 0.3l a, and in the absence of working surfaces near the walls
l = (0.4…0.5)l a .
The light source and lamp are selected from the conditions of economic and technological requirements, taking into account environmental conditions (table 16, fig. 9).
On fig. 9 open fixtures in which the lamp is not separated from the external environment include pos. b, c, d, k, l, m, p. In protected lamps (pos. a, o), the lamp is protected by a shell that provides air exchange with the external environment. The housing of the waterproof luminaire (pos. i) ensures the reliability of the electrical insulation of the wires. Dust-proof fixtures (d, e, n) protect the lamp and socket from dust penetration. Explosion-proof lamps (g, h) ensure the safety of premises and outdoor installations with a high concentration of combustible vapors, gases and dust in them.
Lamps are placed in rows parallel to walls with windows (for fluorescent lamps), in a checkerboard pattern and at the corners of the squares into which the ceiling area is divided (for incandescent lamps).
After calculating the required luminous flux of the luminaire, a standard lamp is selected. The luminous flux of the lamp may differ from the calculated value by 10 ... 20% (table
ts 17, 18, 19).
Table 16
Rice. 9. Types of lamps:
a - Universal (Uz-200); b and c - deep emitters (Ge, Gs); wide emitter (CO);
e - dustproof (PPR PPD); f - dustproof (PSKh-75);
g - explosion-proof (VZG-200AM); h - increased reliability against
explosion (NZ-N4B); and – for a chemically active medium (SH); fluorescent k - OD
and ODOR; (l) LD and LDOR; m - LRP-2X40; n - PVL-1-2X40; o - VLO;
p - for outdoor lighting (spo-200)
Table 17
Light characteristics of fluorescent lamps
Table 18
Light characteristics of 220 V general purpose incandescent lamps
This page offers a decoding of the symbols of some lamps. Without claiming to be comprehensive, we hope that this information will help you.
1. Letter indicating the light source Lamp:
H - general purpose incandescent
L - straight tubular fluorescent
E - erythemal luminescent
P - mercury type DRL
G - mercury type DRI, DRISH
G - sodium type DNAT
B - bactericidal
K - xenon tubular
2. The letter indicating the way the lamp is installed:
C - suspended
P - ceiling
B - built-in
D - attached
B - wall
H - desktop, support
T - floor, crowning
K - console, end
R - manual
G - head
3. Letter indicating the main purpose of the lamp:
P - for industrial and industrial buildings
O - for public buildings
B - for residential (domestic) premises
U - for outdoor lighting
R - for mines and mines
T - for film and television studios
4. Two-digit number (01-99) indicating the serial number
5. Number (numbers) indicating the number of lamps in the lamp
6. Numbers indicating lamp power, W
7. Three-digit number (001 -999) indicating the modification number
8. Letter and number indicating the climatic version and the category of placement of the luminaires.
RSP 05
P - mercury lamps of the DRL type;
C - suspended;
P - industrial;
05 - series number.
First digit:
1. with independent control gear;
2. with built-in ballast.
Second digit:
1. with lamp holder;
2. with protective mesh;
3. with protective glass.
Third digit:
1. reflector with ventilation holes;
2. reflector without ventilation holes;
3. welded body, reflector with ventilation holes.
NSP 17
H - incandescent lamps;
C - suspended;
P - industrial;
17 is the series number.
First digit:
1. degree of protection IP20;
2. degree of protection 5"0;
3. degree of protection 5"3;
4. Degree of protection IP54.
The second digit is the design of the fixtures:
1. open;
2. with protective mesh;
3. with protective glass.
The third digit is the type of luminous intensity curve (KSS):
2. cosine "D";
3. semi-wide "L";
4. deep "G";
5. concentrated "K";
6. special.
NPP03
H - incandescent lamps;
P - ceiling;
03 - series number.
Number group:
001 - degree of protection IP65;
003 - with protective mesh, degree of protection IP65.
LBO46
B - hanging on the wall;
About - for public places;
46 is the series number.
Number group:
001 - reflector with a mirror plate;
002 - reflector without mirror plate;
011 - with electronic device, reflector with mirror plate;
012 - with electronic device, reflector without mirror plate.
ZHSP01
Zh - sodium lamps of the HPS type;
C - suspended;
P - industrial;
01 - series number
First digit:
1. unsealed;
2. compacted
Second digit:
1. open;
2. with holder for lamps;
3. with protective mesh;
4. with protective glass.
Third digit:
5. reflector without ventilation holes, curve "G";
6. reflector without ventilation holes, curve "K";
7. reflector with ventilation holes, curve "G";
8. reflector with ventilation holes, curve "K";
LSP22
L - straight tubular fluorescent lamps;
C - suspended;
P - for industrial premises;
22 is the series number.
First digit:
1. without reflector;
2. reflector without holes;
3. reflector with holes.
Second digit:
1. without shielding grid;
2. with screen grille.
Third digit:
1. suspension on rods;
2. suspension on a horizontal surface.
LSP44
L - straight tubular fluorescent lamps;
C - suspended;
P - for industrial buildings;
44 is the series number.
Number group:
001 - polycarbonate body, polymethyl methacrylate diffuser;
002 - body and diffuser made of polycarbonate;
003 - body and diffuser made of polycarbonate for fire hazardous areas.
PVLM-P
PV - dust and moisture protected;
L - fluorescent lamps;
M - modernized;
P - plastic
First digit:
1. basic version;
2. with reflector;
3. with reflector and windows;
4. with reflector, with grating;
5. with reflector with windows, with grating;
6. with a protective pipe;
7. with a reflector, with a protective pipe;
8. with a reflector with windows, with a protective pipe;
9. with a reflector, with a grate with a protective tube;
10. with a reflector with windows, with a grate, with a protective pipe.
Second digit:
1. electromagnetic ballast;
2. electronic ballast.
Third digit:
1. suspension on a rod;
2. installation on a horizontal surface;
3. hanging on an earring
LPO46
L - straight tubular fluorescent lamps;
P - ceiling;
O - for public buildings.
First digit:
1. tubular fluorescent lamps;
2. mirror grille without external transverse reflectors;
3. mirror grille with 7 internal cross plates;
4. mirror grille with 4 internal cross plates;
5. parabolic mirror grating;
6. protective net;
7. oval diffuser;
8. rectangular diffuser;
9. suspension on a combustible surface.
Second digit:
1. electromagnetic ballast;
2. electronic ballast.
The third digit is the type of diffuser or grille:
1. without diffuser;
2. milk diffuser;
3. transparent diffuser;
4. diffuser milky oval;
5. diffuser transparent oval;
6. mirror lattice, raster;
7. transparent extruded diffuser;
8. extruded diffuser transparent, closed along the contour;
9. extruded milk diffuser;
10. flat diffuser.
LVO10
L - straight tubular fluorescent lamps;
B - built-in;
O - for public buildings.
Three digits mean:
004 - mirror grille with 9 internal transverse plates;
009 - organic glass diffuser;
014 - electronic ballast and mirror grille with 9 internal transverse plates;
019 - electronic ballast and organic glass diffuser;
104 - mirror grille without external transverse reflectors;
204 - mirror grille with 7 internal transverse plates;
304 - mirror grille with 4 internal cross plates
HBO06
H - lamps incandescent;
B - built-in;
O - for public buildings
Three digits mean:
001 - with reflector;
003 - with reflector and protective mesh;
004 - with a smaller diameter of the outlet of the reflector;
005 - with a smaller diameter reflector outlet and grating.
NGOs21
H - incandescent lamps;
P - ceiling;
About - for public buildings;
21 is the series number.
Three-digit numbers mean power and number of lamps:
003 - one lamp with a power of 60 W;
004 - two lamps with a power of 40 W;
005 - one 100W lamp
NBB64
H - incandescent lamps;
B - wall;
B - for residential premises
Three digits mean:
047 - transparent corrugated glass
RT(K)U NT(K)U
P - mercury lamps;
H - incandescent lamps;
T - crowning;
K - console
U - for outdoor lighting (street)
Series number:
11, 17 - fixtures with built-in devices;
15, 16 - fixtures with independent devices
For RTU11, RTU15, NTU15:
001 - with cone diffuser;
004 - with a spherical milk diffuser;
006 - with a tetrahedral diffuser, with elements made of plexiglass or silicate glass;
007 - with conical milk diffuser;
For RTU16, RTU17:
002 - with a hexagonal diffuser, with plexiglass or silicate glass elements.
For most light sources, the radiation of the luminous flux occurs more or less evenly in all directions. For the device of a rational lighting installation, it is necessary to direct the luminous flux in such a way that its main part falls on the given surfaces. This is achieved with the help of light fixtures that redistribute the luminous flux.
The redistribution of the luminous flux of the light source is the main, but not the only function of the armature. The armature must also protect the eyes from the brilliance of the light source, protect the lamp from environmental influences and mechanical damage, etc. In some cases, lighting fixtures are also required to ensure tightness and explosion safety. A set of fittings and a light source is called a lamp.
An important function of lighting fittings is to protect the eyes from glare. The degree of protection against glare is characterized by the value of the protective angle γ (Fig. 55), which is understood as the angle formed by the horizontal passing through the heating body and the plane passing through the edge of the reinforcement.
Rice. 55. Protective corner of luminaires:
a and b - with incandescent lamps made of transparent and milky glass; c - with two fluorescent lamps
To provide a protective angle in luminaires with tubular fluorescent lamps, longitudinal and transverse shielding strips are used, which together form a shielding grid.
Within the protective angle, the lamp is completely closed from the eyes of the worker by the edge of the armature or by a shielding grille 1 .
1 The use of exposed fluorescent lamps that are not shielded by a grating or otherwise is generally not permitted.
According to the nature of the light distribution, luminaires differ depending on what part of the light flux coming out of the luminaire is directed up and down from the luminaire or into the upper and lower hemispheres. There are five groups of luminaires that use incandescent lamps; each group has its own area of application.
Direct light luminaires emit at least 90% of the total luminous flux emitted by the lamp into the lower hemisphere. They are used in rooms with dark, poorly reflecting ceilings and walls, for example, in workshops with metal trusses, skylights, in foundries, forges, mechanical and other workshops,. where a lot of dust, smoke, soot and various fumes are emitted. Direct light fixtures produce rather sharp shadows that are not smoothed out by light reflected from walls and ceilings.
Rice. 56. Fixtures:
a - "Universal" ordinary; b - "Universal" in a dustproof design; c - "Deep emitter"; d - mostly direct light
For direct light fixtures, first of all, fixtures of the "Universal" and "Deep emitter" types should be attributed.
The "Universal" lamp (Fig. 56, a and b) is advisable to use in those rooms whose height does not exceed 6-8 m, and the "Deep emitter" lamp (Fig. 56, c) - in rooms of greater height ("Enameled Deep Emitter" 8-12 m, "Deep emitter mirror" 15-30 m).
Due to the fact that the largest part of the light flux is directed directly to the illuminated surfaces, direct light fixtures are the most economical in terms of energy consumption.
Luminaires with predominantly direct light, emitting from 60 to 90% of the total luminous flux into the lower hemisphere, are installed in workshops with walls and ceilings that reflect light well. These lamps (Fig. 56, d) have a metal case with a small reflector. The lamp is covered with light-diffusing glass.
Lamps give quite soft shadows, which is of great importance for many workshops and types of work, especially in the absence of local lighting.
Diffused light fixtures (Fig. 57, a and b) emit from 40 to 60% of the total luminous flux into each hemisphere. They are used in those workshops where it is necessary to create high levels of illumination with diffused light, as well as in office and domestic premises with light ceilings and walls.
Rice. 57. Diffused and predominantly reflected light luminaires:
a - "Lucetta"; b - "Milk ball"; c - type PM-1; d - type SK-300
Lamps of predominantly reflected light (Fig. 57, c and d) radiate into the upper hemisphere from 60 to 90% of the total flux, and lamps of reflected light - at least 90% of the total flux. Luminaires of these types are necessary in cases where, due to the nature of the work, even slight shadows are undesirable (for example, in drawing and design offices). Reflected light luminaires are less economical than luminaires of direct or diffuse light groups.
Rice. 58. Luminaires for fluorescent lamps: a - ODR; b - ODOR; c - PVL: g - WOD
Luminaires with fluorescent lamps, as a rule, are made of two-lamp or multi-lamp and can be direct light - type OD (general diffuse lighting), ODR (general diffuse lighting with a screening grate, Fig. 58, a), predominantly direct light - type ODO (general diffuse lighting with holes in the upper part of the reflector), ODOR (general diffuse lighting with holes in the upper part of the reflector and with a screening grid, Fig. 58, b), diffused light - type PVL (dust and moisture-proof luminescent, Fig. 58, c).
In addition to pendant lamps, ceiling-mounted lamps are also produced for lighting industrial premises. Of the latter, the most widely used lamp is the VOD (built-in diffuse general lighting, Fig. 58, d).
According to the degree of protection of luminaires from environmental influences, the penetration of vapors, dust, etc., luminaires are divided into the following types:
1) open (Fig. 56, d; 57, a; 58, a and b), in which the lamp is not separated from the external environment;
2) protected (Fig. 56, a and c; 57, b and 58, c), in which the lamp and cartridge are closed with a protective, light-transmitting cap attached to the lamp body without sealing, which does not prevent air exchange between the internal parts of the lamp and environment;
3) waterproof (Fig. 56, b and 58, d), the body and cartridge of which tolerate moisture well; in such lamps, the insulation of the wires inserted into them is well preserved;
4) dust-tight (Fig. 59, a), having a body and a protective cap that prevent fine dust from penetrating into the lamp and cartridge;
5) explosion-proof (Fig. 59, b), intended for installation in explosive premises.
According to the place of application, luminaires are divided into general lighting luminaires and local lighting luminaires.
Fig.59. Luminaires for rooms with emission of dust, vapors and gases:
a - a lamp of increased reliability (with a seal); b - explosion-proof
One of the most important means of ensuring rational lighting is the use of lamps. Their purpose is the correct distribution of the luminous flux and protection of the eyes from excessive brightness of the light source. The latter depends on the protective angle of the lamp, within which the light source is completely closed from the eyes of the worker by the lower edge of the armature. A protective corner is formed by two lines passing through the center of the light source: horizontal and boundary, going to the edge of the lamp. Individual types of luminaires are characterized by different protective angles. So, the protective angle of the “Universal” is -14 °, the “Deep Radiator” is 27-35 °, etc. The lamp consists of a light source, a device for distributing the light flux (fittings) and protecting the eyes from the glare of the lamps, a device for supplying the source electricity to protect it from damage.
Depending on the prevailing type of distribution of the luminous flux into the upper and lower hemisphere, existing lamps are usually classified into several classes: direct light lamps that provide radiation into the lower hemisphere of at least 0.9 of the luminous flux from the light source; reflected light fixtures that provide the same radiation to the upper hemisphere, and diffused light fixtures that provide the direction of the flow either predominantly downwards, or evenly into both hemispheres, or predominantly upwards.
Direct light luminaires are recommended for illuminating horizontal surfaces in rooms with a low reflection coefficient of the ceiling and walls (p = 0.5) or in cases where the illumination of the ceiling and walls is not dictated by production conditions (forges, foundries, etc.). For these lamps, fittings of the "Universal" type (Fig. 77), "Deep emitter" (Fig. 78), SD, S3L are used.
Rice. 79. Fittings of local lighting.
Lamps of reflected light in industrial premises, as a rule (with the exception of special cases), are not used.
Diffused light fixtures such as "Lyucet", "Ball of milky glass" should be used only in rooms with light ceilings and walls. The light flux reflected from them contributes to the creation of illumination of high uniformity. For local lighting, fittings of various types are used (Fig. 79).
In addition to incandescent lamps, modern lighting installations are increasingly using gas-discharge light sources close in spectral composition to daylight - fluorescent lamps: low-pressure type LB (luminescent white light), LD (luminescent daylight), LHB (luminescent cold white light), LT (luminescent warm white light), LDC (fluorescent daylight with correct color rendering); high pressure DRL and DRI corrected color.
Currently, a number of types of fittings are commercially available for fluorescent lamps. The following lamps are most widely used in production conditions.
Luminaires of the OD series (Fig. 80) are suspended open luminaires for 2 fluorescent lamps with a power of 40 or 80 W each, designed for general lighting of industrial premises with normal dust and humidity. Luminaires are produced in two versions: with a solid reflector (code OD) and with a reflector, in the upper part of which holes are made (code ODO). All luminaires of the series are produced with and without screening grating. In the presence of a lattice, the code of ODR and ODOR lamps.
Rice. 77. Fittings of the "Universal" type.
Rice. 78. Armature type "Deep emitter" enamelled. 
Rice. 80. Luminaire for fluorescent lamps of the ODR series.
Rice. 81. Luminaire for fluorescent lamps of the PVL-1 series.
Rice. 82. Luminaire for fluorescent lamps of the VOD-1 series.
Luminaires PVL-1 (Fig. 81), PVL-6 - closed, mainly direct light distribution, designed for general lighting of industrial premises with a high moisture content (75%) and dust, at a temperature of 10 to 25 °. Luminaires are produced for 2 fluorescent lamps of 40 and 80 watts.
Lamp VOD-1 (Fig. 82) of a closed type, mainly direct light distribution, for 3-4 fluorescent lamps of 80 watts. They are used for general lighting of industrial lightless premises with a high content of dust, active chemicals at a relative humidity of up to 95%.
Serially produced for production conditions and other lamps - RV L-15 (for coal mines), ML (for local lighting), etc.
Depending on the nature of visual work and the adopted lighting system, it is recommended to use fluorescent lamps:
a) in rooms where the distinction of color shades is required - (color weaving, color printing of fabrics, color printing, clothing production, etc.); To illuminate such premises, it is advisable to use DS and HBS lamps;
b) in industrial premises where operations are performed that require eye strain (instrument making, textile production, monitoring of measuring instruments, etc.);
c) in premises intended for the permanent stay of service personnel and workers, where there is no sufficient natural lighting (assembly shops for precision instrumentation, switchboard rooms for power plants, multi-span shops without overhead skylights, etc.).
It is impractical to use fluorescent lamps in local lighting installations due to the pronounced stroboscopic effect.
Finally, more and more attention has recently been paid to the use of color-corrected high-pressure mercury lamps of the DRL type in lighting installations. These lamps differ from low-pressure fluorescent mercury lamps in their greater power and much smaller dimensions. Since there are no orange-red rays in the radiation of the DRL lamps, the correct reproduction of the color of the objects in question is impossible. This serious drawback for production conditions is eliminated by applying a special phosphor to the inner surface of the lamp bulb, which, under the action of ultraviolet radiation from a mercury lamp, emits the long-wave part of the spectrum - orange-red rays. In this way, the corrected spectrum of the DRL lamp approaches the spectrum of daylight.
The use of DRL lamps is mainly advisable in high workshops (over 10 m) of metallurgical, machine-building, shipbuilding enterprises, since the power of the produced DRL lamps is quite high (250, 500, 750 and 1000 watts).
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