At the start of each work shift, check the machine before starting the engine (see Operating Instructions).

If a warning label is attached to the work equipment control lever, do not start the engine or touch the levers;

Start the engine and operate the machine only from the operator's seat;

Sound the warning horn when starting the engine;

No one other than the operator is allowed to be on the moving machine;

Do not short-circuit the starter circuit to start the engine;

When starting in cold weather, pay attention to the following:

Warm up the engine properly. If you neglect to fully warm up the engine and use the control levers, the response of the machine to the control input may be slow and lead to unpredictable consequences.

Before starting the engine, the driver must make sure that it is in good condition, as well as that the engine starting devices are in good condition:

The engine, as well as the liquid-fuel starting engine, must not have leaks of fuel, oil and water, as well as exhaust gas passes in the connections of the suction and exhaust pipes with the engine block;

Cylinders with compressed air and their fittings of pneumatic starting devices must be in perfect working order; leakage of compressed air is not allowed;

The electrical wiring and the starting button of the electric starter must be in perfect working order; when the button is pressed, the electric starter should immediately turn on; current leakage in wires and terminals, as well as sparking, are not allowed;

The levers of the mechanisms of the liquid fuel starting engine must be easily and reliably switched; at a positive outside temperature, the starting engine should start easily. The driver of the excavator must start the engine.

Safety requirements for the workplace of a single-bucket excavator

Before starting work, inspect the ground conditions at the job site to determine the safest way to perform the work, as well as to identify unusual conditions that present a potential hazard, such as:

Presence of flammable materials;

The presence of pipelines or high voltage lines under the working area;

The absence of a fence preventing the entry of unauthorized persons;

The presence of electrical cables in the immediate vicinity. If you find them, try not to approach them and keep the maximum distance between the machine and the electrical cable. Keep personnel away from the machine while working near high voltage cables.

When working in tunnels, under bridges, under power lines, or other places with limited height, proceed slowly and be careful not to hit surrounding structures with work equipment.

The excavator installed on the site must be secured to prevent its spontaneous movement.

Around the excavator in a radius equal to its maximum digging radius plus 5 m, a dangerous zone is established in which the presence of people during the operation of the excavator is prohibited. At the border of the zone, warning signs and posters should be installed, and in the dark - signal lighting.

For backhoe and dragline, the height of the face should not exceed the maximum digging depth of the excavator.

Before installing the excavator, the worker must obtain accurate data on the underground utilities passing under the working platform of the machine. Warning labels must be installed at the places where the cables of the power line and gas pipelines pass.

The excavator driver must be well instructed about the underground utilities passing through the site, their route and depth, as well as the necessary precautions. When working in places where cables of the power transmission line and pipes of the gas pipeline pass, the driver must be issued a work permit for especially dangerous work. Work on the excavator must be carried out under the supervision of gas and electric workers.

It is forbidden to work the excavator under the wires of existing overhead power lines. It is also forbidden to work on the excavator if the wires of the power lines are within the range of the excavator boom.

When working near power lines that are under voltage, the excavator driver must be issued a work permit that determines the safe conditions for the production of work, signed by the chief engineer of the construction and installation organization performing the work.

Tables of operation of control levers and diagrams of starting devices must be posted on each excavator. The excavator must be equipped with a sound signal.

When the excavator is operating in combination with vehicles or auxiliary machines (motor grader, bulldozer, etc.), an alarm system must be worked out between the excavator operator and the drivers (drivers) of other machines.

During operation of the excavator, it is forbidden to change the reach of the boom when the bucket is full (with the exception of shovels that do not have a pressure mechanism), to pull up the load located on the side with the boom or bucket. Do not adjust brakes with bucket raised.

During a break in work, regardless of its duration, the excavator boom should be moved away from the face, and the bucket should be lowered to the ground.

It is forbidden to lift and move oversized pieces of rock, logs, boards, beams, etc. with a bucket (this rule does not apply to Elani shields for moving an excavator).

Do not place boards, logs, wedges, stones or other objects under the tracks or track rollers to prevent the excavator from moving during operation. For this purpose, serviceable braking devices of the running gear must be used.

Soil on the car should be loaded from the side of its rear or side board. It is strictly forbidden to carry the bucket over the driver's cab or people. During loading, the driver must get out of the car if the cab does not have an armored shield.

When unloading soil into the vehicle, the bucket should be lowered as low as possible so as not to damage the machine. Oversized loading of the car body and uneven distribution of soil in it is not allowed.

Cleaning, lubrication and repair of the excavator can only be carried out after it has completely stopped. The engine must be turned off and all moving parts of the excavator must be locked,

The bucket is allowed to be cleaned from adhering soil or objects stuck in its teeth with the knowledge of the driver during the stop of the excavator, when the bucket is lowered to the ground.

Inspection of the head blocks of the boom is allowed only when the excavator is stopped and with the permission of the driver.

During operation of the excavator, it is forbidden for anyone (including the assistant driver) to be on the turntable, as well as for anyone (including the driver) to cross to the other side of the excavator through the working mechanisms.

To avoid an accident, before starting the excavator, all foreign objects must be removed from the turntable. All equipment and tools necessary for work should be stored in a place specially designed for this purpose.

When working with a front shovel, the following additional safety requirements must be observed:

When filling the bucket, it must not be allowed to penetrate excessively into the ground;

Braking at the end of the turn of the excavator with a full bucket should be done smoothly, without sharp shocks;

When raising the bucket, it is impossible to allow its block to stop against the boom block, and when lowering the bucket, it is impossible to impart pressure movement to the handle;

The lowered bucket must not hit the frame or track, as well as the ground;

When digging in heavy soils, the handle must not be extended to failure;

Obstacles in the face, which can cause significant overloading of the bucket or damage to it, should be avoided;

When a pioneer trench is being developed for lowering the excavator into the pit, it is necessary to ensure that when the excavator turns to unload, its tail does not touch the side walls of the trench (the bucket must be raised above the walls).

When operating an excavator with a dragline or backhoe, the following additional safety requirements must be observed:

Do not allow excessive cutting of the bucket into the ground;

The braking of the excavator when turning with a loaded bucket should be done smoothly, without sharp jerks; - in the event of a temporary cessation of work on excavation of a pit or trench or during the repair of an excavator, the latter must be withdrawn at a distance of at least 2 m from the edge of an open pit (trench). Caterpillars or excavator wheels should be lined with pads on both sides of it.

Upon completion of work on the excavator, the driver must:

Rotate the turntable so that the bucket is moved away from the face wall;

Rotate the boom along the axis of the excavator and lower the bucket to the ground;

Stop the engine and put all levers in the neutral position;

Clean the excavator from dirt and dust;

Inspect the engine, all mechanisms and ropes and, if possible, eliminate the detected malfunctions.

Transfer the excavator to the shift driver or lock the cab; make proper entries in the logbook of the excavator.

TOPIC 5 STARTING AND IGNITION SYSTEMS

Control questions on topic No. 4.

1. Requirements for carburetors and fuel pumps.

2. The device and principle of operation of an elementary float carburetor. Explain how the fuel level affects the composition of the mixture and what effect it has on the fuel level: pressure in the air cavity of the float chamber, weight of the float, diameter of the main fuel jet, throttle position, gasoline pressure at the inlet to the float chamber. emulsion carburetor.

3. The device and principle of operation of floatless carburetors.

4. Describe the methods for obtaining the desired mixture composition in various engine operating modes.

5. Describe the ways to achieve an easy start. Achieving economy and efficiency. Purpose, main structural elements and operation of the low gas system, the main dosing system, the economizer, the accelerator system and the carburetor stop valve.

6. How does the carburetor work at altitude and in various positions of the aircraft? Purpose, main structural elements and operation of the high-altitude carburetor corrector.

7. Achievement of fire safety.

8. Describe the features of the design and operation of the float carburetor.

9. Describe the basic scheme of engine fuel supply.

10. Explain the design and operation of a gear fuel pump.

11. Purpose and main elements of the design of the lobe pump. The design and operation of the pumping unit of the pump, the dependence of output performance on revolutions.

12. Purpose and main structural elements of the fuel pump valve assembly. The operation of the pressure reducing and bypass valves of the pump when changing P st and P o.

13. Describe the general scheme of the direct injection system.

14. Explain the design and operation of a high pressure fuel pump.

15. Explain the design and operation of the plunger control mechanism, mixture regulator, nozzles.

Launch systems

The process of starting the engine consists in bringing the number of revolutions to its value, at which the processes of mixture formation in the carburetor, magneto operation, compression and combustion of the mixture in the cylinders begin to proceed correctly.

The minimum engine speed is determined by the quality of the pre-flash mixture, the intensity of the spark that ignites the mixture, and the compression capabilities of the piston and piston rings.

The carburetor of a modern aircraft engine is able to form a working mixture at a speed of at least 200-250 rpm, and in the presence of special jets - not lower than 80-100 rpm. Therefore, before these speeds are reached, the engine needs an additional device that supplies the mixture to the cylinders at start-up. Such devices are filling devices that allow you to fill a certain amount of fuel into the engine intake pipes before starting.

The intensity of the spark of a working magneto depends on the engine speed. At start-up, due to the low RPM, the spark intensity is insufficient to break through the spark plug gap. To ignite the mixture during start-up, hand-rotated starting magnetos or starting induction coils are used.

To rotate the engine shaft at start-up, special starting devices-starters are used.

When spinning up the engine, the starter must overcome the moment of inertia forces caused by the acceleration of the moving parts of the motor and propeller, the resistance of the compression and pump strokes of the pistons and the friction resistance of the moving parts:

M ST \u003d M IN + M COMPR + M US + M TR

All these values ​​\u200b\u200bdepend primarily on the power and size of the motor, on the intensity of the start, on the operation of the piston rings, on the temperature of the motor itself and the lubricant, as well as on many other factors.

The complexity of solving the problem lies in the fact that in order to spin up a modern powerful aircraft engine, it is necessary to create a large torque using a light and small-sized unit.

All launch vehicles are divided into airfield and airborne.

The first include starting by hand, starting with an autostarter, starting from an airfield compressed air cylinder (in this case, there must be a device on board the aircraft that allows this launch to be carried out).

Airborne launchers according to the principle of operation can be divided into two groups:

1) starting devices acting on the motor pistons and thereby causing the motor shaft to rotate; these devices include starting with compressed air from an onboard cylinder, gas starters such as Viet or AKP-30, pyrotechnic starters;

2) starting devices acting directly on the motor shaft; these devices include inertia starters and direct-acting electric starters.

Before starting the engine, brake the car with a parking brake, put the gear lever in neutral position, in a car connected to the heating system, turn off and disconnect the heating elements.

Start the car engine using a starter.
The use of the starting handle is only permitted in exceptional cases. When starting the car engine with the starting handle, the following requirements must be observed:
turn the starting handle from top to bottom;
do not take the handle in the girth;
when adjusting the ignition timing, set the ignition later;
do not use levers and amplifiers acting on the crank or crankshaft ratchet;
do not involve people who do not have the right to start the engine with the handle (loaders, agents, passengers and others). It is not allowed to start the engine by towing the car. Only hot air, water, steam and the like should be used to heat the engine and the vehicle power system, eliminate ice formations and traffic jams. To avoid fire, open flames are prohibited. Drive a car at a speed not exceeding the established limits and ensuring the safety of the car, taking into account the traffic intensity, the characteristics and condition of the car and the cargo it carries, road and meteorological conditions (in particular, visibility in the direction of travel). Do not be distracted by conversations while driving. If there is an obstacle or danger to traffic that the driver is able to detect, immediately take measures to reduce speed, up to a stop of the car. Stop and park the car on the side of the road on the right side of the road, and if there is no side of the road or it is impossible to stop on it, at the edge of the carriageway. When leaving the car, it is necessary to take measures to prevent spontaneous movement of the car and its use by other persons:
turn off the ignition or cut off the fuel supply;
set the gear lever to neutral position, brake with a parking brake;
install chocks under the wheels of the car when it is even on a slight slope;
close the cabin door locks, turn on the anti-theft device (if any).
When stopping and parking on unlit sections of the road at night or in other conditions of insufficient visibility, turn on the marker or parking lights.
Before exiting the cab onto the roadway, make sure that there is no traffic in the same direction as in the opposite direction. It is allowed to transport people in the body of a truck with an onboard platform or with a van body equipped with seats fixed at a height of at least 0.3 m from the top edge of the side and 0.3-0.5 m from the floor, respectively, with strong backs in the amount , not exceeding the number of places equipped for sitting, and a speed of not more than 60 km / h.

It is not allowed to transport people in the back of a trailer, as well as children in the back of a truck with an onboard platform and in a box body. Before driving a truck, instruct passengers on the procedure for boarding, placing and disembarking, as well as on the rules of behavior while driving. Start moving, making sure that the conditions for the safe transportation of passengers are provided. Carry out boarding and disembarking of passengers only after a complete stop of the car, and start moving only with the doors closed and do not open them until it comes to a complete stop.
Boarding of people in a truck with an onboard platform and disembarking them from it is carried out from the side of the tailgate along a fixed or removable ladder.
The entry of people into and out of a truck with a van body is carried out from behind or on the right side of the body through the doorway of outward-opening doors along the steps located directly under the doors.
It is not allowed to move the car when people are on the steps, fenders, bumpers, sides or on a load above the sides, as well as jump out of the cab or car body.
32 . When driving and passing through the territory of the organization, the construction site and other objects, you should use only the passages and driveways established by the traffic pattern.
It is not allowed to stand and pass under the lifted load.
33. When approaching a railway crossing, make sure that there is no approaching railway vehicle and be guided by the requirements of road signs, traffic lights, road markings, the position of the barrier, the sound signal and the instructions of the duty officer at the railway crossing.
Cross railway tracks only at railway crossings, giving way to a railway vehicle.
34 . When placing the car under loading and unloading operations, take measures to prevent spontaneous movement. Before reversing the vehicle, make sure that no one is driving around it, and that there are no people or any obstacles nearby.
Before starting to reverse in conditions of insufficient visibility (due to cargo in the back, when leaving the gate, etc.), require the consignor, consignee to allocate an employee to organize the safe movement of the car. Loading and unloading of goods, fastening them and awnings on the car, as well as opening and closing the sides of cars, semi-trailers and trailers are carried out by the forces and means of consignors, consignees or specialized organizations under the guidance of a person responsible for the safe carrying out of loading and unloading operations.
37 . After loads are loaded and secured to the vehicle by the shipper, check the placement, securing, and condition of the load to prevent it from shifting, falling, or obstructing traffic.
In case of detection of violations in the placement, fastening and condition of the cargo, require the person responsible for the safe conduct of loading and unloading operations to eliminate them. When loading building structures, equipment and other cargo with the help of cranes, get out of the cab and stay out of the zone of possible cargo fall.
When loading bulk cargo with the help of excavators, it is allowed to stay in the cab only if there is a special canopy above the cab. When delivering cargo to construction sites, obtain permission from the foreman or superintendent for unloading. At the same time, it is necessary to clarify the scheme of movement of the car on the territory of the construction site, the place and method of unloading. Being on the territory of the construction site, move from one place to another only along footpaths, ladders or floorings away from sources of increased danger (lifting mechanisms, working at height, power plants, power supply wires, etc.). When working on road trains, the coupling of a road train consisting of a car and trailers should be carried out with the involvement of a worker-coupler and a person coordinating the work, while the car should be driven back at the slowest speed, following the commands of the coordinating person.
In exceptional cases, the coupling may be carried out by one driver, subject to the following conditions: brake the trailer with a hand brake; check the condition of the towing device; put stops under the rear wheels of the trailer; hitch, including connecting the hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical systems of the car and trailer, as well as fastening the safety cable (chains) on trailers that do not have automatic devices. Before reversing, secure the turntable of the trailer with a locking device. Coupling and uncoupling should be carried out only on a flat horizontal platform with a hard surface. When coupling semi-trailers, the following requirements must be met:
Before hitching, make sure that the hitch, kingpin and
their fastenings are in good order, the semi-trailer is braked by the parking brake, the front part of the semi-trailer is positioned in such a way that, when hitching, the front edge of the base plate falls on the skid or on the saddle;
the sides of the semi-trailer must be closed;

Connecting hoses and electrical wires must be suspended by means of a tension spring on the hook of the front side of the semi-trailer so that they do not interfere with the hitch. It is not allowed to load a car, trailers and carts in excess of the established dimensions and carrying capacity. Sound the horn when necessary to prevent a traffic accident, including:
at the entrance and exit from the gates of the organization, warehouse;
at the beginning of the movement from a place, if there are people in the body or near the car;
when reversing; in places of limited visibility;
in all cases of possible risk of collision or collision. Do not open or close the gate with the car's bumper. In order to prevent a fire, it is prohibited to: allow accumulation on the engine, its crankcase, exhaust pipe and
muffler of dirt and oil;
leave used cleaning materials contaminated with oil and fuel in the cab and on the engine;
operate faulty devices of the vehicle power system; use gasoline and other flammable liquids to wash the engine;
in the event of a fuel system malfunction, supply gasoline to the carburetor directly from the tank with a hose or in another way;
smoking in the immediate vicinity of the engine power system devices;
use open fire when determining and eliminating malfunctions of mechanisms and systems, heat the engine with open fire;
use devices with open fire to heat the cabin or cook food in it. During parking, it is forbidden to rest or sleep in the cab or closed body with the engine running, use it to heat the cab in parking lots. Refuel the car in accordance with the safety rules established for the filling point.
Before refueling the vehicle, it is necessary to stop the engine, turn off the ignition, and when refueling the vehicle with gas fuel, close the main valve (the service valves remain open). At the gas station it is not allowed to: smoke and use open fire;
carry out repair work, as well as work that can lead to a fire;
fill the vehicle with fuel while the engine is running;

the presence of passengers in the cabin of a car, cabin and (or) the body of a truck. During work, use the issued personal protective equipment and promptly inform the immediate supervisor of the work about the need for their dry cleaning, washing, drying, repair and disposal.

Safety instructions for starting the engine.

Before starting the engine, first of all, it is necessary to check the technical condition of the tractor, remove the tool, put the gear lever in the neutral position, set the lever of the mounted system distributor to the neutral position, and turn on the power take-off shaft and pulley /if installed/; check the level of oil in the crankcase, water in the cooling system and fuel in the tanks; see if there are people under the tractor, behind or in front of it, between the tractor and the machine or implement connected to it. It is impossible to start the engine if any work is being done on the machine or implement connected to the tractor, since the latter may start moving after starting the engine / malfunction in the gearbox; incomplete disengagement of the gear due to bending of the shift forks, self-engagement of the gear due to a malfunction of the latches, etc. /.

I. Starting the engine with the crank.

During the engine start, the starting handle is clasped with the right hand so that the thumb is placed on the handle along with the rest. If you do not follow this rule and put your thumb towards the other four fingers, then with an overheated engine or with early ignition, the crankshaft can jerk, and therefore the starting handle in the opposite direction and damage to the hand.

1. The crankshaft of the P-46 starting engine of the T-150 tractor must be turned jerkily in half a turn.

II. Starting the engine with a starting cord.

1. There should be a knot at one end of the launcher, and a comfortable handle at the other. After connecting the starter cord to the handwheel, do not wind the cord around your hand or take it, as the handwheel may start to rotate in the opposite direction, and as a result, damage your hand.

2. If the ignition is not turned on, the flywheel must be rotated using the starting cord, taking it with one hand by the handle, with the other by the knot: put the middle of the cord into the flywheel stream. Before jerking, check the connection of the cord to the flywheel. If the cord knot is not well placed in the flywheel groove, then when jerked, the cord may come off, and the launcher may fall. Before making a jerk with a cord, you should look around and check if there are people nearby and if there is a place for a jerk, if there are cars and tractors nearby. After that, the cord is pulled by the handle, and the other end is installed so that a friction force arises between the cord and the flywheel. For a sharper and stronger jerk, one leg must be placed with the tractor, but away from the caterpillar track, so that in case of an accidental change and position, the tractor does not transfer the leg.

3. When starting a hot engine, do not touch the exhaust pipe while winding the cord, otherwise you may get burned.

4. During start-up, you should not stand near the rotating flywheel, especially at the moment of changing the load on the starting engine, since when the clutch is engaged and the decompression mechanism is turned off, the flywheel can come off the annular shaft and kill a person standing nearby.

5. With some engines, the decompression mechanism must be turned off with extreme caution, due to the fact that the control lever for this mechanism is located next to the rotating fan. Therefore, before starting the engines of tractors "Belarus" / except for MTZ-50 /, T-33, you need to look at where the decompression mechanism lever is located so as not to damage your hand on the blade of a rotating fan.

6. After starting the engine, turn off the clutch of the starting engine in order to avoid its "span".

7. For combine harvesters, before starting the engine, the gearbox lever must be set to the neutral position, and the on/off lever /thresher off lever/ must be in the “off” position.

8. When starting the car engine, observe the same precautions as when starting the tractor engine. The gear lever is set to the neutral position, the car is braked with a handbrake, if the latter is not on /in the parking lot, the handbrake must be on/. When using the starting handle to start the engine, you need to stand as close to the car as possible, but so that the handle does not catch the launcher. If you stand far from the engine, you will have to strongly tilt the body over the handle, and with a possible reverse rotation of the crankshaft, the handle will hit the launcher on the torso or face.

1. Persons at least 18 years of age who are recognized as fit for this work by a medical commission, who have been trained in the crusher curriculum, and who have a certificate for the right to perform this work, are allowed to work as a crusher.
2. A crusher entering a job must undergo an introductory briefing on safe labor methods and techniques, environmental requirements, as well as an initial briefing at the workplace, about which appropriate entries must be made in the journals with the obligatory signature of the instructed and instructing.
3. Initial briefing at the workplace is carried out with each crusher individually with practical training in safe methods and techniques for performing work.
4. All crushers after the initial briefing at the workplace and testing of knowledge during the first 3-5 shifts (depending on length of service, experience and nature of work) perform work under the supervision of a foreman or foreman, after which they are allowed to work independently. Admission to independent work is fixed by the date and signature of the instructing person in the briefing log.
5. Repeated briefing with the crusher should be carried out at least every 3 months. Periodic testing of knowledge on labor safety should be carried out once every 12 months.
6. When changing the rules on labor protection, the conditions and nature of work (getting a new task, moving to another area of ​​work, replacing or upgrading components or parts, devices, etc.), violation of existing norms and rules on labor protection, which led or may lead to injury, accident, fire, during breaks in work for more than 30 calendar days, at the request of the supervisory authorities, an unscheduled briefing is carried out. A corresponding entry is made in the briefing log at the workplace with the obligatory signature of the instructed and instructing about the repeated and unscheduled briefing. When registering an unscheduled briefing, the reason that caused it to be held is indicated.
7. The knowledge gained during the briefing is checked by the employee who conducted the briefing.
8. A crusher who has received instruction and has shown unsatisfactory knowledge is not allowed to work. He must re-instruct.
9. The crusher must have the II qualification group for safety. The qualification group must be confirmed annually in the prescribed manner.
10. The crusher must know the principle of operation and arrangement of crushers, crushing and screening plants and its units, the technology of work, the manufacturer's instructions for the operation of crushers, crushing units, labor protection instructions, the internal regulations for organizing the work of employees of the crushing and screening plant, the requirements for implementation of work and rest regimes.
11. The workplace of the crusher - the viewing cabin, the working area of ​​\u200b\u200bservice - the stone crusher, must meet the regulatory requirements for labor protection.
12. The technological process of processing stone into crushed stone is accompanied by harmful factors that adversely affect the human body.
13. The main harmful production factors are: dust, vibration, noise. The normative indicators of these factors should not exceed:
    • dust content - 10 mg / m3 (for quartz dust 2 mg / m3, with a quartz content of more than 10%);
    • vibration - up to 0.2 amplitude;
    • noise - 65-70 dBA.
14. The means of protection against harmful factors during the operation of the stone crusher and related units are from:
    • dust - irrigation with water, aspiration;
    • vibrations - installation of a stone crusher on vibration foundations, vibration damping pads;
    • noise - installation of casings, soundproof booths;
    • dust, vibration and noise - personal protective equipment.
15. If the normative limit values ​​of harmful factors are exceeded, workers of crushing and screening plants (factories) are required to use personal protective equipment. The dust content of the air is determined by the aspiration device AE-1-4, the dust counter SM-2, TVK-3, "Owen".
16. Stone crushers and units and mechanisms associated with them by the technological process (feeders, screens, bunkers, chutes) must be equipped with dust collecting devices connected to the aspiration system. Aspiration devices should be switched on before starting the technological system and switched off after 5-7 minutes. after the shutdown of the technological equipment.
17. At the workplace of the crusher should be:
    • necessary tools and equipment (a metalwork hammer, a sledgehammer, a metalworking chisel, wrenches, metalworking screwdrivers, combined pliers, end cutters, shovels (2 pcs.), crowbar, hook for extracting oversized items, a scraper for cleaning spillage, a broom and a broom , stairs up to 5 meters long);
    • lubricating equipment (screw syringe, grease storage container, canister, funnel, box for rags);
    • fire-fighting equipment (box for sand, fire extinguishers OU-2, OHVP-10, bucket, ax, shovel, hook, etc.);
    • communication (telephone, sound and light signaling console);
    • individual protection means;
    • first aid equipment for victims (first aid kit);
    • personal hygiene items (towel, soap, washstand, locker for overalls, footwear and other personal protective equipment; - boiled drinking water;
    • sufficient lighting (50-100 lux);
    • technical and production documentation (technological map of processing stone into crushed stone by cycles, manufacturer's instructions (photocopy or extract) for the operation of a stone crusher (installation), instructions for labor protection, instructions for providing first aid to victims, environmental requirements, work and rest schedules, spare warning and prohibition signs).
18. The crusher must work in overalls, safety shoes and personal protective equipment established by the standards (jacket and trousers with insulated lining, work overalls, felted boots with a rubber bottom, dielectric rubber gloves and special mittens, cleaning and protective paste, helmet "Trud", earmuffs , dust goggles, Petal respirator", rubber foot mats, safety belt).
19. The crusher is obliged to know the meaning of the sound and light alarms installed at the crushing and screening plants (factories), as well as the signals used in the production of blasting.
20. In case of violations of safety requirements by other employees, the crusher is obliged to take all possible measures to prevent and eliminate the danger and report this to the foreman or foreman.
21. When conducting the technological process of processing stone into crushed stone, the presence of unauthorized persons in the working area is prohibited.
22. The equipment of the stone crusher (installation) must be reliably grounded.
23. All transmission mechanisms of the stone crusher (gear, chain and belt drives) must be securely and firmly guarded or covered with casings.
Hammer and roller stone crushers must be equipped with hermetic solid casings, in which tightly closed inspection slots are arranged.

24. Loading crushers must be mechanized. When feeding materials into crushers (jaw, roller), strong metal gratings made of rods with a mesh size of 150 x 150 mm should be installed above their feed openings.
25. Stone crushers must be equipped with mechanisms for lifting plates and cheeks, as well as special devices (hooks) for removing jammed oversized pieces of stones from the throat.
26. In order to avoid the ejection of pieces of crushed material from stone crushers, the feed openings of cone crushers must be closed with blind removable guards. Jaw stone crushers must have side blind fences with a height of at least 1.1.
27. The receiving hopper must be fenced on three sides (on the sides and on the side opposite the loading side) with strong railings 1.1 m high.
28. In front of the receiving hopper, a stop beam should be fixed, protecting the movement of the dump truck in reverse.
29. Entrances, unloading platforms for receiving bins of a stone crushing plant must have a planned surface, provided with drainage.
30. The unloading areas of the receiving bins must have sound and light alarms to warn of the approach of vehicles.
31. On the unloading site there should be no foreign objects, spills and blockages of the rock mass.
32. When vehicles approach the receiving hopper, the workers must step aside at a distance of at least 2 m. Before unloading, make sure that there are no people in the hopper and on the feeder, give an unloading signal and unload the rock mass.
33. Bridges and stairs leading to the places of inspection of stone crushers should be metal with a corrugated surface and not located above the crusher mouth. Portable ladders must be strong, reliable and equipped with safety devices.
34. Walkways around crushers, engines and other machinery must be at least 1.0 m wide.
35. Passages under conveyors, screens and other units and mechanisms must be protected from above by strong and securely fixed casings, solid floorings with visors.
36. The exit points of crushed material on conveyors or elevators must be protected by firmly reinforced protective covers.
37. The discharging chutes of the stone crushers must have an adjustable inclination, which ensures smooth passage of the material and eliminates the formation of crushed material backwater in the crusher bin.
38. To break down oversized stones, pieces of raw materials, a special workplace must be equipped, protected from precipitation and wind. The metal grating for breakdown must be securely fastened. The worker is obliged to work in overalls, safety shoes and protective equipment. Glasses of points should have a metal protective lattice.
39. It is prohibited to break down oversized stones outside the equipped workplace and without protective equipment.
40. The admission of crushers in a state of intoxication to the workplace is prohibited. Crushers who find themselves in the line of duty in a state of intoxication are immediately removed from work and brought to strict liability in accordance with applicable law.
41. The crusher is obliged to keep his workplace and service area clean and tidy.
42. It is necessary to use water for drinking from special closed tanks with spouting nozzles or sparkling water.
43. The operation of the crushing and screening plant during a thunderstorm should be suspended.
44. For non-compliance with the requirements of the labor protection instruction developed on the basis of this standard instruction, the crusher is liable in accordance with the internal labor regulations and the current legislation on labor protection. Safety requirements before starting work
45. Before starting work, the crusher must:
    • put on overalls and safety shoes, prepare personal protective equipment, check their serviceability;
    • familiarize yourself with the working conditions of the previous shift;
    • receive precise and specific instructions at the workplace from the foreman (foreman) on the performance of the task, on safe methods and methods of work;
    • to get acquainted with the technological map of the production of works.
    • Check:
      • serviceability of telephone communication and lighting;
      • availability and serviceability of a set of tools and accessories;
      • availability of necessary fire extinguishing equipment and first aid.
    • Before starting the stone crusher, the crusher must check:
      • serviceability of sound and light alarm;
      • availability and integrity of grounding by external inspection;
      • serviceability of the system of hydro-dedusting and sealing of shelters of dusty points;
      • the state of fastening of bolted connections of all parts and assemblies, foundation bolts;
      • the presence of a sufficient amount of oil in the bearing system and other rubbing components of the stone crusher;
      • serviceability of protective barriers and safety devices;
      • condition of electrical equipment and electric drives, blocking devices;
      • reliability and serviceability of the switching levers, ensuring smooth switching on and excluding spontaneous switching from idling to working;
      • technical condition of pulleys, gears and other gears, frames, crushing plates and other details;
      • the operation of lifting mechanisms and gripping devices for removing oversized stones from the stone crusher and conveyor;
      • serviceability of the grate and the visor of the loading opening.

If a malfunction of the electric motor, starting devices, insulation failure, open current-carrying parts of electrical equipment, grounding is detected, the crusher must immediately report to the foreman for troubleshooting.

1. The crusher is prohibited from troubleshooting the electrical equipment of the stone crusher.
2. Other malfunctions, except for electrical ones, the crusher must eliminate on his own, and if it is impossible, report to the master (mechanic).
3. To the electrician on duty to restore and check the disconnected power supply system by replacing the switchboards and the starting device.
4. The crusher must report all noticed and identified malfunctions of the stone crusher to the master. Until the troubleshooting and the permission of the master, the start-up of the stone crusher is prohibited.

Safety requirements during work

1. The crusher should start the stone crusher (installation) 1-2 minutes after the general signal is given to start the operation of the crushing and screening plant (plant).
2. The warning signals about the start of the stone crusher (installation) should be made only with the permission of the shift foreman. Any incomprehensible signal should be perceived by the crusher as a signal "Stop!"
3. The crusher is operated in accordance with the current instructions of the manufacturer.
4. After starting the crusher, the crusher should check its operation at idle until normal operation is achieved. If abnormal knocking and noise occurs, it is necessary to turn off the crusher and report to the master about its malfunction and do not turn it on until the malfunctions are eliminated.
5. During the process of crushing, the crusher is obliged to:
   • maintain the stone crusher, feeders and conveyors supplying raw materials or materials in working condition and ensure their uninterrupted operation;
   • carry out only the specified technological process of crushing;
   • ensure the release of high-quality products of specified fractions;
   • regulate the supply of raw materials and water for irrigation;
   • monitor the signals and give the necessary signals for the conduct of the technological process, have a constant connection with adjacent sections;
   • prevent the presence of unauthorized persons in the working area;
   • prepare product samples for laboratory analysis;
   • operate lifting and transport equipment when slinging and removing oversized stones and foreign objects from the crushing chamber.
6. The crusher must:
   • supply raw materials to the stone crusher only after the electric motor has reached full speed;
   • prevent oversized stones and foreign objects from getting on the conveyor and stone crusher.
7. It is forbidden to work on a stone crusher when:
   • lack of safety devices;
   • loosening keys on gears, pulleys or flywheels, as well as loosening mounting bolts;
   • damage to the tension spring of jaw crushers;
   • loosening of crushing plates fastening;
   • the absence of safety pins to the clutch of the stone crusher drive pulley;
   • the formation of cracks and chips in the frame, crushing plates and other details;
   • violation of the stability of the stone crusher and increased vibration.
8. During the operation of the stone crusher, the crusher is prohibited from:
   • allow unauthorized persons into the work area;
   • clutter up the approaches to the stone crusher, passages to the units;
   • clog the work site;
   • stand on a stone crusher;
   • put the tool and other objects on the body and fences of the stone crusher;
   • leave unattended the machines and mechanisms assigned to him and leave the workplace without the permission of the shift foreman or foreman;
   • allow persons not related to their operation or maintenance to machines and mechanisms;
   • take a break from work and do other things.
9. When conducting the technological process of crushing, it is prohibited:
   • tighten and correct bolts, springs and other parts;
   • adjust the size of the unloading gap;
   • remove and install fences;
   • put on or take off the gear belts;
   • lubricate bearings manually;
   • clean the crusher and clean the workplace;
   • look into the mouth of the crusher;
   • push or pull out pieces of stone or foreign objects jammed during crushing. For this, it is necessary to use only special devices, not allowing the use of random objects for these purposes.

   The specified works are allowed to be performed only after the complete stop of the stone crusher and the units adjacent to it, the power plants disconnected from the mains, the fuses removed by the electrician or the starter break plugs seized. On starting devices it is necessary to hang out a poster "Do not turn on - people are working!".

10. It is not allowed to crush oversized stones in the crusher mouth with a sledgehammer. This work must be done at a special workplace on a metal grate.
11. While at the workplace, the crusher must:
    • be attentive to all warning and prohibition signs, installed alarms;
    • immediately give the necessary established signals;
    • have the necessary warning and prohibition signs in the working area;
    • monitor the safety of fences, labor protection posters, warning and prohibition signs installed and posted in a conspicuous place in the working area.
12. For any work related to the repair of a stone crusher, the crusher must have a work permit for the performance of repair work.
13. Repair is carried out only after the complete disconnection of the stone crusher and all related mechanisms from the electric motors, the removal of the fuses and plugs of the starting device by the electrician.
14. Accidental start-up of the stone crusher or related machinery must be completely excluded.
15. There should be signs on the starting devices: "Do not turn on - people are working!"
16. Turn on the installed light signal that prohibits the start-up of adjacent mechanisms and the stone crusher.
17. Carry out repair work in overalls, special footwear with the use of safety equipment (safety belts, glasses).
18. Above the feed opening of the crusher, a temporary flooring with a canopy should be arranged to prevent the fall of various objects on people working in the repair area of ​​the crusher.
19. The crusher and other workers performing repair work at a height of more than 1.3 m in the absence of scaffolding must use special metal ladders and serviceable safety belts. The place of fixing the safety belt is indicated by the work manager.
20. During the production of repair work, the presence of a master is mandatory.
21. When performing repair work, the crusher must:
    • use the right set of tools. Hammers and sledgehammers must be firmly mounted on wooden handles and not have cracks, dents, etc. Wrenches must match the dimensions of the nuts;
    • when cutting metal and cutting the cable with a chisel, wear safety glasses;
    • when working with a chisel, one must stand in such a way as not to injure himself and his comrades with fragments of metal.
22. Repair work should be carried out only under the condition of normal lighting of the place of work.
23. Performing repairs during a thunderstorm is prohibited.
24. At the end of the work, the crusher is obliged to check whether there are any tools and other items left on the crusher.
25. The stone crusher and other units should be put into operation after repair and testing at idle speed by the crusher under the guidance of the master or mechanic who performed the repair work.

Safety requirements in emergency situations

1. In the event of a sudden stop of the stone crusher, turn off the motor immediately.
2. If abnormal knocks appear, vibration increase, uneven operation, oversized stones and foreign objects get stuck, the crusher is obliged to immediately turn off the power plants and stop the technological process without waiting for the end of crushing of the raw materials in the crushing chamber. Report the situation to the foreman immediately.
3. Removal of oversized stones and foreign objects stuck in the crushing chamber, cleaning of the chamber from unprocessed raw materials, as well as cleaning of large stones from the stone crusher feeders should be carried out only using lifting and transport mechanisms and devices. These works are allowed to be carried out only after the crusher and the systems supplying it are completely stopped with the electric motors disconnected from the network, the fuses removed by the electrician or the starter break plugs removed, the alarm light turned on and the poster "Do not turn on - people are working!"
4. Cleaning of the crusher mouth and the discharge gap from the material stuck in it is carried out only from above. These works, as well as cutting and extracting the metal that has entered the stone crusher, is carried out only under the supervision of a foreman or mechanic.
5. In case of violation of all installed alarms or one of them, the crusher must stop working and report the reason for the stop to the foreman.
6. In case of accidents, give an emergency stop signal, stop the operation of the crusher and start providing first aid to the victim. If necessary, call a doctor.
7. The start of the stone crusher and its service units after the elimination of the emergency should be carried out only after the permission of the foreman or mechanic in the prescribed manner.

Safety requirements at the end of work

1. After receiving a general signal about the end of the operation of the crushing and screening plant, the crusher must:
   • give in 1-2 minutes light and sound signals about the end of the material intake and the end of work;
   • stop the supply of stone to the feeder hopper;
   • complete the processing of all stone material loaded into the feeder bunker;
   • unload processed material;
   • stop the water supply;
   • when working in winter, drain the water from the water chambers;
   • completely turn off the stone crusher and adjacent units, with the removal of the fuses and plugs of the starting device by an electrician.
2. During cleaning, inspection and maintenance of the stone crusher, put up a sign "Do not turn on - people are working!".
3. Clear the stone crushing plant, workplace, approaches and passages from raw materials, material and debris.
4. If it is impossible or inconvenient to clean the stone crusher in fenced areas, it is allowed to temporarily remove the fences, which, after the necessary cleaning, are installed in place and securely fixed.
5. After cleaning the crushing plant, check:
   • belt and chain drives; adjust them if necessary;
   • body and working bodies of the stone crusher (wear, cracks, chips), fastening of parts and assemblies;
   • condition of conveyors, feeders, receiving hopper.
6. Faults identified during the inspection should be eliminated, and if it is impossible to eliminate them on your own, report this to the master.
7. After cleaning, inspection and troubleshooting of the crushing plant, it is necessary to lubricate all components and assemblies.
8. If, at the end of the operation of the crushing and screening plant, the units are not centrally disconnected from the power grid, then the crusher must remove the starting devices and switchboards removed by the electrician to a certain place in the working cabin.
9. Check the completeness of the tools and accessories and put them in the designated place in the working cabin.
10. Check and adjust personal protective equipment and safety devices.
11. The crusher must store overalls, safety shoes and protective equipment in a closet separately from everyday clothes.
12. Take a shower or wash your face and hands with warm water and soap, change clothes.
13. Report to the foreman about the completion of work and the operation of the stone crusher during the shift, close the working cabin with a lock and hand over the key to the duty officer.
14. During shift operation of the crushing and screening plant, transfer the shift to the shifter, inform him about the operation of the stone crusher, the incoming material, the records in the log of the stone crusher, possible cases of an emergency, violations of labor protection and the measures taken. Give the key to the working cabin to the shifter.

Delivery and acceptance of shifts to be carried out in the presence of a shift foreman or foreman.