CENTRAL RESEARCH
AND ORGANIZATIONS
MECHANIZATION AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR CONSTRUCTION
TsNIIOMTP

TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD
FOR DEVICE AND REPAIR
METAL ROOFING

Moscow 2002

The technological map considers the issues of installation and repair of a metal roof.

The map was developed on the instructions of the Department for the Development of the General Plan of the Government of Moscow at CJSC TsNIIOMTP by employees of the Research and Production Center.

Responsible executor Koloskov V.N.

1 AREA OF USE

1.1. The technological map is drawn up for the device and repair metal roofing.

1.2. The technological map is compiled in accordance with the "Guidelines for the development of technological maps in construction."

1.3. As an analogue, a four-story sixteen-apartment building with dimensions in terms of 33.6 × 13.2 along the axes was adopted (Fig.,).

2. TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF WORK PERFORMANCE

2.1. Metal roof device

2.1.1. Prior to the installation of a metal roof, organizational and preparatory measures must be completed in accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85 * "Organization of construction production".

2.1.2. All installation and related works have been completed, acts for hidden work have been drawn up in accordance with SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Bearing and enclosing structures".

2.1.3. Preparatory work include:

verification of compliance with the design slopes of the roof slopes;

checking the correctness of the crate device;

sorting and quality control of delivered metal sheets.

2.1.4. Roofs made of galvanized or black roofing steel are provided for roofs of buildings with a slope of 30 to 60% (16°-30°).

2.1.5. The main materials for sheet steel roofing are non-galvanized (black) or galvanized sheet steel roofing.

2.1.6. Roofing steel is produced in the form of sheets measuring 1420×710 mm, 2000×1000 mm, 0.4-0.8 mm thick, weighing (depending on thickness) from 3 to 6 kg.

2.1.7. Non-galvanized (black) sheet steel is used to a limited extent in construction and overhaul buildings.

Roofs from it require frequent painting with drying oil.

2.1.8. The most effective use of roofing galvanized steel. It is less exposed to corrosion, its service life is much longer. The surface of galvanized steel must be smooth, without films, bubbles, streaks, with dense and uniform galvanization.

2.1.9. In addition to sheet steel, roofing works are used:

roofing nails 3.5-4 mm thick, 40-50 mm long with a large head for nailing steel sheets to the crate on cornice overhangs and fastening clamps;

building nails with a thickness of 2.5 to 4 mm, a length of 50-100 mm for nailing crutches and hooks;

clamps (made from scraps of roofing steel) for fastening roofing sheets to the crate;

hooks (made of strip steel 5-6 mm thick, 16-25 mm wide and 420 mm long) for fixing wall gutters;

crutches (made of strip steel 5-6 mm thick, 25-36 mm wide, 450 mm long) to maintain cornice overhangs);

tongs for fastening downpipes to the walls of the building;

clamps on bolts for fastening downpipes, funnels and ebb.

2.1.10. Any roofs consist of two main parts - the bearing and enclosing (the actual roof). With a wooden load-bearing structure under the roof of steel sheets and a distance between the rafters of 1.2-2 m, they usually arrange a crate of boards with a section of 200 × 50 mm and bars with a section of 50 × 50 mm.

2.1.11. Bars and boards are placed at a distance of 200 mm from each other. With this arrangement in the crate, the foot of a person walking along the slope of the roof will always rest on two bars, which will prevent the deflection of the roofing.

2.1.12. The lathing under the roof of sheet steel must be even, strong, rigid, without protrusions and recesses. Between the control rail 1 m long and the crate, a clearance of no more than 5 mm is allowed.

2.1.13. For the installation of a cornice overhang and wall gutters, a solid plank flooring is laid from edged boards 3-4 boards wide (700 mm). The front board of the cornice overhang must be straight and hang from the cornice by the same amount along its entire length.

A continuous flooring of edged boards is also arranged under the grooves (up to a width of 500 mm in each direction).

2.1.14. Along the ridge of the roof, two boards converging with edges are laid, which serve to maintain the ridge joint.

2.1.15. From correct device The durability of the roof depends on the lathing, since even a slight deflection of the sheets on it weakens the density of the joints (folds), which leads to leakage and destruction of the coating.

2.1.16. Of the total amount of work on the installation of metal roofs, approximately 50% are installation work performed directly on the roof, i.e. under the most difficult conditions.

2.1.17. Roofing installation works include the following operations:

coating of cornice overhangs;

installation of wall gutters;

the device of an ordinary covering (covering the roof slopes);

gutter covering.

The scheme of organization of work during the installation of a metal roof is shown in fig. .

Roofing pictures prepared in advance are lifted to the roof with the help of a KS-35714K truck crane in special containers. To receive them, an inventory collapsible platform and a light stand for storing sheets are installed on the roof (Fig. ).

2.1.18. Covering the eaves begins with the installation of crutches along the overhang, designed to support the paintings. The crutches are nailed to the crate through 700 mm from each other with the removal (overhang) from the edge of the crate by 130-170 mm.

All crutches must be laid with the same overhang, so first the two extreme crutches are nailed, and one of the nails on each crutch is not completely hammered. A cord is pulled between these nails, by which the positions of all intermediate crutches are determined.

2.1.19. Covering the roof with sheet steel is made from pre-prepared sheets called paintings.

Pictures can be single and double (from two sheets), connected along the short sides. The latter method is more productive, as it reduces labor costs for connecting sheets on the roof and allows the use of enlarged roofing elements (Fig.).

The preparation of paintings consists in bending the edges of the sheet on four sides for their subsequent connection on the roof with folds (Fig.). It can be done by hand or mechanized way on folding machines.

Roofing sheets are usually interconnected along the short side of the sheet with recumbent folds, and along the long side with standing (ridge) folds. When covering the roof slopes, the ridge folds are located along the slope, and the recumbent folds are located across (parallel to the roof ridge), which does not prevent water from flowing from the slopes. Seam joints can be single and double.

As a rule, the connection of sheets for covering roof slopes is made with single folds, and only with small roof slopes (about 16 °) and in places of the greatest accumulation of water (gutters, grooves) - double.

Covering the roof slopes is one of the most labor-intensive operations in the construction of sheet steel roofs.

In the complex of works performed on the roof on the installation of an ordinary roofing of slopes, the greatest labor costs fall on connecting paintings with ridge folds, since the length of the latter is twice the length of the recumbent folds, of which half is performed in the workshop when preparing paintings.

Usually, the connection of roofing paintings with a comb seam is carried out by roofers using hammers or with a hammer using a lapel bar (Fig.).

Recently, an electric comb bending machine (Fig.) and comb bending devices have been proposed and used, which allow performing work without the use of roofing hammers.

2.1.20. The cornice paintings prepared earlier and submitted to the roof are laid on top of the crutches along the overhang of the roof in such a way that their edge, which has a lapel tape, tightly wraps around the protruding part of the crutch. The unfolded edge of the sheets on the opposite side is nailed to the crate with nails with a distance of 400-500 mm between them. The nail heads are further covered with a wall gutter. Pictures of the cornice overhang are interconnected by recumbent folds (Fig.).

2.1.21. At the end of the coating of the cornice overhangs, wall gutters are laid. Typically, the gutters are located between the water intake funnels with a slope of 1:20 to 1:10. Work begins with the installation of hooks, which are placed along the line marked for laying the gutters and beaten off with a chalked cord. Hooks are placed on top of the cornice paintings at a distance of 650 mm from one another. Hooks should be placed perpendicular to the line of wall gutters and nailed to the crate with two or three nails (Fig.).

2.1.22. At the end of the work on laying the wall gutters, the roof slopes are covered. Pictures of the ordinary covering of gable roofs (gable) are usually laid, starting from the gable wall (pediment), and hip (four-slope) - from the edge of their ridges.

The paintings are laid out in strips along the slope of the roof in the direction from the ridge to the gutter (Fig.). Pictures in each strip are connected to each other by recumbent folds. In this way, several strips are laid, which are temporarily attached at the ridge to the crate with nails (behind the edge of the bent edge of the ridge).

The gable overhang should hang from the crate by 40-50 mm. The overhang is fastened with end clamps, installed every 200-400 mm, which, together with the longitudinal bend of the ordinary strip, are bent in the form of a double standing fold (Fig.).

The gable overhangs of monumental buildings, as well as buildings built in areas with heavy winds, should be fixed in the same way as cornice overhangs, i.e. on crutches with the device of lapel tapes with droppers.

2.1.23. Clamps are nailed along the strip assembled from the paintings to the side of the crate (Fig.) at a distance of 600 mm from each other. Then the second strip is assembled and laid in such a way that the folded large edge of the first strip adjoins the small folded edge of the sheets of the second strip. At the same time, adjacent strips are shifted relative to each other by 40-50 mm, so that the recumbent folds of adjacent paintings are spaced apart.

2.1.24. Laying ordinary strips on a slope is carried out with a release of 50-60 mm above the roof ridge to form a ridge ridge. In order to avoid meeting on the ridge of two ridge folds of opposite roof slopes, they are placed apart at a mutual distance of at least 50 mm.

2.1.25. Adjacent strips of paintings are first connected with a ridge fold only at the clamps, while they are pulled tightly to the crate, and then along the entire length of the ridge fold.

2.1.26. Following the coating of the roof slopes, the grooves are covered from the ridge to the overhang (Fig.). The strip of the groove assembled in the workshop and rolled up on the roof is unfolded and laid in place so that its longitudinal edges fit under the edges of the ordinary roofing of the slopes, which are cut with hand scissors along the borders of the groove. Then the edges of the groove are connected to the edges of the ordinary covering with a lying fold, bent towards the groove, with the final sealing of the folds with a mallet.

2.1.27. After connecting with the ordinary coating, the upper end of the groove, adjacent to the ridge, is cut to the shape of the ridge, and the lower end, adjacent to the wall gutter, is cut parallel to the direction of the gutter, leaving an edge for the fold. Then the groove is connected to the ridge with a ridge fold and with a wall gutter - a recumbent fold, bent towards the gutter (in the direction of the water flow).

2.1.28. The folds, which connect the sheets of the groove between themselves and with an ordinary roofing, must be smeared with minium putty.

2.1.29. In order to better drain water from behind the pipe, a triangular cut (opening) is made on the upper side of the pipe in the form gable roof from boards or bars nailed to the crate and covered with sheet steel (Fig.). Water flowing from the slope of the roof is dissected by cutting and flows down the slopes. The collar formed by the bends of the edges of the paintings should tightly wrap around the pipe shaft and be connected in the corners to the fold.

2.1.30. As an option, the pipes can be framed with a collar, which is made according to a template in the form of U-shaped halves (Fig. ), which are connected with a double lap overlap along the water drain on the roof.

Roof connection to chimney suit by sealing the edge of the coating in the otter.

2.2. Repair of metal roofs

2.2.1. Repair of old sheet steel roofs, depending on the degree and nature of their wear, is divided into two types: capital and current.

A major overhaul includes a complete (or on large sections of the roof) change of the roofing, as well as drainpipes and linear coverings on the facades of the building.

The current repair includes a partial change of roofing ( small areas or separate sheets), patching, sealing fistulas, changing unusable parts of downpipes.

2.2.2. During the overhaul of sheet roofs, which involves a continuous or significant change of roofing, work on the preparation or laying of roofing paintings is carried out in the same ways and techniques as when installing new roof. In this case, only the operation for the preliminary removal of the old roofing that has become unusable is added. When dismantling the roof, the ridge folds are first unbent or cut off, then the recumbent folds are separated.

2.2.3. Roofing steel removed from the roof is carefully sorted. Reusable sheets are cut with scissors, straightened and cleaned.

2.2.4. Current repairs are performed as follows. Before starting repairs, to detect damaged areas, the roof is inspected simultaneously from the outside and from attic space. Inspection of the attic is carried out through the light in heavy rain or after it.

The found places of damage to the roof are outlined with chalk and applied to the roof diagram, where the dimensions of the replaced sections of the roof are indicated.

2.2.5. Removal (dismantling) of damaged sections of the roof is carried out over the entire width of the sheet (between adjacent ridge folds). When setting up new sheets or paintings, they are first connected with the old coating with lying folds, and then with ridge folds with simultaneous strengthening with clamps. In this case, the line of folds of one strip should not (as in the new coating) coincide with the line of lying folds of the adjacent strip.

2.2.6. With small damaged areas of the roof, patches of roofing steel are placed on them. To do this, the damaged part of the sheet is cut down with a chisel along the lines of the crate so that the new joint is located on a rigid base. Patches on the roof are placed over the entire width of the sheet (between the ridge folds). Work is carried out in the same sequence as when changing entire sheets or paintings.

2.2.7. When repairing a roof, sometimes a partial or complete change of wall gutters, cornices or grooves is required, which are destroyed by rust faster than others.

When changing the gutters, you must first make sure that the coating of the eaves is in good condition, otherwise, the unusable parts of the eaves must first be replaced so that later the repaired gutters do not have to be removed.

2.2.8. Repair of cornice overhangs consists in replacing damaged sections with new ones or in straightening bent parts. When replacing damaged eaves, the gutters must first be dismantled and the hooks removed. When changing gutters and grooves, it is necessary to make extensions to the ordinary coating, since the use of old recumbent folds of the ordinary coating to connect them with gutter or groove patterns is not allowed.

2.2.9. Minor repairs to sheet steel roofs involve patching. Fistulas and holes up to 5 mm are cleaned of dirt, rust and fragile paint with a steel brush and sealed with thick oil red lead putty from the outside and from the side of the attic, blocking the damaged area by 20-30 mm.

In case of damage of 5-30 mm, the torn edges of the holes are straightened and cleaned. The hole is caulked with tow soaked in thick red lead paint. The cleaned place with a caulked hole is smeared with red lead putty on top, then a patch of 80-100 mm larger than the damaged area is applied to it from a thin fiberglass impregnated with thick red lead paint. The patch is carefully leveled and pressed against the metal sheet, observing the complete impregnation of the fiberglass and the quality of gluing, especially around the perimeter of the patch.

2.2.10. The need for machines, mechanisms, tools, inventory and fixtures is given in Table. .

Table 1

Code	Name	Type, brand, GOST	Technical specifications	Purpose	Quantity per link (team)
	Automobile crane	KS-35714K	Load capacity - 16 t, telescopic boom 8-18 m	Supply of materials to the roof
	Sling	4SK 1-6.3 GOST 25573-82	Load capacity - 6.3 t	Same
	Container			Supply to the roof of metal sheets and roofing paintings
	Inventory site			Acceptance of containers with roofing paintings
	inventory stand			Warehousing of individual roofing paintings
	Electric comb bending machine		Weight 26 kg	Bending and sealing ridge seams
	Roofing hammer	MKR-1 MKR-2 MKR-3	Weight 0.6 kg Weight 0.8 kg Weight 1.6 kg	Roofing
	Locksmith borovki	GOST 7214-72		Hole punching
	Bench chisel	GOST 7211-86*E	Weight 0.1-0.2 kg	metal cutting
	Construction pliers	GOST 14184-83	Weight 0.39 kg	Miscellaneous works
	Measuring ruler	GOST 427-75 *		Measurement of linear dimensions
	Measuring tape, metal	GOST 7502-89*		Same
	Scissors	GOST 7210-75*E	Weight 0.7 kg	Sheet steel cutting
	Electric scissors	IE-5407	The thickness of the cut sheet is up to 3.5 mm. Weight 4.4 kg	Same
	Combination pliers	GOST 5547-93	Weight 0.23 kg	Miscellaneous works
	Test square	GOST 3749-77	Weight 0.89 kg	Checking and marking right angles
	Marking compasses		Weight 0.21 kg
	Mounting belt	GOST 12.4.089-86	Weight no more than 2.1 kg	Safety
	Construction helmet	GOST 12.4.087-84	Weight 0.4 kg	Same	per brigade
	Construction mittens	GOST 12.4.010-75		Same	Same

FACADE

Rice. 1

ROOF PLAN

Rice. 2

SCHEME OF THE ORGANIZATION OF WORK DURING THE INSTALLATION OF A METAL ROOF

- roofing jobs

1 - automobile crane KS-35714K; 2 - cornice flooring from boards; 3 - crate; 4 - inventory platform; 5 - metal stand; 6 - picture of an ordinary coating; 7 - a picture of a wall gutter; 8 - the boundary of the danger zone near the building under construction.

Rice. 3

INVENTORY ASSEMBLY PLATFORM

METAL STAND

Rice. 4

PICTURE DOUBLE

PICTURE SINGLE

Rice. 5

TYPES OF FOLDS

CREST SINGLE

CRESTED DOUBLE

recumbent single

LYING DOUBLE

Rice. 6

JOINING PICTURES WITH A COMBE FOLD

ROOFING HAMMERS

WITH THE HELP OF A HAMMER AND A BAR

BY ELECTRIC COMBING MACHINE

BRACKET

Rice. 7

SCHEME OF THE DEVICE OF THE CURTAIN OVERHANGS

1 - rafter leg;

2 - crate;

3 - cornice flooring from boards;

4 - picture of the cornice overhang;

5 - crutch.

Rice. 8

WALL GUTTER LAYING DIAGRAM

1 - rafter leg;

2 - crate;

3 - picture of the cornice overhang;

4 - gutter hook;

5 - a picture of a wall gutter;

6 - tray.

Rice. 9

SCHEME OF THE DEVICE OF THE ROOF FROM SHEET STEEL

1 - a picture in an ordinary strip;

2 - recumbent fold;

3 - ridge fold;

4 - ridge ridge fold;

5 - board;

6 - rafter leg;

7 - crate;

8 - crutch;

9 - cornice flooring;

10 - a picture of a wall gutter;

11 - hook;

12 - picture of the cornice overhang;

13 - funnel;

14 - tray;

15 - gable clamp;

16 - roofing nail.

ridge ridge

FASTENING THE GED EDGE OF THE ROW STRIP

Rice. 10

SCHEME OF CONNECTION OF SHEETS WITH A STANDING FOLD WITH THEIR FASTENING WITH A CLASS

1 - clamp;

2 - sheet of roofing steel;

3 - crate.

a - e - sequence of operations

Rice. eleven

SCHEME OF THE DEVICE OF THE GROWTH

Rice. 12

SCHEMES OF CONNECTION OF THE ROOF TO THE CHIMNEY

1 - cutting;

2 - otter;

3 - crate;

4 - collar.

Rice. 13

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS

3.1. In the process of preparing and performing roofing work from. sheet steel check:

the quality of the supplied sheets;

readiness of structural elements for roofing works;

correct execution of all adjunctions to protruding structures.

3.2. The acceptance of the roof should be accompanied by a thorough inspection of its surface, especially at the drainage trays, in the grooves and at the junctions with the protruding structures above the roof.

3.3. Made from sheet steel roofing must meet the following requirements:

have predetermined slopes;

the coating in all joints must be dense and waterproof, present a surface without bulges and depressions;

sheets of roofing steel must be firmly attached and fit snugly to the crate;

when examining the coating from the roof of the attic, no gaps should be visible;

ridge folds must be mutually parallel, equal in height and not cracked.

3.4. Manufacturing defects discovered during the inspection of the roof must be corrected before the building is put into operation.

3.5. Acceptance finished roof should be formalized by an act with an assessment of the quality of work.

3.6. When accepting the work performed, it is subject to examination by acts of hidden work:

adjoining the roof to the protruding parts of ventilation shafts, antennas, stretch marks, racks, etc.;

sheet steel roofing.

3.7. Quality requirements and control items are given in Table. .

table 2

Code	Name of processes and structures to be controlled	Specifications quality assessments	Subject of control	Control method	Control time	Responsible for control
Preparatory work
	Metal roof device	Compliance with the project	The distance between the elements of the crate	Measuring tape	In progress	Master
		Between the control rail and the crate, one clearance of not more than 5 mm is allowed	Evenness of the crate	Control rail 1 m long	Same
		Geometric dimensions and quality of coatings of metal sheets	metal sheets
Roofing from metal sheets
		Compliance with the project	The coating in all joints must be tight and waterproof, even without bulges and depressions. When inspecting the roof covering from the attic, gaps should not be visible. Comb folds must be mutually parallel, equal in height and free of cracks	Visually, measuring tape

4. CALCULATION OF LABOR AND MACHINE TIME

Table 3

Code

Name technological process

Unit

Scope of work

Justification (ENiR and other norms)

Norm of time

labor costs

workers, man-hour

driver, man-hour (machine-hour)

workers, man-hour

driver, man-hour (machine-hour)

Lathing device

100 m 2 slope

ENiR 1990 §E6-9, tab. 2 no. 1g

13,5

87,8

The device of cornice overhangs from roofing steel

93,6

ENiR 1987 §E7-6, No. 1a

0,17

15,9

Wall gutters

93,6

ENiR 1987 §E7-6, No. 5a

0,18

16,8

Roofing with finished paintings

10 m 2 coverage

ENiR 1987 §E20-1-113, No. 5

123,5

Preparing paintings to cover slopes

10 m 2 coverage

Same, no. 3

65,0

Preparation of paintings to cover the cornices of overhangs, wall gutters and grooves

10 m 2 coverage

Same, no. 4

78,0

Supply of materials to the roof

100 t

ENiR 1987 §E1-5, No. 1

22,0

11,0

TOTAL

395,8

Roofing sheet steel

SNiP IV § B chapter 8-4

0,51

Boards 40-70 mm

m 3

1,47

Bars 50-70 mm

m 3

0,65

Building nails

Roofing nails

Construction forgings (crutches, hooks, etc.)

72,0

7. SAFETY AND LABOR PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL AND FIRE SAFETY

7.1. Roofing work must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP III-4-80 * "Safety in construction" and GOST 12.3.040-86 "Construction. Roofing and waterproofing works. Safety requirements".

7.2. Persons at least 18 years of age who have been trained in safe methods and techniques for performing these works, have received appropriate certificates and have been instructed at the workplace are allowed to perform roofing work. An extraordinary safety briefing is carried out when roofing workers are transferred from one type of roof to another, when the conditions for the production of work change, when the team violates the rules and safety instructions.

7.3. The admission of workers to perform roofing work is allowed only after inspection by the foreman or foreman together with the foreman of the serviceability and integrity of the supporting structures of coatings and fences.

7.4. It is not allowed to carry out roofing work during ice, fog, which excludes visibility within the work front, thunderstorms and wind at a speed of 15 m/s or more.

7.5. The leaders of the construction organization promptly notify the specialized division leading roofing, about sudden changes in the weather (hurricane wind, thunderstorm, snowfall, etc.).

7.6. All persons on the construction site are required to wear safety helmets. When working on roofs with a slope of more than 20 °, workers must use safety belts. The places for fastening the belts are indicated by the master.

7.7. Coating materials must be applied in a technological sequence that ensures the safety of work. When applying roofing materials to cover with a crane, slinging of goods should be carried out only with inventory slings. Roof elements and details, including protective aprons, gutter links, drains, etc. must be submitted to workplace in prepared form. Harvesting of these elements and parts directly on the roofs is not allowed.

7.8. It is allowed to place materials on roofs only in the places provided for by the project for the production of works, with the adoption of measures against falling, including from the effects of wind.

7.9. During breaks in work, technological devices, tools and materials must be fixed or removed from the roof.

7.10. The zones of permanent hazardous production factors include:

roofing pitched covering with an angle of inclination of more than 20 °;

area for supplying and receiving roofing materials.

7.11. A zone of potentially active hazardous production factors is a plot of territory construction site located along the perimeter of the building, on the roof of which work is underway.

7.12. Roofers should wear rubber shoes to reduce slipping of their feet on the roof during work.

7.13. Along the entire perimeter of that part of the building on which the roof is being covered or repaired, the boundary of the zone dangerous for people is marked on the ground. The width of such a zone must be at least 3 m from the wall of the building. The boundary of the danger zone is marked with signal tapes, signs, inscriptions and installed on racks.

7.14. Installation of caps and umbrellas on the heads of smoke and ventilation pipes should be done from a scaffold. It is forbidden to use ladders for this purpose.

7.16. In a relationship fire safety Roof installation works must be organized in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 21-01-97 * “Fire safety of buildings and structures” and “Fire safety rules for construction and installation works”.

7.17. If a fire breaks out at the workplace, it must be extinguished using fire extinguishers.

7.18. In case of accidents that occurred as a result of an accident, all operations for the evacuation of victims, the provision of first aid medical care, delivery (if necessary) to a medical institution is performed by a roofer under the guidance of a master (foreman).

8. TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS FOR 100 m 2 ROOF

Standard costs labor workers, man-hour .......................................................... 60,9

Normative costs of machine time, machine-hour .............................................. 0,7

Duration of work, shift ...................................................... 1,7

Output per worker per shift, m 2 ............................................................. 13,1

CONTENT

To protect the walls, the foundation of the house from rain or melt water, it is necessary to equip its roof with a water drainage system. If water from a pitched roof flows directly to the ground (the so-called unorganized drain), then over time, due to the high hydrostatic load, the basement and foundation may be destroyed, and the facade of the building may be damaged. Drainage systems collect water from the entire surface of the roof and send it to one specially designated place. The water drainage system consists of several elements, including downpipes, a wall-mounted or suspended gutter with fasteners, funnels for draining water. When choosing the elements of the drainage system, the aesthetic component should also be taken into account - its color and the materials from which the ebbs are made should be combined with the roof, windows, and platbands of the house.

Outdoor organized drainage is suitable for use in those climatic zones ah, where the water in the outer pipes will not freeze. When organizing such a water drainage system, the following points should be considered:

Wall and hanging gutters can be mounted on roofs with a slope of at least 15 degrees;
Installation of gutters should be carried out with a longitudinal slope of at least two degrees;
When calculating the area of downpipes, it is assumed that one square meter the roof should account for one and a half centimeters of the pipe section.

Let us dwell in more detail on the designs of gutters for water flow and consider their features, advantages and disadvantages.

The drainage system will protect the house from the effects of precipitation and melt water

The wall gutter is mounted on the edge of the roof slope near its overhang. The design is a low side, installed at a slight angle to the overhang so that the two gutters, converging at the lowest point, hang directly over the drainpipe funnel. Water, flowing down the roof, hits the wall of such a side and then goes directly into the pipe. The undoubted advantage of such a system is that it prevents the avalanche of snow from the roof and the formation of icicles.

The wall gutter is more durable than the hanging gutter and is more suitable for the harsh snowy Russian winters. Such designs are available both made of plastic and more durable metal. The material is selected depending on the material of the roof. So, a copper wall gutter is best suited to a copper roof - the photo below shows an example of a roof made of copper and a drainage system.

Flaw wall structures is that in winter time ice and snow accumulating in them are saturated with melt water when the temperature rises, and leaks may occur.

The drainage system will protect the house from the effects of precipitation and melt water. wall gutter

The suspended gutter is mounted under the roof overhang using special metal brackets that repeat their shape. Fasteners are mounted either to the rafters or to the frontal (wind) board, which is located under the overhang. During installation, it must be borne in mind that in the case of attachment to the rafters, the brackets must have a different deflection, the value of which will increase towards the corner of the house, where, as a rule, a downpipe is attached. If the installation is carried out to the frontal board, it is enough to install the fasteners at different levels, thereby providing structures required slope. It is best not to interrupt the gutter above the drainpipe funnel, but to cut a hole in this place of such a diameter that water does not accumulate in it.

Suspended structures provide a complete collection of all water from the roof, including drops from the eaves, which is their advantage. The disadvantages include susceptibility to deformation in the event of frost and icicles, in addition, snow and ice coming off the roof can tear the structure off the fasteners.

Hanging gutter is mounted directly below the roof overhang

How to calculate the spillway system

The roof area is the main parameter on which the diameter of the elements of the weir system and required amount funnel. When calculating, the following points should be taken into account:

If the roof of the house does not exceed 70 sq. m., the diameter of the pipes should be 50-75 mm, and the gutters - 70-155 mm;
For roofs over 100 sq. m., the diameter of the drain pipes is 75-100 mm, and the cross-section of the gutters is 115-130 mm.
For roofs over 100 sq. m. gutters with a diameter of 140-200 mm and pipes of 90-160 mm are required.

In addition, it is necessary to correctly calculate the slope angle. A small slope may cause it to overflow with water, and a large angle may cause the funnel to not flow right amount water. During installation, the slope of the gutters is made at the rate of 2-4 mm per meter of its length.

Rain gutter system

A properly installed drainage system will help protect the walls and foundation of your home from damage caused by water intrusion. When calculating and installing a structure, it is necessary to take into account a number of important points: correctly choose the material of its constituent elements, determine the method of fastening and choose the angle of inclination of the gutters, calculate the diameter of the pipes and the number of funnels, etc. Therefore, in order to be sure that your home is reliably equipped with a quality drainage system, it is best to entrust this work to professionals.

To install a wall gutter on a mounted cornice overhang, the previously applied oblique lines (see Fig. 88) are restored on both sides of the watershed. Beacon hooks are installed on these lines near the “funnel” and on the watershed; their vertical bends must be on the indicated lines. Between the beacons (perpendicular to the lines), the rest of the hooks are attached in the same way at intervals of 670-730 mm. The hook on the watershed is set perpendicular to the cornice overhang.

The prepared pictures of the gutters are collected, as well as the cornice covering. When making paintings, the direction of water flow is taken into account. The assembly is carried out from the water intake funnels to the watershed. The sides of the gutter are overlapped with each other, taking into account the direction of water flow. At the same time, make sure that the upper edge of the paintings on the cornice is always located above the top of the gutter side. On the watershed and when joining at the funnel, the paintings are connected with a double lying fold. The sides of the gutters on the hooks are fixed with rivets. The upper longitudinal edge of the wall gutters is connected to the patterns of the ordinary coating with a seam seam. The tray is installed along the axis of the water intake area in such a way that its tail lapel is under the ends of the connected wall gutters.
Rice. 89. Wall gutter device:
1 - pin with bracket, 2 - water intake funnel, 3 - tray, 4 - flooring of the groove, 5 - rafter leg, 6 - cornice flooring, 7 - purlin, 8 - picture of the wall gutter, 9, 13 - nails, 10 - crutch, 11 - hook for the gutter, 12 - picture of the cornice overhang , 14 - klyamery
The lapel is fastened with four nails measuring 30X40 mm. The sides of the trays and gutters are connected with corner folds that are bent onto the inner planes of the tray sides (Fig. 89, node 2).
Trays for water intake funnels, assembled in the corners of the roof of a building, are somewhat different from conventional trays installed on its eaves. If trays for cornices can be prepared in advance, then corner trays are usually made on the spot according to full-scale measurements. At the same time, the width of the pictures of wall gutters, their position relative to the cornices and the height of the sides are taken into account.
Suspension gutters are semi-circular or rectangular trays that are hung directly under the drain edge of the eaves. Hanging gutters serve the same purpose as wall gutters. The water collected by the gutters is diverted to the funnels.
On the eaves, the gutter is positioned so that the water flowing from the slope does not overflow over its front side.
Before installing the tray brackets, check the horizontality of the leading edge by level. Staples are attached in this sequence. First, two extreme (lighthouse) brackets are installed, a cord is pulled between them and the rest of the brackets are marked and cut into the plank base.
The gutter raised on the cornice (Fig. 90) is laid on tray brackets 2 and fastened with clamps 6. To avoid the consequences of expansion of the gutter during temperature fluctuations, compensators are arranged in it or movable seams are made.
The compensator is a water intake funnel, which includes freely laid ends of hanging gutters on both sides. This design of the gutter allows it to freely lengthen or shorten by 10-15 mm, which is quite enough for temperature changes at different times of the year.
A movable seam is made at the point of the highest rise of the gutters. Here, the end ends of the gutters are sealed with tin plugs. Between their ends leave a temperature gap of 30-40 mm. Both ends of the gutters are closed on top with a tin lid (two slopes), through which water flows down to the ends of the gutters. In some cases, it is possible to confine oneself to a rigid fastening of the gutter to one of the brackets located in its middle, leaving the ends only movably fixed in the cleats.

Rice. 90. Hanging chute device:
a, b. c - options for the installation of gutters (villages are given at the points of the highest rise); 1 - gutter, 2 - tray bracket, 3 - roofing, 4 - flooring, 5 - rivet, b - cleat, 7 - sunken screw, 8 - picture of the cornice overhang, 9 - nail, 10 - spacer
The device of water intake funnels. Water intake funnels are made round or rectangular shape. In both cases, one or two holes are arranged in them for the entry of gutters. The funnel is attached to the eaves with a standard pin with a crimp collar. It is recommended to additionally fasten the lapels of the funnel rim with rivets to both sides of the tray. After that, the pictures of the cornice overhangs are laid (if they are provided) and proceed to the coating.

When repairing roofs with a wall gutter, strict observance of the set of rules for design and construction (SP 31-101-97) is necessary, installation in another way is not allowed. If violations are detected, then the contractor will definitely have problems with the “acceptance” of the work.
Our company manufactures a complete set of accessories for the correct installation of an organized drain with a wall gutter.

The components include:

pictures of a wall gutter made of galvanized steel with a seam connection (lying seam), element 1;
wall gutter tray with rebate connection, element 2;

element 3

T-shaped crutch, element 4;
funnel drainage (drainage funnel), element 5;
drainpipe with fastening clamps.

The pictures and the tray of the wall trough are made on a Schechtl CNC bending machine, thanks to this, fast and high-quality bending is possible in urgently. The thickness of the metal used is 0.43-0.7 mm.

Installation of a drainage system with a wall gutter. The photo shows a crate, a gutter with a tray for draining water, mounted seam paintings.

wall gutter

The picture of the wall gutter is a sheet of galvanized steel, on one side of which a shelf of 100 mm (A) is rolled and bent by 110 degrees (depending on the slope of the roof), on the other hand, a bend of 145 degrees is made by a value of 15-25 mm ( B). A recumbent fold (F) is formed from the ends of the product. During manufacture, the product is formed in such a way that the horizontal surface of one picture at the junction fits into another picture, that is, the horizontal shelf (C) on the left and right has a different width.

Installation of a wall gutter during the repair of a folded roof. The photo shows the crate on which the pictures of the gutter are mounted.

Wall gutter tray

The wall gutter tray is structurally similar to the gutter itself, but the shelf (A) is not parallel to the bend (B) and creates a direction for the outflow of water to the center where the spout of the tray (H) is embedded. The tray spout has a length of about 200 mm (according to the customer's drawing) and has a tapered shape. The manufacture of the tray is somewhat more complicated and therefore requires more time.

In the photo, a wall gutter tray manufactured by our company is mounted and connected to the gutter directly on the roof.

Wall gutter hook

The wall gutter hook is made of strip 40*4 with subsequent painting, galvanizing is possible. The hook profile consists of two shelves, one 300-500 mm long with holes for self-tapping screws, the other 100 mm long bent at an angle of 110 degrees (depending on the roof slope, it may have a different slope).

When snow melts and especially during heavy rains, the problem of draining water from the roof will arise as sharply as possible, since its excess will sooner or later lead to a violation of the integrity of the house structure, up to the foundation. On modern market no shortage ready systems of such kind. In order for them to function effectively, it is enough just to connect the elements together correctly.

Types of drainage systems

The drainage system from the roof is internal and external. System selection is based on parameters such as temperature regime premises, the profile and design of the coating, the length of the slopes and the amount of precipitation in the construction region.

Internal drainage from the roof involves the location of pipes inside the building, as a rule, at some distance from the walls. It consists of water intake funnels, outlet pipes, risers and outlet. If it is correctly installed, it will work effectively both at a positive external temperature and a negative one. Internal drainage is considered the most reliable option for removing water from roofs, since a positive temperature in a heated building virtually eliminates the risk of water freezing in risers. Most often, water is drained from such a system in outdoor network sewerage, rainwater or common alloy.

External drainage from the roof, in turn, is divided into:

- in these systems, water is drained along the overhangs of the eaves;
- provides discharge of flowing water through the gutters to the external drainpipes.

The first option has a number of disadvantages, due to which they are provided quite rarely. In particular, with such an organization of water flow, the walls can be moistened, which leads to a decrease in their thermal performance and durability, and the ice formed on the cornices causes the destruction of the roof. In the case of organized drainage, the disadvantages of this type appear to a much lesser extent, however, the water in the gutters and drain pipes should not freeze, otherwise the entire system will be in danger of failure. Therefore, if not provided, an organized external drainage system is more suitable for those climatic zones where the water in the external elements of the system will not freeze. Any external drainage system includes suspended and horizontal wall gutters, vertical drain pipes and drains through which vertical elements gutters are connected to horizontal ones.

The gutter is the most important element of the system

wall gutter

Although this element is called a wall element, in fact it is located at the very edge of the slope, very close to the cornice overhang. By design, these are low sides of 15–20 cm, which act as a water barrier. Trays are installed at an angle to the overhang so that two of them, converging at the lowest level, hang directly above the funnel drain pipe. When water drains from the roof, it hits the side and then rushes along the path of least resistance, that is, towards the funnel.

In conditions of very rare rains, the angle of inclination is insignificant - only a couple of millimeters per running meter gutters. An angle of 15⁰ is considered optimal - with any amount of precipitation, they will not overflow through the barrier. Besides similar design prevents the formation of icicles and landslide snow from the roof, which is undoubtedly an advantage. Fixing one tray to another is carried out different ways– double lying seam or glue, depending on the material. The installation of wall gutters is started after covering the cornice overhangs.

Suspension

Unlike a wall-mounted one, a rain (suspended) gutter is fixed directly under the roof overhang and so tightly that the water from the roof that has gained some speed does not pour under the tray. On weight, it is usually held by special metal hooks, they are shaped to match the tray. Brackets, if they are extended beyond the upper edge of the wall, are attached to the rafters or to the frontal board, which is located under the overhang.

In the first case, the deflections of the brackets differ and increase as you approach the location of the downpipes, usually the corners of the building. When fastening to a windboard, fasteners are simply positioned at different levels to provide the required slope.

The angle of inclination of the gutter in the drainage system depends on the intensity of precipitation falling per year.

The gutter, generally speaking, should not be interrupted anywhere, even above the funnel. During installation, such a hole is cut in this place so that its throughput is enough to prevent water from accumulating at high pressure.

Gutter calculation

The usual length is three to four meters. Their required number is calculated based on the perimeter of the roof. Next, carry out the calculation of additional accessories:

connectors - one for two trays;
hooks - one for every 60 cm of its length;
plugs - for each final design.

Construction assembly

Trays are connected by special elements, in the upper part of which there are grips. It is in them that the edges of the gutter are fixed. Corner connections perform through special elements under the outer and inner corner, that is, the gutters in these places can no longer be sawn and unnecessary joints can be avoided. In sections longer than 18 m, instead of a standard connection, an expansion joint is used, on both sides of which brackets are mounted for the drain.

Types of gutters: material and sectional shape

They may differ in cross-sectional shape. For example,

semicircular - universal, they can be used for any roof, and because of this they are the most popular. The special shape of the tray edges ensures the rigidity of the element and resistance to mechanical stress.
semi-elliptical– due to their high throughput, they are excellent for large roof areas.

They are also distinguished by the material of manufacture. Let's look at some of the most common options.

Plastic . During production, they are coated with an acrylic or titanium dioxide layer that increases their resistance to weathering. Plastic, as a rule, is painted over in bulk, so small defects, say, scratches, which may appear on the surface of the product over time, are hardly noticeable. performed by means of latches, couplings equipped with rubber gaskets, or gluing.

Steel. It's covered polymeric material, resistant to corrosion, mechanical impact and fading. Wide color palette allows you to easily match the gutter to the color of the facade or roof. The connection is made using locks or staples equipped with latches with rubber gaskets. Installation is facilitated by brackets and holders having a snap-on design.

Aluminum. Usually they are varnished or painted in various colors and thus provide corrosion protection. The elements of the system are connected by riveting, then the joints are sealed with silicone, special paste or glue for aluminum.

Drain system

It is clear that the water flowing from the roof eventually drains through the pipes, but how does it get there? Trays and pipes are connected to each other through a kind of adapter - a funnel. There are several design options for such a part:

inclined with a neck located at an angle;
adjustable inclined, the position of the neck can be changed arbitrarily;
with extension functions, with the same functions as a similar connector.

From below, an ordinary pipe with an expander or an elbow is attached to its branch pipe, which can provide a turn of 45⁰, 60⁰ or 75⁰. The transition element can also consist of two elbows, each of them can be bent at the required angle.

In the middle, the drain can be equipped with a tee for branching. Bottom part drain can go into

a simple drain that provides an orifice tip;
collector, in this case, a nozzle with the same diameter as the point collector is mounted.