The Russian hut has always been fine, solid and original. Its architecture testifies to the fidelity to centuries-old traditions, their durability and uniqueness. Its layout, design and interior decoration have been created over the years. Not many traditional Russian houses have survived to this day, but they can still be found in some regions.
Initially, huts in Russia were built of wood, partially deepening their foundation underground. This provided greater reliability and durability of the structure. Most often, it had only one room, which the owners divided into several separate parts. An obligatory part of the Russian hut was the stove corner, to separate which a curtain was used. In addition, there were separate zones for men and women. All corners in the house were lined up in accordance with the cardinal points, and the most important among them was the eastern (red), where the family organized the iconostasis. It was the icons that the guests should have paid attention to immediately after entering the hut.
Russian hut porch
The architecture of the porch has always been carefully thought out, the owners of the house devoted a lot of time to it. It combined excellent artistic taste, centuries-old traditions and the ingenuity of architects. It was the porch that connected the hut with the street and was open to all guests or passers-by. Interestingly, the whole family, as well as neighbors, often gathered on the porch in the evenings after hard work. Here guests and owners of the house danced, sang songs, and children ran and frolicked.
In different regions of Russia, the shape and size of the porch were radically different. So, in the north of the country, it was quite high and large, and the southern facade of the house was chosen for installation. Thanks to this asymmetric placement and the unique architecture of the facade, the whole house looked very peculiar and beautiful. It was also quite common to find porches placed on poles and decorated with openwork wooden posts. They were a real decoration of the house, making its facade even more serious and solid.
In the south of Russia, the porch was installed from the front of the house, attracting the attention of passers-by and neighbors with openwork carvings. They could be both on two steps, and with a whole staircase. Some home owners decorated their porch with a canopy, while others left it open.
canopy
In order to keep the maximum amount of heat from the stove in the house, the owners separated the living area from the street. The canopy is exactly the space that the guests immediately saw at the entrance to the hut. In addition to keeping warm, the canopy was also used to store the yoke and other necessary things, it was here that many people made closets for food.
To separate the hallway and the heated living area, a high threshold was also made. It was made to prevent the penetration of cold into the house. In addition, according to centuries-old traditions, each guest had to bow at the entrance to the hut, and it was impossible to go inside without bowing before the high threshold. Otherwise, the guest just hit the bare bare.
Russian stove
The life of the Russian hut revolved around the stove. It served as a place for cooking, relaxing, heating and even bathing procedures. Steps led upstairs, there were niches in the walls for various utensils. The furnace has always been with iron barriers. The device of the Russian stove - the heart of any hut - is surprisingly functional.
The stove in traditional Russian huts was always located in the main zone, to the right or left of the entrance. It was she who was considered the main element of the house, since they cooked food on the stove, slept, she warmed the whole house. It has been proven that food cooked in the oven is the healthiest, as it retains all the beneficial vitamins.
Since ancient times, many beliefs have been associated with the stove. Our ancestors believed that it was on the stove that the brownie lives. Garbage was never taken out of the hut, but burned in an oven. People believed that in this way all the energy remains in the house, which helps to increase the wealth of the family. Interestingly, in some regions of Russia, they steamed and washed in the oven, and also used it to treat serious diseases. The doctors of that time claimed that the disease can be cured simply by lying on the stove for several hours.
Furnace corner
It was also called the "Woman's Corner", since it was precisely to do that that the whole kitchenware. He was separated by a curtain or even wooden partition. The men from their family almost never came here. A huge insult to the owners of the house was the arrival of a strange man behind a curtain in the stove corner.
Here, women washed and dried things, cooked food, treated children and told fortunes. Almost every woman was engaged in needlework, and the stove corner was the most calm and convenient place for this. Embroidery, sewing, painting are the most popular species handicrafts of girls and women of that time.
Benches in the hut
In the Russian hut there were movable and fixed benches, and already from the 19th century chairs began to appear. Along the walls of the house, the owners installed fixed benches, which were fastened with supplies or legs with carved elements. The base could be flat or taper towards the middle; its decor often included carved patterns and traditional ornaments.
There were also mobile shops in each house. Such benches had four legs or were installed on blank boards. The backs were often made so that they could be thrown to the opposite edge of the bench, and carved decor was used for decoration. The bench was always made longer than the table, and was also often covered with thick cloth.
Male corner (Konik)
It was to the right of the entrance. There was always a wide shop here, which was fenced on both sides. wooden planks. They were carved in the shape of a horse's head, so the male corner is often called "konik". Under the bench, the men kept their tools intended for repairs and other men's work. In this corner, men repaired shoes and utensils, as well as wove baskets and other wickerwork.
All the guests who came to the owners of the house for a short time sat down on a bench in the men's corner. It was here that the man slept and rested.
Women's Corner (Wednesday)
This was an important space in the fate of women, because it was from behind the stove curtain that the girl came out during the bride in elegant attire, and also waited for the groom on the wedding day. Here women gave birth to children and fed them away from prying eyes hiding behind a curtain.
Also, it was in the women's corner of the house of the guy she liked that the girl had to hide the overcast in order to get married soon. They believed that such a wrap would help the daughter-in-law to make friends with the mother-in-law and become a good housewife in the new house.
red corner
This is the brightest and most important corner, since it was he who was considered sacred place in the house. According to tradition, during construction, he was allocated a place on the eastern side, where two adjacent windows form an angle, so the light falls, making the corner the brightest place in the hut. Icons and embroidered towels hung here, as well as faces of ancestors in some huts. Be sure to put a large table in the red corner and eat. Freshly baked bread was always kept under icons and towels.
To this day, some traditions associated with the table are known. So, it is not advisable for young people to sit on the corner in order to create a family in the future. It's a bad omen to leave dirty dishes on the table or sit on it.
Our ancestors kept cereals, flour and other products in senniks. Thanks to this, the hostess could always quickly prepare food from fresh ingredients. In addition, additional buildings were provided: a cellar for storing vegetables and fruits in winter, a barn for cattle and separate facilities for hay.
hut- a peasant log house, living quarters with a Russian stove. The word "hut" was used only in relation to a house, cut from wood and located in countryside. It had several meanings:
- firstly, a hut is a peasant house in general, with all outbuildings and utility rooms;
- secondly, this is only a residential part of the house;
- thirdly, one of the premises of the house, heated by a Russian oven.
The word "hut" and its dialect variants "ystba", "istba", "istoba", "istobka", "istebka" were known in Ancient Russia and were used to mark the premises. The huts were cut with an ax from pine, spruce, larch. These trees with even trunks lay well in the frame, tightly adjacent to each other, retained heat, and did not rot for a long time. The floor and ceiling were made from the same material. Window and door blocks, doors were usually made of oak. Other deciduous trees used in the construction of huts quite rarely - both for practical reasons (crooked trunks, soft, quickly decaying wood), and for mythological ones.
For example, it was impossible to take aspen for a log house, because, according to legend, Judas strangled himself on it, betraying Jesus Christ. Construction equipment in the vast expanses of Russia, with the exception of its southern regions, was completely the same. At the heart of the house lay a rectangular or square log house measuring 25-30 square meters. m, made up of horizontally laid one on top of the other round, peeled from the bark, but unhewn logs. The ends of the logs were connected without the help of nails in various ways: “in the corner”, “in the paw”, “in the hook”, “in the boar”, etc.
Moss was laid between the logs for warmth. The roof of a log house was usually made gable, three-slope or four-slope, and as roofing materials they used tes, shingles, straw, sometimes reeds with straw. Russian huts differed in the overall height of the dwelling. High buildings were characteristic of the Russian northern and northeastern provinces of European Russia and Siberia. Due to the harsh climate and high moisture content of the soil, the wooden floor of the hut was raised here to a considerable height. The height of the basement, i.e., non-residential space under the floor, varied from 1.5 to 3 m.
There were also two-story houses, the owners of which were rich peasants and merchants. two-storey houses and houses on a high basement were also built by wealthy Don Cossacks, who had the opportunity to buy timber. Huts were much lower and smaller in size in the central part of Russia, in the Middle and Lower Volga regions. Beams for the floor here were cut into the second - fourth crown. In the relatively warm southern provinces of European Russia, underground huts were set up, that is, the floorboards were laid directly on the ground. The hut usually consisted of two or three parts: the hut itself, the passage and the cage, connected to each other into a single whole by a common roof.
The main part of the dwelling house was a hut (called a hut in the villages of southern Russia) - a heated dwelling of a rectangular or square shape. The cage was a small cold room, used mainly for household purposes. The canopy was a kind of unheated hallway, a corridor separating the living quarters from the street. In Russian villages of the 18th - early 20th centuries. dominated by houses consisting of a hut, a cage and a passage, but often there were also houses that included only a hut and a cage. In the first half - the middle of the XIX century. in the villages, buildings began to appear, consisting of a vestibule and two living quarters, one of which was a hut, and the other was a room, used as a non-residential, front part of the house.
The traditional peasant house had many options. Residents of the northern provinces of European Russia, rich in timber and fuel, built several heated rooms for themselves under one roof. Already there in the 18th century. five-walls were common, twin huts, crosses, huts with cuts were often installed. The rural houses of the northern and central provinces of European Russia, the Upper Volga region included many architectural details, which, having a utilitarian purpose, simultaneously served as decorative decoration of the house. Balconies, galleries, mezzanines, porches smoothed out the severity of the external appearance of the hut, cut down from thick logs that turned gray with time, turning peasant huts into beautiful architectural structures.
Such necessary details of the roof construction as okhlupen, valances, cornices, chapels, as well as window frames and shutters were decorated with carvings and paintings, sculpturally processed, giving the hut additional beauty and originality. In the mythological ideas of the Russian people, a house, a hut is the focus of a person's basic life values: happiness, prosperity, peace, well-being. The hut protected a person from the outside dangerous world. In Russian fairy tales, bylichkas, a person always hides from evil spirits in a house whose threshold they cannot cross. At the same time, the hut seemed to the Russian peasant a rather miserable dwelling.
A good house included not only a hut, but also several upper rooms and cages. That is why in Russian poetic creativity, which idealized peasant life, the word "hut" is used to characterize a poor house in which poor people live, deprived of fate: beans and bobs, widows, unfortunate orphans. The hero of the tale, entering the hut, sees that a “blind old man”, “grandmother backyard”, or even Baba Yaga - Bone Leg is sitting in it.
WHITE HUT- living quarters of a peasant house, heated by a Russian stove with a pipe - in white. Huts with a stove, the smoke from which, when fired, came out through a chimney, became widespread in the Russian village rather late. In European Russia, they began to be actively built from the second half of XIX century, especially in the 80s and 90s. In Siberia, the transition to white huts occurred earlier than in the European part of the country. They became widespread there at the end of the 18th century, and by the middle of the 19th century. in fact, all the huts were heated by a stove with a chimney. However, the absence of white huts in the village until the first half of the 19th century. did not mean that in Russia they did not know stoves with a chimney.
At archaeological excavations in Veliky Novgorod in the layers of the XIII century. in the ruins of the furnaces of rich houses there are chimneys made of baked clay. In the XV-XVII centuries. in the grand ducal palaces, mansions of boyars, rich townspeople there were rooms that were heated in white. Until that time, white huts were only among the rich peasants of suburban villages, who were engaged in trade, carting, crafts. And already at the beginning of the XX century. only very poor people stoked the hut in a black way.
hut-twins - wooden house, consisting of two independent log cabins, tightly pressed to each other by the sides. The log cabins were placed under one gable roof, on a high or medium basement. The living quarters were located in the front of the house, with a common vestibule attached to the back, from which there were doors to the covered courtyard and to each of the rooms of the house. Log cabins were, as a rule, the same size - three windows on the facade, but could be of different sizes: one room had three windows on the facade, the other two.
The installation of two log cabins under a single roof was explained both by the owner's concern for the conveniences of the family, and by the need to have a reserve room. One of the rooms was actually a hut, that is, a warm room, heated by a Russian stove, intended for a family to live in winter. The second room, called the summer hut, was cold and was used in the summer, when stuffiness in the hut, heated even in the hot season, forced the owners to move to a cooler place. In rich houses, the second hut sometimes served as a front room for receiving guests, i.e., a room or a room.
In this case, an urban-type stove was installed here, which was used not for cooking, but only for generating heat. In addition, the upper room often became a bedroom for young married couples. And when the family grew, the summer hut, after installing a Russian stove in it, easily turned into a hut for the youngest son, who remained under his father's roof even after marriage. It is curious that the presence of two log cabins placed side by side made the twin hut quite durable.
Two log walls, one of which was a wall of a cold room, and the other of a warm room, set at a certain interval, had their own natural and quick ventilation. If between cold and warm rooms If there was one common wall, then it would condense moisture in itself, contributing to its rapid decay. Twin huts were usually built in places rich in forest: in the northern provinces of European Russia, in the Urals, in Siberia. However, they were also found in some villages of Central Russia among wealthy peasants engaged in trade or industrial activities.
hut chicken or hut black- living quarters of a peasant log house, heated by a stove without a pipe, in a black way. In such huts, when the stove was fired, the smoke from the mouth rose up and went out into the street through a smoke hole in the ceiling. It was closed after heating with a board or plugged with rags. In addition, smoke could escape through a small portage window cut into the pediment of the hut, if it did not have a ceiling, and also through open door. During the firing of the stove in the hut it was smoky and cold. The people who were here at that time were forced to sit on the floor or go outside, as the smoke ate their eyes, climbed into the larynx and nose. Smoke rose up and hung there in a dense blue layer.
From this, all the upper crowns of logs were covered with black resinous soot. The benches that encircled the hut above the windows served in the hut for soot settling and were not used for arranging utensils, as was the case in the white hut. To keep warm and ensure the quick exit of smoke from the hut, Russian peasants came up with a number of special devices. So, for example, many northern huts had double doors that opened into the canopy. External doors, which completely closed the doorway, were opened wide. The inner ones, which had a rather wide opening on top, were tightly closed. The smoke came out through the top of these doors, and the cold air going down met an obstacle in its path and could not penetrate into the hut.
In addition, a chimney was arranged above the ceiling smoke hole - a long exhaust wooden pipe, the upper end of which was decorated through thread. In order to make the living space of the hut free from the smoke layer, clean from soot and soot, in some regions of the Russian North the huts were made with high vaulted ceilings. In other places in Russia, many huts, even in early XIX in. had no ceiling at all. The desire to remove the smoke from the hut as soon as possible also explains the usual absence of a roof in the entrance hall.
He described the smokehouse peasant's hut in rather gloomy colors at the end of the 18th century. A. N. Radishchev in his “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”: “Four walls, half covered, like the entire ceiling, with soot; the floor was cracked, at least an inch overgrown with mud; oven without chimney best protection from the cold, and the smoke that fills the hut every morning in winter and summer; the windows, in which the stretched bubble, fading at noon, let in the light; two or three pots... A wooden cup and bowls, called plates; a table cut down with an ax, which is scraped with a scraper on holidays. Trough to feed pigs or calves, if they eat, they sleep with them, swallowing air, in which a burning candle seems to be in a fog or behind a veil.
However, it should be noted that the chicken hut also had a number of advantages, thanks to which it was preserved for so long in the life of the Russian people. When heating with a tubeless stove, the heating of the hut occurred quite quickly, as soon as the firewood burned out and the outer door closed. Such a stove gave more heat, less wood was used for it. The hut was well ventilated, there was no dampness in it, and the wood and thatch on the roof were involuntarily disinfected and preserved longer. The air in the hut, after heating it, was dry and warm.
Chicken huts appeared in ancient times and existed in the Russian village until the beginning of the 20th century. They began to be actively replaced by white huts in the villages of European Russia from the middle of the 19th century, and in Siberia - even earlier, with late XVIII in. So, for example, in the description of the Shushenskaya volost of the Minusinsk district of Siberia, made in 1848, it is indicated: “There are absolutely no black houses, the so-called huts without the removal of pipes.” In the Odoevsky district of the Tula province, as early as 1880, 66% of all huts were smokehouses.
hut with prirub- a wooden house, consisting of one log house and a smaller living space attached to it under a single roof and with one common wall. A prirub could be erected immediately during the construction of the main log house or attached to it after a few years, when there was a need for additional premises. The main log house was a warm hut with a Russian stove, the prirub was a summer cold hut or a room heated by a Dutch woman - an urban stove. Log huts were built mainly in the central regions of European Russia and in the Volga region.
In the morning the sun was shining, but only the sparrows shouted loudly - true omen to the blizzard. In the twilight, frequent snow fell, and when the wind picked up, it was so dusty that even an outstretched hand could not be seen. It raged all night, and the next day the storm did not lose strength. The hut was covered with snow to the top of the basement, on the street there are snowdrifts in human height - you can’t even go to the neighbors, and you can’t get out of the outskirts of the village at all, but you don’t really need to go anywhere, except perhaps for firewood in a woodshed. There will be enough supplies in the hut for the whole winter.
In the basement- barrels and tubs with pickles, cabbage, mushrooms and lingonberries, bags of flour, grain and bran for poultry and other livestock, lard and sausages on hooks, dried fish; in the cellar potatoes and other vegetables are poured into piles. And there is order in the barnyard: two cows are chewing hay, with which the tier above them is littered to the roof, pigs are grunting behind a fence, a bird is dozing on a perch in a chicken coop fenced off in the corner. It's cool here, but there's no frost. Built of thick logs, carefully caulked walls do not let in drafts and keep the heat of animals, rotting manure and straw.
And in the hut itself, I don’t remember the frost at all - a hotly heated stove cools down for a long time. It’s just that the kids are bored: until the storm ends, you won’t get out of the house to play, to run. Babies are lying on the floor, listening to fairy tales that grandfather tells ...
The most ancient Russian huts - until the 13th century - were built without a foundation, almost a third buried in the ground - it was easier to save heat. They dug a hole in which they began to collect crowns of logs. Plank floors were still far away, and they were left earthen. On the hard-packed floor a hearth was laid out of stones. In such a semi-dugout, people spent winters together with domestic animals, which were kept closer to the entrance. Yes, and there were no doors, and a small inlet - just to squeeze through - was covered from the winds and cold weather with a shield of half-logs and a cloth canopy.
Centuries passed, and the Russian hut got out of the ground. Now it has been placed on stone foundation. And if on piles, then the corners rested on massive decks. Those who are richer they made roofs from tesa, the poorer peasants covered the huts with wood chips. And the doors appeared on forged hinges, and the windows were cut through, and the size of the peasant buildings increased markedly.
The traditional huts are best known to us, as they are preserved in the villages of Russia from the western to the eastern limits. it a five-wall hut, consisting of two rooms - a vestibule and a living room, or a six-wall when the actual living space is divided by another transverse wall into two. Such huts were erected in villages until very recently.
The peasant hut of the Russian North was built differently.
In fact, the northern hut is not just a house, but a module for the complete life support of the family of a few people during a long, harsh winter and a cold spring. A sort of spaceship on a joke, the ark, traveling not in space, but in time - from heat to heat, from harvest to harvest. Human habitation, premises for livestock and poultry, stores of supplies - everything is under one roof, everything is protected by powerful walls. Is that a woodshed and barn-hayloft separately. So they are right there, in the fence, it is not difficult to break a path to them in the snow.
northern hut built in two tiers. Lower - economic, there is a barnyard and a storehouse of supplies - basement with a cellar. Upper - housing for people, upper room, from the word mountain, that is, high, because above. The warmth of the barnyard rises, people have known this since time immemorial. To get into the upper room from the street, the porch was made high. And, climbing it, I had to overcome a whole flight of stairs. But no matter how snowdrifts piled snowdrifts, they will not notice the entrance to the house. 
From the porch, the door leads to the canopy - a spacious vestibule, it is also a transition to other rooms. Various peasant utensils are stored here, and in the summer, when it gets warm, they sleep in the hallway. Because it's cold. Through the canopy you can go down to the barnyard, from here - the door to the chamber. You just have to be careful when entering the chamber. To keep warm, the door was made low and the threshold high. Raise your legs higher and do not forget to bend down - an uneven hour will fill a bump on the lintel. 
A spacious basement is located under the upper room, the entrance to it is from the barnyard. They made basements with a height of six, eight, or even ten rows of logs - crowns. And having started to engage in trade, the owner turned the basement not only into storage, but also into a village trading shop - he cut through a window-counter for buyers to the street.
However, they were built differently. In the museum "Vitoslavlitsy" in Veliky Novgorod there is a hut inside, like an ocean ship: per street door moves and transitions to different compartments begin, and in order to get into the upper room, you need to climb a ladder-ladder under the very roof.
You cannot build such a house alone, therefore in the northern rural communities a hut for the young - a new family - was set up the whole world. All the villagers built: they cut together and they carried timber, sawed huge logs, laid crown after crown under the roof, together they rejoiced at what had been built. Only when wandering artels of artisan carpenters appeared did they begin to hire them to build housing.
The northern hut from the outside seems huge, but there is only one dwelling in it - a room with an area of twenty meters, and even less. Everyone there lives together, old and young. There is a red corner in the hut, where icons and a lamp are hanging. The owner of the house sits here, guests of honor are also invited here. 
The main place of the hostess is opposite the stove, called kut. And the narrow space behind the stove - closed. This is where the expression " huddle in a nook"- in a cramped corner or tiny room.
"It's light in my upper room..."- sung in a popular not so long ago song. Alas, this was not the case for a long time. For the sake of keeping warm, small windows in the upper room were cut down, they were covered with bull or fish bubbles or oiled canvas, which hardly let light through. Only in rich houses could one see mica windows. The plates of this layered mineral were fixed in curly bindings, which made the window look like a stained-glass window. By the way, there were even windows made of mica in the carriage of Peter I, which is kept in the collection of the Hermitage. In winter, plates of ice were inserted into the windows. They were carved on a frozen river or frozen in shape right in the yard. It came out brighter. True, it was often necessary to prepare new “ice glasses” instead of melting ones. Glass appeared in the Middle Ages, but as a building material the Russian village recognized it only in the 19th century.
Long time in the countryside, yes, and in the city stove huts were laid without pipes. Not because they didn’t know how or didn’t think of it, but all for the same reasons - as it were better to keep warm. No matter how you block the pipe with dampers, the frosty air still penetrates from the outside, chilling the hut, and the stove has to be heated much more often. The smoke from the stove got into the room and went out into the street only through small chimney windows under the very ceiling, which were opened for the duration of the firebox. Although the stove was heated with well-dried "smokeless" logs, there was enough smoke in the chamber. That is why the huts were called black or chicken.
Chimneys on the roofs of rural houses appeared only in the XV-XVI centuries, yes, and then where the winters were not too severe. Huts with a pipe were called white. But at first they did not make pipes of stone, but knocked down from wood, which often caused a fire. Only at the beginning XVIII century Peter I by special decree ordered in the city houses of the new capital - St. Petersburg, stone or wooden, to put stoves with stone chimneys.
Later, in the huts of wealthy peasants, in addition to Russian ovens, in which food was prepared, began to appear brought to Russia by Peter I dutch ovens, comfortable with their small size and very high heat transfer. Nevertheless, stoves without chimneys continued to be laid in the northern villages until late XIX century.
The stove is the warmest sleeping place- couch, which traditionally belongs to the oldest and youngest in the family. A wide shelf stretches between the wall and the stove - a shelf. It is also warm there, so they put it on the floor sleep children. Parents were located on the benches, and even on the floor; the bed time has not yet come. 
Why were children in Russia punished, put in a corner?
What did the corner itself mean in Russia? Each house in the old days was a small church, which had its own Red Corner (Front Corner, Holy Corner, Goddess), with icons.
It is in this Red Corner parents set their children to pray to God for their misdeeds and in the hope that the Lord would be able to reason with a naughty child.
Russian hut architecture gradually changed and became more complex. There were more living quarters. In addition to the vestibule and the upper room appeared in the house lighthouse - indeed bright room with two or three big windows already with real glasses. Now passed in the light most of family life, and the upper room served as a kitchen. The room was heated from the rear wall of the furnace.
And wealthy peasants shared a vast a residential log cabin with two walls crosswise, thus blocking four rooms. Even a large Russian stove could not heat the entire room, and here it was necessary to put an additional one in the room farthest from it dutch oven.
Bad weather rages for a week, and under the roof of the hut it is almost inaudible. Everything goes on as usual. The hostess has the most trouble: in the early morning to milk the cows and pour grain for the birds. Then steam the bran for the pigs. Bring water from a village well - two buckets on a yoke, one and a half pounds with a total weight, yes, and you have to cook food, feed your family! The kids, of course, help in any way they can, as it has always been customary.
Men have fewer worries in winter than in spring, summer and autumn. The owner of the house is the breadwinner- Works tirelessly all summer from dawn to dusk. He plows, mows, reaps, threshes in the field, cuts, saws in the forest, builds houses, gets fish and forest animals. As the owner of the house earns, so his family will live all winter until the next warm season, because winter for men is a time of rest. Of course, one cannot do without male hands in a rural house: fix what needs to be repaired, chop and bring firewood into the house, clean the barn, make a sleigh, arrange dressage for the horses, and take the family to the fair. Yes, in a village hut there are many things that require strong male hands and ingenuity, which neither a woman nor children can do.
The northern huts, cut down by skillful hands, stood for centuries. Generations changed, and the ark houses still remained a reliable refuge in harsh natural conditions. Only the mighty logs darkened with time. 
Museums of wooden architecture Vitoslavlitsy" in Veliky Novgorod and Small Korely» near Arkhangelsk there are huts whose age has exceeded one and a half centuries. Ethnographers searched for them in abandoned villages and ransomed them from the owners who moved to the cities.
Then carefully dismantled transported to the museum territory and restored in its original form. This is how they appear before numerous sightseers who come to Veliky Novgorod and Arkhangelsk.
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crate- rectangular one-room log house without extensions, most often 2 × 3 m in size.
Cage with oven- hut.
Podklet (podklet, podzbitsa) - the lower floor of the building, located under the cage and used for economic purposes.
The tradition of decorating houses with carved wooden architraves and other decorative elements arose in Russia not from scratch. Initially, wooden carving, like ancient Russian embroidery, had a cult character. The ancient Slavs applied to their homes pagan signs designed to protect dwelling, provide fertility and protection from enemies and natural elements. No wonder in stylized ornaments you can still guess signs denoting sun, rain, women raising their hands to the sky, sea waves, depicted animals - horses, swans, ducks or a bizarre interweaving of plants and outlandish paradise flowers. Further, religious meaning wood carving lost, but the tradition of giving various functional elements of the facade of the house artistic view has remained so far.
In almost every village, village or city, you can find amazing examples of wooden lace decorating the house. Moreover, in various areas there were completely various styles wood carving for home decoration. In some areas, mostly blind carving is used, in others sculptural, but mostly houses are decorated slotted thread, as well as its variety - a carved decorative wooden invoice.
In the old days, in various regions of Russia, and even in different villages, carvers used certain types of carving and ornamental elements. This is clearly visible if we look at photographs of carved architraves made in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In one village, certain elements of carving were traditionally used on all houses, in another village, the motifs of carved platbands could be completely different. The farther these settlements were from each other, the more the carved platbands on the windows differed in appearance. The study of old house carvings and architraves in particular gives ethnographers a lot of material to study.
In the second half of the 20th century, with the development of transport, printing, television and other means of communication, ornaments and carvings that were previously inherent in one particular region began to be used in neighboring villages. A widespread mixing of wood carving styles began. Looking at photographs of modern carved architraves located in one settlement, one can be surprised at their diversity. Maybe it's not so bad? Modern cities and towns are becoming more vibrant and unique. Carved architraves on the windows of modern cottages often incorporate elements of the best examples of wooden decor.
Boris Rudenko. For more details, see: http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/21349/ (Science and Life, Russian hut: an ark among the forests)
Lesson on fine arts on the theme "Decoration of the Russian hut."VIIClass.
The topic is designed for two lessons.
Used textbook"Decorative and applied art in human life". ,; Moscow "Enlightenment" 2003.
Class type: Binary lesson (double lesson).
Lesson type: Learning new material.
Model used: Model 1.
The purpose of the lesson: To acquaint students with the interior of the Russian hut.
Lesson objectives:
1. To form in students a figurative idea of the organization and wise arrangement of the internal space of the hut.
2. Give an idea of the life of Russian peasants in the 17th-18th centuries.
3. With the help of drawings, consolidate the knowledge gained.
4. Raise interest in the life of the peasants, the traditions of our people.
Lesson provision:
For the teacher . 1) Reproductions of samples of household items.
2) Exhibition of literature: "Russian hut"; "Folk art"; Textbook for grade 8; magazine "Folk Art" (1990, No. 2).
3) Demo PC.
For students. Albums. Pencils, eraser, paints (watercolor, gouache). Workbook on fine arts.
Lesson plan:
Org. part - 1-2 minutes. Report the goals and objectives of the new material - 1-2 minutes. The story of the teacher "Life of the peasants." Practical work. Drawing the interior of the hut. Summary of lesson 1. Work in color. Summary of 2 lessons
I. Organizational moment
Establish proper discipline in the classroom. Mark absent. Report the goals and objectives of the new material.
II. The story of the teacher "Life of the peasants"
Rice. 1. Interior view of the hut.
Since ancient times, we have read and watched Russian folk tales. And often the action in them took place inside a wooden hut. Now they are trying to revive the traditions of the past. After all, without studying the past, we will not be able to assess the present and future of our people.
Let's go up to the red carved porch. It seems to invite you to enter the house. Usually, on the porch, the owners of the house greet dear guests with bread and salt, thus expressing hospitality and a wish for well-being. Passing through the canopy, you find yourself in the world of home life.
The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with aromas of dry herbs, smoke, and sour dough.
Everything in the hut, except for the stove, is wooden: the ceiling, smoothly hewn walls, benches attached to them, half-shelves stretching along the walls, below the ceiling, dinner table, capitals (stools for guests), simple household utensils. Be sure to hang a cradle for the child. Washed out of the tub.
rice. 2.
The interior of the hut is divided into zones:
At the entrance to the hut, on the left is located Russian stove.
rice. 3. Russian oven
What role did the stove play in the life of a peasant hut?
The stove was the basis of life, the family hearth. The stove gave heat, cooked food and baked bread in it, washed children in the stove, the stove relieved ailments. And how many fairy tales are told to children on the stove. No wonder it says: "The oven is beautiful - there are miracles in the house."
Look how important the white bulk of the stove lay down in the hut. In front of the mouth of the furnace, a hearth is well arranged - a wide thick board on which pots and cast irons are placed.
Nearby in the corner are tongs and a wooden shovel for removing bread from the oven. Standing on the floor next to wooden tub with water. Next to the stove, between the wall and the stove, there was a golbets door. It was believed that behind the stove, above the golbets, a brownie lives - the patron of the family.
The space near the stove served as the female half.
fig.4. red corner
In the front right corner, the brightest, between the windows was located red corner, red bench, red windows. It was a landmark to the east, with which the idea of \u200b\u200bthe peasants about paradise, blissful happiness, life-giving light and hope was connected; to the east they turned with prayers, conspiracies. It was the most honorable place - spiritual center of the house. In the corner, on a special shelf, stood icons in frames polished to a shine, decorated with embroidered towels and bunches of herbs. There was a table under the icons.
In this part of the hut there were important events in the life of a peasant family. The dearest guests were seated in the red corner.
· From the door, along the stove, a wide bench was arranged. On which the neighbors who came in sat. On it, men usually did chores - weaving bast shoes, etc. The old owner of the house slept on it.
Above the entrance, in half a room under the ceiling, near the stove they strengthened wooden floors. The children were sleeping on the floors.
Occupied a significant place in the hut wooden loom- Krosno, on it women wove woolen and linen fabrics, rugs (tracks).
Near the door, opposite the stove stood wooden bed on which the owners of the house slept.
fig.5.
For a newborn, an elegant dress was hung from the ceiling of the hut. cradle. It was usually made of wood or woven from wicker. Swaying gently, she lulled the baby to the melodious song of a peasant woman. When dusk descended, they burned a torch. For this served forged svetets.
rice. 6.
In many northern villages of the Urals, houses with painted interiors have been preserved. See what outlandish bushes have blossomed.
III. Practical work.
Students are invited to sketch the interior of a Russian hut with a pencil.
Various types of interior huts are considered:
An explanation of the construction of the interior of the hut on the example of different options.
VI. Repetition with students of the material covered.
Thus, we have come to the next section of our topic "Decoration of the Russian hut." Now everyone is trying to revive the traditions of the cultural and spiritual life of the Russian people, but for this you need to understand and study everything. And the first question to the class:
1. What is the appearance of the hut?
2. What was the main material used in the construction of the hut?
3. What natural materials were used in the manufacture of dishes and household items?
4. What zones was the interior of the hut divided into?
5. What rules did you apply when building the interior of the hut?
6. What riddles and sayings do you know on the topic “Russian hut?”
(“Two brothers look, but they don’t come together” (floor and ceiling)
“One hundred parts, one hundred beds, each guest has his own bed” (logs in the wall of the hut)) it. d..
VII. Continuation of the practical part - interior drawing in color.
When coloring, all shades of brown, ocher, not bright yellow are used. Stages of drawing in color:
1. Paint the walls in different shades of brown.
2. We paint the floor and ceiling with a different shade of ocher.
3. Glass in the window - gray.
4. Furniture - the next shade of brown.
6. The stove can be painted in light gray, light light brown.
VIII. Exhibition of children's works. Analysis.
Students post their work in a designated area. Students are encouraged to review their own work. Using leading questions:
What would you like to show in your work? What means of artistic expression did you use? How are these works similar and how are they different? Have you used the laws of perspective in your work? What are your impressions of this work?
Teacher evaluation. I liked the way you worked, I liked your work on the construction, on the color scheme, on the ability to correctly convey the life of Russian peasants.
IX. Completion of the lesson and homework.
At the end of the lesson, students are informed that we will continue the work of getting to know the traditions of the Russian people in the next lesson.
Folk music is played at the end of the lesson.
The students get up and put their jobs in order.
The most significant buildings in Russia were erected from centuries-old trunks (three centuries or more) up to 18 meters long and more than half a meter in diameter. And there were many such trees in Russia, especially in the European North, which in the old days was called the "Northern Territory". Yes, and the forests here, where the "filthy peoples" lived from time immemorial, were dense. By the way, the word "filthy" is not a curse at all. Simply in Latin, paganus is idolatry. And that means that the pagans were called "filthy peoples". Here, on the banks of the Northern Dvina, Pechora, Onega, those who disagree with the opinion of the authorities, first the princely, then the royal, have long taken refuge. It kept its own, ancient, unofficial. Therefore, unique examples of the art of ancient Russian architects have been preserved here to this day.
All houses in Russia were traditionally built of wood. Later, already in the 16th-17th centuries, stone was used.
Wood as the main building material has been used since ancient times. It was in wooden architecture that Russian architects developed that reasonable combination of beauty and usefulness, which then passed into stone structures, and the shape and design of stone houses were the same as those of wooden buildings.
The properties of wood as a building material largely determined the special form of wooden structures.
On the walls of the huts there were pine and larch tarred at the root, a roof was made of light spruce. And only where these species were rare, they used strong heavy oak or birch for walls.
Yes, and not every tree was cut down, with analysis, with preparation. Ahead of time, they looked out for a suitable pine tree and made cleats (lasas) with an ax - they removed the bark on the trunk in narrow strips from top to bottom, leaving strips of untouched bark between them for sap flow. Then, for another five years, the pine tree was left to stand. During this time, she thickly highlights the resin, impregnates the trunk with it. And so, in the cold autumn, before the day had yet begun to lengthen, and the earth and the trees were still sleeping, they cut down this tarred pine. Later you can’t chop - it will begin to rot. Aspen, and deciduous forest in general, on the contrary, was harvested in the spring, during the sap flow. Then the bark easily comes off the log and, dried in the sun, it becomes strong as a bone.
The main, and often the only tool of the ancient Russian architect was an ax. The ax, crushing the fibers, seals the ends of the logs, as it were. Not without reason, they still say: "cut down the hut." And, well known to us now, they tried not to use nails. After all, around the nail, the tree begins to rot faster. In extreme cases, wooden crutches were used.
The basis of a wooden building in Russia was a "log house". These are logs fastened (“tied”) together into a quadrangle. Each row of logs was respectfully called a "crown". The first, lower crown often put on a stone base - "ryazhe", which was folded from powerful boulders. So it's warmer, and rots less.
According to the type of fastening of logs, the types of log cabins also differed from each other. For outbuildings, a log house "in cut" (rarely laid) was used. The logs here were not stacked tightly, but in pairs on top of each other, and often they were not fastened at all.
When fastening logs "in the paw" their ends, whimsically 
carved and really resembling paws, did not go beyond the wall outside. The crowns here already fit snugly together, but in the corners it could still blow in winter.
The most reliable, warm, was considered to be the fastening of logs "in the cloud", in which the ends of the logs slightly extended beyond the wall. Such a strange name today
comes from the word "obolon" ("oblon"), meaning the outer layers of a tree (cf. "clothe, envelop, shell"). As early as the beginning of the 20th century. they said: “cut the hut into sapling”, if they wanted to emphasize that inside the hut the logs of the walls are not cramped. However, more often outside the logs remained round, while inside the hut they were hewn to a plane - “scraped into a las” (a smooth strip was called a las). Now the term "oblo" refers more to the ends of the logs protruding out of the wall, which remain round, with a bummer.
The rows of logs themselves (crowns) were connected to each other with the help of internal spikes - dowels or dowels.
Moss was laid between the crowns in the frame, and after the final assembly of the frame, the cracks were caulked with linen tow. Attics were often covered with the same moss to keep warm in winter.
In terms of plan, log cabins were made in the form of a quadrangle (“chetverik”), or in the form of an octagon (“octagon”). Of the several adjacent fours, they were mainly made up of huts, and the eights were used for the construction of the choir. Often, placing quadruples and octals on top of each other, the ancient Russian architect folded rich mansions.
A simple covered rectangular wooden frame without any outbuildings was called a "cage". “Cage with a cage, tell a story,” they used to say in the old days, trying to emphasize the reliability of a log house in comparison with an open canopy - a story. Usually the log house was placed on the "basement" - the lower auxiliary floor, which was used to store supplies and household inventory. And the upper crowns of the log house expanded upward, forming a cornice - a “fall”.
This interesting word, derived from the verb "fall down", was often used in Russia. So, for example, the upper cold common bedrooms in the house or mansions, where the whole family went to sleep (fall down) from a heated hut in the summer, were called “polushas”.
The doors in the cage were made as low as possible, and the windows were placed higher. So less heat left the hut.
The roof over the log house was arranged in ancient times without nails - "male". For this, the completion of the two end walls was made from decreasing stumps of logs, which were called “males”. Long longitudinal poles were placed on them in steps - “dolniks”, “lie down” (cf. “lie down, lie down”). Sometimes, however, they were called males, and the ends came down, cut into the walls. One way or another, but the whole roof got its name from them.
Roofing diagram: 1 - gutter; 2 - chill; 3 - stamic; 4 - slightly; 5 - flint; 6 - princely sleg ("knes"); 7 - general slug; 8 - male; 9 - fall; 10 - prichelina; 11 - chicken; 12 - pass; 13 - bull; 14 - oppression.
From top to bottom, thin tree trunks, cut down with one of the branches of the root, were cut into the slegs. Such trunks with roots were called "hens" (apparently for the similarity of the left root with a chicken paw). These upward branches of the roots supported a hollowed-out log - a "stream". It collected water flowing from the roof. And already on top of the hens and lay down the wide boards of the roof, resting with the lower edges in the hollowed out groove of the flow. The upper joint of the boards - the “horse” (“prince”) was especially carefully blocked from rain. Under it, a thick “ridge slug” was laid, and from above the joint of the boards, like a hat, was covered with a log hollowed out from below - a “helmet” or “skull”. However, more often this log was called "cold" - something that covers.
Why didn’t they just cover the roof of wooden huts in Russia! That straw was tied into sheaves (bundles) and laid along the slope of the roof, pressing with poles; then they chipped aspen logs on planks (shingles) and with them, like scales, they covered the hut in several layers. And in ancient times they even covered with turf, turning it upside down and laying a birch bark.
by the very expensive coating was considered "tes" (boards). The very word "tes" well reflects the process of its manufacture. An even log without knots was split lengthwise in several places, and wedges were hammered into the cracks. The log split in this way was split lengthwise several more times. The irregularities of the resulting wide boards were hemmed with a special ax with a very wide blade.
The roof was usually covered in two layers - “undercut” and “red tess”. The lower layer of the tess on the roof was also called a rocker, since it was often covered with a “rock” (birch bark, which was chipped from birch trees) for tightness. Sometimes they arranged a roof with a break. Then the lower, flatter part was called the "police" (from the old word "floor" - half).
The entire pediment of the hut was importantly called the “brow” and was richly decorated with magical protective carvings.
The outer ends of the under-roofing slabs were covered from the rain with long boards - "prichelina". And the upper joint of the berths was covered with a patterned hanging board - a “towel”.
The roof is the most important part of a wooden building. “There would be a roof over your head,” people still say. Therefore, over time, it became a symbol of any house and even an economic structure of its “top”.
"Riding" in ancient times was called any completion. These tops, depending on the wealth of the building, could be very diverse. The simplest was the "cage" top - a simple gable roof on the cage. The “cubic top” was intricate, resembling a massive tetrahedral onion. Terems were decorated with such a top. The “barrel” was quite difficult to work with - a gable covering with smooth curvilinear outlines, ending with a sharp ridge. But they also made a “crossed barrel” - two intersecting simple barrels.
The ceiling was not always arranged. When burning furnaces "in black" it is not needed - the smoke will only accumulate under it. Therefore, in a living room it was made only with a “white” firebox (through a pipe in the furnace). At the same time, the ceiling boards were laid on thick beams - “matits”.
The Russian hut was either a “four-wall” (simple cage) or a “five-wall” (a cage partitioned off inside by a wall - “overcut”). During the construction of the hut, utility rooms were attached to the main volume of the cage (“porch”, “canopy”, “yard”, “bridge” between the hut and the yard, etc.). In the Russian lands, not spoiled by heat, they tried to bring the whole complex of buildings together, to press them against each other.
There were three types of organization of the complex of buildings that made up the courtyard. Single big two-storey house for several related families under one roof was called "purse". If the utility rooms were attached to the side and the whole house took on the form of the letter “G”, then it was called the “verb”. If the outbuildings were adjusted from the end of the main frame and the whole complex was pulled into a line, then they said that this was a “beam”.
A “porch” led to the house, which was often arranged on “helps” (“releases”) - the ends of long logs released from the wall. Such a porch was called "hanging".
The porch was usually followed by "canopy" (canopy - shade, shaded place). They were arranged so that the door did not open directly onto the street, and it was warm in winter time did not come out of the hut. The front part of the building, together with the porch and the hallway, was called in ancient times the "sprout".
If the hut was two-story, then the second floor was called the "tale" in the outbuildings and the "room" in the living quarters.
On the second floor, especially in outbuildings, there was often an “import” - an inclined log platform. A horse with a cart loaded with hay could climb along it. If the porch led directly to the second floor, then the porch platform itself (especially if there was an entrance to the first floor under it) was called a “locker”.
There have always been many carvers and carpenters in Russia, and it was not difficult for them to carve the most complex floral ornament or reproduce a scene from pagan mythology. The roofs were decorated with carved towels, cockerels, skates.
Terem
(from the Greek. shelter, dwelling) the upper residential tier of the ancient Russian choir or chambers, built above the upper room, or a separate high residential building on the basement. The epithet "high" has always been applied to the tower.
The Russian tower is a special, unique phenomenon of centuries-old folk culture.
In folklore and literature, the word terem often meant a rich house. In epics and fairy tales, Russian beauties lived in high towers.
In the terem, there was usually a light-filled room with several windows, where women were engaged in needlework.
In the old days, towering above the house, it was customary to richly decorate. The roof was sometimes covered with real gilding. Hence the name of the golden-domed tower.
Amusements were arranged around the towers - parapets and balconies, fenced with railings or gratings.
Palace Terem of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye.
The original wooden palace, Terem, was built in 1667-1672 and amazed with its magnificence. Unfortunately, 100 years after the start of its construction, due to dilapidation, the palace was dismantled, and only thanks to the order of Empress Catherine II, all measurements, sketches were made before it was dismantled, and a wooden layout of the Terem was created, according to which it became possible to restore it today .
During the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the palace was not only a place of rest, but also the main country residence of the Russian sovereign. Meetings of the Boyar Duma, councils with heads of orders (prototypes of ministries), diplomatic receptions and military reviews were held here. The timber for the construction of the new tower was brought from Krasnoyarsk Territory, then processed by craftsmen near Vladimir, and then delivered to Moscow.
Izmailovsky Tsar's Terem.
Made in the classic old Russian style and incorporated architectural solutions and all the most beautiful of that era. Now it is a beautiful historical symbol of architecture.
The Izmailovsky Kremlin appeared quite recently (construction was completed in 2007), but immediately became a prominent landmark of the capital.
The architectural ensemble of the Izmailovo Kremlin was created according to the drawings and engravings of the royal residence of the 16th-17th centuries, which was located in Izmailovo.
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