Rice. 5.1. Placement of water-retaining hydraulic structures on the territory of the Russian Federation

The composition of the water management complex of Russia

The water management complex of the Russian Federation includes more than 65 thousand hydraulic structures (HTS), a significant part of which are water structures of small and medium-sized reservoirs and 37 large water management systems used for inter-basin redistribution of river flow from areas with excess river flow to areas with their deficit. The total length of the transfer channels is more than 3 thousand km, the volume of the transferred flow is about 17 billion cubic meters. m.

About 30,000 reservoirs and ponds with a total capacity of more than 800 billion cubic meters have been built to regulate river flow. m, including 2290 reservoirs with a volume of over 1 million cubic meters. m each, of which 110 are the largest with a volume of over 100 million cubic meters. m each. To protect settlements, economic facilities and agricultural land, more than 10,000 km of protective water barrier dams and ramparts have been built.

The distribution of the most significant GTS (complexes) by federal districts and subjects of the federation is presented in tab. 5.1.

Table 5.1

List of hydraulic structures, incl. ownerless, by subjects
Russian Federation

The subject of the Russian Federation	Number of GTS	Incl. ownerless HTS
In general in Russia
Central Federal District
Moscow region
Belgorod region
Bryansk region
Vladimir region
Voronezh region
Ivanovo region
Kaluga region
Kostroma region
Kursk region
Lipetsk region
Oryol region
Ryazan region
Smolensk region
Tambov region
Tver region
Tula region
Yaroslavl region
Northwestern Federal District
Vologodskaya Oblast
Republic of Karelia
Murmansk region
Arhangelsk region
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Komi Republic
Pskov region
Novgorod region

Kaliningrad region
Leningrad region and St. Petersburg
Southern Federal District
Rostov region
Volgograd region
Republic of Kalmykia
Astrakhan region
Krasnodar region
Republic of Adygea
Stavropol region
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
The Republic of Dagestan
The Republic of Ingushetia
Chechen Republic
Privolzhsky Federal District
Kirov region
Nizhny Novgorod Region
Penza region
Ulyanovsk region
Mari El Republic
The Republic of Mordovia
Republic of Tatarstan
Udmurt republic
Chuvash Republic
Saratov region
Samara Region
Orenburg region
Perm region
Republic of Bashkortostan
Ural Federal District
Sverdlovsk region.
Kurgan region
Tyumen region
KhMAO-Yugra
Chelyabinsk region

Siberian Federal District
Novosibirsk region
Kemerovo region.
Omsk region
Tomsk region
Krasnoyarsk region

Tyva Republic
The Republic of Khakassia
Irkutsk region
Zabaykalsky Krai
The Republic of Buryatia
Altai region
Norilsk
Altai Republic
Far Eastern Federal District
Sakhalin region
Jewish Autonomous Region
Kamchatka Krai
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Primorsky Krai
Chukotka
Khabarovsk region
Amur region
Magadan Region

All hydraulic structures and systems differ in purpose, departmental affiliation, forms of ownership and technical condition.

A little more than 3% of reservoirs with a capacity of less than 1 million cubic meters are in state ownership. m, about 8% of reservoirs with a volume of more than 1 million cubic meters. m and more than 25% of liquid waste storage tanks.

The greatest potential danger is presented by hydroelectric dams with heads from 20 to 250 m, most of which were put into operation over 35 years ago. The vast majority of water-supporting hydraulic structures are represented by dams of small and medium-sized reservoirs, many of which are operated without reconstruction and repair and are objects of increased danger.

The placement of water-retaining hydraulic structures on the territory of the Russian Federation is shown in fig. 5.1.

Distribution different kind hydraulic structures is shown in fig. 5.2.

Under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, the ameliorative and water management complex of federal property includes more than 60 thousand various hydraulic structures, including 232 reservoirs, 2.2 thousand regulating hydroelectric facilities, 1.8 thousand stationary pumping stations supplying and pumping water, more than 50 thousand km - water supply and waste channels, 5.3 thousand km - pipelines, 3.3 thousand km - protective ramparts and dams, facilities of production bases with a total balance sheet value of 87.0 billion rubles.

The greatest attention should be paid to the implementation of measures to prevent accidents in reservoirs, of which 44 are large (with a capacity of more than 10 million m3) and 155 are medium (from 1 to 10 million m3).

A significant part of these structures was built in the 60-70s of the last century. Thus, before 1970, 24 hydraulic structures were built, forming large reservoirs (54% of the availability), from 1970 to 1980 - 7, and after 1980 - 13 hydraulic structures.

Of the 155 hydraulic structures that form medium-sized reservoirs, 14 structures were put into operation before 1970, 45 from 1970 to 1980, 93 from 1981 to 1990, and 3 structures after 1990.

Rice. 5.2. Distribution of hydraulic structures by types in the Russian Federation, in % of the total

The Ministry of Agriculture of Russia is in charge of many hydraulic structures that are not related to the reclamation complex.

From. 232 hydraulic structures subject to declaration, 1 belongs to the first class of capitality, 18 to the second, 44 to the third, 169 HTS to the fourth.

Water management systems under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia serve to solve the following main tasks:

1) regulation of water-air and thermal regimes in the root layer of soils to obtain high and high-quality crop yields;

2) implementation of irrigation of territories;

3) provision of water supply for water supply of the rural population and industrial needs;

4) protection of the population, economic facilities, as well as agricultural land from the harmful effects of water;

5) interregional distribution of water resources in the southern regions of the country. Of particular importance are those under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia

complex-purpose hydraulic structures designed to protect settlements, economic facilities, fish farming, and power generation from flooding and flooding. Among them are the engineering protection zone of the Kostroma lowland in the Nekrasovsky district of the Yaroslavl region, the engineering protection of the Ozero-Rutkinskaya agricultural lowland in the Republic of Mari El, protective structures on the Neman and Matrosovka rivers in the Kaliningrad region, bank protection, regulating and protective structures on mountain rivers in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, on the Kuma River in the Stavropol Territory, the state waterways of the Western Steppe Ilmen zone in the Astrakhan Region.

In the North Caucasus region, a complex of hydraulic structures on the Kuban, Terek, Kuma, Baksan rivers, which is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, operates. The complex includes the first stage of the Great Stavropol Canal, the Tersko-Kumsky Canal, the KumoManych Canal, the system of main canals of inter-republican water distribution.

Big Stavropol Canal with a capacity of 180 cubic meters. m of water per second ensures the supply of water to the irrigated lands of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and the Stavropol Territory on an area of more than 100 thousand hectares. for watering

2.6 million hectares of arid territories, for water supply of the cities of Ust-Dzheguta, Cherkessk, as well as the resort towns of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the Nevinnomyssk industrial and energy complex, the Budenovsky plastics plant and five districts of the Stavropol Territory. There are four hydroelectric power stations operating on the watercourse of the canal, generating 1.2 billion kWh of electricity per year.

Through the Tersko-Kuma main canal with a capacity of 100 cubic meters per second, water is supplied from the Terek River for irrigation of lands in the republics of North Ossetia, Ingushetia, the Stavropol Territory on an area of 86 thousand hectares and watering 580 thousand hectares of arid territories. In addition, the generation of 2.6 million kWh of electricity per year by the hydroelectric station built on the Pavlodol dam is ensured.

The Kumo-Manych main canal with a capacity of 60 cubic meters per second supplies water from the Kuma River for irrigation of 58 thousand hectares of irrigated land in the Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Kalmykia, as well as transfers water resources from the Terek River basin to the Chogray reservoir to ensure sustainable water supply of Elista and land irrigation.

Through a system of inter-republican main canals from the rivers Baksan, Malka, Terek, water is supplied for irrigation and watering in the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Stavropol Territory, the Chechen Republic and the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania.

The Tikhovsky hydroelectric complex in the Krasnodar Territory (estimated flow rate 1300 m3/sec) provides gravity water intake to the Petrovsky-Anastasievskaya rice irrigation system with an area of more than 40.0 thousand hectares, as well as autonomous ship locking and fish passage into the Kuban and Protoka rivers.

Interregional water distribution of water resources is also provided through the waterways of the Sarpinsky irrigation and watering system of the Volgograd region, the Verkhnee-Salsky irrigation and watering system of the Rostov region, the Rodnikovskaya and Levo-Egorlykskaya irrigation systems of the Stavropol Territory.

Through the waterways of the Pallasovskaya irrigation system of the Volgograd region, water is supplied to the Republic of Kazakhstan.

A significant part of the hydraulic structures under the operational control of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia was built in the 60-70s of the last century.

According to the inventory of water management facilities in the agro-industrial complex, the facilities of 72 reservoirs, 240 regulating hydroelectric facilities and 1.2 thousand km of protective dams and ramparts with depreciation of fixed assets of more than 50 percent are currently subject to reconstruction and restoration.

About 48 billion rubles are required for their reconstruction, including 25 billion rubles in the Southern Federal District.

According to the federal target program (FTP) "Preservation and restoration of soil fertility of agricultural lands and agrolandscapes as a national treasure of Russia for 2006-2010 and for the period up to 2012", capital works were completed, incl. for the reconstruction of hydraulic structures in the amount of: 2006 - 3.1 billion rubles, 2007 - 3.5 billion rubles, 2008 - 5.1 billion rubles, 2009 - 4.9 billion .rubles

And to carry out the required amount of work on the required reconstruction of hydraulic structures, the deficit of financial resources is about 36 billion rubles.

In order to ensure the safe operation of hydraulic structures, their reconstruction must be carried out in the next 10 years, which will require the allocation of financial resources in the amount of 4 billion rubles annually for these purposes, with the level of actual funding being 1.5 - 2 billion rubles.

The most important factor of conservation (improving the reliability of hydraulic structures during operation) is the implementation of preventive measures in the required volumes. The annual need for expenses for current repairs of structures is about 2 billion rubles, while the actual allocation of budget funds for these purposes is about 0.8 billion rubles.

Due to the long-term operation and insufficient volumes of ongoing repair and restoration work, the main structures of structures are destroyed, reservoirs are silted up, and a high probability of emergency situations is created, especially during the passage of spring floods and floods.

In the risk zones of only large reservoirs (with a capacity of more than 10 million cubic meters), there are about 370 settlements with a population of up to 1 million people, as well as numerous economic facilities.

Unpredictable socio-economic consequences may lead to emergencies at other hydraulic structures. Thus, accidents at the facilities of the Great Stavropol Canal will lead to the cessation of household and drinking and industrial water supply to five districts of the Stavropol Territory, the cities of Ust Dzheguta, Cherkessk, the resort cities of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, the Nevinnomyssk industrial and energy complex, the Budenovsky plastics plant.

Administered Ministry of Transport of Russia there are navigable hydraulic structures (SHTS) located on inland waterways, consisting of 113 hydroelectric facilities, including 313 federally owned hydraulic structures. All SGTS are operated by the State Basin Administrations of Waterways and Shipping and Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Canal named after Moscow" of the Federal Agency for Marine and River Transport (Rosmorrechflot). The structure of the main shipping GTS are given in rice. 5.3.

Rice. 5.3. Structure of navigable GTS, in % of the total

Navigable hydraulic structures, which are part of complex energy hydroelectric facilities, are assigned to class I structures, the rest to classes II - IV. 106 navigable hydraulic structures included in the industry Register are classified as critical facilities subject to round-the-clock protection.

The Federal Agency for Water Resources of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia manages 138 federally owned hydraulic structures. According to capital class, the distribution of HTS is as follows: the first class2, the second class - 18, the third - 64, the fourth - 49, and for five HTS the capital class is not defined.

The state of the HTS according to the level of safety is distributed as follows: 85 HTS are in a normal state, 47 are in a reduced state, 4 are unsatisfactory, and 1 is in a dangerous state.

As part of the task of ensuring the safety of hydraulic structures, Rosvodresurs financed the execution of work in the amount of 3.28 billion rubles. Reconstruction, capital and current repairs completed on 228 objects, incl. 73 - subordinated to Rosvodresursy, 22 - property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 113 - municipal property, 20 - ownerless GTS.

Safety supervision of hydraulic structures in Russia

In accordance with the current legislation, the owners of hydraulic structures and operating organizations are responsible for ensuring compliance with the safety standards and rules for hydraulic structures during their construction, commissioning, operation, repair, reconstruction, conservation, decommissioning and liquidation, development and implementation of measures to ensuring the technically sound condition of hydraulic structures and others. Owners of hydraulic structures and operating organizations are responsible for the safety of hydraulic structures.

In 2009, Rostekhnadzor and Rostransnadzor exercise control and supervision over compliance by the owners of hydraulic structures and organizations operating them with the norms and rules for the safety of hydrotechnical structures in accordance with the current regulations.

The maintenance of the Russian register of hydraulic structures is carried out in accordance with the administrative regulations for the execution of the state function for the state registration of hydraulic structures, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated April 27, 2009 N 117/66 by Rosvodresurs, Rostekhnadzor and Rostransnadzor.

The list of GTS registered in the RRGTS database contains information directly on the GTS complexes included in the RRGTS database: registration code of the GTS complex; name of the complex; building owner; operating organization; authority for supervision over the safety of hydraulic structures; availability of the HTS safety declaration, its number and validity period; information about the hydraulic structures included in the complex, including the code of individual hydraulic structures (if any), the name of the hydraulic structure, an assessment of the safety level of the hydraulic structure.

In 2009, the database included information on 48 hydraulic structures.

Information on the safety level of hydraulic structures in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is contained in the database of the automated information system of the Russian Register of Hydraulic Structures (AIS RRGTS), generalized data on which are given in Supplement "Summarized data of the RRGTS on the subjects of the federal district".

According to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Center for Register and Cadastre" of the Federal Water Resources Agency, generalized data on the safety level of hydraulic structures by federal supervisory authorities are presented in table. 5.2.

Table 5.2

Summarized data on the bodies supervising the safety of hydraulic structures
(according to the Center of the Register and the Cadastre of the Federal Water Resources)

Supervisory Authority	Number of complexes GTS entered in the register	Security Level	amount
Rostechnadzor (energy)
		no data
	according to declarations	normal
	according to statements	reduced
		unsatisfactory

Supervisory Authority	Number of complexes GTS entered in the register	Security Level	amount
Rostechnadzor (industry)
		no data
	according to declarations	normal
	according to statements	reduced
		unsatisfactory

Rostechnadzor
		no data
	according to declarations	normal
	according to statements	reduced
		unsatisfactory

Rostechnadzor
		no data
	according to declarations	normal
	according to statements	reduced
		unsatisfactory

Rostransnadzor
		no data
	according to declarations	normal
	according to statements	reduced
		unsatisfactory


		no data
	according to declarations	normal
	according to statements	reduced
		unsatisfactory

Activities of Rostekhnadzor to supervise the safety of hydraulic structures

federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision supervises and monitors the observance by GTS owners and operating organizations of the norms and rules for the safety of GTS of industrial and energy enterprises in all federal districts of the Russian Federation by means of its territorial bodies. In addition, in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 970 dated November 30, 2009, Rostekhnadzor transferred the functions of supervision over the safety of hydraulic structures previously performed by Rosprirodnadzor of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia.

Information on the safety level of hydraulic structures supervised by Rostekhnadzor and included in the Russian Register of Hydraulic Structures is presented in tab. 5.2 and in the appendix "Summarized data of the RRGTS for the subjects of the Russian Federation".

State supervision and control over the safety of hydraulic structures was carried out by 31 territorial departments of Rostekhnadzor in 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in seven federal districts.

The total number of HTS complexes for industry, energy and water management complex supervised by Rostekhnadzor is 37,250, of which: 748 HTS complexes for liquid industrial waste, including: 336 HTS complexes for tailings and sludge storages in the mining industry; 274 GTS complexes of waste storage facilities of enterprises in the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries; 100 GTS complexes for storage of waste from the metallurgical industry; 38 GTS complexes of waste storage facilities of other industrial enterprises; 324 GTS complexes of the fuel and energy complex, including: HPP - 113, SDPP - 61, CHPP - 138, PSP - 3, NPP - 9; 36,178 HTS of the water management complex, including: under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia - 281, under the authority of the Federal Water Resources - 310 ( rice. 5.4).

Rice. 5.4. The total number of GTS complexes supervised by Rostekhnadzor

In 2009, the inspectors of the territorial bodies of Rostekhnadzor carried out 3917 measures to exercise state control and supervision over the observance by owners and operating organizations of the norms and rules for the safety of hydraulic structures in supervised organizations, which is two times more than in 2008 (1934).

At the same time, 17,029 norms and rules for the safety of hydraulic structures were identified and ordered to be eliminated, which is two times more than in 2008 (8562).

The main violations are:

lack of relevant working documentation - 3210 cases (18.9%);

the presence of various malfunctions, sludge, reduced throughput capacity of spillways and drainage facilities - 1716 cases (10.0%);

lack of developed and approved in in due course HTS safety criteria, safety declarations, instructions and safety monitoring projects - 3363 cases (19.7%);

non-compliance with the design and regulatory documents of the qualification level of the operation service - 1190 cases (7.0%);

lack of an agreed plan for the elimination of possible accidents - 1096 cases (6.7%);

absence or non-compliance with the safety monitoring project of control and measuring equipment and instrumentation - 276 cases (1.6%).

According to the results of surveys (inspections) conducted by the State Customs Service, 663 officials were brought to disciplinary and administrative liability, which is 56% more than in 2008 (425), the total amount of fines amounted to 3937 thousand rubles, which is 74% more than in 2008 (2258), 152 heads of organizations were heard at district collegiums and meetings in inspections, 765 employees were tested with the participation of inspectors on the knowledge of the requirements of the rules and regulations for the safety of hydraulic structures, of which 10 people turned out to be untrained.

The territorial departments of Rostekhnadzor carried out constant monitoring of the preparation of supervised enterprises and organizations for the passage of spring floods, as well as the level in reservoirs and reservoirs for water management, the flow of water through the gates, as well as changes in levels in the upstream and downstream of the dams of power plants, control over the passage floods at supervised facilities operating GTS.

When preparing for the flood, the supervised enterprises and organizations were also recommended to be guided by the analysis of the effectiveness of flood prevention measures in the controlled areas over the past year and recommendations to reduce the risk of emergencies associated with the 2009 spring flood.

The activities of Rostransnadzor for the control of navigable hydraulic structures

Rostransnadzor is in charge of 313 GTS in 115 complexes. Supervision of navigable hydraulic structures (SHTS) consists of two main areas:

Declaration of safety of navigable hydraulic structures;

Compliance Checks safe operation.

One of the main areas of supervisory activities for SGTS is a set of works related to the declaration of the safety of hydraulic structures.

This set of works includes: approval of safety criteria, participation in the work of the commission for the pre-declaration survey of hydraulic structures, approval of safety declarations and expert opinions, issuance of permits for the operation of navigable hydraulic structures, maintenance of the sectoral section of the Russian Register of hydraulic structures.

All navigable hydraulic structures have valid safety declarations. In 2009, work was carried out to review and approve safety declarations, according to which the validity period of previous declarations was expiring.

In 2009, 34 safety declarations for navigable hydraulic structures were reviewed and approved.

At the beginning of 2009, there were 12 emergency hydraulic structures, pre-emergency - 57 hydraulic structures. At the end of the year - emergency - 6, pre-emergency - 53, limited serviceable - 178, serviceable - 74. In 2009, there was a tendency to reduce the number of emergency and pre-emergency structures.

The analysis of safety declarations shows that in addition to objective reasons for the decrease in the level of safety, such as a long period of underfunding of repair work, there are also subjective reasons. These reasons include:

a) the deadlines for the implementation of the planned activities aimed at improving the reliability and safety specified in the safety declarations are not observed. The work is mainly planned for more than late dates;

b) when planning and performance of work aimed at improving the safety of hydraulic structures, there is no comprehensive approach consisting in the elimination of all defects that determine the unsatisfactory and dangerous level of safety of a hydraulic structure; as a result of this, the implementation of a significant amount of work on a hydraulic structure does not lead to an increase in its safety;

c) for a number of hydraulic structures, there is no timely planning and implementation of repair work to eliminate existing defects, as a result of which the defects progress, and the condition and level of safety of the hydraulic structure worsens;

d) when planning work, the execution of work is unreasonably delayed, which makes it possible to increase the safety of a hydraulic structure and at the same time does not require large financial costs.

Inspections of the safe operation of navigable hydraulic structures are carried out by inspectors of the territorial departments of the sea maritime supervision. In the course of these works, the compliance by the operating organizations with the requirements of the rules for technical operation and instructions for observations and studies, the monitoring by the operating organizations of the technical condition of hydraulic structures, and the compliance of hydraulic structures with safety declarations are checked. AT

In 2009, 53 inspections of navigable hydraulic structures were carried out, as a result of which 106 violations were identified. To eliminate the identified violations, instructions were issued, including 100 points.

Checks were made of all hydroelectric facilities, which include emergency and pre-emergency hydraulic structures. A total of 181 hydraulic structures were inspected, including 70 with the participation of employees of the Department of State Marine and River Supervision. The remaining facilities will be inspected in 2010. Based on the results of inspections, together with Rosmorrechflot, a plan for the necessary repair work was drawn up.

In 2009, inspectors from territorial administrations and the Office of State Maritime and River Supervision took part in the work of 80 commissions working on navigable hydraulic structures.

Ownerless hydraulic structures

As of 2009, Rostekhnadzor is in charge of 37,250 HTS, of which 5,791 are ownerless HTS, i.e. GTS that do not have an owner or the owner of which is unknown, or GTS, the ownership of which has been waived by the owner.

Ownerless HTS are mainly agricultural ponds for land reclamation and livestock complexes, small dams that are operated for local needs and are not sources of potential danger. These hydraulic structures were built by liquidated or bankrupt agricultural organizations today to solve local problems, as a rule, without compiling design estimates. Such hydraulic structures were not registered as immovable property, information about them was not entered into the Russian Register of Hydraulic Structures. In the energy sector, industry, and water transport, hydrotechnical structures that do not have an owner have not been identified.

The majority of ownerless hydraulic structures in accordance with SNiP 33-01-2003 “Hydraulic structures. Basic Provisions" refer to IV class (6144 HTS - 99.6%), 22 HTS - to III class, one structure - II class.

In the course of the inventory carried out by Rostechnadzor, 366 potentially dangerous ownerless hydraulic structures were identified, requiring priority measures to be taken to bring them to a normal level of safety.

In terms of safety, ownerless hydraulic structures are characterized as follows: 39.4% - standard, 43.0% - reduced, 12.2% - unsatisfactory, 5.4% - dangerous.

State authorities in more than 40 constituent entities of the Russian Federation have established Interdepartmental commissions on the safety of hydraulic structures, which ensure coordination of actions of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, territorial bodies of federal executive authorities and local governments on issues of ensuring the safety of hydraulic structures, including the identification ownerless hydraulic structures, ensuring their safety, solving the issues of fixing such structures in the property.

The problem of ownerless hydraulic structures has been completely solved on the territory of the republics: Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Ingushetia, Kalmykia, Komi, Chechen and Kabardino-Balkarian Republics, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khabarovsk Territory, Lipetsk and Murmansk regions.

In other constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the process of registering ownerless GTS and turning them into municipal property is underway. Of the 10 ownerless GTS located in the Republic of Chuvashia, 8 are in the process of registration in accordance with the procedure established by civil law into municipal property. Of the 46 ownerless GTSs in the Sverdlovsk Region, 31 GTSs have been registered as municipal property. In the Moscow Region, 139 out of 543 ownerless HTSs are being transferred to municipal ownership.

In addition, at the expense of subsidies from the federal budget, Rosvodresurs provides financing overhaul ownerless hydraulic structures that require, as a matter of priority, bringing them to a normal level of safety. In 2009, work was completed on 20 ownerless hydraulic structures, for which 111.1 million rubles were spent. federal budget funds and 14.7 million rubles. funds of the subjects of the Federation.

Channels

For inter-basin redistribution of runoff, navigation, irrigation and other purposes, artificial channels are used. The largest of them are presented in Table. 5.3

Table 5.3

The largest shipping canals and main canals of the irrigation systems of the Russian Federation

	Length, km	Throughput, km/year	River or pool	Year of creation	Purpose
White Sea-Baltic			White Sea - Lake Onega		Shipping
Ladoga Canals			Lake Ladoga		Shipping
Saimaa			Lake Saimaa – Bal-		Shipping
Volga-Severodvinsk			R. Volga - r. Sev. Dvina		Shipping
Volga-Baltic	361 (Mariinsky system)		R. Neva - r. Volga		Shipping
Channel them. Moscow			R. Moscow - r. Volga		Shipping
Volga-Donskoy			R. Volga - r. Don		Shipping
Volga-Caspian			Volga delta - Caspian		Shipping
Donskoy main			Don-Sal-Manych river		Irrigation
Big Stavropol			R. Kuban		Irrigation
Nevinnomyssky			R. Kuban		Complex purpose
Tersko-Kuma					Complex purpose
Nogai State EOS	108 Delta 139 Dzerzhinsky				Irrigation
Kumo-Manychsky			Kuma river - r. Manych		Shipping Irrigation
Saratov			Volga river - r. Bol. Irgiz

White Sea-Baltic Canal connects the White Sea with Lake Onega. The total length of the route is 227 km, of which 37 km are artificial. The channel originates from the village. Povenets on Lake Onega and near the city of Belomorsk goes into the White Sea. The canal is equipped with 19 locks, 15 dams, 49 dams and 12 spillways. The White Sea-Baltic Canal, like other channels of the North-West region, is operated only during the summer navigation period (115 days).

The composition of the White Sea-Baltic waterway includes the Ladoga canals, designed for the passage of ships bypassing Lake Ladoga with access to the river. Svir. Their total length is 169 km. The first section of the canal begins at the source of the river. Neva near the city of Petrokrepost and connects the Neva and Volkhov near the city of Novaya Ladoga. Its length is 111 km. The second section connects Volkhov and Syas and has a length of 11 km (the city of Novaya Ladoga - the village of Syasskiye ryadki). The third section of the canal is located between the rivers Syas and Svir, its length is 47 km (village Syasskiye ryadki - village Sviritsa).

Channel them. Moscow, connecting river. Moscow from the river Volga, has a total length of the waterway of 128 km, of which 19.5 km passes through reservoirs. The channel originates on the right bank of the river. Volga near the city of Dubna - 8 km above the mouth of the river. Dubna. The Ivankovskoye reservoir was created here. The route of the canal goes south to Moscow, crossing the elevated Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge. There are 9 locks on the canal route. On the Volga slope - from the Ivankovo reservoir to the watershed (124 m above sea level) - 5 steps, on the Moscow slope - 4 steps. In addition to Ivankovsky, the system includes Khimki, Klyazma, Pyalovskoye, Uchinskoye, Pestovskoye and Ikshinskoye reservoirs. There are 8 HPPs and Ivankovskaya TPP on the canal route. The canal solved the problem of water supply for the city of Moscow and provided a waterway from the Baltic to the Caspian and Black Seas.

Volga-Caspian Canal. The total length of the canal is 210 km. It starts from the Bertul channel, 21 km downstream of Astrakhan, and ends in the deep water zone of the Caspian Sea. The canal provides navigation through the Volga delta during low water periods.

The first 90 km of the canal run along the natural channel of the western branch of the river. Volga - Bakhtemir, and then it is developed to the depths for the ship's passage and is limited from the shallow waters of the delta by artificial sand ridges. These are alongshore elevations, reaching a height of 1-2, sometimes up to 3 m above the low water level, or artificial islands. The width of the islands is 150-200 m, the length is from 1 to 10 km. The last 64 km of the canal do not have surface shores, its sides are hidden under water for 1-3 m from the surface.

The hydrological regime of the canal is determined by the Volgograd HPP and the water divider in the Volga delta. The largest annual amplitude of the water level on the river. Volga (Astrakhan) is 4.45 m, and on the Volga-Caspian Canal 137 km below Astrakhan - 1.14 m. On average, the amplitude of the levels on the channel is in the range of 0.5-0.7 m.

Volga-Don Shipping Canal connects the Volga and Don in the place of their greatest convergence. The length of the waterway is 101 km, of which 45 km are in reservoirs. The channel originates from the Sarepta backwater of the Volga (the southern part of Volgograd), goes along the valley of the river. Sarpy, then passes along the watershed of the Volga and Don, goes into the valley of the river. Scarlet. The route of the path then goes through the Varvarovskoye, Bereslavskoye, Karpovskoye reservoirs and near the city of Kalach-on-Don goes to the Don, i.e. to the Tsimlyansk reservoir (near the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric power station).

On the Volga slope, for 20 km, there are 9 single-chamber single-strand locks providing a rise of 88 m, on the Don slope - 4 of the same locks with a descent of 44 m. The canal is fed by Don water supplied by three pumping stations, part of the water is used for irrigation. The dimensions of the locks allow the passage of ships with a carrying capacity of 5 thousand tons.

From the Volga, the canal passes through the valley of the river. Sarpy, then along the Volga-Don watershed, using the valley of the Chervlenaya and Karpovka rivers, it reaches the Don (the bay of the Tsimlyansk reservoir) 10 km below the city of Kalach. Its longitudinal profile is divided into three sections.

The first one is the Volga slope with a length of 21 km, with nine locks, the second dividing pool (Varvarovskoye reservoir) with a length of 26 km. The third one runs along the Donskoy gentle slope, has a length of 54 km, four locks and two reservoirs: Bereslavskoye and Karpovskoye.

Each of the 13 locks is a channel step about 10 m high. The ninth lock is located on the Volga-Don watershed at an altitude of 88 m above the Volga level. There are no locks on the watershed. Here in the valley Scarlet created Varvarovskoye reservoir, covering an area of 26.7 km. Its bowl holds 124.8 million cubic meters. m of water, which feeds the entire Volga slope of the navigable canal. A 42 km long canal was dug from this reservoir to the south, and water flows through it to irrigation fields.

The ninth gateway is the first step of the Don Stairs. Behind him is Bereslav reservoir, which has an area of 15.2 km and holds 52.5 million m of water. On the banks of the reservoir there are fields and vegetable plantations. The largest reservoir on the canal route - Karpovskoe, its area is 42 km, the volume of water is 154.1 million m. After the 13th lock, the canal enters the Tsimlyansk reservoir.

Big Stavropol Canal- a complex-purpose canal that provides water to four hydroelectric power plants and a group of cities in the Caucasus Mineralnye Vody. The canal takes water from the river. Kuban in the amount of up to 180 m / s. The estimated length of the canal is 460 km, at present it is 159 km. Filling depth approx. 5 m, bottom width 23 m.

Power supply Tersko-Kuma Canal is r. Terek. The water intake is equipped with a sediment interception facility with a capacity of up to 300 thousand m3 of bottom sediments per year (150 days per year). In addition to the Terek, the Terek system serves as a canal donor.

The estimated flow rate of the canal is 100 m/s, the length is 148.4 km. The channel was put into operation in 1960 and is intended for complex use.

Nevinnomyssky Canal put into operation in 1948, has a complex purpose. The canal takes water from the river. Kuban, the annual water intake is also provided by releases from the Great Stavropol Canal. The maximum design discharge is 75 m3/s, the length is 49.2 km.

To protect settlements, economic facilities and agricultural land on the territory of the Russian Federation, more than 10 thousand km of protective water barriers and ramparts have been built.

In 2009, reconstruction, overhaul and current repairs were completed at 228 GTS, of which 73 were subordinated to Rosvodresurs, 22 were owned by constituent entities of the Russian Federation, 113 were municipal property, and 20 were ownerless.

Probable prevented damage due to facilities completed in 2009 amounted to 17.2 billion rubles.

To ensure the safe passage of floods in 2009:

– a pre-flood inspection of flood-prone sections of river beds was carried out;

- on the problem areas icebreaking work and work to weaken the ice strength were carried out;

– integrated basin action plans have been formed to prevent and reduce damage from floods;

– the organizations of the Federal Water Resources Agency were equipped with equipment and mechanisms, as well as the creation and replenishment of an emergency stock of the necessary construction and fuel and lubricants;

– organized information exchange with the operational services of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, Roshydromet, Rosenergo, Rospotrebnadzor, Rosselkhoznadzor, Rosmorrechflot, Rostrasnadzor, Rosprirodnadzor and others.

The types and classification of which speak of a wide range of their use. Any of these structures are built on water resources - from rivers and lakes to seas or groundwater - and are necessary in order to combat the destructive power of the water element. Each of the systems has its own characteristics of construction and operation.

How are they classified?

Hydraulic structures are understood as systems that allow the beneficial use or prevent the harmful effects of excess water on environment. All modern watersheds, land reclamation) are called "hydraulic structures". Their types and classification, depending on the features of installation and operation, are as follows:

sea, lake, river or ponds;
ground or underground;
served by the water sector;
used by various industries.

Modern hydraulic structures are dams, and dams, and spillways, and water intakes, and canals. In general, any systems that are installed on

Water retaining

Water-retaining hydraulic structures are structures with which you can create pressure or provide a difference in front of and behind the dam. Experts say that the water regime in the backwater zone varies depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the region. Water retaining hydraulic structures are the most important structures for creating dams, since they bear a large load due to water pressure. If suddenly the water-retaining structure fails, the pressure front of the water will be difficult to control, and this can lead to sad consequences.

Plumbing

Water supply structures consist of water intakes, spillways, spillways and canals. These are hydraulic structures that serve to transfer water to specified points. Water intake systems that take water from a reservoir and supply it to hydropower, water supply or irrigation facilities deserve special attention. Their task is to ensure the passage of water into the conduit in the prescribed volume, quantity and quality in accordance with the water consumption schedule. Depending on the location, it may be:

surface: water is taken at the level of the free surface;
deep: water is taken under the level of the free surface;
bottom: water is taken from the lowest section of the watercourse;
longline: with such a construction, the fence is carried out from several levels of water - it depends on its level in the reservoir itself and on its quality at different depths.

Most often, water intake hydraulic structures are mounted on rivers. The photo shows that such structures can be high and low.

Water intakes for different reservoirs

Depending on the type of source, water intakes can be river, lake, sea, reservoir. Among the river structures, the most popular are coastal, floating, channel, which can be combined with pumping stations or mounted separately:

A shore facility must be installed if the coast is steep. Such a design is water intake hydraulic structures consisting of concrete or reinforced concrete with a large diameter. The photo shows that the front wall comes ashore.
The channel systems are placed on and are distinguished by a cap placed in
Floating structures are a pontoon or barge with pumps installed on them, through which water is taken from the river and fed through pipes to the shore.
Bucket water intake systems take water from the reservoir with a bucket located on the shore.

Regulatory

Regulatory hydraulic structures - what is it? In another way, they are called straightening structures, as they allow you to regulate the flow of rivers. This can be achieved through the construction of jet guides and limiting structures in the channel itself and along the banks of the reservoir. Thanks to such systems, the river flow is formed so that it moves at a relatively low speed and thereby maintains the fairway with pre-set minimum values width, depth and curvature. These hydraulic structures are popular, the types and classification of which are as follows:

capital structures that are part of the general systems for regulating rivers and aimed at long-term use;
light structures, which are otherwise called temporary and are used mainly on rivers of small and medium volume.

The first structures consist of dams, ramparts, dams and ideally cope with the undermining and destructive action of water. Light control structures are veils, wicker fences that simply direct or deflect the flow of the device.

Irrigation hydraulic structures

Types and classification suggest a division according to the presence of dams - damless or dammed. The first systems involve the creation of an artificial channel that departs from the river at a certain angle and takes part of the flow of the watercourse. To prevent sediment from the bottom from falling into the irrigation canal, such structures are located on concave sections of the coast. If the water flow is significant, then the construction of dam structures is required, which, in turn, can be surface or deep.

Culverts

Culvert hydraulic structures are weirs and spillways. These systems are referred to as controlled or automatic action. With the help of the spillway, excess water is discharged from the reservoir, and the spillway is a system in which water overflows freely over the crest of the water-retaining structure. Depending on the characteristics of the movement of water, such systems can be without pressure or pressure.

special purpose

Among the special-purpose hydraulic structures, one can single out: hydropower, irrigation, drainage structures, melioration systems and water transport structures. Let's take a closer look at these structures:

Hydropower facilities are built-in, channel, dam or diversion. Such systems consist of water intake structures, pressure pipelines, turbines with generators, discharge pipelines and various types of gates. Hydroelectric power plants are needed to convert the energy of the flow of water into electricity.
Water transport: these systems consist of locks, ship lifts, port facilities that are mounted on rivers, canals with different water levels in them.
Ameliorative: these systems allow you to think over measures aimed at radical improvement of land. As part of land reclamation, drainage and irrigation of territories is carried out. With the help of a drainage system, excess moisture is removed, and an irrigation system provides timely watering of the territory. Drainage systems can be horizontal or vertical.
Fish passages: these hydraulic structures ensure the passage of fish from the lower water level to the upper one, mainly during its spawning migration. Such systems are of two types: the first ones involve the independent passage of fish through special fish passages, the second - through special fish passage locks and fish elevators.
Settling tanks: they are special storage tanks where production waste and industrial effluents are collected.

In some cases, common and special facilities are combined, for example, the spillway system is placed in the power plant building. Such complex systems are called nodes of hydraulic structures.

What is the danger?

There is also a division of hydraulic structures according to their degree of danger: they can be of low, medium, high or extremely high degree of danger. Most often, the main factors affecting the hazard of hydraulic structures are natural loads and impacts, non-compliance design solution regulatory requirements, violation of the operating conditions of structures or the consequences and damage due to an accident. Any shortcomings and unpredictable impacts can lead to the destruction of structures, a breakthrough of the pressure front.

The use of water resources has always been one of the basic conditions for maintaining human life. The need for them is determined not only by drinking needs, but also by economic, and nowadays more and more often by industrial tasks. The regulation of the use of water sources is provided by hydraulic structures, which have different forms and functional content.

General information about hydraulic engineering

In a general sense, a hydrotechnical object can be represented as any functional structure or structure that interacts with water in one way or another. These can be not only man-made engineering systems, but also natural regulators, originally created by nature, but later exploited by people. What tasks are performed by modern objects of hydraulic structures? The main ones can be represented as follows:

Structures intended for the use of water resources. As a rule, these are objects with water supply communications and equipment.
Water protection facilities. Complexes, in the infrastructure of which several tasks can be performed. The most common for such objects are restrictions on the use and impact on the hydrological environment in order to prevent harmful effects on it.
Industrial buildings. Engineering systems in which water circulation can be used as an energy source.

Of course, this is only a part of the functions that hydraulic engineering performs. It rarely happens when one or two tasks are assigned to such structures. Typically, large complexes support several workflows at once, including environmental, protective, regulatory, etc.

Main and secondary structures of hydraulic engineering

To begin with, it is worth determining the basic classification, in which there are permanent types of hydraulic structures, and temporary ones. According to the regulations, the first group includes the main and secondary objects. With regard to the main structures, they are understood as technical infrastructure, the destruction or damage of which can lead to the cessation of the normal functioning of the economy serviced by hydro resources. This may be a shutdown of the water supply of the irrigation system, the cessation of power plants, a reduction in shipping, etc. It is important to consider that the energy of hydrological turbines can serve entire enterprises (marine, ship repair, heating). Accordingly, stopping the water supply will disrupt the performance of such facilities.

The category of secondary structures includes hydraulic engineering, the destruction or damage of which will not entail the above consequences. For example, if the main hydraulic structures supply enterprises with production resources, then the secondary ones can participate in the regulation of this process without significantly affecting the result.

It is also worth mentioning the features of temporary structures that are used during periods of repair activities. If a depressurization occurred at the same main water supply facility, for example, then the maintenance team with the designer will have to create specifications to fix the problem. The solution to this problem can be the organization of the work of a temporary hydroelectric complex.

Classification by the way of interaction with the resource

The same task can be performed in different ways. As already noted, one complex is able to support several functional processes, but it is the conditions of interaction with a reservoir or drain that fundamentally differ and, accordingly, the nature of the performance of a particular function. According to these features, the following structures are distinguished:

Water-retaining. Designed for blocking a watercourse, fencing a reservoir or a pond due to the adoption of water pressure. When assessing the watercourse, the level is noted above the water station (upstream), and below - downstream. The difference between these levels is called the pressure on the hydrological structure.
Multifunctional ameliorative stations. These can be outlets, locks, dams and water separators. Within this group, a classification of hydraulic structures is also provided, according to which interface and blocking complexes are distinguished.
Plumbing. Usually a network infrastructure formed by channels, tunnels, pipelines, water trays. Their task is simple - the delivery of a resource from the collection point to the reservoir or the final place of water use.
Water intake. They collect a resource from the same drives for transportation to consumers.
Spillway. Unlike intake structures, such stations only remove excess water. These objects include deep spillways, drain channels, water outlets, etc.
Regulatory. They control the interaction of the flow with the channel, preventing the exit of water beyond the fence, erosion and sedimentation.

Dangerous hydraulic facilities

This group of structures may include representatives of all hydraulic facilities, regardless of purpose. A dangerous station can be due to a high risk of an accident, an ownerless state, being in a risk zone due to the influence of third-party factors, etc. Lists with dangerous objects are formed by specialists from the Ministry of Emergency Situations and employees of Rosprirodnadzor. For each region, a comprehensive audit is carried out with the identification of objects that pose a threat. Dangerous hydraulic structures are recognized after the following procedures have been performed:

The morphometric characteristics of the object are identified and specified.
Determined technical condition facilities and their safety.
The potential amount of damage that may occur in the event of an accident (for example, after the destruction of the dam body) is determined.
Zoning of the area around the object is being carried out with an area that will depend on the degree of risk and threat from a particular structure.

After the object is recognized as dangerous, its observation is organized, and a schedule is drawn up for maintenance, technical repair and restoration work aimed at eliminating or minimizing the threat.

General and special hydraulic facilities

General facilities are understood as the majority of hydraulic engineering facilities related to regulatory, water supply, water intake and spillway stations. They are united by a single principle of performing their functions, which technologically can be imposed on different conditions operation.

In turn, special hydraulic engineering objects are designed for use in narrow areas where it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the equipment application. This applies to design nuances, construction requirements, as well as direct operation of hydraulic structures. Examples of such objects are well demonstrated by the infrastructure of water transport:

Shipping locks.
Facilities for the maintenance of marine equipment.
Ships and moorings.
Lesospuski.
Ship lifts.
Ellings.
Docks.
Wave breakers, etc.

In the fish industry, fish ponds, fish elevators and fish passes are used. In the social and entertainment infrastructure, these can be water parks with swimming pools and aquariums. In each case, service activities will have their own specifics, which are taken into account even at the stage of project development. However, the terms of reference for the construction of hydraulic engineering should be considered separately.

Design of hydraulic facilities

The design documentation includes technical calculations of structures, characteristics of the equipment used, as well as the results of field observations of the operating conditions of the future structure for the timely detection of adverse processes and the appearance of possible defects. The environment must be comprehensively and comprehensively assessed in order to foresee and possibly prevent the threat of accidents from the outset.

In particular, the project for a hydraulic structure includes the following data:

List of diagnostic and manageable indicators of the object and its bases, including security criteria.
List of controlled actions and loads on structures from the environment.
Composition of visual and instrumental observations.
Results and operating conditions of control and measuring equipment.
Technical and structural solutions and block diagram the state of the elements of the object, as well as information with predicting the behavior of the structure when interacting with man-made and natural factors.

Special attention is paid to safety criteria, on the basis of which decisions are also made on the use of equipment with certain characteristics. In addition, the main types of hydraulic structures for permanent operation are supplemented by emergency action projects. This documentation, in particular, describes measures aimed at preventing emergencies.

Security requirements

From the moment of design development and throughout the entire period of operation, the safety of a hydraulic facility is ensured on the basis of the requirements of the relevant declaration. This is the main document that indicates the risks, threats and operational nuances that must be considered by the maintenance personnel. The main requirements for the safety of hydraulic structures include the following:

Maintaining an acceptable degree of risk of accidents.
Regular diagnostics of structures and equipment with subsequent adjustments to the safety declaration.
Ensuring the continuity of operation of the facility.
Maintenance of measures for the organization of means of protection and technical control of structures.
Monitoring of potential threats to the object.

Construction of hydraulic structures

The means of production are determined first. construction works. The question of the degree of mechanization of the process is fundamental, since in most cases the implementation of hydrotechnical station projects is carried out with the support of special equipment. At the very first stages of construction, earthworks are carried out with bulldozers, dump trucks, loaders and excavators, which allow you to quickly equip trenches, pits, wells and simply clear the work site.

In some cases, soil compaction is performed. For example, when creating reservoirs with a soil bowl. Similar operations are carried out in layers on the cleared soil with the help of special rollers. On smaller sites, diesel or petrol rammers can be used. However, experts still recommend avoiding hand tool in favor of mechanics. The recommendation is connected not so much with the acceleration of the pace of the workflow, but with the quality of the result. And this is especially true for the construction of hydraulic structures at the main stage of the construction of the structure. Concrete work requires high-quality reinforcement with strapping, the use of instructional materials and the addition of water-resistant plasticizers.

At the final stage, the engineering arrangement of the structure is carried out. Functional units, technical devices are installed and communications are laid. If it's about autonomous station, then non-volatile generators are activated, which will also require appropriate containment conditions in the infrastructure of the complex.

Operation of hydraulic engineering

The main activity of the service personnel is related to the maintenance optimal level the technical condition of the structure, as well as with the control of its main functions. As for the first operational part, it comes down to the tasks of updating Supplies, diagnostics of equipment, communications, etc. In particular, operators check the technical condition of power supply networks, units and the integrity of construction materials. In case of detection of serious malfunctions or damages, the rules for the operation of hydraulic structures require the preparation of a separate project for repair and restoration measures, taking into account the available material reserves.

The second part of operational tasks focuses on control functions. Using automation, communication and telemechanics, another team of operators regulates the operation of the structure and its functional units, relying on control operations in accordance with regulatory parameters with permissible loads.

Reconstruction of hydraulic structures

The processes of obsolescence of structures and increasing requirements for the functional and power potential of the object inevitably lead to the need for modernization. As a rule, the main working modules and units are subject to reconstruction without stopping their work. However, this will depend on the nature of the planned changes. In each case, a survey of hydraulic structures is carried out for the possibility of reconstruction. The ultimate goals may be to increase the reliability of the foundation of the facility, increase the throughput, increase the capacity of pumping equipment, etc. After that, specific operations are implemented related to changes in the technical and operational properties of the structure. The tasks are achieved by strengthening the soil, replacing building materials and adding new structural elements.

Hydraulic engineering and environmental protection

Even at the design stage, together with the safety declaration, a report is drawn up on the measures that, during operation, will have to lead to an improvement in the environmental situation. Initially, the situation in the natural environment is assessed, and in the future, the developers make a comprehensive adjustment to maintain the protection of natural objects after the project has been implemented. In particular, biotechnical measures are being developed aimed at protecting the population from accidents at hydraulic structures and creating conditions for neutralizing negative operational factors.

Particular attention is paid to the impact of building structures and equipment on hydrological resources. For example, in reservoirs, special beds are prepared for the storage or disposal of liquid waste. Each object also contains technical means to eliminate sources of chemical hazardous or simply dirty substances. For continuous monitoring of the environmental background, the infrastructure of hydraulic structures is being supplemented measuring instruments, which fix the biological and chemical indicators of water and air environment. The main characteristics of this kind include color, oxygen saturation, concentration of certain elements, sanitary indicators, etc.

Conclusion

The high responsibility of hydrological facilities is determined by the breadth of their areas of application and the significance of the tasks they solve. As a rule, hydraulic structures act only as a link in the working chain of large production and economic cycles. But the ultimate goals that are achieved with the support of such objects can be extremely important. For example, energy, land reclamation, transport, water supply are just some of the areas in which water resources are used.

INTRODUCTION

Today, in our world, there is practically nothing impossible: to build a giant skyscraper - please, go down hundreds of meters under water - no question. Engineering thought and technological progress are taking giant strides. Back in the middle of the last century, turning the rivers back was an extraordinary decision. What can we say: in every self-respecting garden plot or dacha, everyone strives to make their own pond or “their own”, home waterfall. All these high-tech industrial structures and domestic water quirks are handled by specialists in hydraulic engineering. Only everyone has their own scale: who will install a hydroelectric power station on the Siberian river is a common question of the next decade, and who needs to ennoble and preserve the river bank in the city.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROTECHNICAL STRUCTURES

A hydraulic structure is a structure that is used for water resources, as well as to combat the harmful effects of water. Examples of such structures are the sea (both literally and figuratively ...). There are very famous ones: river dams, moorings, hydroelectric power stations, canals, ports. There are also very specialized ones: irrigation and drainage systems (used in agriculture), shipping facilities (river and sea shipping), conduits and sedimentation tanks, and much, much more. Some are built on the basis of the principles of development of a particular sector of the economy, others protect people from the water element.

Depending on the location, hydraulic structures can be sea, river, lake, pond. There are also ground and underground hydraulic structures. In accordance with the sectors of water management served, hydraulic structures are: water power, reclamation, water transport, timber rafting, fisheries, for water supply and sewerage, for the use of water resources, for the improvement of cities, sports, aesthetic purposes.

There are hydraulic structures - general, used for almost all types of water use, and - special, erected for any one branch of water management. Common ones include:

Water-retaining. They create a pressure or a difference in water levels in front of the structure and behind it. Most notable examples: dams (the most important and most common type of hydraulic structure), blocking river channels, and river valleys, raising the level of water accumulated in the upstream; dams (or ramparts) that enclose the coastal area and prevent it from flooding during floods and floods on rivers, during tides and storms on the seas and lakes;

Plumbing. They serve to transfer water to specified points: canals, hydrotechnical tunnels, trays, pipelines. Some of them, such as channels, due to natural conditions their location, the need to cross communication lines and ensure the safety of operation, require the construction of other hydraulic structures that are combined into a special group of structures on canals (aqueducts, siphons, bridges, ferry crossings, barriers, gates, spillways, slush discharges, etc.);

Regulatory. Designed to change and improve the natural conditions of the flow of watercourses and protect riverbeds and banks from erosion, sedimentation, ice exposure, etc. When regulating rivers, jet guides (semi-dams, shields, dams, etc.), bank protection structures, ice guides and ice retention structures are used ;

Water intake (water intake) structures. They are arranged to take water from a water source and direct it to a water conduit. In addition to ensuring an uninterrupted supply of water to consumers in the right amount and at the right time, they protect water supply facilities from ice, sludge, sediment, etc.;

Spillway. They serve to pass excess water from reservoirs, canals, pressure basins. They can be channel and coastal, surface and deep, allowing partially or completely emptying water bodies. To regulate the amount of released (discharged) water, spillways are provided with hydraulic gates. For small water discharges, automatic spillways are also used, which automatically turn on when the headwater level rises above a predetermined level. These include open weirs (without gates), spillways with automatic gates, siphon spillways.

Special hydraulic structures:

Structures for the use of water energy buildings of hydroelectric stations, pressure basins, etc.;

Water transport facilities - shipping locks, ship lifts, lighthouses, etc.;

Structures according to the situation of the ship's passage - boats, log launches, etc .;

Port facilities - breakwaters, breakwaters, piers, moorings, docks, boathouses, slipways, etc.;

Ameliorative - main and distribution canals, gateways-regulators on irrigation and drainage systems;

Fisheries - fish passages, fish elevators, fish ponds, etc.

In some cases, general and special structures are combined in one complex, for example, a spillway and a hydroelectric power station building (combined hydroelectric power station) or other structures to perform several functions simultaneously. In the implementation of water management activities, hydraulic structures, united by a common goal and located in one place, constitute complexes - nodes of hydraulic structures (hydraulic facilities). Several hydro units form water management systems, for example, energy, transport, irrigation, etc.

AT recent times a third group of hydraulic structures appeared. So far there are not many of them (and some call it a "whim") - individual hydraulic engineering construction. This is the construction of private "rivers", "lakes", "ponds" and "waterfalls". That is, the same water, only for mood, for decoration, as an aesthetic design of the water landscape. In the price lists of some companies, such a service has long appeared - "environmental hydraulic engineering construction." Of course, this primarily concerns the ecological preservation of the natural riverbed (in the city, for example), the shores of lakes and other water bodies near roads, embankments, etc. But after all, a nice artificial pond in the garden is an important issue. This is an intervention in the ecosystem, albeit a small, but a piece of nature. Therefore, the construction of large and small hydraulic structures should be carried out by highly qualified specialists.

hydraulic structure construction water

Hydraulic structures

structures designed to use water resources (rivers, lakes, seas, groundwater) or to combat the destructive effects of the water element. Depending on G.'s location with. can be sea, river, lake, pond. Distinguish also ground and underground G. of page. In accordance with the serviced branches of the water economy G. s. There are: water power, reclamation, water transport, timber rafting, fisheries, for water supply and sewerage, for the use of water resources, for the improvement of cities, for sports purposes, etc.

Distinguish G. with. general, used for almost all types of water use, and special, built for any one branch of the water management. To the general G. of page. include: water-retaining, water supply, regulatory, water intake and spillway. Water retaining structures create a pressure or difference in water levels in front of the structure and behind it. These include: dams (the most important and most common type of hydroelectric dam) that block river channels and river valleys that raise the level of water accumulated in the upstream; fencing off the coastal territory and preventing its flooding during floods and floods on rivers, during tides and storms on the seas and lakes.

Water supply structures (water conduits) serve to transfer water to specified points: canals, hydrotechnical tunnels (See Hydrotechnical tunnel), flumes (See Tray), Pipelines. Some of them, such as canals, due to the natural conditions of their location, the need to cross communication lines and ensure the safety of operation, require the construction of other G. systems. block, gate, Spillway s, Shugosbros s, etc.).

Regulatory (corrective) G. with. designed to change and improve the natural conditions of the flow of watercourses and protect riverbeds and banks from erosion, sedimentation, ice, etc. , ice-guiding and ice-holding structures.

Water intake (water intake) structures are arranged to take water from a water source and direct it to a water conduit. In addition to ensuring an uninterrupted supply of water to consumers in the right amount and at the right time, they protect water supply facilities from the ingress of ice, sludge, sediment, etc.

Discharge structures are used to pass excess water from reservoirs, canals, pressure basins, etc. They can be channel and coastal, surface and deep, allowing partial or complete emptying of reservoirs. To control the amount of released (discharged) water, spillways are provided with hydraulic gates (See Hydraulic gate). In case of small water discharges, automatic spillways are also used, which automatically turn on when the level of the upper Beef rises above a predetermined level. These include open weirs (without gates), spillways with automatic gates, siphon spillways.

Special G. with. - structures for the use of water energy - buildings of hydroelectric stations (see hydroelectric station), penstocks, etc.; water transport structures - navigable Locks, Ship lift and, Lighthouse and, etc.. structures according to the situation of the ship's passage, boats, log launches, etc.; port facilities - Moles, Breakwaters, Piers, moorings, Docks, Ellings, Slips, etc.; ameliorative - main and distribution canals, sluice-regulators on irrigation and drainage systems; fisheries - fish passages, fish elevators, fish ponds, etc.

In a number of cases, general and special structures are combined in one complex, for example, a spillway and a hydroelectric power station building (the so-called combined hydroelectric power station) or other structures to perform several functions simultaneously. In the implementation of water management measures, G. s., United by a common goal and located in one place, make up complexes called units of G. s. or waterworks (See Waterworks). Several hydro units form water management systems, for example, energy, transport, irrigation, etc.

In accordance with their importance for the national economy of G. with. (objects of hydrotechnical construction) in the USSR are divided by capital into 5 classes. The main constants of G. of page belong to the 1st class. hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of more than 1 million kw; to the 2nd - the construction of hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 301 thousand - 1 million cubic meters. kW, structures on super-main inland waterways (for example, on the Volga River, the Volga-Don Canal named after V. I. Lenin, etc.) and structures of river ports with a navigational cargo turnover of more than 3 million conventional t; to the 3rd and 4th classes - construction of hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 300 thousand tons. kW and less, structures on main inland waterways and local routes, structures of river ports with a cargo turnover of 3 million conditional t and less. Temporary G. of page belong to the 5th class. Land reclamation construction objects are also divided into 5 classes according to capital size. Depending on the class in the projects, the degree of reliability of the gas pumping station is assigned, that is, the margins of their strength and stability, the estimated maximum water consumption, the quality of building materials, etc. are established. In addition, according to the capital class of G. s. the volume and composition of survey, design and research work is determined.

Characteristic features of G. of page. are connected with impact on G. of page. water flow, ice, sediment and other factors. This impact can be mechanical (static and hydrodynamic loads, soil suffusion, etc.), physical and chemical (surface abrasion, metal corrosion, concrete leaching), biological (rotting wooden structures, wear of wood by living organisms, etc.). Conditions for the construction of G. s. are complicated by the need to pass through the structures during their construction (usually for several years), the so-called. construction costs of the river, ice, rafted timber, ships, etc. For the construction of G. with. extensive mechanization of construction work is needed. Predominantly monolithic and prefabricated monolithic structures are used, less often prefabricated and typical, which is due to various non-repeating combinations of natural conditions - topographic, geological, hydrological and hydrogeological. The influence of hydrogeological systems, especially water-retaining ones, extends over a vast territory, within which certain areas of land are flooded, the level of groundwater rises, banks collapse, and so on. Therefore, the construction of such structures requires High Quality works and ensuring high reliability of structures, tk. G.'s accidents with. cause serious consequences - human casualties and loss of material values (for example, the accidents of the Malpasse dam in France and the Vayont reservoir in Italy led to human casualties, the destruction of cities, bridges and industrial structures).

G.'s improvement with. associated with the further development of hydraulic engineering (See Hydraulic engineering), especially theoretical and experimental studies of the effect of water on structures and their foundations (hydraulics of flows and structures, filtration), with the study of the behavior of rocky and non-rocky soils as a foundation and as a material for structures (Soil mechanics, Engineering geology) with the development of new types and designs of G. s. (lightweight high-pressure dams, tidal hydropower plants, etc.), requiring less time and money for their construction.

V. N. Pospelov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Hydraulic structures" is in other dictionaries:

hydraulic structures- hydraulic structures: Structures exposed to the aquatic environment, designed to use and protect water resources, prevent the harmful effects of water, including those contaminated with liquid waste, including dams, ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Hydraulic structures- dams, buildings of hydroelectric power plants, spillways, spillways and water outlets, tunnels, canals, pumping stations, shipping locks, ship lifts; structures designed to protect against floods, destruction of the coast and bottom ... ... Official terminology

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

hydraulic structures- Structures designed to use water resources or prevent the harmful effects of water on the environment, for example, a dam, a reservoir. hydraulic structures different types structures (dams, canals, pipelines, ... ... Geography Dictionary

See Hydraulic structures EdwART. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Emergencies Dictionary

Dams, buildings of hydroelectric power plants, spillways, water outlets and water outlets, tunnels, canals, pumping stations, shipping locks, ship lifts; structures designed to protect against floods and coastal destruction ... ... Ecological dictionary

HYDROTECHNICAL STRUCTURES- (care for them) in fish farms systematic inspection of structures, as well as their protection from damage and destruction, carried out by a hydraulic engineer and a fish farmer. Annually G. with. inspects the commission, which makes up the defective ... ... Pond fish farming

Designed for the use of water resources, as well as to combat the destructive effect of the water element. There are hydraulic structures: water-retaining (dams, dams, etc.), water-carrying (canals, pipelines, tunnels, etc.), ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary