Texture of tree species. Wood of various species. Dark woods

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MACLURA(Maclura pomifera) - This tree comes from Central Texas. The wood is extremely durable, stronger than oak. It has a beautiful amber color that becomes luxuriously golden over time. Its fruits are familiar to many who have been to the Caucasus - green, round, rough texture, the size of an apple, inedible. Since ancient times, this durable, flexible wood has been used to make the finest bows.

MACORE(Makore, Abaku) - Grows in Africa.

MARUPA(Simarouba amara). grows in South America. Straw-white wood. The durability is good. Application: parquet, musical instruments, decorative furniture parts, plywood. The wood is very good in cutting and planing, the surface is perfectly polished. Density kg/m3 - 440-500.

MARFIM Amazonas (Planchonella pachycarpa). Grows in South America. Wood color: juicy yellow with brownish-yellow sapwood. Durability is durable. Application: parquet, decorative furniture parts. Good in cutting and planing, the surface is well polished. Products supplied: parquet, veneer, plywood. Density: about 920 kg/m3.

MAHOGONY(TRUE MAHAGONNY) - (Swietenia candollei.) The name "true mahogany" is valid only for varieties growing in Central America. Wood from Africa, which is similar in properties, has other names, in particular, zipo (bot. Entandrophragma utile German, Italian Sipo). The sapwood is light yellow, almost colorless, the mature wood is reddish brown. The texture and structure of wood fibers are very diverse. The wood is durable, very well polished, resistant to external influences. Density: 620 - 650 kg/m3. Hardness: medium

MERBAU- (Intsia palembanica). It grows in Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines). An African breed, very close in properties to the merbau, is the Dussia. Merbau reaches a height of up to 45 meters and, under favorable growing conditions, the diameter can reach 2 meters. On open surfaces, the trunk is short with a branched crown. Trunk up to 15 meters without knots. The main tone of the merbau color is brown, from light to dark brown, in places interspersed with yellow streaks. The wood is very hard, resistant to moisture, and does not dry out very well. Thanks to these properties, merbau is used, in particular, for decking and interior decoration on ships and yachts. AT parquet floors both in its properties and aesthetically, merbau blends very well with oak. During operation, merbau darkens (especially lighter areas), as a result of which the color of the wood is generally evened out. Density: 840 kg/m3. Hardness: 4.1

MERSAVA(Mersava) - Native to Cambodia. It surpasses oak in hardness, which, combined with a relatively low price, makes it a very attractive choice for parquet.

MOvingu- (Distemonantbus bentbamianus.) Origin - Liberia, Nigeria, Gabon, Cameroon. Use as an interline interval for furnish of rooms, furniture, parquet works. Heartwood lemon to yellow with some green or brown. This wood has glossy surface and varnishing is not particularly difficult.

JUNIPER(Juniperus) - Juniper. Its varieties: kara-archa (J. polycarpos) - Indian juniper and saur-archa (J. cemiglobosa) grow in the mountains of Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan in the form of large shrubs or small trees. Juniper is a coniferous shrub, the trunk diameter of which reaches 10 cm. Its strong thin-layer wood is well processed and polished, and has a specific pleasant smell. Wood darkens when exposed to sunlight. Archa, like other junipers, are heartwood with narrow sapwood. The core is brown, the annual layers are wavy, there are no resin passages, core rays are not visible. Juniper wood has a density of 500-700 kg / m2, it is well processed by cutting tools. It can be used to make a pencil board, but it warps a lot; in the mountains it is used for construction. Juniper oil is used in medicine for the treatment of skin and other diseases.

MUIRAKACHAIRA(Astronium lecointei Ducke). Grows in South America. The color of the wood is light brown fading to dark red with darker sapwood. Durability is very durable. Application: flooring, construction of solid structures, outdoor use. The wood is good in cutting and planing, the surface is well polished. Density kg/m3 860.

MUIRAKATIARA(Mouracatiara) - Native to South America.

MUTENIA- (Cuibourtia arnoldiana) grows in tropical West Africa. Mature wood is light brown to olive brown with dark purple hues, shiny and very decorative. Good for making furniture and parquet. Turbidity is relatively hard, resistant to loads and deformations. When dried, it practically does not crack and does not warp. Density: 800 - 900 kg/m3. Hardness: 4.0

OLIVE TREE- (Olea europea) olive family. It grows mainly in southern Europe and close areas of Asia. The sapwood is light brown, darkening somewhat later. Mature wood is yellow-white, sometimes with a reddish tinge, with characteristic irregular dark rays. Olive Tree has a fine texture, very decorative, dense, little subject to drying out. It sands very well and gives a nice smooth surface. Density: 850 - 950 kg/m3. Hardness: about 6.0.

ALDER(Alnus) - Alder. Highest value have sticky alder, or black, (A. glutinosa) - Black alder; gray alder, or white, (A. incana) - Specked alder, growing in the European part of the territory of the CIS countries and in Western Siberia; Siberian alder. Alder is a nuclear-free breed. Its wood is light, soft and viscous. It cuts very well, does not prick when carving, is not brittle, does not crack when dried. Viscous and pliable for processing in all directions, it is used in such critical products as musical instruments: in some types of accordions, all wooden details are made only from alder. Alder burl is especially valuable for artistic products. Fresh cut white, i.e. ordinary, alder (in total, about 15 species of alder grow in our country) quickly turns yellow, up to orange tones, but then the bright yellow color fades, the wood turns gray, although the end remains quite yellow. Dry wood in split and cross section also not a bright yellow color, but under oil or drying oil it again acquires, although not as bright as in a fresh cut, but quite intense, uniform color, which distinguishes it from other types of wood. A characteristic negative property of alder is that it is very poorly drilled (the last place among the known ornamental species). Another drawback of this wood, which is uniform in texture and color in the total mass, is that it often contains core repetitions in the form of longitudinal narrow brown dashes, and sometimes in the form of darker wide inclusions. In sunlight, alder wood loses its orange tint in two to three months, its color becomes similar to the color of aged pine wood. Species signs of alder are as follows. The fruits are woody cones on strong stems 14-18 mm in size, which is especially noticeable in winter. In black alder, the leaf is obovate or round, bluntly chopped off or even having a notch; the trunk (only in black alder) is elongated, straight. Black alder got its name from the black-brown color of the bark with cracks. Flowers with earrings in black alder are formed in autumn and bloom in March. In white (or gray) alder, flowering is two weeks earlier, its leaf is broadly oval, gray-green on the underside, the bark is smooth, gray in old age. White alder wood is slightly lighter and stronger than the yellow-red black alder wood. Density: 420 - 640 kg/cu.m. Hardness: low.

NUT- (Juglas regia), nut family. Grows everywhere. Main regions: Southern Europe, Asia, America. The most common are two types: walnut (J. regia) - European walnut (grows in the Caucasus and Central Asia) and Manchurian walnut (J. mandshurica) - Manchurian walnut (on Far East). By mechanical properties the wood of the Manchurian walnut is significantly inferior to the wood of the walnut. The sapwood is light, mature wood is brown-gray, with darker patches. Depending on the climate and soil, the color and structure of wood change significantly, but it is always very decorative and has long been widely used for interior decoration and furniture manufacturing. Walnut is relatively hard, but fairly easy to process. It is resistant to deformation and cracking during drying. Density: 600 - 650 kg/m3. Hardness: about 5.0.

ORMOSIA(Ormosia) - grows on the island of New Guinea. The tree belongs to the class of rare and valuable breeds, closes the list of such species as ebony and sandalwood. The wood is hard and dense. Brinell hardness: high.

ASPEN(Populus tremula) - Aspen has the second largest footprint among hardwood(1/10 of this area), grows almost everywhere. Aspen is a nuclear-free breed. Wood white color, with a greenish tint; annual layers are poorly visible, medullary rays are not visible. Aspen wood has a homogeneous structure, is easily peeled, impregnated and does not give a very smoky flame (raw materials for the match industry). Used in agriculture(wells, cellars, roofing shingles, etc.), as well as for the production fibreboard, pulp, cardboard, plywood, in wood chemistry and other industries. Application is limited due to heart rot, which is often found in growing trees. Aspen wood is not favored as an ornamental material in the special literature on woodworking: it occupies one of the last places in terms of the percentage of excellent and good quality when processing - planing, milling, turning, drilling. And woodcarvers love aspen, like linden, for its ease of processing, for its light tone, fine fiber texture, and for the fact that it is affordable and even more common than linden. In the handicraft industry, aspen is also "respected" for the fact that it is not afraid of moisture, for its low density. Only Siberian fir and poplar have a density less than that of aspen, while linden has the same density. Therefore, aspen is used to make light toys and dishes. Previously, troughs, tubs, and gangs were made from it. In addition, it does not crack and does not prick from impact. In addition, aspen peels well - shingles are made from it, matches are made. Aspen has another completely unexpected property - a strong increase in strength during exposure. With her lightness! The practice of our ancestors confirms what has been said, although it does not fully reveal all the reasons and secrets. It turns out that the walls of the huts built of aspen many years ago still amaze with their strength, whiteness and purity. The ax bounces off such wood, at best it sticks only shallowly. It is not for nothing that aspen is now used in villages for making shelves and benches in baths, for facing their walls - it is hygienic, bright and clean, is not afraid of moisture, does not warp or crack. It also turns out that experienced villagers make handles and handles for agricultural implements, when the combination of lightness and strength, just from aspen, is worth its weight in gold. Only for this purpose it is necessary to cut down a young aspen in the spring, when the wood is filled with juice, and allow it to dry well in the shade - to dry out. Then it will become both light and strong, like a bone. Obviously, the aspen does not just dry out, some kind of polymerization occurs under the action of the components of its juice. Oral legends say that they did the same with the harvesting of aspen logs for construction, only on each of them two or three grooves were made along the log on the bark so that the wood did not rot during drying, and the necessary juice was preserved in moderation. For the same reasons, when drying an unskinned aspen trunk, some branches were sometimes left on its top, which pulled excess moisture out of the wood. To obtain the ideal aspen wood, its trunks were harvested along with the birth of a son in the family, and it dried up until the son was separated from the family and a house was built for him. The best ax for a carpenter and joiner, as well as for a home craftsman, is also made from well-aged aspen. It is not only light, but it also does not bruise the hand, does not fill corns, which usually happens when working with a birch ax handle, which is polished and slips out of the hands (although it is better to buy an ax handle for an ax for chopping firewood from birch: its fracture strength does not depend slept from the time of year). Another property of aspen, which is a vice in woodworking, deserves attention. This is the presence of a hollow and rot in the middle of large trunks. In terms of shear strength, aspen is similar to linden and surpasses conifers in this, as well as poplar. And in terms of resistance to splitting from impact, it stands next to birch and ash, even ahead of beech, oak, maple, walnut, linden, coniferous trees. This indicates the viscosity of aspen. Aspen is cut elastically, even tight, with effort, but the surface is good in all directions, it is perfectly ground and polished. Taking into account the indicated properties of aspen, it is especially advantageous to use it for crafts with blind carvings, for making complex, one-piece ornaments or such decorations. Let us also mention the famous property of the silvery glow of aspen, which we observe on the roofs of the cathedrals of wooden architecture of the North of our country covered with plowshares (curly carved planks). Any wood that is not protected by varnishes or paints turns gray and gradually collapses and rots. Unpainted aspen also turns gray, but unlike other types of wood, it is more resistant to atmospheric influences and, having acquired its silvery gray color with a metallic tint over several years (according to some sources, for 8-10 years), it retains it for many decades. . By appearance aspen can only be confused with its related poplar (aspen has a second name - trembling poplar). She, like the white poplar, has a smooth greenish-gray bark, brownish at the base, cracked (in old trees). But the aspen leaf, unlike poplar, is ovoid.

PADUK(African Paduk) - (Pterocarpus soyauxii.) Grows in Cameroon, Spanish Guinea, Zaire Nigeria and Angola. Mature wood is coral red, but gradually darkens. The structure of the wood is straight-grained, so it is easily processed. Paduk is very resistant to mechanical loads (pressure) and external influences. Dries easily, but requires slow drying. Density: 750 kg/cu.m. Hardness: 3.8.

PALISANDER- Dalbergia latifolia, Dalbergia javanica. Rosewood is the name of different species that have wood similar in color and structure. Most often, this name is used for black dalbergia wood (Dallbergia nigra) - Rio rosewood. growing in Brazil, and rosewood(D. latifolia) - Indian rosewood (in Southeast Asia). This is a hearty, diffusely vascular hardwood with large vessels. The tree is very large, reaching 25m in height and 1.5m in diameter. Sapwood and mature wood are very different. The sapwood is narrow, grayish-white, sometimes with a pinkish tinge. Mature wood - very dark (dark brown) with lighter longitudinal veins, may have a subtle purple or lilac hue. On the cut, exits of numerous pores (channels) are visible in the form of small black dots or dashes. It is characterized by high hardness and strength, but at the same time it lends itself well to machining, grinding and polishing. It is used for the manufacture of valuable musical instruments (pianos), artistic furniture, typesetting parquet, turning products, etc. Drying rosewood is associated with significant difficulties, because. when this process is accelerated, intense cracking occurs. Density: up to 1000 kg/cu.m.

ASIAN ROSEWOOD(Sonokeling, Rosewood) Grows in South America. Sapwood and mature wood are very different. The sapwood is narrow, grayish-white, sometimes with a pinkish tint. Mature wood - very dark (dark brown) with lighter longitudinal veins, may have a subtle purple or lilac hue. On the cut, exits of numerous pores (channels) are visible in the form of small black dots or dashes. It is characterized by high hardness and strength, but at the same time it lends itself well to machining, grinding and polishing. Brinell hardness: high

PANGA-PANGA It grows in the tropical jungles of East Africa. Mature wood is golden brown to very dark brown with black veins. The structure is large, smooth-fibered, the wood is very decorative. The wood is heavy, resistant to pressure and bending. Its pores contain many mineral and oily substances that make it difficult to process and, in particular, varnishing. Density: 900 - 1000 kg/m3. Hardness: 4.4.

PAU MARFIM(Balfourodendron riedelianum). Grows in South America. The wood is creamy white with light brown sapwood. Durability is durable. It is used in the manufacture of decorative parts of furniture, parquet, plywood, wood paneling. The wood is good in cutting and planing, the surface is well polished. Density kg / m3 - 700.

FEATHER(Aspidosperma populifolium). Grows in South America. The color of the wood is yellow to rose red with purple spots and pale yellow sapwood. Durability is durable. Application: furniture and carpentry, flooring, veneer. Moderately easy to work with, sticks well. Density kg / m3 - 700.

PINCADO- (Xylia dolabriformis). It grows in the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, in many cases in close proximity to teak. The color of the mature wood is generally reddish brown, with dark brown to violet brown veining; during operation, it darkens somewhat. The structure of wood is fine-fibered, twisted, dense. Due to the peculiarities of the structure, pinkado wood is fairly well resistant to deformation (warping), does not split or delaminate during processing. Density: about 950 kg/cu.m. Hardness: high.

FIR(Abies) - Fir. The following species are most common: Siberian fir (A. sibirica) - Siberian fir; white fir (A. nephrolepis); Sakhalin fir (A. sachalinensis); Caucasian fir (A. nordmanniana); European fir, white (A. Alba) - Common silver fir. Fir is a nuclear-free, ripe wood species. The wood is very similar in appearance to spruce wood, but differs in the absence of resin passages. Caucasian and European fir wood has the highest rates. Both types of wood are used in the same way as spruce. The use of other types of fir for the manufacture of some products is not allowed due to the reduced strength of its wood.

PLANET ORIENTAL, plane tree, (Platanus orientalis) - European plane, - the most common type of plane tree, grows in Central Asia, is found in the Caucasus. Heartwood with a wide grayish sapwood, not sharply demarcated from the reddish-brown heartwood. The annual layers are poorly visible, the vessels are small, inconspicuous, the medullary rays are wide, clearly visible in all sections, they form a characteristic texture on the radial section. Sycamore wood is used in furniture production as finishing material, as well as for the manufacture of artistic and household products.

CORK TREE. The breed is deciduous. The sapwood is almost white, vaguely demarcated. The core is white with a slight reddish-brown tint and shine. The softest and lightest of all breeds. Very high porosity. One of the fastest growing breeds. It is used in the manufacture of compensatory thresholds and borders.

PUNICADO(Pyinkado, Plane Xilia) Other names: pyin, pran, pkhay, irul. Grows in Burma, India. Wood. The sapwood is narrow, pale, reddish-white. The core zone is homogeneous, reddish-brown with a few specks or with darkish veins. The wood is dull, with straight, wavy or tangled grains and a medium-sized texture. Due to deposits of resinous substances, the wood is dotted with dark sticky spots. The density of wood in a dry state is on average 990 kg/m3. Strength. Durable, solid wood. Brinell hardness: high

RAMIN- (Gonystylus macrophyllum). The color of the wood is light yellow with light brown sapwood. Resistant durability. Application: parquet, joinery, furniture, stairs. Easy to glue, good for screws and nails, good for cutting and planing, good sanding. Density kg/m3 670

PINK TREE has wood of yellowish-brown or pinkish-brown color with brown stripes and stains; in terms of physical and mechanical properties, it is close to walnut wood; well processed and finished. Used as facing material in mosaic sets. Belongs to rare materials, imitated by light Anatolian (American) walnut.

ROSCHINO(Roxinho, Pearple heart) - Grows in South America. (see Purple heart).

MOUNTAIN ASH(Sorbus aucuparia) - Roman tree. Distributed in the forest zone of Russia. Grows as shrubs and small trees. Heartwood, with broad reddish-white sapwood and reddish-brown heartwood. The annual layers are clearly visible, the vessels are small. The core rays are barely visible in the radial section. Has a characteristic luster. In terms of mechanical properties, rowan wood is somewhat inferior to beech wood. It is used for the manufacture of handles for percussion instruments, turning products. Only well-dried wood is used in business. Young branches are used to produce black paint.

BOXWOOD EVERGREEN(Buxus sempervirens) - European box. It grows on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and in the Crimea. Non-core wood with light yellow, matte, very dense and hard wood; annual layers are narrow, slightly wavy, vessels and medullary rays are imperceptible. In terms of physical and mechanical properties, boxwood wood is close to hornbeam wood. It is used for wind musical instruments, carved and turned art products.

SUNBOW(Sunbau) Native to Southeast Asia. Sunbau is traditionally used to produce very expensive and exclusive furniture. In ancient times, it was used only for the manufacture of ritual items and household items of royal persons. It is not without reason that it is called the "solar tree", it is as if woven from the sun's rays. When you change the viewing angle, the sunbau wood seems to have its own "inner fire", it shimmers with a unique silky-gold light. The density of wood is much greater than oak. Very stable breed with changes in humidity. Brinell hardness: 4.5

SANDAO(Sandao) - Native to Southeast Asia. The wood has a unique silky-gold sheen.

SAPELLI- (Entsndropharagma cylindricum). It grows in equatorial Africa. Sapelli has properties close to true mahogany and their surfaces are very similar. Therefore, it is often used instead of mahogany and is called by the same name or, given one of the local names, zipo-mahogany. The tree is very tall and large, the trunk has an even cylindrical shape. The sapwood and heartwood are distinctly different. The sapwood is wide, can have all shades from white to gray. Mature wood is red-brown with a beautiful golden sheen. The spiral arrangement of the fibers gives the wood a special decorative effect. Good for polishing. Has a tendency to warp when dried. Density: 600 - 650 kg/m3. Hardness: medium.

SEQUOYADENDRON(Sequoiadendron) and sequoia (Sequoia). Each genus has one species. Both grow in California (USA) mainly in nature reserves. Giant sequoiadendron, or mammoth tree (S. giganteum) - Gigant sequoia reaches enormous sizes. There are trees up to 120 m high with a butt diameter of 15 m and an age of 6000 years. Not inferior in size and evergreen sequoia (S. sempervirens), which is bred and grows well on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Sequoia and secoiadendron are coniferous heartwoods with narrow white sapwood. The kernel is light cherry to reddish brown. The annual rings are clearly visible due to the darker and denser latewood. Early wood is loose and soft. It does not have resin ducts, but contains numerous resin cells arranged in vertical rows. The core rays are single row. In terms of physical and mechanical properties, sequoia is quite close to spruce, but surpasses it in resistance to decay. At home, it is used in furniture production, for interior decoration wagons, cabins, in cooling towers, silos, in the construction of bridges, flyovers.

SEREGEYRA(Amburana cearensis). Grows in South America. The color of the wood is yellow to medium brown with a pink tint. Durability is moderate. Application: parquet, decorative furniture parts, used in shipbuilding. The wood is good in cutting and planing, the surface is well polished. Density kg/m3 - 600.

SIPO(Sipo, Utile, Assie) - Grows in Africa.

PLUM- very susceptible to cracking and warping during drying. Hard and durable wood with many multi-colored veins is perfectly pricked and polished. Most often it goes to the manufacture of jewelry and to the relief decoration of furniture. Turned utensils made of plum wood are also highly valued.

PINE(Pinus) - Pine. It occupies about 1/6 of the area of ​​all forests in Russia and neighboring countries. The most common pine (P. sylvestris) - Common pine. It should be noted Crimean pine (P. taurica), the wood of which differs from ordinary pine in high resin productivity. Pine wood has a slightly pinkish heartwood, which becomes brownish-red over time, a wide sapwood from yellowish to color pink, clearly visible annual layers with a clear boundary between early and late wood, rather large and numerous resin canals. Medium-density wood (p12=500 kg/m3), fairly high strength, resistant to decay, well processed. It is used in construction, mechanical engineering, furniture production, railway transport, container production, for fixing mine workings, etc. It is widely used as a raw material for chemical processing in order to obtain cellulose, fodder yeast; pine wood products large quantities are exported.

SOPHORA JAPANESE- (Saphora japonica L.) Moth family - Papilionaceae. Japanese Sophora is a tree up to 25 m high with a dense spreading crown, like white acacia, with smooth green branches and slightly cracked bark covering the trunk. Leaves pinnate, with 11-15 pairs of leaflets; leaflets ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, dark green above, gray-white below, due to the presence of many petiole hairs complex sheet strongly thickened at the base. The flowers are small, yellow, irregular, moth-like in large panicles. The fruits are juicy beans, indehiscent, 6-10 cm long and 1 cm wide, flattened-cylindrical, bead-shaped, with slightly pronounced constrictions between the seeds, green with a yellow stripe along the edge, remain on the tree throughout the winter. Seeds are located in the expanded parts of the bean, up to 1 cm long. Most of seeds do not develop. Blooms in summer. Sophora japonica is native to Japan and China. It is widely cultivated along roads, in gardens, parks in the Crimea, the Caucasus, and Central Asia as an ornamental and phytomeliorative plant.

SUCUPIRA- Bowdichia virgilloides (Diplotropis purpurea) It grows in South America, mainly in the Amazon basin. The sapwood is narrow and almost colorless. Mature wood has beautiful reddish-brown tones interspersed with light or yellowish veins. The wood is very heavy, durable, contains oily substances, and is not damaged by pests. It is processed relatively hard, but it is well ground and polished. Drying must be carried out very slowly, as otherwise, the wood warps. Density: 850-1100 kg/m3 Hardness: 4.1.

TAMARINDO(Dialium guianense). Grows in South America. The color of the wood is brown-orange with dark sapwood. Durability is very durable. Floor covering, building facade decoration, outdoor use, stair construction. Processing is moderately difficult, the surface is polished medium. Density kg / m3 - 1120.

TAUARIE(Couratari oblongifolia). Grows in South America. The color of the wood is light straw with an orange tint and darker sapwood. Durability is durable. It is used to cover the floor, decorative parts of furniture, musical instruments. The wood is good in cutting and planing, the surface is well polished, glued easily. Density kg / m3 - 620.

DARK RED MERANTI- (Shorea pauciflora). The color of the wood is light pink. Good durability. Application: windows, doors, furniture, stairs. It sticks easily, accepts screws and nails well, is good at cutting, planing, grinding. Density kg/m3 650

TIGER TREE(muiracatiara) Unusual breed, has warm color copper with rich texture and contrasting color stripes.

TEAK- (Tectona grandis) Native to India, Indonesia, Burma and the surrounding region, as well as East Africa. The wood is golden brown with dark patches or patches, the texture is well defined, the grain direction is even or slightly wavy. The Burmese variety of wood is more uniform in colour, with few speckles, while in India, especially in Malabar, the mottling of the wood is often abundant. It has a high content of oily substances and therefore practically does not rot and can be preserved under favorable conditions for hundreds of years. Teak lends itself well to all types of mechanical processing. It is very resistant to loads and external influences and therefore has long been used in shipbuilding. Density: 550 - 750 kg/m3. Hardness: 3.5.

YEW(Taxus) - Yew is a very ancient breed. Currently, there are two species: European yew (T. bacata) - Common yew (in the mountain forests of the Caucasus and Crimea) and spiky, Far Eastern yew (T. caspidata) - Japanese yew. Yew wood has a red-brown heartwood and sharply demarcated narrow yellowish-white sapwood. The annual layers are winding, there are no resin passages. Wood has beautiful texture and is valued as a finishing material, high-quality furniture is made from it. Burl wood is used for making handicrafts, sliced ​​veneer. Yew is often used to make carved pieces, but there can be a lot of wastage due to the strong knotting of the wood.

POPLAR(Populus) - Poplar. This genus unites 30 species, including the aspen considered separately. The most widespread are black poplar, or black poplar, (P. nigra) - Black poplar and white poplar (P. alba) - White poplar, growing in the vast territory of the CIS countries. Its wood is very soft, light, its density is even lower than that of linden and aspen. Therefore, poplar is used to make wooden shovels, troughs, dugouts, and plywood. It is a sound rock with white sapwood and a light brown heartwood. It is susceptible to rotting, fungal attack, unstable to splitting from impact. Poplar occupies the last place among the most famous species in terms of the percentage of output of parts of good and excellent quality: when planing (21%), milling (3%), grinding (in this it is slightly better than only linden, which has an indicator of 17%). Worse than poplar, only alder is drilled (it has an indicator of 64%). The only advantage of poplar compared to other species is that it is easy to hammer a nail into it - the wood does not crack. AT this case only willow can compete with him. But screwing screws is easiest in poplar. The most valuable and distinctive quality of poplar (albeit, of some of its species) is the unusually beautiful flat cuts of its butt. Such wood is used for the manufacture of veneer for facing expensive furniture. By the appearance of the trunk and bark, white (or silver) poplar can be confused with its related aspen. But white poplar has different leaves: not round, like aspen, but five-lobed. Black poplar differs markedly from aspen in its dark gray bark with deep longitudinal cracks and triangular or rhombic leaves, wedge-shaped at the end.

TUYA. There are many types of thuja, but how furniture material the one growing in Algeria is especially prized. The liveliness of the paint, the subtlety and elegance of the arrangement of the veins, the soft transitions of tones, the ease of polishing and the glassy sheen - everything in this wood is good and excels. the best varieties mahogany. Particularly beautiful are the brown-pink specks, which, like the skin of a leopard, are dotted with the entire surface, this coloring gives the tree a magnificent original look. All shades and colors retain their liveliness, which should also be counted among the merits of thuja. The color of the wood is indefinite, most often it presents intertwined brown, brown, yellow and red veins.

FERNAMBUK used in the manufacture of mosaics. The most expensive are violin bows and conductor's sticks made from this tree. During storage, fernambuque can change color from yellow with an orange tint to dark cherry or even black. Its wood practically does not rot and, when dry, does not warp. But a tree that has just been cut down dries out, cracks and changes shape. In terms of severity in processing, it is second only to eucalyptus.

PURPLE HEART/ROCHINO(Peltogine spp.). Grows in South America. The color of the wood is violet-purple or deep lilac with creamy white to pinkish-brown sapwood. Application: in turning, furniture production, flooring, facing works, in the construction of bridges, light ships. Processing is moderately difficult, requires little sanding, easy to glue. Durability is very durable. Density kg / m3 - 880.

PISTACHIO(Pistacia) - Pistachio tree. Within the CIS, two species grow: the pistachio tupolistnaya, or keve tree, (P. mutica) - Amblyophyllos pistachio (in Transcaucasia and Crimea) and real pistachio (P. vera) - in Central Asia. Pistachio belongs to the heartwood species with a wide yellowish-white sapwood, sharply limited from the core, which, when freshly cut, has a greenish-brown color. During chamber drying or long-term storage, the kernel becomes reddish-brown. Large vessels are clogged with tills. Small vessels in the late zone of annual layers form oblique lines. The core rays are very narrow, imperceptible. In wood, gum-resin passages pass along the core rays, and there are vertical passages in the bark. The wood is very dense, hard, wear-resistant, difficult to split, oily to the touch. Used in mechanical engineering.

ZEDR. (Cedrus ssp.) Origin - North Africa, Asia, Himalayas. The most famous is Satin Zedr from North Africa. In Europe, the peel grows in parks and artificial plantations. The zest is the longest-lived tree and can be up to 3,000 years old. It is currently used in the manufacture of furniture, but was previously actively used for shipbuilding. The zest has a reddish-light wood, which has a characteristic pungent odor. Its surface treatment is very difficult due to the high resin content, which prevents staining and polishing.

European Championship(Che) - Growing in Southeast Asia, the wood, which is superior in hardness to oak, has an attractive "chocolate" hue.

CHERRIES in appearance it is very similar to cherry, but reaches such a thickness that it can be sawn into boards. Its wood is denser and harder than that of cherry, and therefore its use is preferable. This tree is highly susceptible to wormholes. It's good for the "lungs" furniture sets and individual Art Nouveau items.

EBONY. This trade name combines different breeds with black wood. The most famous Ceylon ebony (Diospyros ebenum) - Ebony, growing in India, Sri Lanka, and African ebony (D. crassiflora), growing in Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Zaire. Ebony is a hearty, diffusely vascular hardwood with narrow white sapwood. The core is glossy black. Annual layers are invisible. The core rays are narrow, not visible on any section. Vessels are small, collected in radial groups 2-3 together; the cavities of the vessels and fibers of the libriform are often filled with accumulations of black nuclei. The density of dry wood of the first botanical species is 1190 kg/m3; the second - 1030 kg/m3. The best Indian and Ceylon ebony produces Diospyros ebenum, which grows in abundance throughout the western plain of Trincomalee in Ceylon. The sapwood is pure white. Only the core is black. Although only the center of the tree is used, logs nearly 1 m (1 to 3 ft) in diameter can be obtained. A significant proportion of East Indian ebony is represented by D. melanoxylon, D. montana and D. quaesita. D. dendo, native to Angola, is a valuable forest tree with very black and hard wood known as Gabonese, Calabar or Niger ebony. American or green ebony produces Brya ebenus, a bean tree or shrub; the wood is a rich dark brown, very heavy, extremely strong, and highly polished. It is used for the manufacture of wind and other instruments, artistic and decorative products, handles, etc.

MULBERRY(mulberry tree) has reddish-brown wood; her sapwood is narrow. When exposed to light, wood darkens over time. It is difficult to process with a cutting tool, it is very well polished. Finds application in turning and mosaic works. The best variety is black mulberry.

EBONY. It grows in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Celebes, Philippines, etc.). Sapwood from pink-gray to light brown, very wide (up to 10 cm). The color of mature wood is from very dark brown to velvety black with characteristic lighter (light brown) longitudinal veins. The wood is very dense and heavy and sinks in water. It is used mainly in artistic parquet floors, in turning works, for the manufacture of woodwind musical instruments, piano keys, and jewelry. Density: over 1000 kg/cu.m. Hardness: very high, over 8.0.

EUCALYPTUS(Eucolyptus grands hill). Eucalyptus trees are native to Australia and Oceania. It grows in Southwestern Australia, Indonesia, Tasmania, Philippines. In the CIS - the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. There are more than 500 species. Among them are giant eucalyptus (E. gigantea) - Alpine ash (up to 150 m high) and spherical eucalyptus (E. pilularis) - Blackbutt. Eucalyptus trees are characterized by a high growth rate. More than 150 species were grown on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Dalrymple's eucalyptus (E. dalrympleana) turned out to be the most frost-resistant. Heart scattered vascular hardwood. The sapwood is light, the heartwood is brown in various shades. Annual layers are visible only on a cross section. Physical and mechanical properties eucalyptus woods depend on the botanical species. In most cases, the density of dry wood is 700-900 kg/m3; wood has high strength and biostability. The wood is good in cutting and planing, the surface is well polished. Density kg / m3 - 580. Eucalyptus wood in its homeland has wide application: used in car building, construction (pillars, sleepers, end bridges, underwater structures); essential oils are obtained from the leaves.

SOUTH AMERICAN CEDAR(Cedrelea spp.). Grows in South America. The color of the wood is dark red-brown with white-gray or pink sapwood. Durability is durable. Application: furniture and joinery production, flooring, facing veneer. Easy to glue, accepts screws and nails well, good at cutting, planing and sanding. Density kg / m3 - 770.

APPLE TREE widely represented both in cultivated and wild condition, in all areas. It has a slightly textured, with slight deviations in tone, pinkish color with redness or browning. Its wood is moderately hard and dense, well finished, polished and processed. cutting tool, however, is strongly warped. In mosaic works, it is used for sets of portraits, landscapes and geometric ornaments. AT carpentry used to make pads hand tools. It is used in the production of expensive furniture, knife plywood, canes. The outgrowths on the trunks of the apple tree (burls and nodules) are used in the manufacture of caskets, cigarette cases, pipes and writing instruments.

SYCAMORE- A variety of common maple. It has a grainy structure, which is appreciated in mosaic works.

JARRA- Eucalyptus. The fast-growing yarra is common in the southeastern part of Western Australia, reaches a height of 30-45 meters and a diameter of 90-150 cm. The trunk is without knots up to a height of 20 meters. Yarra (lat. Jarrah) is the trade name of one of more than 500 varieties of Australian eucalyptus, which is distinguished by a particularly bright color (all honey agarics are red, mainly from strawberry to dark red). Over time, the yarra darkens and its color can take on very different shades. The wood is very hard and durable, resistant to all kinds of pests. It is difficult to process, but it is very well ground and polished. When it dries quickly, it warps, twisting in the direction of the fibers. durable construction timber Jarry is suitable for furniture, floors, and window and door joinery in wet areas. Due to its good fire resistance, yarra is also used to cover railroad platforms. Density: 820 - 850 kg/m3. Hardness: about 6.0.

ASH- (Fraxinus excelsior), oilseed family. It grows mainly in the central part of Europe, although there are American and Japanese varieties of ash. Common ash (F. excelsior) - European ash has the greatest distribution in the middle and southern strip of the European part of the CIS; Manchurian ash (F. mandschurica) - Japanese ash (in the Far East). Ash wood is very dense, hard (heavy), sound. The heartwood is light brown, gradually turning into a wide yellowish-white sapwood. In cross section, light continuous wavy lines are visible along the rings. Ash wood is strong for splitting, but cracks when dried. However, successfully dried ash in handicrafts is resistant to cracking. It is used mainly in the production of sports equipment, in carpentry, furniture and parquet industries in the manufacture of veneer; in car and shipbuilding, as well as in furniture production in the manufacture of veneer. Made from ash stair railing and tool handles. The bark of growing ash is dark gray, with longitudinal cracks. Characteristic species features of ash: seeds with tongue-shaped wings hang in bunches among the branches, which is especially noticeable with the onset of winter; leaves are pinnate with 9-13 oblong leaflets; black buds in winter. It grows in the middle and southern strip of the European part of the CIS, in the Caucasus, in the Crimea. best age for use 80-100 years. Density: on average about 700 kg/cu.m. Hardness: 4.0 - 4.1.

JATOBA(KURBARIL) - (Hymenaea courbaril) Grows in tropical Central and America from Mexico to the Amazon basin. The sapwood is grayish-white, relatively wide, the wood has very beautiful and decorative tones orange-brown to violet-brown. The wood is heavy, strong, hard and relatively elastic. It is difficult to process, but it is ground and polished almost to mirror shine. When grinding, in some cases, the color of the pores of the wood may appear from almost white to yellow-lemon. Drying must be carried out very slowly to avoid cracking. Density: 840 kg/m3. Hardness: 4.4

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Pine- the most common coniferous tree. The color of its wood can be brown, reddish, yellowish and almost white with slight stains of red. best material obtained from those trees that grow on hills, dry hills, sandstones; their annual layers are located close to each other, and the wood has a dense structure. The structure of pine wood growing in humid places is looser. When dry, pine is light and pliable for carpentry work. Along the fibers, it is planed well, across - with difficulty, and sawn across - well, along - badly. Pine wood sticks well. Furniture is made from it (for this they select natural wood with a beautiful, pronounced texture), frames of carpentry structures and structures for facing with sliced ​​veneer of valuable species. Pine is widely used for the manufacture of doors, windows, flooring, etc. Wood is well processed with dyes and varnishes after deresining. Pine is also used for mosaics and carvings.

Spruce softer than pine, but it has a large number of small and medium knots, which makes it difficult to use in responsible carpentry structures. The texture of its wood is inexpressive. Spruce is less moisture resistant than pine, and is more likely to rot, but its wood is not very susceptible to warping, which is positive quality this material. Spruce gets off badly, but sticks together better than pine. It is widely used in mosaic sets due to its knotty texture. In carpentry, it is mainly used for non-critical furniture designs that do not experience heavy loads during operation.

Larch occupies a special place among others conifers. Its wood has a reddish-brownish, sometimes brownish tint and is highly durable (stronger than oak) and moisture resistant. Dry larch wood is processed well, although during long-term processing of parts, the sole of the tool becomes tarred. Larch is little susceptible to warping, but with quick drying internal cracks may occur in the wood of the trunk. For finishing larch, mainly nitrocellulose varnishes are used. The breed is used in carpentry and mosaic work, used for the manufacture of carved products.

Cedar has a whitish-yellow wood with different color shades depending on the place of growth. Cedar wood is no different high density and strength, has resistance to decay, is not very susceptible to wormholes, has a strong specific smell, and pricks well. In carpentry, it is used for products that are not subjected to heavy loads. Polishing of cedar wood is used little, it is finished mainly with wax. Cedar wood, like larch, is well processed by a cutting tool. Cedar - good material for carving.

Juniper- a coniferous shrub, the trunk diameter of which reaches 10 cm. Its strong thin-layer wood is well processed and polished, has a specific pleasant smell. Juniper is used in carpentry to make small parts, when turning, for carving and mosaic work.

Cypress and thuja similar in properties to juniper, but their wood is broader and darker in tone. They are used for small carvings. Cypress does not crack or warp.

Yew has red-brown wood with dark and light veins. The sapwood is light, almost white. Yew wood is strong and hard with a significant number of knots on the trunk. It is almost not exposed to a wormhole and is little sensitive to atmospheric changes. Planed and polished well; looks great, especially black. In carpentry, yew wood finds a variety of uses; it is a good carving material; yew veneer is valued in mosaic work.

Siberian fir It is used on a par with spruce, although it has reduced physical and mechanical properties.

Deciduous species.

The most important in carpentry are not conifers, but hardwoods. Of the variety of hardwoods, oak should be distinguished first of all.

Oak It is characterized by high strength, hardness, resistance to decay, bending ability, beautiful texture and color. On the tangential section, the pores are clearly visible, and on the radial section, large core rays. The sapwood of the oak is clearly separated from the core light tone. Oak wood has sufficient viscosity and is well processed by a cutting tool. After lying in the water for several decades, it acquires a silky dark purple color with a greenish tint (under the "crow's wing"). Its hardness is higher than dry wood, but its brittleness is also higher. Processing bog oak is difficult. Having a lot of tannins, oak wood is well pickled. The bark of a young oak serves as a source of tannins. In a decoction of a mixture of crushed bark and oak trunk shavings, wood of other species is kept and thus saturated with tannins. Soaked in such a broth and saturated with tannins, the wood is well pickled in solutions of metal salts, acquiring the necessary color. Oak wood is widely used for the manufacture of furniture, parquet, arts and crafts, as well as in cooperage. Oak veneer is used for facing low-value species, plywood, chipboard, etc. Oak is used in mosaic work and for large carvings; for small profiles it is inexpressive. Oak wood does not accept alcohol varnishes and varnishes well, but sticks well. Ash wood is similar to oak, although it does not have pronounced core rays. When discolored, it acquires a shade of gray hair. It bends well after steaming. When drying, ash cracks a little; due to its high viscosity and strength, wood is difficult to process. Ash is easily damaged by a wormhole, so its wood is subjected to antiseptic treatment. The sapwood of the ash tree is clearly separated from the core. Its texture is beautiful, brownish-yellow. AT adverse conditions(humidity, dampness) ash quickly rots. Flexible and durable, ash wood is recommended for making home sports equipment - gymnastic walls, gymnastic boards, as well as railings, tool handles, etc. Due to low frictional resistance, ash is not recommended for cutting tool blocks. Ash is poorly polished; requires, like oak, pore-filling. Recommended for ash decorative coating nitro varnishes or waxing. Due to frequent outgrowths on the trunk and a pronounced texture, ash wood is widely used in mosaic work.

Beech has a strong and solid wood; in terms of strength, it is not inferior to oak. In its pure form, beech does not have a pronounced texture, but on tangential and radial cuts, its wood is very beautiful and these decorative qualities it is used when facing furniture with sliced ​​veneer. Beech is hygroscopic, so it is not used for products that are in humid environment. The wood dries quickly and does not crack. Beech is easily pricked, sawn and processed with a cutting tool; bends well when steamed; hard to polish. The use of beech in carpentry is varied: from planer blocks to solid wood furniture. The wood is successfully used in carving, although it has a high hardness, as well as in mosaic work. It is well finished with nitro and polyester varnishes, waxing, dyed in various solutions and bleached.

Hornbeam also called white beech. It has a hard, strong and dense wood of a whitish-gray color. The texture of the hornbeam does not differ in brightness, as, for example, in ash; light dots are scattered on an evenly matte background of its wood. Often this breed has a slanting structure of wood, so the hornbeam is pricked with difficulty. The sapwood does not have a large pinkish color with slight deviations in tone with redness or browning. Its wood is moderately hard and dense, well finished, polished and processed with a cutting tool, but it warps strongly. In mosaic works, it is used for sets of portraits, landscapes and geometric ornaments. In carpentry, it is used to make blocks for hand tools.

Chestnut has several varieties; of these, the most famous are the edible and horse chestnuts. Due to its softness and uniformity, edible chestnut is used in carpentry and carving. In its structure, this breed is somewhat similar to oak and ash, but in the radial section it does not have the luster of core rays characteristic of oak. Horse chestnut is obliquely layered and resembles pine in a grayish color; It has durable wood and thanks to tannins it is well etched in solutions. It is used in carpentry and mosaic work in the form of sliced ​​veneer.

Rowan has a hard, dense, fine-grained wood, which is successfully used for the manufacture of handles for percussion carpentry tools and planer blocks. Only well-dried wood is used in business. The texture of rowan is weakly expressed.

Elm- hard, strong and dense rock, which is well finished and polished. Due to its beautiful texture, its wood is used in mosaics and carpentry, especially in the manufacture of fine furniture. Burls often form on tree trunks, which are widely used as veneers in mosaic sets.

Plane tree and plane tree(eastern plane tree) grow, like elm, in the south of our country. Their core color is brownish-brown. In the radial section, they give a beautiful pattern of wood fibers, which is successfully used in mosaic work. These rocks are moderately hard; processing them with a cutting tool due to the oblique layer is difficult; wood polishes well.

Fruit trees (plum, cherry, cherry, apricot) and some shrubs (lilac, buckthorn, hawthorn, hazel, broom, cotoneaster, barberry, etc.) are used for the manufacture of small joinery. As a rule, their wood is thin-layered, hard, of various color shades - from white-pink to purple in the core parts of the trunks. Wood fruit trees well polished, painted and etched in chemical solutions. Many of the shrubs (barberry, buckthorn, cotoneaster, broom, hawthorn, etc.) are used as dyes. To do this, use their shavings, bark and sawdust.

Teak and rosewood imported as sliced ​​veneer for furniture veneer. Teak has a monotonous texture of a light brownish chocolate color, rosewood has a very beautiful texture with a purple-brown background, along which black and dark brown stripes run. Their narrow sapwood is light yellow. Teak wood is easy to cut, but rosewood is very difficult. These breeds have a specific smell, similar to the smell of dried, prunes. Polyester lacquer does not bond well with them, especially with rosewood, which, more than teak, highlights essential oils accumulating in places with a black tint. Red, ebony (black), lemon wood and some other species are also imported into our country.

The color and luster of wood.

The color palette of wood species has almost all shades of the spectrum, and variations of these shades include countless tonal ratios. One breed can have several dozen.

The color of wood is one of the signs by which one type of wood differs from another. The wood of linden, pine, birch, maple, aspen is light, oak and ash is brown, walnut, teak is brownish, etc. If we compare the wood of pine and oak, we can say that it is light yellow in pine, in oak - gray-brown. But in both cases, the coloring and tannins that are in its cells give the color to the wood. Breeds with warm shades of colors (ocher, brown, red-brown, yellow, orange) are more common, less often with cold shades (green, blue, purple).

Under the influence of atmospheric conditions, the color of wood can change: within each climatic zone, wood of the same species has its own color shade. The color of wood is also affected by light and air: over time, the grain of the wood darkens. So, cut down alder becomes reddish after a while. To a certain extent, the color of the wood is changed by fungal lesions, as well as mineral salts in the ground, the environment of the tree (darkening from the sun), etc. The wood is darker towards the butt, and lighter towards the top. With age, all trees also darken the wood. All this must be taken into account in carpentry and especially mosaic work, where texture and color act as a pictorial element when revealing a plot or image.

The color shades of various species can be classified into main groups, where one color of wood will prevail:

yellow- birch, spruce, linden, aspen, hornbeam, maple, fir, ash (whitish yellow with light shades of pink and red), barberry (lemon yellow), mulberry (golden yellow), hawthorn, Karelian birch, bird cherry (reddish -brownish yellow), ailanthus (pinkish yellow);

brown- cedar, poplar, elm kernel (light brown), beech, larch, alder, pear, plum (reddish-pinkish-brown), chestnut, mountain ash (brown-brown), acacia (yellow-brown), Anatolian walnut (greenish -brown);

brown- cherry (yellowish brown), apple tree (yellowish-pinkish-light brown), apricot, Walnut(light (dark) brown);

red- yew, mahogany;

pink- cherry laurel (yellowish pink), plane tree (dark pink);

orange- buckthorn;

Violet- lilac, privet (core);

black - bog oak, ebony;

greenish- persimmon, pistachio.

Glitter wood- this is its property to reflect the light flux. Different breeds have different luster; to a large extent, this property is manifested in beech, maple, plane trees, white acacia. Poplar, linden, aspen, teak have a matte (satin) sheen; silky - willow, elm, ash, bird cherry; golden - cherry; silver - Siberian cedar; moire - birch, gray maple, laurel cherry.

The brilliance of wood depends not only on the presence and size of the core rays, but also on the nature of their placement along the cuts: the larger the core rays (for example, in oak) and the denser wood, i.e., the more closely the core rays are located (for example, in a maple), the more significant the shine of the wood will be. The distribution of gloss over the surface is not the same and depends on the type of cut: in the radial plane it is stronger, in the transverse plane it is weaker.

Chiaroscuro overflows in some rocks are clearly visible only in the longitudinal section of the trunk, in others - in all sections. They significantly affect the decorative qualities of wood, enhancing or weakening its expressive sound, so the shine of wood is taken into account when compiling mosaic sets.

Determination of wood moisture content.

Humidity is determined using a special device - a moisture meter. There is another way. To determine the moisture content of wood, an alcohol solution of iodine is applied with a brush to a fresh chipped flake from the workpiece. If the tree is harvested in winter (less damp), then the veins will acquire a dark purple hue, if in summer (more damp) - yellowish. However, it is difficult to determine the moisture content of a knotty blank in this way, since the presence of knots will enhance the “sound” of the wood.

The best way to determine the moisture content of wood is by the chips removed from the workpiece with a jointer. The wood will be damp if thin and long chips can be tied into a knot, and dry if the chips break.

The density of wood can be determined by the degree of saturation of its moisture. So to select oak plank High Quality, samples of several boards of the same size are placed in water for several hours, after which they are weighed. The heaviest specimen will be of the lowest quality, since it has absorbed a lot of water, which means that its wood is less dense than the rest.

The juices that the tree feeds on during its growth contain a lot of various salts. When the wood dries, they remain in the pores of the checkered structure of the tree, where, under certain conditions, moisture with air also enters. This contributes to the decay of the material of the blanks. To get rid of salts, workpieces with a load are lowered onto a clean river bottom butt against the current. After a certain time (usually 7-8 months), the water will wash out all the salts from the wood. After drying, the wood becomes very durable, almost does not warp or crack. It should be remembered that not every tree can be freed from salts in this way, since many species rot in a humid environment. Therefore, only those species that are hardy to stay in a humid environment are subject to leaching: oak, pine, alder, yew and some others.