In the 17th century many crafts are developing: textile, mining, leather, construction, woodworking, metallurgy, production of paper, glass, book printing, jewelry, etc. Surface ore (marsh, meadow, lake) is mined, including beyond the Urals and in Western Siberia. In peasant production, the smelting of ore was carried out manually: furs were inflated and reduced iron taken out of the furnace was forged. In water-operating manufactories, this process is mechanized and it becomes possible to obtain pig iron, and during its secondary smelting, high-quality iron. The industry that required the use of technology was salt production. There were salt pans in the central districts, in the Novgorod land, in Pomorie and in the east of the Moscow region. By the end of the century, there were up to 200 salt pans in the salt mines of the Kama region. They, as well as the fur trades of Siberia, the fishing of Murman and the Caspian, mainly hired labor was used.
Gradually, the craft acquires the features of small-scale production. In Yaroslavl, Kazan, Kaluga, the number of handicraft specialties reached 200, and in Moscow - up to 250. Metalworking centers (Pomorye, Serpukhov, Tula), leather production (Yaroslavl, Kazan), woodworking (Kaluga, Vyatka), salt making (Staraya Russa, Sol Kamskaya), etc. At the same time, raw materials could be brought from other regions, which ensured independence from local resources. There is a growth of craft villages, to late XVII in. there were at least 400 of them. Experienced artisans from other cities and foreign specialists were concentrated in Moscow. There were enterprises of the manufactory type - the Cannon Yard, the Mint, the Powder Mill. Kodashevskaya and Khamovnicheskaya settlements represented a type of scattered weaving manufactory.
In the second half of the 17th century, on the basis of the previously existing small-scale production, manufactories continued to emerge and develop. Centralized manufactories functioned in metallurgy (Tula, Kashira, the Urals, Pomorye), shipbuilding, salt production, rope-spinning, leather and silicate production. The presence of semi-finished goods on the market and the steady demand for certain types raw materials in the same area.
The presence of relatively cheap raw materials (ores, wool, flax, leather) created the prerequisites for the emergence of manufactories. In addition to metallurgical enterprises, leather, glass, stationery and other manufactories arose everywhere. When organizing them, it was widely used overseas experience. The Dutchman A. Vinius, who accepted Russian citizenship, built the first water-powered ironworks in Russia. In 1632, he received a royal charter to set up factories near Tula. Here, in relative proximity to the capital, it was planned to melt cast iron and iron, cast guns, boilers, etc. Vinius could not cope with the construction of factories on his own. Therefore, a few years later he organized a company, which included the capital of two other Dutch merchants.
By analogy with the Vinius enterprise, iron-working plants were created a little later in Kashira, in the Olonetsk region, near Voronezh and near Moscow. These factories produced cannons and gun barrels, strip iron, boilers, frying pans, etc.
In the 17th century, the first copper smelters appeared in Russia. Copper ore was found near Salt Kamskaya, where the treasury built the Pyskorsky plant. Subsequently, on the basis of the Pyskorsky ores, the factory of "smelters" of the Tumashev brothers operated.
Most of the work in the manufactories was carried out mainly manually. However, some processes have been mechanized with water engines. Therefore, manufactories were usually built on rivers blocked by dams. As before, especially labor-intensive and cheaply paid work was carried out mainly by ascribed peasants or their own serfs, as was the case, for example, at the ironworks of the tsar's father-in-law I. D. Miloslavsky. So the peasants of this boyar performed excavation engaged in cutting and transporting firewood, etc.
To provide labor to the Tula and Kashira factories, soon after their foundation, the government attributed two palace volosts.
Nevertheless, a decisive role in providing the population industrial products did not belong to manufactories, the number of which even by the end of the 17th century. did not even reach three dozen.
In connection with the growth of market relations in the country, small-scale commodity production has intensified. Ordinary peasant household crafts and urban handicrafts formed the basis of small-scale commodity production.
In Serpukhov, Tula and Tikhvin, local blacksmiths worked not to order, but for the market. Carpenters from Pomorye, organized in artels, offered their services. Yaroslavl weavers and tanners, Moscow furriers and cloth makers also focused on the market. Some commodity producers began to use hired labor, although this was expressed in insignificant volumes.
Seasonal trades, especially in the non-chernozem regions near Moscow and to the north of it, gave the peasants the opportunity to earn extra money during the agricultural off-season. The growth of property and state duties forced the peasants to hire construction works, for salt and other industries as auxiliary workers. A large number of peasants were employed in river transport, where barge haulers were required to pull ships upstream, as well as loaders and ship workers.
Transport and salt production have been greatly developed. This was not only due to the increased demand for transport services and salt, but also because both transportation and salt production were supported primarily by wage labor. Among the barge haulers and ship workers there were many "walking people", as the documents called people who were not associated with a specific place of residence. Free, somewhat criminalized work force predetermined the cheapness of hired labor and, as a result, the receipt of large profits.
The relatively slow but constant enlargement of feudal estates in the 17th century led to an increase in "unplowed peasants", "unplowed bobs". Sometimes such landless or completely landless peasants made up entire villages and villages.
(petty commodity production) (Marxism) - the production of products for the market (goods) by people who own the means of production, but usually do not have the ability to hire workers. From a non-Marxist point of view, such people are independent producers. The term simple commodity production usually means the same thing, sometimes being used in relation to economic activity peasants. There are intense discussions about its applicability to small producers in modern Third World cities. See Commodities and commodity production.
Watch value Small commodity production in other dictionaries
Production Wed.- 1. The social process of creating material goods, covering both the productive forces of society and the production relations of people. 2. Commitment, fulfillment........
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
Non-Commercial Production- - planned production of means of production and consumer goods, based on taking into account the needs and production capabilities of society as a whole and individual ........
Political vocabulary
Public Production- - the process of creating material goods, including consumer goods, necessary for the existence of society. Production is social due to the separation of ........
Political vocabulary
Commodity production- - production of consumer goods for sale. directly related to the existence of commodity-money relations. leads to competition among manufacturers of goods, to ........
Political vocabulary
Automated Integrated Manufacturing— See Integrated Automated Manufacturing
Economic dictionary
Alternative Manufacturing— See alternative production
Economic dictionary
Analytical-Synthetic Production— See Analytical-synthetic production
Economic dictionary
Brigade Production- - production
the process in which
the output of individual commodities cannot be determined separately for each worker.
Economic dictionary
Production Cost Statement — -
list (accounting
document) total, expressed in monetary terms, expenses of associations, enterprises, organizations for
production, provision of ........
Economic dictionary
Statement of Accounting for Production Costs for a Small Enterprise (f. No. B-3) — -
listing for
cost accounting
production and capital investment costs. Contains
data on the type of products (works, services),
........
Economic dictionary
Auxiliary production- Cm.
Auxiliary production
Economic dictionary
Call Production- - judicial
the procedure for restoring rights on lost bearer documents. V.p. is one of the types of special production. In accordance with the Code of Civil Procedure of the RSFSR
........
Economic dictionary
Cost Accounting Tasks- - target settings,
accounting requirements
cost accounting
production, namely: timely, complete and reliable reflection of actual costs ........
Economic dictionary
Work in Progress Construction Costs — -
expenses
contractor at construction sites for unfinished
work carried out in accordance with
contract for
construction.
Economic dictionary
Production Costs- - denominated in monetary terms
expenses for
production of industrial products.
Accounting for s. on the item is organized according to their economically homogeneous types (elements of s. on ........
Economic dictionary
Construction Production Costs — -
expenses construction organizations on the
production of construction products, expressed in monetary terms.
The statistics take these
item costs...
Economic dictionary
Executive Proceedings— - final
stage of civil
process in which forced
rights confirmed
court decision. Judgments are given....
Economic dictionary
Classification of Production Costs — -
grouping the company's costs for
production and sale of products. By various features costs are divided into main and overhead, direct and indirect, ........
Economic dictionary
Classification of Production Cost Accounting Methods — -
grouping methods
cost accounting
production on one or another basis: a) in relation to the technological
process:
custom and alternate methods; ........
Economic dictionary
Cognitive Manufacturing- (from lat cognitio -
investigation, investigation but case) - historically the third
form of legal proceedings in private claims in Roman justice. Originated in
Empire period...
Economic dictionary
Computerized Integrated Manufacturing- - the use of flexible production systems managed by an integrated control system
production.
Economic dictionary
Competitive Production- See competitive production
Economic dictionary
Indirect Production– construction
production and also
the use of "non-production" facilities and equipment for the production of goods and services.
Economic dictionary
Handicraft Production- individual and
small batch production
using manual
labor.
Economic dictionary
Limiting the Issue of Materials to Production — -
system of planned
restrictions on the issuance of materials to workshops, production sites and workplaces for the upcoming
period in accordance with the established ........
Economic dictionary
Manufacturing License- issued by the owner
patent
license for
use of a patented invention in production.
Economic dictionary
Manufactory, Manufactory Production- dominated in Western Europe in the XVI-XVIII centuries.
mode of production and type of enterprises characterized by
division
labor and its cooperation, but while maintaining ........
Economic dictionary
Mass production- production over a long period of the same type of product, type of product, based primarily on the flow principle of production.
Economic dictionary
Material Production- production directly related to the manufacture of material objects, things, material values and the provision of material services (for example, ........
Economic dictionary
Small batch production — -
production of products in small standard batches.
Economic dictionary
Question: What is the difference between handicraft and small-scale production?
The Russian peasant was not only a farmer. For a long time he was engaged in various crafts, which gave him a good income. “We do not live without a craft” - these words were often repeated by the peasants. The opportunity to sell their product on the market in order to feed their families encouraged the peasants to engage in fishing. Sometimes they were engaged not only in families, but also in whole villages. (Today we are familiar with pickled cucumbers from the village of Kholynya, whose inhabitants salt them in barrels, lower them to the bottom of the river, and in the spring they sell crispy ones in the markets of the country). The peasant goods were very popular in the markets and auctions. It was bought by the townspeople, the peasants themselves and any ordinary people. If the product ceased to please the buyers, the artisan quickly improved it, so the product became tenacious and competitive until today.
Question: What ancient specialties are modern today?
(Carpenters, potters, blacksmiths, shoemakers, stove-makers...)
Small-scale production is a system based on the production of small batches of goods intended for sale on the market, work to order.
Exercise: Make a table based on the material of the textbook and map
"Specialization of regions of Russia in small-scale production"
FROM comparison table
Introduction.
Jean Charles Léonard Simond de Sismondi (1773 - 1842) occupies a peculiar place in the history of economic thought. He is the finalist of the classical school in France and at the same time the founder of a new trend known as economic romanticism. Economic romanticism is the ideology of the petty bourgeoisie. It originated in the West during the period of the most rapid development of capitalism after the industrial revolution. Sismondi was the founder of this direction not by chance. France and Switzerland, of which he was a native, were more than half represented by the peasantry and small artisans. The process of their ruin and decay in these countries was especially painful, most of ruined, proletarianized. She joined the ranks of workers or became a beggar in search of bread and work.
Sismondi did not understand the process of formation of capitalism and its results. He dreamed of delaying its development and returning to small-scale production. He saw his task in showing how the state should manage the production and distribution of wealth in the interests of the small producer. He believed that material well-being depends on the state, so there should be no place for free competition and free trade.
The purpose of this work is to find answers to the following questions:
1. What is the Sismondi welfare model?
2. The roots of Sismondi's erroneous judgments.
3. What is the significance of Sismondi's theory in the development of economic thought?
MAIN PROVISIONS OF THE THEORY OF SMALL COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION S.SISMONDI.
Theories of value, capital and income of Simond de Sismondi in the history of economic doctrines occupies a peculiar position. In his economic views, he determines the value of a commodity by labor. Sismondi does not have a doctrine of the dual nature of labor, however, he draws attention to the contradiction between use value and value. Solving the problem of the magnitude of value, he emphasizes that under capitalism this magnitude is reduced to the necessary time, which he characterizes as the time spent under average conditions.
Sismondi correctly interprets money as a necessary product of the development of commodity-money relations and believes that, being a product of labor, they have their own intrinsic value. He sees the difference between paper and credit money. He has remarks about depreciation paper money and characterization of inflation as a result of the overflow of the sphere of circulation with surplus paper money. However, he does not understand the origin of money, their true essence and functions, considering money only as a means of facilitating exchange.
Sismondi more clearly than his predecessors defines profit as the income of the capitalist, which is a deduction from the product of the labor of the worker. He speaks directly of the robbery of the worker under capitalism, emphasizing the exploitative nature of profit. The worker's labor has become capital for the owners. However, he did not clarify the social exploitative nature of capital. It should be noted the inconsistency in the interpretation of the categories of capital by Sismondi. He is dominated by the understanding of capital as "things that come to rest." Sometimes he considers capital as a factor of production, identifying it with the means of production, and linking the accumulation of capital with the virtues of capitalists, their frugality. Proceeding from this characteristic of capital, Sismondi gave the following definition of profit: he reduced it either to the result of the productivity of capital itself, or to a reward for the capitalist's thrift.
Sismondi's theory of reproduction and crises is the basis of his return to the past program. In the chapter "The Formation of Wealth in an Isolated Man", considering the order of satisfaction of needs in Robinsonade, he came to the conclusion that needs drive production. For him, the history of an isolated person is the history of all mankind, the difference is only in quantity. He stated that consumption, both in Robinson and in bourgeois society, dominates production and determines it, thus consumption, and not surplus value, was declared the goal of capitalist production. The society is interested in that labor is regulated by demand, that all goods have a market, and that more than one producer does not suffer. The opposition between the interests of society and individual producers, from his point of view, should be eliminated by the state. "The state must strive for such an order that would provide both poor and rich contentment, joy, peace - such an order in which no one suffers. Sismondi denied the class character of the bourgeois state, suggesting that it could resist large-scale production and make possible a general social harmony The latter can only come with a return to small-scale production, which supposedly ensures the independence of the producer and eliminates the contradictions of capitalism.
Reducing the value of the social product to income, Sismondi states that in order to sell all the goods produced, it is necessary that production fully correspond to the income of society. If production exceeds the amount of the company's income, then the product will not be sold. Thus, he reduces the process of realization to personal consumption. From this he concludes that capitalists cannot make a profit.
According to Sismondi, with the development of capitalism, the domestic market narrows due to two circumstances. The first circumstance - the income of workers is reduced. Because they are superseded by machines that do not present any demand. The income of workers is also reduced for another reason: when hiring workers, capitalists can always hire more accommodating workers from the mass of the unemployed. Consequently, even employed workers are doomed to consume a minimum of means of subsistence, which means that they make less and less demand for goods. Another circumstance is the narrowing of the internal market - the decrease in demand on the part of the capitalists. The latter tend to produce more and more. Part of their income, which they should have used for consumption, they accumulate. As a result, production exceeds the consumption of both workers and capitalists. Part of the social product (part of the "surplus value") remains unrealized. The external market could be the way out. But even it is narrowing, because those countries that were the foreign market for the capitalist countries themselves are embarking on the path of capitalism and the pursuit of the foreign market. The moment is not far off when there will be no external markets for the countries of developed capitalism. Consequently, capitalism cannot develop - crises of overproduction are inherent in it.
Sismondi considered the main cause of crises to be the discrepancy between production and consumption. He states quite clearly that if products are bought with income, then the excess of production over income also means an excess over consumption and must lead to crises. Speaking of these contradictions, he derives crises from insufficient consumption, denying the possibility of crises in the economy of an isolated person (Robinson did not allow production to exceed consumption).
CONCLUSIONS:
1. According to Sismondi, material well-being is possible only with small-scale production, where there is no place for free competition and free trade. Labor is demand driven. Consumption dominates production and determines it. Production is fully consistent with the income of society. All goods are marketable. The state directs production and distributes wealth in the interests of the small producer.
2. For the starting point of his research, Sismondi takes the production and consumption of an isolated person - Robinson. The idealized petty bourgeois exists only in his imagination. He does not see the goal of capitalist production - surplus value. In his understanding, the main goal of capitalism is consumption. He underestimates the progressive role of large-scale machine production, denies the class character of the bourgeois state, and naively assumes that the capitalist state will restrain large production and will achieve general prosperity in the conditions of patriarchal small-scale production. Sismondi denies that crises are a means of restoring economic equilibrium in the development of individual economies and individual states.
3. Although Sismondi interprets the contradiction of capitalism from a petty-bourgeois position, the very formulation of the problems of the contradictions of capitalism and their social consequences was a significant step in the development of economic thought, a serious contribution to political economy. He drew attention to the existence of contradictions between production and consumption, noted the importance of the problems of personal consumption. Since then, criticism of capitalism has become an important branch of political economy.
1. Introduction.
2. General provisions theories of small-scale production, cost and crises.
3. Conclusions.
4. Literature.
Literature:
1. The World History economic thought. Vol.2, ch.4, pp.82-93.
2. Kostyuk V.N. History of Economic Thought. S. 15 -25, M. -Centre.-1997.
3. Zhid Sh., Rist Sh. History of economic doctrines.-M.-Economics, -1995.-p.142-164.
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