The time of bourgeois and coal stokers is gradually coming to an end. And even the most modern industrial boiler houses are forced to make room in front of individual heat points and the ever-increasing demand for wall gas boilers. One of the reasons for this surge in popularitygas wall-mounted boilers - the ability to install them in almost any room, combined with amazing ease of installation and adaptability to any needs and conditions.
To a large extent, the scope of boiler equipment is expanded by the proposed chimney system for them. In addition to the usual atmospheric chimney, which is known to all of us since childhood, coaxial chimneys have appeared, as well as various separate systems.
The smoke exhaust and combustion air supply system is an important part of heating and water heating technology. From correct selection and the installation of a smoke exhaust system largely depends on the service life of your boiler equipment. There is no need to talk about such a factor as safety - carbon monoxide must be removed in a timely manner in compliance with all fire prevention measures. Design errors can affect both the efficiency of a heating system and its performance.
Coaxial and separate smoke exhaust systems are used to remove flue gases from domestic gas boilers with closed camera combustion. They can be used in both individual and multi-apartment residential buildings.
Both of these systems consist of two parts - a chimney and an air duct. The chimney must ensure the complete removal of flue gases from the boiler to the atmosphere, and the air duct must supply the required volume of air for gas combustion. Air intake can be carried out both directly outside the building and indoors, if it complies with necessary requirements and provide adequate ventilation.
- COAXIAL CHIMNEY SYSTEMS FOR WALL BOILERS
The coaxial smoke exhaust system is used to remove flue gases from domestic gas boilers with a closed combustion chamber, where the temperature of the flue gases does not exceed 200 C. A vacuum or overpressure up to 200 Pa.
Coaxial chimneys are usually made with a thickness of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm., Round section. The inner tube is made of aluminium, the outer tube is made of steel or aluminium. Diameter options are most often 60/100 or 80/125. Moreover, the standard size 60/100 is the most common, and 80/125 is used with wall-mounted condensation boilers, or in cases where the chimney system exceeds 4-5 meters.
Almost all elements of the coaxial system are universal - they are suitable for any thermal blocks, regardless of the brand. For example, extensions towall-mounted boilers Vaillant, Buderus , Viessmann, Bosch boilers etc. - completely interchangeable.
An exception is an element that is attached directly to the boiler - this is an angled elbow or a vertical adapter for connecting to the boiler. The corner adapter is used for horizontal wall penetrations, and the vertical adapter for roof penetrations, or where the horizontal passage needs to be mounted a little higher.
Therefore, if you purchase a wall (or roof) passage kit, then you also need to choose it, like the boiler adapter, depending on the manufacturer of your boiler equipment.
FROM outside chimney elements are paintedI am in white. Elements of the coaxial system can also be used in conjunction with elementsseparate chimney system 80/80 .
No additional insulation is required during installation - the minimum distance from combustible materials is 0 mm.
1.1 Calculation of the smoke exhaust system
The calculation of the coaxial smoke exhaust system must be made taking into account the installation location, the characteristics of the boiler and the geometry of the chimney.
When calculating, it is necessary to check the resistance of the chimney, and make sure that for all possible weather conditions and modes of operation of the thermoblock, the discharge at the inlet to the chimney is sufficient to overcome the resistance of the boiler and the chimney itself, and a sufficient supply of air for combustion is also provided.
It should be borne in mind that usually for a diameter of 60/100 the total length of the chimney should not exceed 4.5 meters, and each 90 degree bend reduces it by another 0.5 meters. If a greater length of the structure is required, then you should switch to a separate system, or to coaxial chimney diameter 80/125.
The temperature of the inner surface of the chimney must be at least 0 C. If this condition is not met, during the period negative temperatures, will lead to freezing of condensate inside the chimney, narrowing of the working section and possible emergency shutdown of the boiler. It is also necessary to make sure that the temperature of the inner surface of the chimney in all modes exceeds the dew point temperature in the combustion products.
1.2 Coaxial smoke extraction schemes
1.2.1 Horizontal output via outer wall
This is the most common scheme for building a chimney to a wall-mounted boiler. Due to its simplicity and low cost, it is used in the vast majority of cases.
| Coaxial chimney is displayed horizontally through the outer wall. During installation, it is necessary to ensure a slope of 2-3 degrees from the boiler in order to prevent condensate from entering the device.
For installation, standard basic kits passage through the wall. The kits are selected according to the type (manufacturer) of the wall-mounted boiler. For examplebasic wall pass VAILLANT(art. 303807) or horizontal set BUDERUS (art. no. 7 747 380 027 3) are distinguished by an angle adapter for connecting to the boiler. The rest of the parts are identical and interchangeable. And of course, you can use any extension elements for them, for examplecoaxial pipe extension 60/100 1 meter, or elbow coaxial 60/100 angle 90 .
1.2.2 Vertical passage through the roof
In this case, the chimney is led up from the boiler through the roof of the building. In this case, a vertical adapter is used (it is worn directly on the boiler and each manufacturer has its own, see for exampleVertical coaxial adapter Ø60/100 BOSCH, Buderus) . Further mounted required amount extension pieces, e.g.Pipe coaxial 60/100 2.0 m . Finishes the construction from aboveVertical terminal Ø60/100 for passage through the roof - it provides a tight connection to the roof.
This scheme is usually used in private houses and cottages.
1.2.3 Connecting to a collective chimney
The coaxial chimney is discharged into the collective chimney shaft. Combustion air is supplied from the free space between outer wall mine and a sleeve of a common chimney.
At the same time, careful calculation of both the entire shaft and the chimney sleeve (sectional area, maximum length, distance between devices, etc.) is necessary in order to avoid tipping of the draft from one thermoblock to another.
If such a calculation is difficult, then it is preferable to design a multi-channel collective chimney - when air is taken in through a common space, and combustion products are removed through an individual channel.
Such chimney systems are commonly used for residential heating in apartment buildings.
1.3 Rules for the installation of coaxial chimneys
1.3.1 Vertical section
When designing and installing a vertical passage through the roof, you must be guided by the diagram below.
Chimney height for houses with flat roof must be more than 2.0 m, and if the roof is adjacent to the chimney - at least 0.5 above the adjacent roof.
To prevent condensate from entering the boiler, at the beginning of the section, aCondensate collector coaxial Ø60/100 for straight pipes.
1.3.2 Horizontal section
When installing a horizontal passage through a wall, the following scheme must be observed:
When designing a chimney, it is important to keep its length and number of turns as short as possible. It is advisable to use no more than 3 90° bends, since each of them reduces the allowable length of the chimney by an average of 0.5 meters.
To remove condensate, condensate traps are provided, and the chimney itself is mounted with a slope of 2-3 degrees from the boiler.
O separate systems We will talk about chimneys 80/80 in part 2 of this article.
Virtual particles are an abstraction that arises in the perturbative formalism quantum theory fields.
It turned out that it is usually very difficult to directly solve the equations of a quantum field that interacts with another quantum field. So people came up with this approach, called perturbative quantum field theory. In particle physics (at the same collider), usually, at first, some particles flock from afar (where their interaction with each other is small), somehow interact, and then fly far away (where their interaction is again small). Therefore, people decided that such a process can be described, taking as a basis the theory of free particles that do not interact at all (it is easy to solve such a theory), and then order by order to introduce interaction into such a theory as a small perturbation. That is, to mathematically expand the complete theory into a series in terms of the coupling constant (a characteristic that describes interactions, such as the fine structure constant, for example) in the vicinity of the free theory. This approach is called perturbation theory, or perturbative quantum field theory.
It turned out that when you do this, you get a very clear picture, what you see in the description of the question. The processes of interaction of particles in each order are described as the sum of diagrams, where elementary interactions are at the vertices (which we introduce order by order), and perturbations (particles) of the free quantum field fly between these vertices, but of a slightly different kind than ordinary particles, they differ in that they do not always have E_0 = m c^2 (or, more correctly, E^2 - p^2 c^2 = m^2 c^4). Such internal particles cannot fly out of the diagram, and they are called virtual. In order, accordingly, to get an exact answer in such a formulation of the question, it is necessary to sum up all possible diagrams with all the possible number of vertices that fit the desired process. Realistically, it is sufficient to take the sum of a small number of diagrams that contribute the most.
Since the picture turned out to be very visual, people began to say that the interactions of real particles are their exchange with virtual ones, and in general they reinterpret any process within the framework of these same virtual particles.
This picture is only half right, it is right in that the scattering of particles is carried out through complex interactions of quantum fields with each other. But the virtual particles themselves are not physics, they are a calculation technique certain values. Its advantage is that it works in a very large number of cases. There are other less universal techniques where there are no virtual particles, for example, bootstrap. There are cases when this technique is not applicable, for example, when the coupling constant is too large or there are all sorts of effects that fundamentally do not fall under perturbation theory, for example, instantons. The simplest example of a process where the description through virtual particles does not work is the Schwinger effect, the creation of electron-positron pairs in a strong electric field.
Answering your question specifically, we do not observe a fluctuating vacuum, we observe what will happen if some particles are sent into the vacuum or some objects are placed. In some cases, it makes sense to describe such processes within the framework of perturbation theory, then the process can be visualized as the fact that real particles interact with some virtual ones that have arisen from vacuum. But since, in essence, virtual particles are not even elements of a theory, but a technique for calculating physical quantities in quantum field theory, I don’t think that the question of how many virtual particles are born in vacuum per unit time makes sense.
And it is not explained by virtual particles. Let's take a harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics, it has energy levels, there is a ground state and excited ones. If we draw an analogy with quantum field theory, then the ground state is the vacuum, and the excited states are the states of the quantum field with a certain number of particles. So, the Casimir effect arises solely because of the peculiarities of the vacuum state. The vacuum state in the gap between two plates differs from the vacuum state outside them. As in the case of light between two plates, it must form standing waves, and in the case of photons between two plates, they must have certain wave numbers. It is the same with zero modes, there are fewer vacuum modes in the gap between the plates than outside. This difference results in the Casimir effect. Vacuum modes are not virtual particles, they do not interact with anything by themselves, they do not scatter anything.
The fact that I said that virtual particles are an abstraction does not mean that a quantum field is something very simple, and there cannot be strange effects there. I want to add that I'm not saying something shockingly new right now, it's all there in any textbook on quantum field theory, it's just different from what ends up in popular sources.
Coaxial chimneys for wall-mounted gas boilers in recent times have wide application for modern heating equipment. it perfect solution for a private house in the absence of a chimney in it, as well as for apartment buildings having a common riser for smoke removal.
Simplicity of design and aesthetic appearance do coaxial chimney indispensable for correct operation gas wall-mounted double-circuit or single-circuit boiler. Let's take a closer look at its features, principle of operation, requirements for installation and installation of this design.
Coaxial chimney for gas boiler: what is it and where is it applied
Coaxial chimney is used for heating with forced draft. The boiler itself must be turbocharged, i.e. have a built-in fan for ejection of combustion products. The very concept of "coaxial" means coaxial, i.e. chimney "pipe in pipe". Air flows into the boiler through the outer pipe, and exhaust gases into the atmosphere through the inner pipe.
The diameter of these chimneys is usually 60/100. Its inner tube is 60 mm, and the outer tube is 100 mm. For condensing boilers chimney diameter: 80/125 mm. The material of execution is steel, painted with heat-resistant enamel white color. We look at the standard equipment according to the photo scheme.
There is also such a thing as an insulated coaxial chimney. This is the same coaxial chimney, only its outer pipe is made not of metal, but of plastic. Or the second option: when the inner pipe is slightly longer than the outer one. This is done specifically so that condensation does not form on the outer pipe. This type of chimney is a little more expensive, but not much.
A coaxial chimney can be made up of several elements:
– coaxial pipes (extensions) different lengths from 0.25 m to 2 meters;
- coaxial knee (corner) at 90 or 45 degrees;
- coaxial tee;
- a pipe tip, sometimes an umbrella;
- clamps and gaskets.
Manufacturers of coaxial chimneys for gas boilers
When buying a wall-mounted gas boiler, you will be offered to immediately buy a coaxial pipe for it. In a normal, standard situation, a coaxial kit is sold for horizontal system smoke extractor, which includes: a 90 degree elbow, a 750 mm extension with an outdoor tip, a crimp collar, gaskets and decorative inserts.
If you have a slightly different case, then all other parts and elements can be purchased separately. These elements are universal for almost any manufacturer of wall-mounted gas boilers.
The first element is an exception; it is either the first elbow or the first pipe from the boiler. The fact is that each manufacturer of boilers has its own characteristics of the seat. This applies to branded (native) coaxial chimneys.
But there are times when pipes are not available for a certain brand of boiler or they are very expensive. For example, a branded coaxial kit for a German boiler costs about 70 euros. In such cases, you can consider buying its counterpart.
Analogues of manufacturers of coaxial chimneys
These kits have universal seats, and the holes for mounting the starting elbow (outlet) match those of most manufacturers of gas boilers on the Russian market.
Coaxial chimney "Royal Thermo"
Coaxial chimneys of the company " Royal Thermo» suitable for , Vaillant or Navien. When buying Royal pipes, carefully look at the packaging; on it, at the end, for each brand of boiler, its own article is affixed: “Bx” - Baxi, “V” - Vaillant, “N” - Navien.
Another manufacturer on the market of coaxial pipes and elements for them is the company " Grosseto».
Their chimneys are universal and suitable for boilers of the brands Ariston, Vaillant, Wolf, Baxi, Ferroli, as well as Korean and Korea Star.
The main advantage of universal analogues of coaxial chimneys is their low price. It differs from branded kits by two or even three times.
Installation and installation requirements for a coaxial (coaxial) chimney
The coaxial chimney can be installed in three versions:
— horizontally with an output to the street;
- horizontally with an output to the shaft ( apartment heating);
- vertically with an output to an existing chimney.
The most common way to output a coaxial chimney is the horizontal variant with an output to the street.
Coaxial chimney to the wall
From the diagram above, we see:
1 — coaxial pipe with tip;
2 - knee coaxial;
4 - coaxial pipe (extension);
For correct installation coaxial chimney there are a number of requirements
1. total length the chimney should be no more than 4 meters.
2. Only two turns are allowed, no more than two knees.
3. Minimum distance from the pipe to the ceiling and walls made of non-combustible material should be 0.5 meters.
4. The horizontal section of the pipe should be made with a slight downward slope towards the street.
These must be done so that the resulting condensate does not flow into the boiler, but goes outside.
Separate chimney systems for gas boilers
Another popular way to remove combustion products from turbocharged gas wall-mounted boilers is a separate smoke exhaust system. What is it?
There are cases when, for one reason or another, it is impossible to remove a coaxial chimney. For this, a system was developed, consisting of two separate pipes: one for the emission of gases, the other for air suction into the boiler. See installation diagram.
Separate chimney for the boiler
As a rule, the diameter of such pipes is 80 mm. Execution material — steel. In some cases, the air suction pipe is replaced with a flexible aluminum corrugation, which stretches up to 3 meters.
In order to install a separate chimney on a gas boiler, you need to buy a special adapter - a channel separator. It is installed on top of the mounted boiler and converts the pipe-in-pipe outlet into a separate one, on which the pipes are then mounted.
Some manufacturers, for example, the same Navien, took care of consumers in advance, and produce wall-mounted gas boilers with already installed system for separate pipes. This is a purely Korean version of the boilers, designated under the article "K". A boiler with such a system will have the name "Navien Deluxe-24 K", where 24 is its power in kW.
Installation of a boiler with a separate chimney system
Pipes can be displayed in 3 versions:
- both pipes in one wall;
- both pipes in different walls;
- one pipe into the wall, the second - into the existing chimney.
Which of the methods of smoke removal is suitable for your home should be decided by the design organization. According to specifications, they make up individual project for every home.
It prescribes the design of the gas boiler (floor, wall), its maximum power, as well as which pipes should be installed: separate or you need to buy a coaxial chimney for a gas boiler.
The only thing they can't decide for you is the brand of the boiler. No one can force you to buy a model from a certain manufacturer. Here, the choice is yours alone. Let's watch the video.
What is the difference between a coaxial smoke exhaust system and a separate one. Features of types of smoke exhaust systems.
When installing a heating boiler in the house, of course, you need to take care of the removal of combustion products. This task is rather not simple, but thanks to the use of modern equipment, it is easily solved, and without any special financial costs.
Installation modern look smoke extraction systems are convenient and the fact that it allows simultaneously solving the problem of providing the heating boiler with oxygen. The fact is that during the operation of the boiler a significant amount of oxygen is consumed.
If you take it from inner space rooms, then drafts are created, and the microclimate deteriorates significantly. In addition, the temperature in the room will decrease all the time.
After all, the air from outside will be constantly drawn into the room. The energy of the boiler will be spent on heating it. Thus, it will be practically impossible to protect yourself from the cold.
Therefore, it is best that the air is supplied from the street directly to the heating boiler. This will avoid any interaction with the indoor air, which means that your cold protection system will work as efficiently as possible.
Coaxial view of the fume extraction system
The coaxial smoke extraction system consists of an outer and an inner pipe. Through the inner pipe, the products of combustion (smoke, water vapor, carbon dioxide), due to the traction force of the heating boiler itself, are brought out. And, through the space between the pipes, the air necessary to maintain the combustion process in the boiler enters.
The diameter of the smaller pipe is usually 6 cm, and the larger one is 10 cm. For the operation of small gas boilers, a pipe diameter of 6 cm is sufficient. Therefore, a coaxial smoke extraction system is recommended for use in private homes and small commercial (public) areas.
But still, such equipment is not some one-stop solution, because it has a certain ratio of pluses and minuses.
The advantage of the coaxial smoke extraction system is its low fire hazard. After all, the temperature of the outer pipe is quite low, and the interaction of combustible objects and substances with inner tube practically excluded.
The disadvantages of this smoke removal system include its high cost. In the case of a long chimney, it is more advantageous to use a separate smoke extraction system.
Split view of smoke extraction system
The separate fume extraction system also uses two pipes. Through one pipe, the combustion products are brought out, and through the other, air enters the boiler. Such a smoke extraction system is ideal for powerful boilers. After all, the larger the heating boiler, the more combustion products are formed during its operation.
Advantages of a separate smoke extraction system:
- This system can be used for boilers operating on different form fuels (natural gas, fuel oil, coal, firewood).
- Inexpensive installation.
As a rule, a special room is allocated for powerful boilers, into which oxygen can easily enter both through a special pipe and through the ventilation system.
What is the feature of assembling and installing types of smoke removal systems
For the installation of both smoke extraction systems, straight sections (pipes) and adapters are used. The straight sections of the system are first connected to each other. Then, with the help of special fasteners, they are installed on the walls of the building. If the section is complex, then adapters are used to connect straight sections.
As often happens, having installed a heating boiler at home, we are only then concerned about the problem of removing combustion products. But this is not such an easy task as it seems. Fortunately, modern technical means allow you to quickly solve this problem without much hassle, and with minimal financial costs.
In addition, when burning, the boiler consumes a significant amount of oxygen. If oxygen is taken from the interior of the room, this can create drafts.
In addition to drafts, such a solution to the problem as a whole significantly worsens the microclimate in the room, and greatly lowers the temperature. After all, cold air will be drawn into the room, and to warm it up to room temperature a significant amount of boiler energy will be expended. It also negates the use effective systems protection from the cold.
It will be much more advantageous to supply air from outside the room directly to the boiler without coming into contact with the air inside the room. are able to solve both the problem of smoke and the problem of supplying the boiler with oxygen.
coaxial
Smoke extraction through a coaxial system is the simplest and most inexpensive option, both for private houses and for small public and commercial areas. The system consists of two pipes: one with a larger diameter, the other with a smaller one, laid one inside the other.
Typically, the diameter of a large pipe is 100 mm, and a smaller one is 60. A diameter of 60 mm is sufficient for most small gas boilers. In the case of high power boilers, a thicker pipe is required.
The inner pipe is used to remove combustion products outside interior spaces. Smoke, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, water vapor leaves the room and goes outside, using the traction force of the boiler itself.
The outer pipe serves to provide air access from outside the room to maintain combustion. Actually, the air to feed the boiler enters through the space between the inner and outer pipes.
The coaxial system is less flammable, since the temperature outer pipe low, and the likelihood of contact with the internal flue pipe of combustible objects and substances is small. But the elements of this system are expensive, and if the length of the chimney is large, then it makes sense to use another - a separate smoke exhaust system.
Separate
In a separate smoke exhaust system, two pipes are used - air enters the boiler through one, and combustion products are removed through the other. This system is suitable for larger boilers that produce enough a large number of smoke.
When separate smoke exhaust there are no special restrictions on the type of boiler - both gas and gas boilers can be used solid fuel, and on oil.
This system is relatively inexpensive to install. After all, the boiler is often located in a special room, to ensure the supply of oxygen to which is quite simple.
Here it is more profitable to use two separate pipelines - for air supply and for smoke removal. In addition, conventional elements can be used for air supply. ventilation systems available at any hardware store.
Mounting Features
Both smoke exhaust systems are mounted using standard components: using nozzles and adapters. Branch pipes are straight sections of the system. They are connected to each other, and attached to the walls of the building with the help of special fasteners. Adapters are used in order to ensure the connection of nozzles in difficult areas.
But here, too, everything is not so simple. Adapters use different type: the first is used if the nozzle is bent in horizontal plane, and the second view, if the bend in vertical plane. In addition, adapters are used to pass through combustible floors and some other areas.
The smoke exhaust system must be made collapsible, because during operation there is a need for periodic cleaning of soot.
It should be noted that not all boilers are originally designed for the smoke exhaust system that you plan to use. Some of them will require special adapter adapters that will allow you to switch from coaxial pipes to regular pipes, or vice versa.
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