When working with a tree, it is necessary to take into account its properties. And this applies not only to the properties of wood in general, but also to the properties of its species. The choice of wood type often plays a very important role, although everything ultimately depends on what we are going to do with it and how. In particular, conifers are more suitable for the manufacture of wooden parts of buildings than hardwoods, since softwoods have more correct form trunk and are less prone to rotting.
In addition, wood itself as a material has many useful and important advantages. It simultaneously has a low density and high strength. In terms of the ratio of density and strength, wood can be compared with metals. Wood is quite easy to glue, easily connected with nails, screws, etc. It is well processed and amenable to finishing. Finally, it has a beautiful texture and other highly aesthetic external qualities, which makes it simply indispensable in the manufacture of furniture, musical instruments and different kind art products.
Wood as a material is characterized by a number of qualities that have great importance for those who work or are just starting to work with him. Firstly, these are properties that can be conditionally called external: color, gloss and texture, that is, a pattern that can be seen on wood cuts.
These properties are important because they are widely used for decorative purposes.
Secondly, wood has internal properties, among which one could mention strength, the ability to hold metal mounts etc.
The color of wood is given by the tannins, resinous and coloring substances contained in its cells. The color of wood can be very different - from white to black through yellow, pink, red and brown. With the help of various types of processing (steaming, pickling, toning, etc.), the color of the wood can be improved and corrected. Since the color of the tree, and especially its valuable breeds, has the richest shades, it plays a huge role in the manufacture of furniture, musical instruments, carpentry and art products, for example, when making inlays.
Basically, the color of wood depends on two factors: the place in which the tree grows and its age. So, the wood of species growing in the north is more faded than the wood of southern species. In addition, young trees have a lighter wood color than older ones.
The color of the tree may change under the influence of external factors. In particular, it should be borne in mind that under the influence of air, the color of wood may lose its brightness or, conversely, darken. For example, alder, which is widely used in carpentry and furniture production, changes its color from light pink to dark brown after felling.
There are types of wood, the color of which can be very different. So, for example, walnut wood can have a wide range of colors, from yellow to black. The range of colors in pear is not much less.
If you need wood to be white, it is best to take birch, aspen, linden, hornbeam, maple or spruce. Gray wood has ash, walnut and white acacia kernels. Yellow wood - lemon tree, sapwood of white locust, boxwood and pine. wood Pink colour has beech, apple, pear. Oak, elm, larch, walnut, yew, beech can be used where brown wood is needed. The wood of amaranth and alder has red color, the wood of walnut, apricot, rosewood has dark brown, the wood of walnut, elm, oak and pear has light brown. Finally, in its natural state, ebony has a black color.
If desired, the color of the wood can be changed, which will be discussed below, in the chapter “Finishing wood”.
The beautiful appearance of wood gives shine. Of course, the luster of wood can be enhanced (by polishing, varnishing, waxing, etc.). However, not all types of wood have the same luster initially, and this depends primarily on the structure of the wood. The wood of white acacia, oak, plane tree, elm, beech, maple shines especially strongly. The most “matte” wood species are aspen, linden and poplar.
Drawing (texture) is one of the most valuable properties tree. There is even a concept - "decorative value of a tree", and it is determined primarily by drawing. The texture depends on the width of the growth rings, the difference in color between the heartwood (kernel) and younger outer layers (sapwood), the presence or absence of large vessels and medullary rays, and the arrangement of the fibers.
When working with wood, keep in mind that the nature of the texture depends on the direction in which the wood is cut.
The saw cut of a tree is transverse (end), radial and tangential. With a transverse cut, the cut runs perpendicular to the axis of the trunk, and the growth rings form straight lines. With a radial cut, the cut passes through the core of the trunk; growth rings on such a cut are in the form of circles. A tangential (or tangential) cut is formed when the cut line forms an acute angle with the axis of the trunk. A tangential cut gives curvy lines.
Hardwoods give beautiful drawing on the radial and tangential sections, conifers - on the tangential section.
Depending on the type of wood and some other factors, the following types of texture are distinguished according to the features of the pattern:
A dashed, or finely speckled, pattern is characterized by small uniform strokes. It is obtained by cutting the core rays of beech, plane trees, oak;
The moire pattern is formed on a radial cut of wavy birch, mahogany and gray maple and looks like stripes;
The striped pattern is inherent in mahogany, softwood, walnut and rosewood on a radial section of the trunk. It looks like an alternation of light and dark stripes, sometimes narrow, sometimes wide. Wood with such a pattern is used, as a rule, when making large mosaic sets;
A wavy pattern is visible on a radial section of an ash and birch trunk. Usually it is obtained by special processing - peeling with a cutting tool. It looks very nice on large planes;
The V-shaped pattern is a pattern on a tangential section, formed by stripes diverging from the base. It is used when performing plot sets in mosaics, in the manufacture of furniture, etc. It is characterized by oak, ash, walnut and coniferous wood. In principle, it can be found on all species with different coloration of early and late wood;
A curvilinear pattern is formed as a result of a curvature of the trunk or the formation of a build-up on a tree. Visible on a tangential section. Its variety is the shell pattern, which is found in the forks of the branches of elm, ash and some other species. It got its name because of the specific pattern resembling a shell and consisting of spots and tangled lines;
The leaf-like pattern is visible on the tangential section and is characterized by irregularly shaped lines;
The "bird's eye" pattern is formed from unsprouted buds under the bark of ash, Ukrainian poplar and Karelian birch and is a combination of lines and spots. It is a kind of knotty pattern.
A beautiful look to wood can also be given by various defects of the tree, especially knots. This is one of those cases when a disadvantage becomes a virtue - naturally, in the hands of a skilled carver, who will almost always be able to effectively beat one or another defect of the material.
The wood of some species (birch, aspen, etc.) throughout the entire thickness of the trunk has the same structure, similar to the structure of sapwood, and therefore its color is even. The difference in color is typical for conifers. Of the hardwoods, the most beautiful texture possess those in which annual rings are pronounced and core rays(oak, maple, beech, elm, sycamore, etc.).
Curl (wavy and tangled arrangement of fibers along the axis of the trunk) and oblique (helical, or spiral, arrangement of fibers) also make the cut of the tree very beautiful. However, since these properties of wood make the wood less durable and more difficult to process, curly wood is used mainly in decoration.
The texture can be emphasized with transparent varnishes.
The strength of wood is determined by the type of wood, density, humidity, the presence of defects and the direction of the acting load. The most noticeable effect on the strength of wood is exerted by bound moisture, that is, the moisture that impregnates the cell membranes. As the amount of bound moisture increases, the strength of the wood decreases. When the amount of moisture passes the limit of hygroscopicity (30%), the humidity ceases to affect the strength of the wood.
When working with wood, you should also take into account its moisture content. Moisture in wood can be free or bound. A feature of free moisture is that it evaporates from wood very easily. It is enough to remember that a tree that gets wet in the rain dries out quickly enough, literally in a few hours. Bound moisture, on the contrary, evaporates slowly, and in order to dry the tree without resorting to help special technologies may take several years. In addition, the practical value of the difference between free and bound moisture lies in the fact that when the first evaporates, only the weight of the tree changes, and when the second evaporates, its volume changes. The last process, that is, a decrease in the volume of wood during the evaporation of bound moisture, is called shrinkage. The decrease in the volume of wood during its drying is not the same in different directions. Along the fibers, the average shrinkage volume is measured at 1 mm per meter of length. Across the fibers from the bark to the core, during shrinkage, the thickness of the tree can decrease by 3-5%, and across the fibers along the circumference of annual rings - 6-10%, that is, by 3-5 cm and 6-10 cm per meter, respectively. When performing work that does not require great precision, shrinkage does not play any role, but in some cases it can be important.
According to the value of the coefficient of volumetric shrinkage, Russian tree species can be divided into three groups:
low drying (spruce, fir, cedar, white poplar, etc.);
medium-drying (oak, elm, beech, aspen, ash, black poplar, small-leaved linden, etc.);
strongly drying (a maple, hornbeam, Siberian and Dahurian larches, weeping and white birches).
When drying a tree, it should also be taken into account that moisture evaporates from the tree unevenly. First, moisture evaporates from the outer layers, and then from the inner ones. Such uneven evaporation of moisture leads to the fact that internal stress arises in the wood, stretching it on the surface and compressing it inside, as a result of which cracks may appear on the tree. Internal stresses are stored in the already dried material and cause changes in the size and shape of parts during the mechanical processing of wood. Residual stresses can be removed by lightly moistening the surface of the wood with water.
Hardness is the ability of wood to resist penetration into it. solids. According to the degree of hardness, wood species can be divided into three groups:
soft (pine, spruce, cedar, fir, aspen, linden, alder, poplar); solid (birch, beech, elm, Siberian larch, ash, elm, elm, maple, apple tree); very hard (hornbeam, dogwood, boxwood, white acacia, iron birch).
Separately, we should dwell on the so-called technological properties of wood. These include the ability of wood to hold metal fasteners, its resistance to wear, the ability of wood to bend, and the resistance of wood to splitting. We will focus only on the first two of them.
When driving a nail or screwing a screw into the wood perpendicular to the fibers, the latter partially break and partially bend. The more pressure that is exerted on the nail or screw by the fibers that envelop them, the stronger they are held in the tree. The ability of wood to retain metal fasteners is closely related to its density and moisture content. So, the greater the density of wood, the higher the resistance to pulling out a nail or screw. Moisture makes it easier to drive nails into wood, and dry wood holds nails much worse than wet wood.
The wear resistance of wood is its ability to resist destruction in the process of friction. Here, again, several patterns can be mentioned: wood wears out more on the side than on the end; the greater the hardness and density of wood, the less its wear; Wet wood is more prone to wear.
Wood species
There are two large groups tree species: coniferous and deciduous. Coniferous species include pine, spruce, cedar, larch, fir, juniper. Hardwoods include oak, ash, elm, elm, birch, aspen, alder, linden, beech, walnut, hornbeam, maple, pear, boxwood, mountain ash. In a separate group in materials science, the so-called foreign rocks are distinguished: sequoia, mahogany, ebony, rosewood, etc.
Pine is one of the most common and available types of wood in Russia. The most common species is Scots pine. Pine has a straight trunk, and therefore is a convenient material for construction. The pine growing in the northern forests is distinguished by the greatest straightness of the trunk. The use of pine in construction also has its high causticity. Among its other properties, one can note dense and durable wood, a core heavily impregnated with resin, due to which pine wood is little susceptible to decay. Pine wood is light, which, combined with strength, is a very good quality.
The early wood of the pine is yellowish-white (from 20 to 80 annual layers wide), differs sharply from the reddish-brown wood of the core.
Pine is widely used in the manufacture of various crafts.
Pine has properties that should be paid attention to by those who are going to work with it, and in particular by those who are going to do wood carving. Pine wood is very prickly and, in addition, has a fairly pronounced striped texture. These two properties of pine significantly limit its use in carving crafts: it is best used when making large elements.
As a rule, pine cuts and saws well, especially if there is little resin in the pine. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that when it dries, its causticity increases, and it becomes more difficult to cut it. Since pine wood is not homogeneous (pine growth rings are separated from each other by wood with resin canals), it is not well suited for small items and crafts. It is better to use pine in massive carvings with a large pattern, for example, in house carvings.
Spruce for the most part of its characteristics resembles pine. It is also one of the most common and affordable breeds. However, the wood was eaten lighter, it has more knots. The knots are located at a right angle, and therefore have a round shape on a tangential section. Knots are sometimes so hard that they can break the tool. It contains less resin, as a result of which spruce rots faster. Due to the gnariness, spruce wood is much more difficult to process. In addition, the following distinguishing features can be noted spruce wood: Compared to pine, spruce darkens more slowly, although its final tone is the same as pine. Freshly planed spruce wood is slightly lighter than pine wood. In contrast to pine wood, late wood of spruce has the appearance of a light brown stripe, which gradually turns into yellowish early wood.
The spruce growing in the north is better in quality than the spruce growing in the south. The same can be said about pine.
Spruces are very beautiful, but they are very rare.
In our forests, you can find two types of cedar: Siberian cedar and Korean cedar. According to its characteristics, cedar is somewhat inferior to pine. However, from the point of view of resistance, against rotting and cracking, cedar turns out to be a more advantageous breed. Cedar lends itself well to processing.
Cedar wood has a pinkish tinge. The late wood is yellowish-pink in color, gradually changing into the early wood, without a sharp contrast. Annual rings are different in all sections. Cedar has a very beautiful texture. It is used in carved sculpture and in the manufacture of other carved and turned products.
Larch wood has high physical and mechanical properties. Its strength is about a third greater than that of pine. Because of this, it is an indispensable material in construction. Larch flooring can last for many years, and it is difficult to find a wood superior to larch here. In addition, larch is not very susceptible to decay. Larch is also used in furniture production because it has a rather beautiful texture.
Larch wood has a brownish tinge. The sapwood is narrow, about 15-20 annual layers wide. The core is different dark color; the transition to sapwood is abrupt. The texture of larch looks good after varnishing. It is often used to make veneer for furniture finishing.
Larch wood is processed very well and is the best suited for the manufacture of long products.
Tische is one of the rarest breeds. Its wood differs in durability, hardness and high weight. Wood is not very susceptible to decay and can be processed well.
The sapwood is yellow and narrow, the heartwood is red-brown. Annual rings have a sinuous shape, thin, but clearly visible on all sections.
Oak has a strong and dense wood, which is even less prone to decay than pine, and has a beautiful texture and color. The core is yellowish brown or dark brown. The sapwood is narrow, differing sharply in color from the heartwood. Annual layers on cross section visible very well.
Oak wood splits easily. Most often, oak is used in decoration (parquet, doors, window frames), as well as in carpentry, furniture and plywood production.
The wood of the so-called winter oak is more valued, which grows in the south and sheds its leaves not in autumn, but in winter. A feature of this variety of oak is that its acorns hang directly on the branches. This kind of oak is good to use in the manufacture of parquet and furniture. If acorns hang on petioles, then this is the so-called spring oak, which is inferior to winter oak in a number of qualities.
You can check the quality of oak wood as follows. Take a few small pieces of wood from different boards or logs, weighed, and then lowered into the water. After a few hours, the oak pieces are taken out and weighed. The best will be the oak that has absorbed less water. This old method, used for a very long time, is very reliable.
Oak wood is poorly polished, but it is well stained and varnished. Processing oak does not require much effort.
Particularly valued is the so-called bog oak, which, from a long stay in the water, has acquired dark color. The value of bog oak is determined by the fact that it can only be discovered by chance, and the process of oak darkening itself is very slow, which makes it pointless to deliberately soak it in water. The color of bog oak can range from green-brown to black. Bog oak less durable than regular oak and less workable.
Ash wood is characterized by high strength and toughness, is not prone to cracking and has a beautiful texture. The core has a light brown color; sapwood is wide, yellowish-brown, gradually passes into the core. The annual layers are clearly visible. Virtually does not dry out, but quickly rots on outdoors. Due to the ease of processing, and also because of the high ability to bend, elm is widely used in the manufacture of furniture, sports equipment (skis, oars, tennis rackets). It is good to use ash in the manufacture of doors. In addition, ash lends itself well to staining.
Find application and quite often come across ash growths with different colors.
Elm has a heavy and durable wood. Like ash wood, elm wood has characteristics similar to oak wood. Its wood is very hard and difficult to split. It is mainly used in mechanical engineering and joinery and furniture production. It is also used where special strength is required during shocks and impacts.
The wood of old elms has a dirty pink color, dotted with many veins and strokes.
Karagach is a tree species with a narrow yellow-brown sapwood and a brown heartwood. Due to its beautiful texture, elm wood is especially valued in furniture and plywood production. The nucleus is reddish-brown. The sapwood is yellowish-white, narrow and distinct from the heartwood.
Birch has a white wood with a yellowish or reddish tinge. One of the lightest woods. Very well processed. Since large pieces of birch are prone to warping, it is best used for making smaller pieces. Birch dries quite badly, although often when drying a log can crack only from the end. It must be remembered that birch wood rots easily.
Birch wood is widely used in walnut, mahogany, maple imitations. After staining and polishing, its surface acquires a very beautiful appearance.
Karelian birch is especially valued, which has a sinuous arrangement of wood fibers, which is why its texture can be very beautiful and unusual. It is still not known for sure whether the Karelian birch is special kind, or is it a disease of the tree. Used for furniture finishing. It must be remembered that the Karelian birch is under the protection of the state. Naturally, this makes the Karelian birch practically inaccessible to an ordinary carver.
close external properties has a cap, not only birch. Cap is a growth on a tree. The burl is especially beautiful in rocks with a multi-colored wood texture. It is used for finishing wooden products, but also for the manufacture of various kinds of carved handicrafts, especially in combination with contrasting, according to external characteristics, breeds.
Aspen after storage in a felled form has white wood, with a slightly pronounced greenish tint. The annual layers are poorly distinguished, the core rays are practically invisible. Aspen is used mainly for the manufacture of toys, dishes, in the match industry, etc. Compared, for example, with linden wood, its wood is more fragile. It is well processed, well pricked and gets off. When dried, it does not warp and practically does not crack. In terms of resistance to abrasion, it is practically not inferior to oak.
Alder wood is white, but quickly turns red in the air; however, this color fades fairly soon. The intensity of the color after varnishing is partially restored. It is soft and light. Positive traits alder - ease of processing: it is well processed in all types of manual processing, does not crumble and dries easily. Alder wood is viscous, has an average density. It is widely used in imitations of walnut and mahogany. Like oak, it does not rot in water. Widely used in various types threads.
Linden has a light, soft wood of a homogeneous structure, which is well cut and cracks and warps a little. It is believed that linden wood is the softest. Linden wood is white, with a slight pinkish tint; annual rings are poorly distinguished. Since linden wood deforms little over time, it is used in the manufacture of drawing boards, pencils, toys, wooden utensils etc. Can be used in the manufacture of furniture, and here you need to keep in mind that wood looks best under white polish. It is an indispensable material in wood carving, as it is suitable for the manufacture of products of any kind. Especially good for those who are just starting to work in woodcarving.
The best wood is given by the southern linden.
Maple has many varieties, of which the most common is Norway maple, field maple and white maple (sycamore). Basically, maple wood is white - with a yellow or red tint, heavy, durable, hard and dense. Texture is weak. The wood contains a lot of sparkles, which gives it a beautiful silky look. Since maple wood is practically not subject to cross-grain, it is very easy to saw, plan and chop. Maple wood is well processed, finished, polished and painted. For this reason, it is often used when making imitations of acacia and boxwood. The use of maple is quite wide: it is used in the manufacture of furniture, musical instruments. Blocks for planers and jointers are also made from it. In addition, some types of maple are used in furniture decoration. It is good to use maple for woodcarving.
The maple influx is very beautiful, but it is extremely rare, and therefore expensive.
The pear has a hard, heavy, well-workable wood; well polished. Often it is used to imitate ebony and mahogany, tinted with kraplak or ink. However, it is better to use a pear when imitating under ebony because their similarity is very great. And in a sense, the use of pear is better, because it is much stronger than ebony. When carving pear, you need to be very careful, as its wood is easily pricked. Since pear wood does not warp, it is an indispensable material for making appliances.
The wood most commonly used is derived from the wild pear, as the orchard pear is rarely thick enough to be sawn into planks.
Apple wood can be used in joinery and carvings. The color of the wood is pink, with bright red veins. Since the tree is prone to warping, it must be used dry.
Beech wood is very durable, has a reddish-white color and a beautiful fine texture, with dark lines on the tangential section. On a longitudinal section, brown core rays are easily distinguishable, which makes it easy to distinguish beech from other types of wood. Beech absorbs a lot of moisture, swells and warps a lot, and is prone to decay. For this reason, beech products should be varnished to protect them from damage.
Beech is widely used in the manufacture of furniture, primarily bent, parquet, drawing accessories, carpentry tool cases.
Walnut (Caucasian) walnut has wood with a beautiful color and texture, quite heavy, durable and hard. Especially appreciated in plywood and furniture production, as it is easily processed and well polished. Freshly cut walnut wood is light, but then gradually darkens, turning brown. It is widely used in the decoration of premises, furniture, carvings, parts of hunting rifles. How older tree the more beautiful its wood.
The wood of the hornbeam, or white beech, is heavy, hard, but warps and cracks when it dries. It cuts well only when raw. Dry wood does not cut well, so it takes a lot of effort. It has a grayish-white wood with winding growth rings, clearly visible in the cross section. In other cases, annual rings differ poorly. It is successfully used in imitations of ebony, as well as in the manufacture of tools (squares, planes, thicknesses, etc.). In furniture production, little is used, since hornbeam wood is ugly and too heavy.
Rare and valuable wood boxwood has great strength and is considered one of the most durable species. The density can be compared with the bone. It is used for the manufacture of musical instruments, buttons, carvings, openwork and high relief inserts, engraving boards, etc. When engraving on boxwood, the line is thin and even, which has a very good effect on the quality of engravings. Has a pleasant yellow sometimes with a grayish tint.
Sequoia has a narrow white sapwood and a fairly wide red or brown heartwood. In its main characteristics, it is similar to spruce, but is less prone to decay. Sequoia wood is widely used in furniture production and interior decoration.
Mahogany is a common name for a large number of tree species, the wood of which has a red color of various shades. The acajou tree, which gave the name to all these species, plays in the light: when the direction of lighting changes, the tree seems to sparkle and shimmer.
Since kakazhu practically does not warp or crack, and is also well polished, it is used in the production of high-quality furniture and in interior decoration in carriages and passenger cabins.
Under the name ebony, black-colored woods appear in the world wood trade. The most famous and the best among them is the ebony tree, which grows in India. This name is rather arbitrary, since ebony wood can be brown. It is used for the manufacture of wind instruments, piano keys and in the decoration of furniture.
Rosewood wood is heavy, dries out a little, lends itself well to polishing. Has a light yellow color; the color of the core is red-brown. It is used in the production of furniture, keyboard musical instruments, parquet, etc.
Wood defects
The defects of wood are such damages that entail changes in its appearance, the integrity of tissues, the correctness of its structure and, as a result, the deterioration of its quality and a decrease in the possibilities of its use. Mechanical damage wood are called defects.
Knots are the most common wood defect. The disadvantages of knotted wood are as follows: the appearance deteriorates, machining is difficult, strength decreases (when stretched along the fibers and bending). The degree of knotiness of wood must be taken into account when performing joinery and carpentry work.
In addition to healthy knots, rotten knots can also come across on wood. Depending on the degree of rotting, such knots are divided into rotten (rotten struck less than 1/3 knot), rotten (rotted at least 1/3 knot) and tobacco (rotten wood was partially or completely replaced by loose brown or whitish mass). It should be borne in mind that rotten knots not only reduce the strength of the wood, but can also be the cause of the gradual decay of the entire wooden workpiece.
Depending on the shape, number, size and causes of occurrence, several types of cracks are distinguished (Fig. 5). Metic is internal longitudinal cracks extending from the core. Such cracks appear in the tree when it has not yet been cut down, and after cutting, as it dries, they increase.
Frost cracks (frost cracks) also occur in a growing tree, as can be seen from the specific growths of wood and bark. Such cracks can pass through the entire assortment. This must be taken into account, since the ends of the crack can be located in different planes, and therefore, the crack itself can be curved, “not flat”.
Fracture cracks (thorn cracks) are called cracks that form between the annual layers. These cracks also occur in a growing tree and enlarge as the tree dries.
Shrinkage cracks are cracks that appear in an already cut tree during the drying process. Their appearance is due to stresses inside the wood. Shrinkage cracks are somewhat smaller in size than the cracks listed above, however, they can reach a length of one meter.
Among the defects in the shape of the trunk, it should be noted that it is bevelled, outgrowths and curvature.
Tapering refers to a decrease in the diameter of the trunk to its top or upper cut, exceeding 1 cm per 1 lin. m. Tapering increases the amount of waste in the processing of lumber and reduces their strength. The latter occurs because when sawing materials along the fibers, the integrity of a significant part of them is violated.
Outgrowth - a thickening of the trunk, which has a curly wood. Growths form on all types of wood, but are most often found on hardwoods. Wood processing due to growths becomes more complicated. However, the growths have a very beautiful texture, and therefore can be used in the decoration of furniture and art products, primarily as a facing veneer. The growths of elm, walnut and elm are of the greatest value.
Curvature is the curvature of the tree along the axis. The curvature of roundwood increases the amount of waste during their processing, and also leads to the fact that in the sawn products and veneer there is a radial slope of the fibers.
Defects in the structure of wood, as a rule, also make it difficult to process and make wood practically unsuitable for carpentry. At the same time, defects in the structure of wood have a certain decorative value. In other words, we are again faced with the same situation: a disadvantage, depending on the type of work and its goals, can often turn into a positive quality.
We will focus on such vices as pilosity, inclination of the fibers, curl, resin pocket. There are other vices as well. Those wishing to learn more about them, we refer to the special literature.
Tortuosity is a tortuous or disorderly arrangement of wood fibers, due to which the strength of wood decreases during bending, compression and tension.
The grain slope is a non-parallel arrangement of wood fibers with respect to its axis. With the so-called tangential inclination of the fibers, the resin passages, core rays, and also cracks in the tree turn out to be twisted, as it were, and do not go strictly along the log. The tangential inclination of the fibers is the cause of increased shrinkage and warping of the wood.
A curl is a local curvature of the annual layers, usually due to the presence of knots.
The resin pocket is a resin-filled cavity inside the annual layer. This wood defect is found in conifers, most often in spruce. It negatively affects the appearance of wood, its strength, ability to bond, and also interferes with its front finish.
When wood is damaged by fungi, it begins to rot or changes its color. It should be noted that not all fungal infections very dangerous for wood. So, there are fungal infections that change only the color of the wood; they do not affect the mechanical properties of wood, but spoil its appearance and increase water permeability, and can also destroy adhesives and varnishes. Consequently, a number of fungal infections pose a danger primarily to the appearance of wood and wood products. However, in a significant number of cases, a change in color indicates the beginning of decay. Rotten wood is not suitable for use.
The fungus can affect both a growing tree and felled wood.
It must be remembered that wood affected by the fungus is a dangerous source of infection. Therefore, it is recommended to carefully examine the wood before folding it for storage.
The danger of wood damage by insects threatens mainly freshly cut wood. However, insects can also damage dry wood in products.
wood materials
As a result of wood processing, a large number of materials and products are used in various industries. The totality of these materials and products is called forest products. Wood products used in joinery and carpentry are only a group within forest products.
Wood products are divided into roundwood, sawnwood, composite wood products and modified wood.
Round timber includes whips, that is, trunks of fallen trees without a root part, cleared of branches. In the process of bucking, the whip is divided into two parts. The upper part of the trunk, called firewood, is further used as fuel. Bottom part(so-called industrial wood) is a raw material that is further subjected to chemical or mechanical processing.
As a result of bucking business wood receive logs, ridges and churaks. Logs are used in a round form, as a rule, for the production of lumber. The ridges are intended for the production of special products (for the manufacture of sleepers, containers, plywood, skis, etc.). Churaki are pieces of ridge intended for processing on machine tools; they must have strictly defined dimensions.
Lumber is mechanically processed wood. They are obtained from logs. Timber on the basis of their size and shape is divided into bars, bars, boards and obapol.
The bars are logs with sawn sides. Depending on the number of sawn sides, they speak of two-edged, three-edged and four-edged bars. The thickness and width of the bars is at least 100 mm.
The thickness of the bars is not more than 100 mm, and the width is not more than 200 mm.
The boards have the same thickness as the bars, but their width is at least 200 mm.
Boards and bars can be edged, unedged and one-sided edged. For unedged lumber, the edges (that is, the longitudinal narrow sides) are not propylene or partially propylene, and the amount of wane (non-cut) exceeds acceptable standards. At edged lumber All four sides are propylene. unilateral edged boards have one sawn edge.
Planed boards are flat-planed (with flat edges), tongue-and-groove and with a figured surface. Tongue-and-groove boards have a tongue (groove) on one side, and a comb on the other side that is inserted into the tongue of the adjacent board. Boards with a curly surface, in addition to tongue and groove, have tracks.
There are also core, central and side boards. This distinction has immediate practical value, since it takes into account not only the location of materials in the log, but also their quality. The point is that the two are closely related. As a rule, there are most knots in the core boards, which significantly reduces the quality and strength of the wood. Very often, cracks form in the core of growing trees. The wood of the central boards is less prone to cracking, since all the annual layers in them are cut. Side boards are made from a part of the whip located between central boards and mountain-billy obopolom. These boards are of the highest quality.
Obapol are the side parts of the log obtained after the manufacture of the beams. A distinction is made between a slab-shaped obapol, that is, an obapol with a cut on one side, and a plank obapol, in which one side is sawn, and the other is only partially propylene.
Softwood lumber is produced in lengths from 1 to 6.5 m, and hardwood - from 0.5 to 6.5 m. Thick and thin lumber are distinguished by thickness: the thickness of thin lumber does not exceed 32 mm; the rest of the lumber is considered thick.
to compositional wood materials include: plywood, plywood boards, joinery boards, fibreboards and particle boards.
Plywood is thin material in the form of a sheet. Plywood is a layered material obtained by gluing sheets of veneer, and the veneer can be either sliced or peeled. Sliced veneer is obtained by planing wood across the grain. Peeled veneer is produced in the form of sheets using special peeling machines: thin sheets wood. Sliced veneer is usually only faced with plywood and boards for various purposes; It is also used in furniture upholstery. Sliced veneer is usually made from precious woods (oak, walnut, pear, etc.). This is due to the fact that sliced veneer, unlike peeled veneer, has a beautiful texture.
Depending on the number of layers, three-, five- and multilayer plywood is distinguished. As a rule, plywood consists of an odd number of layers.
Compared to ordinary lumber, plywood has a number of valuable advantages. It warps and cracks a little, since the amount of shrinkage and swelling is much less than that of ordinary wood. In all directions, it has almost equal strength. In addition, there are no through cracks in plywood, and its sheets are large. The disadvantage of plywood is that under the influence of moisture, its outer layers can warp and crack.
Plywood can be unsanded or sanded, both on one side and on both sides.
When purchasing plywood, you need to pay attention to the fact that the plywood sheets are glued firmly and without bubbles. The plywood should not delaminate when bent.
As already mentioned, in the manufacture of furniture, plywood lined with sliced veneer is often used. Other types of treated plywood are also used for the same purpose: decorative plywood lined with a film coating and bakelized plywood, which is glued from veneer and treated with synthetic resins. Bakelized plywood is very beautiful. But since it is too hard and therefore poorly processed, it is not suitable for manual processing. In addition, there is also birch aviation plywood. Plywood boards, characterized by a mutually perpendicular arrangement of fibers of adjacent layers of veneer, are used mainly in car building and agricultural engineering.
The blockboard is a shield consisting of narrow laths, glued on both sides with peeled veneer. Plate boards are made of coniferous, soft hardwood or birch. Reiki house shield made of wood of the same species. Joiner's plates are used in the manufacture of furniture, as well as in the performance of various carpentry works.
Fibreboards consist of wood fibers with additives special formulations. They are produced from wood waste by thermal, chemical and mechanical processing of wood chips and crushed wood. Fibreboards are commonly used as building material or plywood substitute. In construction, they are mainly used for thermal insulation and in the manufacture of some interior components.
Solid fibreboard in almost all cases, thin plywood is successfully replaced. Compared to plywood, hardboards have much greater moisture resistance, do not warp at all and are well painted without pre-treatment of the surface. In carpentry, hardwood-fiber boards finished with plastic are mainly used. They are very good to use for the manufacture of doors and side walls (for example, for all kinds of cabinets, etc.). Wood fiber boards should be cut with a fine-toothed saw; rags formed after sawing can be removed by sanding the edges of the part.
Fibreboards can be painted. Such boards are used for finishing rooms and interiors of wagons, buses, etc. Sound-absorbing wood-fiber boards are also specially produced.
Chipboards are produced by pressing from cut shavings, waste and sawdust.
Optical properties of wood
Birches belong to non-core species, that is, to species in which sapwood and heartwood have same color. The wood is light, yellowish white, pinkish to light brown, with a slight silky sheen. Older trees may form a false core of yellowish red or Brown color. Annual rings are clearly expressed by narrow bands of late growth. The fibers are sparse, small or medium in size, with scattered pores. Birch wood is characterized by reddish-brown spots.
The drooping birch has two growth characteristics that are considered especially valuable:
Physical Properties
At high humidity, without special protection, birch wood is easily affected by fungi and quickly rots.
The properties of the wood of the drooping birch and the fluffy birch are very similar. The downy birch wood is somewhat finer-grained, heavier and more viscous.
Application
Birch enters the market in the form of round timber, sawn timber, as sliced or peeled veneer, and as plywood. In Germany, this wood does not find significant use as a working wood compared to other types of wood, unlike Russia, the Baltic and Scandinavian countries, in Finland, for example, the value of this wood is comparable to that of beech wood in Germany. Birch is mainly processed into peeled veneer and plywood, and is also used as solid wood and sliced veneer for furniture. Along with the even-fiber variety, veneer with a wavy or patterned pattern is especially readily used for furniture. With these varieties of this wood, more valuable types of wood such as walnut, cherry or mahogany can be imitated. Birch is also used for the manufacture of parquet.
Birch is willingly used for turning and woodcarving. Sports spears and discs are made from it. In the manufacture of musical instruments, piano hammer holders and guitar bodies are made from it. Birch wood is used in the copper refining process in the recovery phase. Since it is odorless, it is used to make barrels for food products, for example, for storage.
The choice of wood for artwork due to a number of features. Depending on the characteristics of the material and the type of work to be done, the carver determines which wood he needs.
All trees and shrubs are divided into coniferous and deciduous. Conifers have scaly or lamellar needles, their wood (except for juniper, spruce and yew) is riddled with resin passages. Almost all conifers change their needles once every three years, and only larch does this every year.
Deciduous species (except subtropical evergreens) shed their foliage annually - lamellar leaves of various shapes.
Hardwood has no resin passages, but there are vessels that are part of the sap-carrying system. There are trees in which these vessels are clearly visible on the protected end. Such breeds are called large-vessel. They are divided into ring-vascular (elm, oak, edible chestnut, ash, elm, etc.) and diffuse-vascular (persimmon, Walnut).
Most of those growing in middle lane tree species are small-vascular. These are birch, aspen, poplar, willow, apple tree, mountain ash, alder, maple, etc.
Hardwood species stand out among hardwoods: pear, maple, beech, hornbeam, walnut. The hard small-vascular species also include rocks growing in the southern zone: lemon, boxwood, white locust, yew, tangerine.
To choose desired material, to find out whether it will be suitable for this type of work, you need to know what properties this or that breed has. For example, soft conifers are not suitable for embossed and small flat-relief carving. Fine carving against the background of a colorful texture, which is an ornament in itself, will simply “get lost”.
In addition, in conifers, the density of the early and late layers of wood varies, and it is not so easy to drive the cutter evenly. Interferes with processing and resinous wood. Most often, conifers are used to create monumental works.
Linden wood, white with a pink or slightly reddish tint, belongs to soft non-core species. The annual layers are not very clearly visible on all sections, the core rays are also poorly distinguishable. On the transverse section, they look like thin shiny lines, on the radial they are darkish spots. The wood is light and ductile and therefore excellent for fine carving. It lends itself well to sawing, processing with a cutter, and is easily painted.
When dried, linden wood dries out and warps a lot.
The bast of the old bark is used for the production of paper, carpentry, carved and turned products.
Such soft hardwoods as alder, aspen, poplar have similar properties.
Alder wood is a soft wood. It lends itself well to cutting tools, is easily polished, does not create difficulties during pressing and impregnation, but it is not so easy to drill it. The main characteristics are lightness, toughness, relative strength and pliability. Alder wood does not crack when dried and does not splinter during carving.
When cut, the wood quickly turns yellow, often acquiring a bright orange tint. Gradually, the color fades, becomes grayish. After coating with drying oil or oil, it acquires a uniform intense color that distinguishes it from other breeds. Under the influence of sunlight, alder wood loses its orange hue in 2-3 months and becomes similar in appearance to pine wood.
A significant drawback of alder wood is the core inclusions of a dark brown color, which violate its uniform texture and color. Moreover, the longitudinal lines can be both narrow and rather wide.
A detailed examination of the alder structure shows that there is no division into sapwood and heartwood. The outlines of the annual layers are winding, blurry and almost imperceptible. One annual layer is separated from another by a thin dark strip, denser than the rest of the wood. The edging is located along the entire length of the outer boundary of the layer. Numerous vessels are barely visible to the naked eye, their location tends to be radial.
Alder wood is used to make musical instruments and decorative items. Alder burl is especially valuable in artistic terms.
Aspen wood belongs to non-nuclear species. It has a homogeneous structure, due to which it is easily cut in all directions, easily peeled, split into even parts, well impregnated various formulations, firmly absorbs paint. Its main characteristics are lightness, elasticity and high strength, which increases with time. Young aspen, cut down in the spring during the days of juice filling and dried in the air (without direct sunlight), acquires bone strength. Aspen wood is not afraid of moisture, does not warp or crack when dried.
On the cut, the wood is light, almost white, with a slight greenish tint. Over time, it becomes gray and acquires the famous silvery glow, which is famous for the roofs of the northern monuments of ancient architecture. Possessing high resistance to weathering, aspen wood, even without special coatings, retains its natural look for decades.
The texture of this wood is fine. The annual layers are poorly distinguishable, but more noticeable than in birch. On a radial section, you can see the core rays, which are narrow shiny strokes.
Due to its properties, aspen wood has a wide range of uses. It is ideal for making dishes, toys and household items. Aspen-handled tools are extremely convenient to use, as they are highly durable, lightweight and avoid the formation of corns (unlike birch).
The ease of grinding and polishing makes it possible to use wood for making whole-cut ornaments of particular complexity, jewelry and handicrafts with blind carvings.
The main disadvantage is heart rot, often found in aspen stemwood. This complicates woodworking (turning, drilling, etc.) and makes the percentage of part yield low.
Soft poplar wood has a whitish or light brown sapwood and a heartwood of various colors - from yellow to dark brown. Wide growth rings are clearly defined, but the vessels are almost indistinguishable. Most often they evenly cover the growth rings, but sometimes they are radial rows.
The surface of the radial cut is slightly shiny, the vessels on it look like small grooves. The core rays are thin and almost invisible on any of the sections.
Poplar is well processed with cutting tools, although not as freely as linden, because the cutter is a little stuck in the wood.
Widely used as an ornamental material.
Ash wood belongs to the heartwood species. It is characterized by high strength, elasticity and durability. Easily processed with cutting tools, easily polished, but needs to be filled in when finishing. Woodcarvers highly appreciate her for her beautiful drawing.
On the cut, the wood core is painted in a light brown color, gradually turning into yellowish-white in the sapwood area.
The texture of the wood is ring-porous, along the rings there are well-marked wavy lines. The vessels are thick-walled, interspersed with numerous narrow medullary rays. Ash wood is used to make furniture, parquet and stair railings. The main disadvantage of ash is the duration of the drying process and the frequent formation of cracks. Cracking of finished crafts can be avoided if all drying rules are followed.
Quince wood belongs to the number of nuclear-free species. It is easy to process cutting tool, easy to polish, suitable for all kinds. The texture of the wood is light. Quince wood is characterized by moderate strength, does not crack during drying. The main disadvantage is poor resistance to decay.
There is no visible division into heartwood and sapwood, growth rings are not visible to the naked eye. Fibrous vessels are scattered throughout the wood web. The vessels are of the same type, differing in the length of the segments.
On the cut, the wood is painted in a light yellow color, often with a pinkish tinge.
The beautiful pattern makes it one of the favorite materials for small carvings or handicrafts.
Birch belongs to sapwood. Its wood is painted White color with a yellowish or slight reddish tint. The coloration is uniform over the entire section of the trunk. Annual rings are poorly distinguishable in all sections. FROM outside growth rings, you can see a thin strip - the late part of the annual layer of wood. It is darker than the earlier part. The annual layers are not wide, their boundaries are clearly visible in the transverse section.
Evenly scattered small vessels are visible on the transverse section; on the longitudinal section, the vessels are almost indistinguishable, but if you look at them through a magnifying glass, they are small touches. Narrow core rays are practically invisible on the tangential and end sections, but on the radial they are visible as short strokes and dots. Due to the core rays, the longitudinal surfaces of the birch appear shiny. The core rays crossed by the vessels are bent, and when they cross the growth rings they expand.
Birch wood is perfectly machined and cut well. It is easy to grind on a lathe.
Wood with heartwood and sapwood. The sapwood is yellow, light yellow or whitish, the heartwood is brownish or dark brown, may have a greenish or brown tint. Annual rings are clearly visible. The wood is diffusely vascular, sometimes with slightly pronounced annular vascularity. Hard, but well processed, so it is often used for finishing works and manufacturing decorative crafts.
Oak wood is very durable, resistant and heavy, it dries well. It has many core rays. The core is colored brown with a grayish-green tint. In the widest part of the spring wood one can notice large vessels scattered in places.
Wood is easily processed with cutting tools, well painted and finished with varnish.
Hawthorn
Reddish or pink wood with a dark heartwood and clearly visible annual rings. Easily processed with almost any cutting tool, lends itself well to staining and varnishing.
Suitable for carving and turning products. Due to its strength, it is often used to create handles for percussion instruments.
Wood with heartwood and sapwood, annual layers are clearly visible on all cuts. The sapwood is yellow-white, the heartwood is yellowish-brown. The chestnut bark is smooth. The medullary rays are thin and not noticeable in the transverse section.
Chestnut wood is slightly softer and lighter than oak. It is easily processed with cutting tools, perfectly polished and retains its external finish for a long time.
Yellowish (sometimes with a reddish tinge), without gloss, beech wood has a false core, painted in a reddish-brown color. Annual layers and broad rays are clearly visible on all sections. Narrow rays can be seen only on the end section.
The wood has a colorful texture and has physical and mechanical properties similar to those of oak, birch and ash.
It dries well, dries quickly, but may warp slightly. Cracks if not dried properly. Hard and rather heavy, well processed and easily pricked. Among the advantages are flexibility and plasticity, one of the disadvantages is instability in relation to putrefactive processes.
Carvers should remember that beech core is poorly impregnated, but can be easily sawn and finished.
Sapwood with no visible core. Wood without gloss, uniform grayish-white color. Annual layers are clearly visible due to the sinuous contours. Vessels cannot be seen without the help of a magnifying glass. On the radial section, dim core rays can be seen.
Hornbeam wood is hard and durable. It is processed with difficulty, but it is well painted. Imitations of ebony are sometimes made from it.
Wood with a colorful texture, gray-brown or brown-brown heartwood with uneven darkish veins. There are specimens of different colors - from very light to yellowish-gray. When artificially dried, the wood acquires a dark gray tint. The sapwood is grayish-brown, wide. Vessels and annual layers are clearly visible on all sections.
The wood is heavy and hard, well processed by all cutting tools. Easily painted, varnished and polished.
It has a reddish-brown heartwood and grayish sapwood. False core rays give the wood a silvery sheen. The annual layers and small vessels are almost invisible, but the medullary rays are wide and visible on all sections. On a radial cut, the rays form a pattern that is characteristic only for plane trees.
The wood is heavy and does not rot. Dries well but shrinks a little.
It is easily processed, amenable to sawing, but it is very poorly impregnated with dyes.
Sycamore wood is used for carpentry and turning products, as well as for artistic and decorative work.
Juniper
Heartwood with a grayish or reddish-brown heartwood and pink-white narrow sapwood.
The wood has a slight sheen, a beautiful texture, and a very pleasant smell. It has good mechanical properties, strength and durability. Perfectly lends itself to any kind of mechanical processing. Used for turning products. Since ancient times, toys, canes, chess pieces have been cut out of it.
Heartwood, with orange-brown or dark brown heartwood and whitish-yellow sapwood. Dries well. The wood is not very strong and moderately resistant. Easily machined with cutting tools, perfectly polished. Used for turning and threaded products.
Sea buckthorn
Heartwood ring-vascular rock, has a brownish-yellow heartwood and light yellow sapwood. Annual rings and strokes are clearly visible on all sections, narrow core rays are almost invisible.
It dries well, is not subject to warping and cracking. Possesses the high durability, hardness, resistance in relation to rotting. Not bad processed with cutters-knives, beautifully varnished and polished. Sea buckthorn wood is used mainly for carpentry, turning and carving.
Holly Holly
White wood with a greenish or grayish tint. Without a visible core, it has a fine and fairly even texture. The fibers are arranged in a disorder, so it is not so easy to process holly wood. This can only be done with tools with very sharp cutting edges, using a cutting angle of no more than 20 °.
It is well painted and polished, well glued. It is often used as an imitation of boxwood, and when tinted - ebony. It goes to the manufacture of turning products, decorative crafts, inlays, mosaics, engraving boards.
Eucalyptus
This tree is native to Australia and Oceania. Eucalyptus also grows in the Philippines, Indonesia, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
The plant includes about 500 species in its genus, the most common and well-known of which are giant eucalyptus and spherical eucalyptus.
On the territory of Russia, the most frost-resistant Dalrymple eucalyptus is most often found - a breed with a light sapwood and a brown core, which has high strength and biostability.
Eucalyptus wood is suitable for cutting, planing, its surface is easy to grind.
The name "yarra" is the trade name for a variety of Australian eucalyptus. The wood of this breed is distinguished by a bright color - from strawberry to dark red. Over time, wood can take on a wide variety of shades. Yarra is hard, strong and resistant to pests and fire, polishes and grinds well, but is rather difficult to process, and also warps, twisting in the direction of the fibers.
Yarra wood can be used to make floors, furniture, and decorative and artistic items.
rosewood
The name "palisander" combines different species that have wood similar in structure and color. Most often, rosewood is called black dalbergia wood, which grows in Brazil, or rosewood, whose homeland is Southeast Asia.
Rosewood is a sound diffuse vascular hardwood. hallmark of this wood is the presence of large vessels. Rosewood has serious differences between sapwood and mature wood: sapwood is usually grayish-white, sometimes with a pinkish tinge, narrow; mature wood is dark brown with light longitudinal veins, sometimes there is a lilac or purple hue.
Rosewood wood is durable and hard, and can be easily cut, sanded and polished. Drying wood of this species is often problematic - due to the acceleration of the process, numerous cracks may appear.
Yew wood has sinuous annual layers, a narrow yellowish-white sapwood and a reddish-brown heartwood. The texture of the wood of this species is very beautiful, therefore it is highly valued as a finishing material. Furniture is made from it, and burl wood can be used to make sliced veneers and various crafts.
The only disadvantage of wood is a large number of waste due to knotty.
Pine wood is widely used in construction, furniture production, etc. It has a pinkish heartwood, well-defined annual layers, a wide yellowish to pink sapwood and numerous resin canals.
Pine wood is quite dense and durable, moreover, it is resistant to decay and easy to process.
Pistachio
The wood of this species is distinguished by a wide yellowish-white sapwood delimited from the core, almost imperceptible core rays and a core, which, when logged, has a greenish-brown color, and after some time acquires a reddish-brown color.
Pistachio wood is very dense and wear-resistant, difficult to split, oily to the touch.
Ebony
Under the name "ebony" are combined different species that have black wood.
The wood of these species is distinguished by inconspicuous annual rings, narrow white sapwood and a glossy black heartwood. Most often, ebony is used for the manufacture of musical instruments and items for artistic and decorative purposes.
Mulberry
Mulberry is also known as Mulberry tree” and is distinguished by a reddish-brown wood darkening with time with a narrow sapwood. Can be used for mosaic work. It is difficult to process with a cutting tool, but it is well polished.
The wood of this breed is similar to cherry wood, but differs from it in greater density and hardness. Its disadvantages include susceptibility to a wormhole.
Furnambuc
The wood of this tree changes color from yellowish-orange to dark cherry or black when stored.
Fernambuco wood is considered an expensive material and is used to make violin bows and conductor's baton. It does not rot, does not warp in dry form, but is difficult to process, subject to severe drying, cracking and changing shape.
This breed is native to East Africa, Burma, India and Indonesia. Teak wood has a golden brown color with dark blotches, a well-defined texture and a smooth or slightly wavy grain direction.
The wood of this species almost does not rot due to the high content of oily substances, is resistant to external influences and loads, and is easy to process.
The plant grows in Cameroon, Nigeria, Gabon and Liberia. The wood of this species is distinguished by a lemon-colored heartwood with the addition of brown or green and a glossy surface. Moving wood is used for the manufacture of furniture, veneer and parquet work.
Mountain ash
Rowan is a heartwood with almost invisible heartwood, a broad reddish-white sapwood and a reddish-brown heartwood. The wood is used to make turnery.
Sandalwood
The name "sandalwood" combines wood species intended for various crafts and giving a black, blue or red color. The wood of white and yellow sandalwood is aromatic and used in carpentry, medicine and in the production of perfumery.
Olive Tree
The wood of this breed is dense, practically not subject to drying out, has a fine texture, light brown sapwood, which becomes darker with time. Mature wood is yellow-white, sometimes with a red tint and irregular dark rays. Wood olive tree It has smooth surface and is easy to process.
sequoiadendron
The breed is sound, coniferous, the wood of which is distinguished by a narrow white sapwood and a heartwood from light cherry to reddish brown. Due to the fact that the late wood is denser and darker, the annual layers are clearly visible. Early wood is soft and friable, has no resin passages.
By mechanical properties sequoiadendron is close to spruce, but differs from it in greater resistance to decay. This wood species is widely used in North America which is her home.
The tree comes from Central America, characterized by grayish-white, fairly wide sapwood and orange-brown to purple-brown wood.
The wood is dense, heavy, durable, elastic, easily sanded and polished, but difficult to process. When sanding, a color change to almost white or lemon yellow can be achieved. During the acceleration of the drying process, numerous cracks can form.
The wood of this breed is perfect for making jewelry or turned utensils. It is distinguished by hardness, strength and the presence of many multi-colored veins that look quite decorative. The disadvantage of this wood is the susceptibility to warping and cracking during drying.
Trees of this genus grow in Equatorial Africa. Wood with a wide sapwood from white to gray. Mature wood is red-brown in color with a golden sheen. Decorativeness is given to it by spirally arranged fibers. It is subject to warping during drying, it lends itself well to polishing.
The wood of this breed is used for the manufacture of musical instruments, carvings and turning products. Similar to hornbeam wood in terms of mechanical properties.
The wood is light yellow in color, matt, dense, hard, with narrow, slightly wavy annual layers and inconspicuous vessels and medullary rays. It grows in the Crimea and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
The plant is also known as the "sun tree" and is most often used for the manufacture of expensive furniture. Features wood that shimmers with a silky gold color as the viewing angle changes. The wood is very dense, resistant to changes in humidity.
The plant is distributed naturally in tropical forests. South-East Asia. Mature wood has a fine-grained, interlaced texture and is reddish-brown in color with dark brown or purple-brown veins, which may darken over time.
Wood is resistant to deformation and does not exfoliate during processing.
velvet tree
The plant is a sound breed with a narrow yellow sapwood delimited from the brown core. In the region of late annual layers, arcuate lines and short dashes formed by groups of small vessels are noticeable. The wood of the velvet tree appearance and the structure resembles ash wood, but differs in lower mechanical qualities. The wood can be successfully used in the production of sliced veneer and furniture.
Massaranduba
The wood is distinguished by a yellowish-gray or yellowish-brown sapwood. Mature wood has longitudinal or diagonal uneven stripes of brown and an overall background of yellowish brown to reddish brown. The pattern of the wood is large, rather effective.
iron tree
The plant is also known under the name "Persian Parrotia". Its wood is painted in a pale pink color, acquiring brown shades over time. According to mechanical properties iron tree resembles boxwood. The wood is dense, hard, and can be used as an ornamental material.
Cedar wood is characterized by softness, strength, strong specific smell and increased resistance to decay. It can be used in carpentry in the manufacture of products that subsequently will not be subjected to heavy loads. Most often, waxing is used as a finish for cedar products. Cedar wood is excellent for carving.
A plant native to Central America, characterized by diffusely vascular reddish-purple wood with a large, pronounced texture. May darken during use. The wood of this breed is dense, but flexible, difficult to saw and varnish. Most often used for the production of expensive furniture.
Larch
The wood of this heartwood species is resistant to rotting in conditions of strong wetting, is distinguished by the presence of a large dark core, and has a texture similar to that of pine. Is susceptible to cracking when dry high density, durability. Larch wood is slightly knotty.
The Red tree
This name unites heterofamily tree species that have a similar color and structure of wood. Mahogany wood is soft, easy to process, often used for carpentry.
Freshly cut mahogany has a yellowish red color that darkens over time to crimson red or brownish red with dark and light veining.
Mahogany can be striped, patterned, fiery, knobby, smooth, marked, etc.
Willow is a fast growing, heartwood species with broad white sapwood and brownish-pink heartwood. In terms of mechanical properties, it is similar to linden. Can be used for making dishes.
Walnut
Walnut is an excellent material for wood carving, as it has a beautiful texture with a wide range of tonal color transitions. The value of the wood of this species depends on the age of the tree: the older it is, the more valued the material. The wood is dense, but malleable, easily stained and tinted, and can be used for mosaic work and furniture making.
In most types of maple, the wood has a reddish or brownish tint, well-marked core rays, which create the characteristic ripples of this species. The wood is hard, dense, with a beautiful texture.
The most valuable species is the sugar maple. Maple maple is well suited for working and cutting, but is prone to cracking.
red oak
The wood of this breed is distinguished by strength, porosity and hardness. The sapwood is light, the heartwood is reddish. It can be used for the manufacture of products that will be exhibited or used both outdoors and indoors.
South America is considered the birthplace of this breed. Jatoba wood is orange-brown to reddish-brown in color, with pinkish-brown, white or gray sapwood, is durable, easily processed, glued, sanded. Can be used to make parquet or veneer.
Iroko (flounder)
The Iroko is the most common African breed. Characterized by narrow gray sapwood, highly resistant to change climatic conditions, pests. Mature wood iroko yellowish-brown, darkens during use, resembles teak in appearance.
Heartwood with narrow yellowish-white sapwood and reddish-brown heartwood. Wood with a beautiful texture, viscous, dense, durable, easy to finish, especially polished.
It can be used for the production of furniture, musical instruments, mosaics. Burls, often formed on the trunks of this breed, can be used as veneer in mosaic work.
Buckout (guaiac tree)
Two types of this tree are widely used: medicinal guaiacum and sacred guaiacum. The wood of the first and second species differs in the width of the yellowish or creamy sapwood. The core is greenish black. The cavities of the vessels are filled with brown contents. Backout wood is heavy, wear-resistant, dense, suitable for the manufacture of turning products.
Daru (Garu)
The wood of this breed is strong, heavy, hard, resistant to moisture, golden beige or golden pink, has a persistent pleasant smell.
satin tree
Enough rare breed on the Russian market, is used most often for the manufacture of jewelry or mosaic inserts. The wood of the satin tree has a brown, yellowish or red tint interspersed with small sparkles.
Wood with a yellowish-white sapwood, which contrasts sharply with the light red heartwood, which darkens with age and acquires a red-orange hue.
The structure of the wood of this species is uniform, dense. Kempas is distinguished by its hardness, density, durability (when used in favorable conditions). During processing, wood may fluff. Good for drilling and grinding. The root part is most often used for finishing violins.
White acacia
A sound breed common in Russia, the wood of which is considered the hardest. The sapwood is narrow, yellowish, the heartwood is yellowish-gray or greenish-gray. White acacia wood is distinguished by its hardness, strength, resistance to decay, pleasant color and beautiful texture, darkens over time, which gives greater expressiveness. It is not subject to cracking and warping, has friction resistance, is suitable for polishing, therefore it is used as a material in many areas.
Celebes cherry (kumier)
It grows in Southeast Asia. The wood of this breed resembles campas in appearance, but differs in a more pronounced texture and the presence of wavy longitudinal lines on the longitudinal section.
The wood is dense, heavy, lends itself well to processing, especially sanding and varnishing. It is used for the manufacture of floors and decorative carvings.
Trees of this breed grow in the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Thailand. The wood has a slight matted grain, moderate resistance to adverse conditions, grayish-brown sapwood and a light red or reddish-brown heartwood.
Kaya (African Mahogany)
The color of the wood of this species is from dark red to brown-pink, with a light yellowish-brown sapwood. The wood may have zigzag transverse cracks that are difficult to find due to their small size. Also, kaya is difficult to treat with antiseptics, but it finishes well, sticks together, holds fasteners and has a moderate tendency to warp.
Afromormosia
A plant native to Equatorial Africa, with a uniform wood structure and evenly spaced fibers. Aformosia wood is hard, dense, resistant to stress and adverse external influences and can be used as a material in the manufacture of mosaic elements.
Lapacho (ipe)
Common in Central and South America plant with red-gray sapwood and heavy durable wood olive-gray color with patches of dark and light areas. Lapacho contains oily substances, it is easy to dry, but it can warp a lot.
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