In order to obtain a crop of fragrant berries, a place for planting grapes, a grape planting scheme plays a priority role. It is important to take into account recommendations oriented to specific climatic conditions to grow a typical southern plant in the Moscow region, in the Urals and even in Siberia.
Choosing a place for grapes
Determining with suitable place for planting grapes, for example, in the Moscow region or another region with an unstable climate, take into account that this southern culture requires an abundance of sun.
It is necessary to place the planting of the vine on an area open from the western, eastern and southern sides. home garden where they shouldn't grow tall trees and located buildings that give shade. Such protection would be appropriate in the north direction from the future vineyard, protecting it from cold winds.
It is desirable that the area is flat. On rough terrain, the southwestern or southern slope, well warmed by the sun, will be most suitable.
Another important criterion for choosing a place for planting grapes is the soil, which must be loose and fertile. The vine develops both on light sandy loam and loam with chernozems. Does not tolerate saline varieties of soil.
Also, lowlands with a close occurrence are not suitable for this culture. aquifers, flooded after rain or snowmelt, since this plant does not develop well on swampy soils. Thanks to a developed root over eight meters long, vine bushes tolerate a temporary lack of moisture more easily than its excess.
For such thermophilic plant, like grapes, an important factor is the presence of protection from cold atmospheric currents. Often, for this purpose, the plantation is located against the wall of the veranda facing south. In such a situation, northerly winds will not cause severe damage to the developing vine. You can build a solid shield by painting it in dark color. Concerning the fence bushes of grapes should be planted at a distance of about 0.75 m, making sure that water does not drain from the roof for landing.
Site preparation
It is advisable to start preparing the place where the vineyard will be located a month before the planned planting. This will allow the soil to go through the natural shrinkage stage necessary to prevent the formation of voids near the root system.
Begin preparatory work with the removal of weeds from the site. Then, based on a square meter, 150 g of ash and 10 kg of rotted manure are scattered. The earth is dug up and leveled with a rake. Ridges of a meter width are formed, raising them 0.3 m above the ground. To strengthen the perimeter, a fence made of wooden blocks, bricks, boards, plastic bottles, and then fix the trellis firmly.
Two weeks before planting seedlings, it is necessary to prepare pits up to 0.6-0.8 m deep. Their diameter is kept in the range from 0.45 to 0.6 m. A layer of rubble is poured as drainage. Then three buckets of humus soil are placed, mixed with a bucket of fine gravel and half the volume of sand of the middle fraction. If necessary, one and a half glasses of ash are added to slightly acidic soil. If the soil is acidic, add two cups of dolomite. Each layer is watered. Tapestries are installed nearby.
Landing patterns
Considering that a lot of time will have to be spent on the reconstruction of a vineyard that has already been planted in the allotted place, at the planning stage it should be given Special attention choice of landing pattern. It consists in establishing the row spacing for planting grapes and the distance between the bushes.
These parameters depend on the degree of development of the bushes, since tall varieties will need to increase the distance in the row. Also important to consider type of trellis used.
- The scheme with single-lane trellises 2 m high involves the placement of all developing shoots on a single plane. To count required parameters, need to decide with distance between runs.
It is recommended to place them, maintaining a gap of 12 cm. If it is planned to leave 30 shoots on one bush, then a piece of trellis 3.6 m long will be required. Therefore, the distance in a row between individual grape bushes will be the same value.
The interval between rows should be equal to the height of the trellis (i.e. 2 m), which will not create shadows. Knowing the main parameters of the planting scheme, it is determined by multiplying the row spacing by the distance between plants, the feeding area, which is equal to 7.2 m 2 in the example under consideration for each bush. This is enough for the full development of the vineyard.
The advantages of single-plane trellises include the ability to install them in any direction, including slopes, since the plants do not obscure each other.
- Scheme at two-plane trellis allows you to increase the number of shoots, since they are located on two surfaces. It should be noted that they are installed only when forming rows from north to south. This direction provides maximum illumination of the grape bushes.
Since the shoots are given two planes, it is possible to reduce the gap between the bushes. It is recommended to make it at least 2 m, so as not to get too small a feeding area.
Due to the installation of two surfaces for the distribution of shoots, it is necessary to increase the interval between rows of plants to 2.5 m. This provides a feeding area of 5 m 2 , which is the minimum for the normal development of the vine.
Planting in place of an old grape bush
If you do not want to break up a vineyard, but simply replace one old bush, then the following method should be used.
First, the old plant is uprooted and this place is left for 2 years to allow the remnants of the rhizomes to rot, which will allow the soil to restore the nutrient component. You can sow green manure in this place. It should be borne in mind that this method is suitable for large plantations.
If you need to plant a young plant on your home plot small area, then a more time-consuming operation will be required, aimed at replacing all the soil in the pit after uprooting the old bush with a fertile and loose substrate. The hole is made quite voluminous. It is filled with garden soil mixed with rotted compost, ash, superphosphate. The greater the amount of renewed soil, the faster the seedlings planted correctly will take root and begin to bear fruit.
Planting scheme in a greenhouse
In regions where cold weather sets in early, grapes should be cultivated in greenhouses. This will protect young plants from adverse natural influences, get tasty berries without cracking, given their protection from rain. For greenhouse viticulture, early ripe zoned varieties are selected.
The greenhouse should be at least 2.5 m high. A fertile soil substance is prepared from dry peat, garden soil, medium sand in approximately equal amounts. 90g of crushed chalk and a tablespoon of the mineral complex are added to each bucket.
Begin to survive young bushes with a good root system at the end of winter. Most often, the following landing scheme is practiced:
- Dig holes with a depth of 0.4 m and the same diameter.
- The gap between them is left at least 0.5 m.
- A seedling is installed on a hill of soil poured in the center.
- The roots are carefully laid out and covered with soil, lightly pressing each layer with your hand.
- The planted plants are then watered.
Features of spring planting
For spring planting the site is prepared in the fall with the introduction of organic matter and mineral fertilizers. Dig it up, removing weeds. The landing pit is made with a depth and diameter of about 0.8 m, choosing a distance between them of at least 2 m. fertile soil, for which the earth taken out of the pit is combined with humus, ash and superphosphate. By spring, the substrate will settle well.
The advantage of planting grapes in the spring is the possibility of obtaining autumn period strong plants that fully adapt to new conditions and easily endure the winter period.
Consider that young seedlings need good watering. Landing is carried out when the air temperature is set at 15, and the soil - 10 degrees. Under such conditions, young seedlings begin to develop faster.
Therefore, in each region, a period is set, focusing on the possibility of the appearance of return spring frosts. Plays the role and variety of seedlings. If it is obtained from lignified cuttings, then it can be planted earlier than from green ones.
Girlish grapes in Siberia: planting scheme
Frost-resistant Maiden grapes are often used for cultivation in Siberia. Liana, reaching 20 m in length, serves as a decoration for arbors, creating a continuous vertical carpet of green foliage and clusters.
The landing site must be well lit and protected from the winds. Often plants this crop next to outbuildings. She suits the soil different type, but without pronounced acidity
When planting grapes in Siberia, you must first dig up the site in the fall so that the soil is loose. The soil nutrient mixture is prepared, as for other varieties of this crop. When planting Maiden grapes it must be borne in mind that it develops powerful roots, therefore they retreat 3 m from the wall, and an interval of 2 m is provided between the planting pits. If it is necessary to form a continuous fence, then choose a denser scheme, leaving a gap of 1 m between the plants.
Viticulture in the Urals
In the conditions of the Urals the best term for transplanting grape seedlings in open ground is the beginning of July. In this case, by the autumn the seedling develops well and manages to get stronger by the winter season.
The Ural region is characterized by a fertile layer no more than 40 cm thick. Under it is a layer of clay, so they dig a hole, the depth of which should be about 100 cm. A drainage layer and fertile soil are laid, which is additionally mixed with rotted manure and a mineral complex. W
During planting, the trellises are set 170 cm high, the lower horizontal is 15 cm from the ground, and then they maintain a step of 40 cm. The location of ridges with young plants from south to north is considered optimal for viticulture in the Urals. Grapes develop best if two rows of trellises are installed, and the distance between them is 50 cm.
This arrangement in several rows allows you to securely cover the plantation to protect it from the cold. This is important in case of possible spring frosts, when the winter shelter has already been removed. Covering material is thrown over two rows of trellises, thanks to which the plants do not freeze even at -10 ° C. During the day, the shelter is raised.
Cultivation of grapes, practiced not only on open plantations, but in greenhouses, allows you to grow it even in the conditions of Siberia and the Urals. It is important to correctly select a variety and calculate the planting pattern so that the seedlings quickly take root and actively develop.
Amateur viticulture is now gaining quite a lot of momentum. It is difficult to find a gardener or summer resident on whose plot at least one grape bush did not grow. But over time, everyone tries to expand the range of grown plants and get the maximum yield.
Selection of varieties
If you are just starting to grow grapes, then you should not plant many bushes at once, it is enough to opt for a couple of varieties. It is better to give preference to varieties that are different in color, ripening time and taste. At what distance to plant grapes will depend on the variety chosen, since each of them has different requirements and parameters of the bush.
Very important indicators in determining the variety are such as ripening time, size of clusters and berries, taste, sugar content, color. Also important are such characteristics as winter hardiness, resistance to diseases.
Through what distance grapes are planted, you need to consider even at the moment when you acquire this or that variety. If you have a very small area, then you will have to abandon strongly climbing and growing varieties. It is better to give preference to more compact instances.
How to choose the distance between the bushes?
At what distance to plant grapes depends on the variety and type of bush molding. When using the technique of single poles or wire trellis, it is recommended to keep a distance of 1.5-1.7 meters between rows, and in the row itself, 1.2-1.3 meters should be left between plants. However, these recommendations apply primarily to wine varieties. However, now many are interested in the question of how far to plant grapes of dessert varieties, since it is he who is very popular. For this variety, it is recommended to keep a distance of 1.4-1.5 meters. But if the bushes are lush or planted on fertile soil, then this distance can be increased to 1.8 meters.
Distance selection for non-digging and vigorous varieties
Many are interested in the answer to the question of at what distance to plant grapes of non-copy varieties. After all, it forms quite tall stems. For this case, the distance should be increased to 3.0-3.5 meters between rows, and in a row it is better to keep a distance of 1.4-1.5 meters. When grown in industrial scale 2.5-3.4 meters should be left between rows, and 1.2-1.5 meters between bushes within a row.
At what distance should grapes of strong-growing varieties be planted? This question is of interest mainly to beginner gardeners. In the future, such varieties form powerful bushes. In this case, it is better to leave approximately 3 meters between the rows, and keep the distance between the bushes at 2 meters or a little more. Dense is not recommended, because it does not make it possible to develop strong bushes and get a full crop.
Equally important is the question of how far grapes are planted from the fence? It is recommended to do this approximately 20-30 cm from the edge of the blind area. 40-50 cm should be retreated from the barrier itself.
At what distance should girlish grapes be planted?
Gained popularity as ornamental plant that does not require much maintenance. The main thing is to plant it correctly. In this case, the intervals between the plants themselves should be at least 0.5 meters, and it is best to leave 1 meter.
Distances recommended for placing grapes may vary depending on the size of the site and its shape. Also heat and high humidity contribute to a more intensive growth of the bush, therefore, in such conditions, large gaps should be made between them. This rule is also followed for varieties that grow in lush large bushes.
When planting plants on depleted soil, their growth becomes not so intense, therefore, too long distances leaving is not required. However, it is not necessary to thicken the planting, because subsequently the bush will not be able to fully develop and produce a bountiful harvest.
When choosing a distance for planting grapes, how you will subsequently form a bush also plays an important role. After all, if the trunks are formed in such a way that the ground part of the vineyard will unfold over a solid area, then the distance between the plants themselves should be appropriate.
A grape seedling must have a well-developed root system and a mature growth of at least 20 cm. It must not contain traces of disease, as well as cracks and breaks, traces of hail and other defects. Before planting, it is useful to put the seedling in a bucket of water for a day. It is very useful to add 1 tbsp. a spoonful of honey or a bag of sodium humate.
Since the seedling is placed at a great depth - 40-60 cm, then a mound of fertile soil must be poured onto the bottom so that the roots at least immediately appear not in clay, but in fertile soil. Landing should be carried out so that the calcaneal roots are at a depth of at least 40-50 cm.
When planting, it is also necessary to ensure that the roots are directed down the planting mound.
Important!
If the roots are bent, then the bushes will wither and hurt.
When the seedling is properly installed, we cover the roots with a 10-15 cm layer of earth and slightly pull the seedling up to align the direction of the roots and at the same time remove voids in the soil. The soil is lightly compacted. Pour out two buckets of water and wait until it is absorbed. Then we fall asleep with earth to the top of the pit or so that the two upper buds are not covered with earth.
From above, a bucket is poured into the pits - two humus and a little ash. Nutrients from them are washed out to the roots when watering. This is very convenient, because even if the humus is not rotted, the roots will still not be affected. In general, after planting, a hole 10-15 cm deep should remain, into which it will be convenient to water the bushes.
A separate issue is the scheme of planting grapes. There are craftsmen who plant bushes at a distance of 80 cm from each other. But for such a planting, a special formation is needed, such as Guyot's one-shoulders, and wine varieties are desirable. Table varieties are usually planted no closer than 1.5 m. In general, it is necessary to find out the characteristics of the variety before planting, since vigorous varieties are planted at a distance of 2 m, medium-sized ones closer.
The distance between the rows is considered optimal 2-2.5 m. But there are gardeners who consider this distance a necessity for mechanized tillage. And if you only have a cultivator from your equipment, then the row spacing can be made narrower.
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Growing grapes for beginners gardening seems daunting at first. But it's actually a fun and rewarding activity. The main thing is proper care.
What does a novice gardener need to do in order to get a good harvest of grapes? Let's consider it step by step.
Grape variety selection
When choosing a variety, it is important that the characteristic contains the following indicators:
- ripening period
- bunch weight
- berry size and weight
- berry color
- sugariness
- winter hardiness
- disease resistance
When purchasing a variety, you must also find out:
- what is the strength of the growth of green shoots during the growing season;
- what is the load on the bush (when pruning, it takes into account what load this variety can withstand);
- how many eyes are cut off the fruiting shoot, i.e. from which eye this variety gives a bunch;
- what gender of the flower (male, bisexual, female);
a) male - a variety having increased content male pollen, however, it is monosexual, independent, a good pollinator of other varieties;
b) bisexual - self-pollinated variety, participates in cross-pollination;
c) female - this variety needs additional pollination by another variety, otherwise many berries will not develop or will be seedless.
How many vines to plant?
So, you have decided to grow grapes on suburban area. You do not know how many bushes are needed for this. if you are still new to grapes, you should not plant 15 bushes at once. To get started, select 2-3 varieties, different in taste, color, early maturity. And when these plants give a harvest, decide for yourself whether you still need new grapes or not.
Usually only in the seventh year in open field and on the fifth - the possibilities of the variety are clearly visible in the greenhouse. From one bush get from 3 to 7-8 kg of berries. More can be - it all depends on the formation, care and age of the bush.
When to plant?
The best time to plant grapes is spring. If there are already green leaves on the seedling, they are planted in the second half of May, if they are not there, at the end of April. Can be planted in autumn. Then it is necessary to do this no later than September 15-20, and the seedlings must be grown in an individual container with soil.
How far apart should grapes be planted?
The mistake of many growers is the thickening of plantings: when the bushes are small, the illusion of empty areas is created.
Bushes near the wall of the house are placed at a distance of 20-30 cm from the edge of the blind area or 40-50 cm from the foundation.
If you plant grapes in an open area, then the distance between the rows should be 2.5 - 3m, with a trellis height of no more than 1.8m. If its height is greater, the distance between the rows should also be greater.
Uncovered varieties are planted with a distance of at least 2 m from each other. They have a significant growth force, and the shoots quickly fill the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe trellis.
When to start fertilizing grapes?
First dressing
This feeding is carried out in early spring in order to provide bushes with nitrogen. Therefore, on running meter it is necessary to sprinkle 40-50 g of ammonium nitrate. It is useful to add here 40 g of superphosphate and 20-30 g of potassium.
Second top dressing
It is carried out approximately two weeks before flowering (at the end of May), preferably in liquid form.
Flowering coincides with the strong growth of shoots. Therefore, in order to avoid pea, you need to again add 40-50 g of saltpeter and 50 g of superphosphate and potassium sulfate. Watering is done before application and, as the soil dries, it is loosened by 5-10 cm.
Third top dressing
It is carried out when the berries grow from a small pea. Take any complex fertilizer. Dilute a 10 liter matchbox and add 2-3 buckets of solution to each bush.
Fourth dressing
Usually it is carried out at the beginning of ripening. This is how we accelerate the ripening of the crop, improve appearance and berry flavor. Therefore, it is important not to cause rapid growth of shoots, which means that nitrogen is contraindicated. We introduce 50 g of phosphorus and potash fertilizers.
Grapes in a summer cottage can be grown easily, you will see for yourself if you follow our tips for caring for and shaping grapes.
Planting Density Planning Considerations
The choice of planting density, that is, determining the row spacing and the distance between bushes in a row, is one of major decisions, which must be taken before planting. This decision has a viticultural, technological and economic impact in the cultivation of grapes throughout the life of the vineyard and is no longer amenable to correction. Not properly decisions made can complicate the cultivation process for a long time or cause significant damage to the quality of the grapes. Against this background, the need for careful planning of planting density, which should take into account various aspects, is not questioned.
First the goal - then the solution
Vineyard yield and quality management more depends on constant conditions (for example, factors affecting the choice of location, the properties of individual varieties), as well as on the vagaries of the weather during the year. However, this does not mean that the volume of grape yield should be perceived as unalterable, unchanging phenomenon. AT last years there is an increasing recognition and use of the possibilities of targeting the yield and quality of grapes through certain measures in the field of viticulture. However, this potential remains unclaimed in many vineyards.
One who recognizes and seizes opportunities location planning vineyards as a tool for autonomic controland generative productivity of grapes(yield, components that determine the quality of the crop), must first formulate the goal of the relevant planning. The answer to the question " What do I intend to achieve with the new vineyard?» is a prerequisite for rational planning.
Undoubtedly, the answer to this question can be very different. Some will try to minimize the cost of a liter of wine. In this case, the goals that must be taken into account in planning are the creation of the best prerequisites for mechanization and the achievement of relatively high yields. A viticultural enterprise capable of selling wines in the prestigious premium segment needs wines whose quality corresponds to the price level. Different initial situations of this kind lead, for example, with regard to yield, to completely different goals, and hence to planning.
Significance of the degree of pruning and location for growth force
Among other productivity factors, in the sphere of influence of the winegrower, such a factor as the number of eyes per square meter (degree of pruning) has the greatest impact on the yield in the long term and on average over the years, and therefore affects the quality of the crop.
In connection with the choice of the location of the vineyard, the expected degree of pruning (number of eyes per m 2) plays a decisive role in determining the load of the bush (number of eyes per bush), and therefore for the expected vigor of vine bushes.
This creates the following relationship:
Number of eyes / m 2 (= cutting degree) × location [m 2 ] / bush - number of eyes / bush(= bush load with eyes)
The vigor of grapes has a different effect on the quantity and quality of the crop. Both too large and too weak force of growth should be avoided. Table 1 shows the most significant shortcomings too large and too weak vigor when growing grapes.
Table 1: Oenological and horticultural disadvantages with too much or too little vigor.
| Too much growth force | Too weak growth force |
| Impact fatliquoring wood | Impact Reduced assimilation productivity as a result of low leaf area |
| Effects Increased susceptibility to frost | Effects Low gravity wort |
Assuming that the degree of pruning (number of eyes per m 2) is a value set by the grower in order to achieve the desired result, then the location of each bush is the factor that most strongly affects vegetative(number and length of shoots) and generative(harvest of grapes) hive load.
The greater the vegetative and generative load of the bush, the weaker its growth force becomes. This is especially the case when the ability to absorb water and nutrients does not correspond to a high load, that is, mainly in fine soils containing fine earth, with a high proportion of long-term landscaping, as well as in the presence of a weak rootstock.
In this case, the criterion for determining the force of growth is not the size or leaf surface of the bush, and the growth rate of the shoots. This is reflected in the average length of the internodes and the thickness of the shoots. A two-year-old vine, cut too much, is still able to grow stronger than a large and wide vine.
Given the optimal results of the cultivation of grapes, in any case, it is necessary to strive to achieve an average vigor. This goal can only be achieved if the factors influencing the strength of the growth of grapes are known. Figure 1 shows the most important factors influencing the strength of the growth of grapes. In addition to factors such as soil properties, tillage system, fertilization and choice of rootstock, the load of the bush also plays a decisive role.
Figure 1: Factors influencing strength of growth
The task of the vine grower is to assess the impact of given factors (soil, sometimes also tillage system) on the expected vigor of growth even before planting. It must be known how water and nutrient supplies will be distributed and what kind of tillage system is envisaged in this case. As a result, all other factors, in particular the load of the bush and rootstock, must thus be coordinated with each other in order to ensure an average growth force of the future vineyard. The layout of the vineyard thus has a great impact on the future vigor of growth due to such factors as the load of the bush.
The degree of pruning should be planned in such a way that, based on experience with the selected grape variety in a comparable location, the desired level of yield, on average over the years, can be achieved as far as possible. It is necessary to arrange the vines in such a way as to achieve the desired moderate (promoting growth) or high (reducing growth) vine loading.
Determination of row spacing
After a decision has been made on the type of location: moderate (< 2 м 2 /куст), среднее (от 2 до 3 м 2 /куста) или высокое (>3 m 2 / bush), the question of implementation arises this decision. The layout of the location includes both the choice of the desired row spacing and the distance between the bushes in a row. At the same time, it is also necessary to decide whether to first determine the row spacing and then calculate the distance between the bushes necessary to achieve the desired arrangement, or whether the reverse process would be more rational.
Row spacing is more important in terms of the use of mechanization than the distance between bushes in a row. From an economic and technological point of view, it makes sense in all areas where, taking into account their topography, same system mechanization, use as uniform row spacing as possible. The mechanization systems used are designed for a width of approximately 1.8 to 2.3 m, for tractors with bulky tires the lower limit is 2 m.
The choice of row spacing should not, however, depend solely on aspects of mechanization and economic aspects. On the contrary, the question arises as to how sufficient, within the framework of these aspects, the row spacing is also acceptable in crop and oenological terms. The desire to minimize costs economic activity or adapt optimally to the applied system of mechanization should not lead to an unacceptable loss of quality.
Research in recent years has convincingly proved the importance of good lighting and ventilation of the vineyard to achieve its analytical and sensory quality, as well as its level of health. The required high productivity of the assimilation of the existing leaf mass can also only be achieved in the case of good direct light. nai more leaves. For the purpose of darkening the bunches of grapes and leaves, the following two reasons are taken into account:
1. Protection from solar lighting thanks to the foliage of neighboring grape bushes (Figure 2)
2. Darkening inside the foliage as a result of its compaction
Figure 2: Mutual darkening of the foliage of adjacent vines
The size of the darkened area of the leaf surface due to the mutual darkening of neighboring bushes depends on the angle of incidence sunlight, as well as the ratio between the height of foliage (VL) and the distance between neighboring plants (PP). Increasing the row spacing (= VL + RR) leads to a decrease in mutual dimming.
But at the same time, one should not strive to establish an extremely large row spacing. With an increase in the row spacing at a given degree of pruning, the number of pruned eyes per linear meter of a row increases:
Example:
Degree of pruning 6 eyes / m 2, row spacing 2 m, 12 eyes per linear meter are needed
Degree of pruning 6 eyes / m 2, row spacing 3 m, 18 eyes per linear meter are needed
With an increase in the number of eyes per linear meter of a row, the number of shoots per linear meter also increases, and as a result, compaction within the row. An increase in row spacing leads, provided that the yield and the degree of pruning are maintained, to the fact that as a result of the first reason, the darkening is reduced, while as a result of the second reason, the darkening of the grape bushes increases. Relatively narrow row spacings result in a sparse leaf area as shown in Figure 3, while very large row spacing results in dense foliage as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3: Sparse foliage with slight compaction and darkening
Figure 4: Too dense foliage with significant compaction and darkening
Choice optimum width row spacing, taking into account aspects of illumination and ventilation requires a compromise. As a result, in white grape varieties, the distance between adjacent rows ( RR) must at least match the height of the foliage ( VL). For red grapes, it is especially important to provide the grapes with as much intense and long-term illumination as possible, as this increases the content of pigments and reduces acidity (especially malic acid). For this reason VL similar varieties should be at least 1.2 of RR. The degree of intense illumination of white grape varieties depends on the variety and the type of wine required. Depending on the goals, intense light exposure of white grapes can play a negative role (decreased acidity, increased phenol content, altered aroma structure, relatively high susceptibility to UTA).
The described relationship between VL and RR is relevant for determining the required row spacing only if the height of the leaf surface is maintained constant. The desired leaf height is calculated from a leaf to fruit ratio (FFR) of 18-22 cm 2 of leaf area per gram of grape yield. In varieties with small fruits, this ratio is generally achieved at a foliage height of 1.2 to 1.4 m (distance from the lower to the upper edge of the bush). Given the high yield per shoot of varieties such as Dornfelder, it is desirable that the height of the foliage be more than 2 meters, which is an absolutely impossible requirement. In this case, reducing the yield of grapes from one shoot by thinning or short pruning, you can achieve optimal ratio leaf to fruit (FFP) Foliage height is also limited by the maximum working height of combine harvesters and leaf trimmers.
Based on these considerations, we can give an example of calculating the row spacing that is acceptable from the point of view of crop production:
Initial data:
The lower edge of the foliage = 0.7 m, the height of the top (upper edge of the foliage) = 2.1 m, VL = 1.4 m
Average density of fully developed foliage (FL) = 0.4 m
Calculation:
White varieties: 1.4 m RR (= VL) + 0.4 m PL = 1.8 m minimum row spacing
Red varieties: 1.68 m RR (= 1.2 × VL) + 0.4 m PL = 1.98 m minimum row spacing
It can be verified that the desired minimum row spacing often lies within the same row spacing ranges that are technologically acceptable.
Acceptable maximum row spacing depends on the planned degree of pruning. The wider the row spacing and the higher the degree of pruning, the more number cut eyes per linear meter. If it is necessary to properly thin out double shoots and water shoots not needed to maintain the shape of the bush, up to 15 eyes per linear meter can be cut, which will not lead to unacceptable compaction of the row. Table 2 shows the number of eyes per linear meter depending on the degree of pruning at various row spacings. If the limit value of 15 is exceeded, either the row spacing or the degree of trimming must be reduced. Taking into account the expected effect of bush compaction, it would be acceptable, for example, to maintain 6 eyes per m 2 with a row spacing of 2.4 m, while when cutting 8 eyes per m 2, the width should not exceed 1.9 m.
Table 2: Required amount eyes per linear meter of the row, depending on the row spacing and the degree of pruning
Determining the distance between bushes in a row
If, taking into account the presented reasoning, the row spacing was determined, the question arises of determining the distance between the bushes in a row. In practice, it is often necessary to first solve the question “one or two sleeves per bush?”, And, depending on the answer, determine the distance between the bushes. This reasoning, of course, is understandable, but it does not agree much with plant growing and oenological requirements. A more important question is whether to reduce the load of the bush due to the small distance between the bushes and thereby increase the growth force, or whether it is necessary to increase the load of the bush by increasing the distance between the bushes in a row and thereby reduce the growth force. The arguments necessary in this connection have already been presented above. And now two examples:
Example 1:
Row spacing 2 m, frame trellis, location conducive to rapid growth and good plant yield, Riesling variety, planned pruning degree 6 eyes per m 2
12 eyes were cut per linear meter of row length
Given these circumstances, it was chosen long distance between bushes in a row, as to prevent too great strength growth, given the soil conditions conducive to growth, and the low degree of pruning, a high bush loading was necessary.
Possible Solution: 1.5 m distance between bushes in a row× 12 eyes per linear meter = 18 eyes per bush
2 sleeves with 8 eyes each plus 2 additional replacement knots with one eye
In this case, it makes sense to place two sleeves with 8 eyes at a distance of 1.5 m. With an average length of internodes of 9 cm, their length will be 2× 72 cm. To avoid overlapping sleeves, it is necessary to form two shortened sleeves (horns) with a small top (Figure 3 on the right)
Example 2:
Row spacing 1.8 m, frame trellis, location with moderate plant growth and productivity, Vaiser Burgunder variety, pruning degree 7 eyes per m 2
1.8 were cut per linear meter of row length× 7 = 12.6 eyes
Given these circumstances, a small distance between the bushes in the row was chosen, since a moderate load of the bush was necessary to prevent too weak growth, given the soil conditions conducive to weak growth, and a relatively high degree of pruning.
Possible solution: 0.9 m distance between bushes in a row× 12.6 eyes per linear meter = 11 eyes per bush
1 sleeve with 10 eyes plus 1 shoot with one eye
In this case, it makes sense to place one sleeve with 10 eyes at a distance of 0.9 m. With an average internodal length of 8 cm, the length will be 80 cm. In the case of using a lowered arch, the placement of such a number of eyes is not a problem (Figure 3 on the left).
An increase in the distance between the bushes in a row leads to an increase in the load of the bush. She is not can reduce the density of foliage or contribute to the rarefaction of the zone of clusters. The decisive factor influencing the density of foliage, in many respects, is the number of cut eyes per linear meter.
With a pruning degree of 8 eyes per m 2, a row spacing of 2 m and a distance between bushes in a row of 1.3 m, we get 1.3 m × 2 m × 8 eyes per m 2 = 20.8 eyes per bush, and with a distance between bushes 0.9 m we get 0.9 m × 2 m × 8 eyes per m 2 = 14.4 eyes per bush. In both cases, the same number of eyes is obtained 16 per linear meter. This indicator, ultimately, is significant for the density of shoots. If there is concern that the foliage is too dense, reduce row spacing while maintaining yield and trim levels, or reduce trim and yield while maintaining row spacing.
Is dense planting of grapes profitable?
In addition to the arguments described above, other studies have appeared in recent years, which in this connection also acquire great importance.
Average growth strength can be achieved both in the case of using a weak rootstock and an insignificant bush load (short distance between bushes in a row, 1 sleeve), and with a high bush load (large distance between bushes, 2 sleeves) using a strong growing rootstock. However, grapes with a slight bush load are less susceptible to stressful situations (especially drought). Otherwise, it has been proven that "competition between the roots" of neighboring vines leads to the fact that in the case of dense planting, the horizontal spread of the root system decreases, which favorably affects the vertical spread of the roots. Given the sufficient supply of water and nutrients to the plant, this effect can be assessed as positive. In this regard, the risk of disturbing the fermentation process and the predisposition to UTA is also reduced. Also, planting more densely promotes the formation of more active root tips per m 3 of soil area that can absorb nutrients, which also has a beneficial effect on the absorption of nutrients and the ability to use these nutrients.
These effects become meaningful when the load on the bush is reduced by increasing the planting density, taking into account qualitative aspects. But at the same time, it should be emphasized once again that this goal should be achieved by reducing the distance between the bushes in a row, and not as a result of reducing the row spacing. The required leaf height and the associated minimum row spacing, taking into account the PSL, do not allow this. A small leaf height and corresponding small minimum row spacing would be acceptable only in the event of a significant reduction in the yield of grapes per bush.
Translation from German Andrey Kulichkov.
The original article is located.
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