Hydraulic and pneumatic diagrams help you understand how hydraulic and pneumatic equipment. Individual elements hydraulic and pneumatic circuits have their own symbols. Below are the symbols that you will encounter on hydraulic diagrams.
| Work line. | |
| Control line. | |
| Drain line. | |
| Flexible line. | |
| Electrical wire. | |
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Inside the interrupted line, the devices are built into one unit. |
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| Shaft, lever, rod, piston rod. | |
| Connecting lines. | |
| Crossing lines. | |
| Direction of oil flow in the hydraulic circuit. | |
| Direction of air flow in a pneumatic circuit. | |
| Direction. | |
| Direction of rotation. | |
| Direction of flow in the valve. The perpendicular shows the lateral movement of the arrow. | |
| Indication of the possibility of adjustment. | |
| Spring. | |
| Adjustable spring. |
Pumps and compressors.
designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure control.
Pressure controls.
Designation various types valves that control hydraulic pressure, on hydraulic diagrams. Designation of hydraulic motors.
Valves.
Identification of valves on hydraulic diagrams.
| A valve is indicated by a square or series of squares when each the square indicates one operating position of the valve. |
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| Directional control valves (eg boom control) | |
| The lines are connected to the neutral position square. Marking of holes in valves: P = pressure from pump T – to the tank A, B, C... - working lines X,YZ... - control pressure a,b.c... - electrical control connections |
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One way to flow. |
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| Two paths for flow. | |
| One flow path, two connections closed. | |
| Two flow paths, one connection closed. | |
| In the following examples, the first digit indicates the number of connections. Second the number indicates the number of working positions. |
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| 3/2 control valve; control by pressure on both sides. | |
| 4/3 control valve; lever control, return spring. |
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| 6/3 control valve | |
| Shut-off valve (eg ball valve). | |
| shut-off valves. | |
| Pressure limiting valve. The valve opens a flow channel into the tank or into the air, when the valve inlet pressure exceeds the closing pressure. (Hydraulic to the left, pneumatic to the right). |
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| Pressure reducing valve, no pressure release. When the inlet pressure changes, the outlet pressure remains the same. But the input pressure through reduction should be above outlet pressure |
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Hydraulic motors - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Reducing and check valves, flow regulators - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Filters, tanks, water separators and other elements on hydraulic circuits.
The hydraulic circuit is an element technical documentation, on which using symbols information about elements is shown hydraulic system, and the relationships between them.
According to the ESKD standards, hydraulic circuits are designated in the main inscription code by the letter “G” ( - by the letter “P”).
As can be seen from the definition, on hydraulic diagram Conventionally, elements are shown that are connected to each other by pipelines - indicated by lines. Therefore, in order to correctly read a hydraulic diagram, you need to know how this or that element is indicated on the diagram. The symbols of the elements are specified in GOST 2.781-96. Study this document and you will be able to find out how the main hydraulic elements are designated.
Designations of hydraulic elements on diagrams
Let's look at the main elements hydraulic circuits.
Pipelines
Pipelines on hydraulic diagrams are shown as solid lines connecting elements. Control lines are usually shown as a dotted line. The directions of fluid movement, if necessary, can be indicated by arrows. Lines are often indicated on hydraulic diagrams by the letter P denotes pressure line, T - drain, X - control, l - drain.
The connection of lines is shown by a dot, and if the lines intersect on the diagram, but are not connected, the intersection is indicated by an arc.
Tank
Hydraulic tank - important element, which is a storage hydraulic fluid. A tank connected to the atmosphere is shown on the hydraulic diagram as follows.
A closed tank or container, such as a hydraulic accumulator, is shown as a closed loop.
Shown below hydraulic drive diagram, allowing you to move the hydraulic cylinder rod, with the ability to charge the hydraulic accumulator.
Any serious construction begins with drawing up a project. This allows you to compose and place everything in the room in advance, even at the level of diagrams and drawings. engineering Communication, essential for comfortable stay. The main ones, along with gas supply, heating and garbage disposal, are cold and hot water supply with sewerage and drains.
For the convenience of planning and reading designed documentation during construction, GOST developed, approved and regulated in SNiP the symbols of all systems installed on construction sites, as well as sanitary requirements to each of them. They also include detailed symbolism of the units required to supply water to the house, filter it and remove it from it as part of sewer waste.
This table shows all the design symbols for water supply and sewerage communications used in construction:
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Symbols for water supply and sewerage are uniform throughout the territory Russian Federation and CIS countries. Changing them at your own discretion is unacceptable. The reason is simple: a drawing for the plumbing arrangement of a facility should be understood by any trained plumber. This will help avoid mistakes in work technology and, ultimately, ensure the most effective method operation of the facility's water supply.
Conventional signs drawings and diagrams for the installation of plumbing should be indicated during the construction of any construction project, be it multi-storey building, cottage or any manufacture building. They also apply V computer programs, for example, "Autocade", used in creating projects for water supply and sewerage facilities.
Features of drawing up diagrams and drawings
Plumbing symbols conventional symbols of various nodes are used both in diagrams of the object and in its drawings. Both types of graphic display of communications, in general, perform the same task - the creation of a working draft, which is the main document during construction work.
A scheme is a plan, the beginning of everything, most often based on a certain technical problem. It runs on any medium, including a simple notepad. All elements of the upcoming design can be recorded here quite conditionally, only with the designation of installation nodes and their communication connections at the site. For example, like this:
However, more informative are the diagrams, which indicate the projection of the communications being constructed and the symbols of all proposed nodes. Depending on the need, two types of projections are used in the diagrams - two-dimensional and three-dimensional (isometric).
Two-dimensional ( axonometric) diagrams allow you to represent an object in two planes: length and height or length and width:
Isometric projection more informative. It makes it possible to immediately estimate the working area in terms of length, width and height:
Even more visual for the designer is a three-dimensional image in 3D computer format. With its help it is much easier to maintain the scale and required dimensions.
The presence of all dimensions in all three planes, made to a given scale, turns a detailed and accurately executed diagram into a drawing. All drawings in construction projects performed on paper. This makes them more convenient for use on sites. On large construction sites equipped with computers, information is duplicated on special websites with the ability to view each drawing section in 3D.
The main task of the project is to create a plan that takes into account all the details of supplying cold and hot water to the site and its subsequent sewerage.
The specification of the proposed drawings is also important, in particular data on the wells available at the construction site, as well as the topography of the area. In addition, the project includes all certified materials necessary for the work.
All symbols on the drawings must comply with GOST. Otherwise, execute exactly installation work will be impossible. It is also necessary to take into account the requirements of SPDS (design documentation system for construction) for the development and recording of documentation intended for the installation of plumbing fixtures at construction sites. Only in this way can you gain confidence that your home’s water supply and sewage system will operate efficiently and safely.
Symbols on drawings for water pipelines
Before developing a water supply project for any building and, in particular, country house the entire group of factors that can affect the functioning is identified plumbing system.
Such factors include, first of all, the presence or absence of a centralized system near the construction site. water supply network, and whether it can lead to pressure drops. If there is no network, a local water supply system is designed with the installation of a storage tank.
The process of creating a project goes through several stages:
- Based on the total number of water consuming points in the house and on the site, the maximum load on the water supply system is calculated.
- Methods are being developed to compensate for water supply when pressure drops in the central or local network.
- A drawing is being drawn up.
- Equipment is selected according to the selected scheme.
In order to correctly place the symbols of the water supply system on the drawings of the facility being designed, the designer needs to imagine what elements the water supply system consists of. Number plumbing elements and the material from which it is made plumbing fittings, may vary in cost and quality, but this does not fundamentally change anything.
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The symbols of pipeline diagrams and the corresponding equipment of the water supply system in all cases remain approximately as follows:
- well (or other source);
- pump;
- storage tank with tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for home water supply, the other for technical water supply (garden, vegetable garden);
- water filtration system for home with tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for cold water, the other is for hot.
Conditional graphic symbols pipelines are aimed at showing the distribution system of hot and cold water pipes.
Cold water from the tee of the filtration system it enters the collector installed in the house. From there it is distributed through pipes to existing plumbing points.
Hot water is supplied to the heater and then distributed point by point in the same way. This clearly demonstrates this scheme:
Sewerage: design features
The sewage system in any home or industrial premises is divided into internal and external modules. The first covers cleaning inside buildings, the second covers external sewerage around the house.
The internal sewerage module is formed from a network of pipelines combined into one complex. This module has only one outlet from the house, connected to the outdoor module via a check valve, which prevents the system from overflowing with water if the external tanks are overfilled.
into which all internal and external drains from external sewer lines are drained, including storm drains, if there is one on the site.
Storm water drainage system
What types are there, who does the maintenance and installation features
During design, a number of calculations are made. The main ones are:
- determining the location of plumbing units indoors and how to connect them to the sewer system;
- choice of drainage methods (forced or self-drainage). In the case of self-draining water, the slope of the pipes is calculated, as well as their markings.
In addition, the project takes into account:
- environmental requirements for the area adjacent to the house: cesspool with a septic tank should not be located near wells with drinking water;
- method of drainage of sewage. It can be autonomous with disposal through a cesspool or centralized with waste removal through a community-wide sewerage system located near the house.
Symbols for internal sewerage
Internal sewerage designed to drain wastewater from all plumbing installations located in the room. The water formed as a result of the life activity of its inhabitants mainly moves through pipelines installed with a certain slope, naturally. In rare cases, this requires forced promotion.
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The rooms in which the plumbing is located are planned close to each other. This helps drain the drain faster and reduces the likelihood of drain clogging.
To avoid the appearance of unpleasant odors on each plumbing fixture When planning, water-locking siphons are provided. The end of the pipe connecting all the outlets is led outside the building through the wall.
The designation of the sewerage system must take into account both internal and external sewer networks.
Internal sewerage includes signs indicating:
- outlets from all sanitary facilities located in the premises;
- risers that allow pumping wastewater from the upper floors to the lower ones;
- collectors collecting wastewater from various sources;
- exhaust systems;
- treatment plants;
- ventilation pipelines;
- cleaning pipes;
- hydraulic valves that prevent the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer system;
- sewer plugs.
The designation of the sewer plug is mandatory. If there are several plugs, the location of each should be indicated on the drawing.
The internal sewerage system in residential premises is designed in the isometry of pipelines with symbols, primarily as a system for household waste. At the same time, drains connected to the storm drainage or special trays around the perimeter of the building. A special siphon is installed at the point where wastewater is discharged from the house.
If you decide, then we suggest step by step instructions with video tutorial, diagrams and projects.
The symbol in the sewer axonometry includes elements that are the source of sewer waste:
- equipment sanitary facilities(baths, sinks, toilets, bidets);
- dishwashers and washing machines;
- industrial equipment with waste water systems.
The flushing devices are connected to the water supply. Wastewater is directed into the external sewer through siphons, which are also hydraulic valves - U-shaped pipes with water. Each siphon is connected to a pipe with holes for inspection in case of blockage.
The drawing also conventionally shows sewerage pipe inlets, as well as their shaped parts, with the help of which wastewater is diverted to cast iron or plastic risers - tees, elbows, crosses. The attic outlet of the riser to the roof is also indicated in the drawing, preventing gas contamination of the room unpleasant odors.
Graphic symbols on drawings of external sewerage
External sewerage covers water treatment and drainage outside the home. It can be all-alloy, semi-dividing, dividing. All-alloy sewerage is designed to collect all types of sewage into a collector and then direct it to the treatment network.
Semi-separate sewerage is aimed at removing all rainfall without separating it into polluted and clean.
Symbols for sewerage in the drawings of the separation system include stormwater and domestic service networks.
Storm drains collect rain or industrial wastewater and discharge it into the water without prior treatment. sewer well or a body of water.
The sewer network, intended for domestic needs, passes precipitation or industrial wastewater through special system filtration.
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Graphic signs on wiring diagrams must display:- receiving devices waste water;
- drainage pipes;
- external sewer riser;
- exhaust ventilation pipe;
- hydraulic shutter;
- outlet;
- yard sewerage network;
- sewer well with cover;
- drainage funnel;
- internal sewer riser.
Each of these elements has a specific function in the system of reception, transmission and treatment of sewer and storm drains, and therefore must be installed both in the house and on the area adjacent to it.
Summary of the article
The meaning of symbols in practice construction design difficult to overestimate. In the process of studying the material, a large amount of information is processed, relating not only to the equipment installed at the site. It is important to create a drawing that would be understandable to those directly performing the work: it should be easy to read.
This is what the symbols are for. They can be alphabetic, numeric, but the most visual is the graphic, symbolic version.
The pictograms used by the project executor allow the master reading the drawing to easily determine which element of the system being created should be installed and where. This greatly simplifies the process of installing water supply and sewerage on site.
The great advantage of symbols is that with their help, according to GOST, you can put on the drawing not only plumbing communications, but also the plumbing itself: sink, faucets, bathtub, shower, toilet.
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Each of these elements is displayed in the form of a specific picture. This makes it possible to immediately understand what should be installed in one place or another, and, ultimately, carry out the work more quickly and efficiently.Hot and cold water pipes, gutters, sewer systems, gas supply networks, ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as heating systems refer to sanitary systems and engineering equipment of residential, industrial and public buildings.
In order to equip buildings for various purposes with engineering and sanitary systems, a set of working drawings is developed and compiled. It includes:
Plans and sections of installations
Plans, sections and axonometric diagrams of systems
General data on water supply, heating, sewerage, ventilation and air conditioning systems
The main components of engineering and sanitary systems are:
Pipelines (risers, horizontal lines and connections to devices)
Pipeline fittings (valves, cocks, gate valves, valves, etc.)
A variety of equipment (pumps, filters, air conditioners, water heaters, etc.)
The basis for drawing up drawings of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings and structures is the information contained in architectural and construction drawings, on the sections and plans available on them. It contains graphic images and layout of pipelines and pipeline fittings, as well as scans, profiles and sections of walls, which depict both the elements of engineering and sanitary systems themselves, and the connections that should be between them. For a more visual and understandable image of the most complex nodes, some fragments of sections and plans are made on a larger scale.
On axonometric diagrams, made in frontal isometry, depict the most complex in their design and the most extensive water supply networks, heating systems and gas supply systems. At the same time, for individual sections of pipelines, the values of such quantities as diameter, direction and length of the slope, as well as the length of the section are indicated. Specifications of equipment and materials are attached to the working drawings.
According to accepted standards, for the image various elements of sanitary systems, conventional graphic symbols are used in diagrams and drawings. Special tables provide the designations that should be used to depict both the pipelines themselves and the fittings used in them on axonometric diagrams, developments, sections and plans of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings.
According to GOST 21.601 - 79, to draw conditional graphic elements of pipeline systems, a solid main line is used, and those parts that are invisible (in channels, underground) - a dashed line of the same thickness. For image technological equipment And building structures use a thin solid line.
If it is necessary to draw the dimensions of symbols of pipeline fittings (valves, valves, etc.), then their dimensions are taken to be equal to 3-3.5 pipe diameters. Elements of networks and sanitary systems are supplied with special marks (alphanumeric designations).
The table below shows the conditional graphic elements pipelines GOST 2.784 – 96.
| Pipeline elements | |
| Designation | Name |
| Pipeline of suction, pressure, drain line | |
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Pipeline for control line, drainage, air release, condensate removal |
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Pipeline connection |
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Crossing pipelines without connection |
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Connection point for energy extraction or measuring instrument(closed) |
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Connection point for energy take-off or measuring device (connected) |
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Pipeline with vertical riser |
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Flexible pipeline, hose |
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Isolated pipeline section |
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Pipeline in a pipe (case) |
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Pipeline in gland |
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Pipeline connection is detachable |
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Flange connection |
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Union threaded connection |
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Coupling threaded connection |
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Coupling elastic connection |
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Single-line rotary connection |
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Three-line rotary connection |
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The end of the pipeline under plug connection |
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Flange end |
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Threaded fitting end |
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Coupling threaded end |
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Coupling elastic |
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The end of the pipeline with a plug (plug) |
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Flanged pipe end with plug |
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Threaded end of pipe with plug |
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Tee |
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Cross |
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Bend (elbow) |
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Splitter, collector, comb |
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Siphon (hydraulic seal) |
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Transition, transition pipe |
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Flange adapter |
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Union adapter |
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Quick release coupling without locking element (connected or disconnected) |
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Quick release coupling with locking element (connected and disconnected) |
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Compensator |
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U-shaped compensator |
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Lyre-shaped compensator |
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Lens compensator |
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Compensator wavy |
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Z-shaped compensator |
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Bellows compensator |
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Ring compensator |
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Telescopic compensator |
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Shock-absorbing insert |
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Soundproofing insert |
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Electrical insulating insert |
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Place of resistance with flow rate depending on the viscosity of the working medium |
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Place of resistance with a flow rate independent of the viscosity of the working medium (throttle washer, flow meter restriction device, diaphragm) |
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Fixed pipeline support |
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Movable support ( general designation) |
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Ball bearing |
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Guide support |
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Sliding support |
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Roller support |
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Elastic support |
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Fixed suspension |
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Suspension guide |
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Suspension is elastic |
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Quencher water hammer |
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Breakthrough membrane |
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Nozzle |
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Air intake from the atmosphere |
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Engine air intake |
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Connection device to other systems (testing, washing machines, working environment air conditioners, etc.) |
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Lubrication point |
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Splash lubrication point |
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Drip lube |
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Lubrication nozzle |
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