Laying sewerage is an important stage in the construction of a private house. If there is no public sewerage, then in order to equip a completely autonomous drainage system, it is necessary to lay a network that delivers wastewater from sanitary and household appliances to a collection well. Installing a sewer for a private house is not a quick matter, but serious difficulties should not arise when doing the work yourself. The help of specialists may be required only in the most difficult sections of the pipeline.
The drainage system of a private house consists of internal and external sewage and a prefabricated well. In cottages with more than two floors with their own bathrooms, the sewer network is additionally equipped with a fan pipe.
Water supply and sanitation systems are usually designed and installed at the same time, since the same plumbing and household equipment is connected to them.
The procedure for laying a sewer network:
- Prepare a pipeline project, taking into account all the devices connected to it, a slope of 2-3 cm per linear meter, and calculate the amount of building materials needed.
- Purchase pipes, fittings and fittings.
- Cut pipes into lengths according to the project.
- Carry out internal wiring and bring the sewer pipe outside.
- Install fan pipe.
- Install outdoor sewer.
- Arrange a prefabricated well and connect a pipeline to it.
Internal wiring
Intra-house sewerage is collected in such a way that its lowest point is the place where the pipeline exits to the outside. In order not to be mistaken with the angle of inclination, you can start the assembly from this point.
If there is a project, the connection order is unimportant, but you must strictly follow the rules for performing internal wiring:
- Each device and functional section of the pipeline requires a pipe of the appropriate diameter: for the riser and toilet - 11 cm, for showers, bathtubs, kitchen sinks - 5 cm, for everything else 3.2 cm is enough, but if several devices are connected to one pipe at the same time , its diameter must be at least 7.5 cm.
- Since wastewater flows through the pipes by gravity, a pipeline slope of 2-3 cm per linear meter is required.
- The connection of pipes must be tight and not interfere with the free flow of liquid: the pipes are connected along the flow, there should be no roughness and burrs at the junction.
- Right angles should be avoided, as they are the most likely to form blockages. To perform a turn, it is better to use several knees with smaller angles.
- It is necessary to prevent back suction from the sewer and the penetration of an unpleasant odor into the house. To do this, a siphon or an S-shaped bent pipe is installed on the pipe of each plumbing fixture, which acts as a water seal.
- If the house has several floors and each of them has plumbing, a common riser should be equipped.
- Toilets are installed closer to other household and plumbing fixtures to the riser.
- Piping nodes cannot be performed in places where walls or ceilings pass.
- Holes for pipes passing through walls and ceilings are cut out with a margin, it is advisable to insert special sleeves or sections of wider pipes into them.
- The points of connection to the riser and the turns of the pipeline are equipped with a tee with an inspection window closed with a plug. Through these windows, pipes will be cleaned in the future in case of clogging.
- The riser is located as close as possible to the outlet of the sewer to the outside.
To make life in the country comfortable, it is necessary to carry out the main communications - plumbing and sewerage. In suburban areas, there is often no centralized sewerage network, so each owner of the house solves the problem on his own. Periodic use of the dwelling does not require the installation of expensive and complex equipment, it is enough to arrange a septic tank.
Often in summer cottages, the function of collecting wastewater is performed by a cesspool. If the house is not equipped with a plumbing system, this option is fully justified, but with the installation of plumbing fixtures and a large volume of drained water, it is not enough. In this article, we will talk about how to make a sewer in a country house with our own hands in various ways (from concrete rings, barrels, without pumping), and also demonstrate diagrams, drawings, photo and video instructions.
Sewerage should be built according to the developed project, including schemes for external and internal piping.
Two-chamber septic tank
The most convenient is the installation of a collector of two chambers connected by an overflow pipe. Let's find out how to arrange it yourself.
- Work begins with digging a pit in a place chosen taking into account all sanitary requirements. The volume of the structure depends on the number of people living in the country. You can dig a pit manually or with an excavator.
- At the bottom of the pit, a sand cushion up to 15 cm high is formed. The depth of the pit is 3 meters.
- It is necessary to install formwork from boards or chipboard. The design must be reliable. Next, a reinforcing belt is formed from metal rods tied with steel wire.
- It is necessary to make two holes in the formwork and insert pipe trimmings. These will be places for the entrance of the sewer line and the overflow pipe between the sections.
- The formwork is poured with concrete, which is distributed throughout the entire volume with the help of a vibrating tool. The design of the septic tank must be monolithic, so it is advisable to fill the entire formwork at a time.
- In the first compartment, the bottom is poured with concrete, a sealed section is formed, it will serve as a sump. Here, the wastewater will be divided into solid coarse fractions that sink to the bottom, and clarified water that overflows into the adjacent section. For better decomposition of solid residues, aerobic bacteria can be purchased.
- The second compartment is made without a bottom; it can be made not only from monolithic walls, but also using concrete rings with a diameter of 1–1.5 meters, stacked on top of each other. The bottom of the well is covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rock (crushed stone, pebbles, gravel) to filter wastewater.
- An overflow pipe is laid between the two sections. It is installed at an inclination of 30 mm per linear meter. In height, the pipe is located in the upper third of the wells. The number of sections is not necessarily limited to two; a four-section septic tank can be made to provide better cleaning.
- The overlap of the septic tank is made independently, using formwork and concrete, or ready-made reinforced concrete slabs are used. Be sure to arrange a hatch that allows you to control the filling of sections and exhaust. The pit is filled with sand and selected soil. The sump of such a system will be cleaned every 2-3 years.
Due to the ease of installation, many summer residents prefer to make a septic tank from concrete rings.
If the soil in the area is clayey or groundwater is very close to the surface, it will not work to arrange a septic tank of this design. You can stop at a sealed container of sufficient volume, securely installed and fixed to a concrete slab in the pit.
Another option is a biological treatment plant. Local stations are convenient and efficient, they are indispensable for suburban buildings of a large area. Specialists are engaged in the installation and launch of the device, the cost of such a station is acceptable for a narrow circle of summer residents.
External line laying
From the exit of the sewer pipe from the house to the septic tank, it is necessary to lay a pipeline. The main line must lie at a slope providing the flow of polluted water. The larger the diameter of the pipes you use, the smaller the angle of inclination required for their operation, on average it is 2 degrees. The depth of the trench for laying pipes should be greater than the amount of winter freezing of the soil. If the trench is shallow, provide thermal insulation for the line.
The average depth for laying sewers is 1 meter, in warm regions it is enough to go down by 70 cm, and in cold regions you will need to dig a pit up to 1.5 meters. The bottom of the dug hole is covered with a dense cushion of compacted sand. This procedure will protect the pipes from soil displacement.
The best option would be to lay a direct pipeline to the collector. If necessary, make a turn, this place is equipped with a manhole. For the line, you can use plastic and cast iron pipes with a diameter of 110 mm, their connection must be tight. After installation, the pipeline is covered with sand, and then with soil.
The design, which does not require regular pumping of sewage, consists of several tanks operating simultaneously. It can be two / three-chamber septic tanks. The first tank is used as a sump. It is the largest in size. In two-chamber septic tanks, the sump occupies ¾ of the structure, and in three-chamber ½. Here, a preliminary treatment of wastewater takes place: heavy fractions settle, and light fractions are poured into the next compartment as the first one is filled. In the last part of the septic tank, the final post-treatment of wastewater takes place. The water is then directed to the filtration fields/drainage well.
The first 2 compartments must be sealed. The last chamber has holes in the walls/bottom. Thus, purified water seeps into the ground, which helps to avoid the systematic pumping of waste without causing irreparable damage to the soil.
It is worth considering that in wastewater, in addition to organic matter, there are also insoluble impurities. In view of this, such a design will also have to be periodically pumped out in order to get rid of the sediment that accumulates in the sump. This can be done with a fecal / drainage pump. The frequency of maintenance of a septic tank depends entirely on the size / volume / composition of wastewater.
For the independent construction of such a septic tank, you need to correctly calculate its volume. It depends on the water consumption of your household. The norm of water consumption per person is 200 liters per day. So, multiplying this amount by the number of households, you will get the daily rate of water consumption in the house. Add another 20% to the resulting figure.
18 m 3. In this case, you need a septic tank that has a depth and length of 3 m each, and a width of 2 m. Multiplying all sides, you get 18 m 3. The minimum distance from the bottom of the septic tank to the drain pipe is 0.8 m.
The advantage of the treatment system is that the sludge is processed by anaerobic bacteria, as a result of which it settles to the bottom in a much smaller volume. Gradually, this sediment thickens and rises. When the sludge reaches the overflow level, the septic tank must be immediately cleaned. The septic tank needs to be cleaned infrequently. This is due to the fact that the volume of sludge for 6 months will be from 60 to 90 liters.
Volatile septic tanks have built-in pumping units. Their non-volatile analogues should be cleaned manually or using sewage equipment.
However, not so long ago, biological preparations with special enzymes appeared, processing sludge into acid, and then into methane and carbon dioxide. To remove these gases, you just need to install ventilation in the septic tank. Thus, your septic tank will become an absolutely waste-free, safe and energy-independent treatment plant.
Bacteria need to be "fed" with oxygen for greater efficiency of their work. Tanks for a septic tank can be bought or made independently.
Before installing the finished structure of the septic tank, it is necessary to determine a suitable place for this. The minimum distance between the septic tank and the house is 5 m. The sewer pipes leaving the house should go directly to the septic tank. Turning the pipeline is best avoided, because it is in such places that blockages form.
The septic tank should not be installed near trees, as their roots can damage the integrity of the body. The depth of the septic tank and sewer pipes directly depends on the level of soil freezing.
If groundwater is close to the surface, then reinforce the bottom of the pit with a concrete slab / screed. The size of the pit will depend on the size of the septic tank. If you have to install a compact structure, then it is easier to dig a pit manually in order to save money.
The pit should be slightly wider than the septic tank body. The gaps between the walls and the ground should be at least 20 cm, and preferably more. If there is no need to strengthen the bottom, then you should still lay a sand cushion 15 cm thick (meaning the thickness of compacted sand).
The top of the septic tank should rise above the ground. Otherwise, melt water in the spring will flood the equipment of the device.
After installing the base of the pit, lower the septic tank into it. This can be done with the help of cables placed in the stiffeners of the septic tank. In this case, you can not do without an assistant. Next, connect the device to communications, after digging trenches for pipes, laying a sand cushion and installing pipes. They should be laid under a slight slope - 1-2 cm per linear meter. Pipe laying is carried out to a depth of approximately 70–80 cm.
The septic tank should be installed strictly according to the level. It will work better in a horizontal position.
To connect the sewer pipe to the septic tank, a hole of the appropriate diameter should be made in it. This is done according to the instructions for the cleaning system. After that, you need to weld the pipe to the hole. To solve this problem, you will need a polypropylene cord and a building hair dryer. When the pipe has cooled down, it will be possible to insert a sewer pipe into it.
If you are connecting a volatile septic tank, then after these steps you need to connect the electrical cable. It is carried out from the shield to a separate machine. It must be laid in a special corrugated pipe and placed in the same trench as the sewer pipe. The septic tank has special holes with stamps. Connect a cable to them.
If the level of soil freezing in your area is large enough, then insulate the septic tank. Insulation can be any heat-insulating material that can be used for laying in the ground.
After completing the connection of electricity and pipes, the septic tank should be covered with soil. This is done in layers of 15–20 cm. To equalize the pressure in the process of backfilling the soil, water must be poured into the septic tank. In this case, the water level should be slightly higher than the backfill level of the pit. So, gradually the entire septic tank will be underground.
If you are not satisfied with a ready-made plastic autonomous sewage treatment system, due to its size or cost, then you can make a septic tank from several compartments yourself. An excellent inexpensive material for the implementation of the plan is concrete rings. You can do all the work yourself.
Among the advantages of a septic tank from reinforced concrete rings, we note the following:
- Affordable price.
- Unpretentiousness during operation.
- The ability to perform work without the help of specialists.
Of the shortcomings, the following deserve attention:
- The presence of an unpleasant odor. It is impossible to make the structure absolutely airtight, and therefore the formation of an unpleasant odor near the septic tank cannot be avoided.
- The need to clean the chambers from solid waste using sewage equipment.
It is possible to reduce the frequency of the need to pump out a septic tank if bioactivators are used. They reduce the amount of solid fractions due to the fact that they accelerate the process of their decomposition.
If the installation of the rings is illiterate, then the septic tank will be leaky, which will increase the risk of untreated sewage penetrating into the ground. But, with proper installation, the septic tank will be airtight, so this drawback of the system is rightfully called conditional.
The scheme for the construction of a septic tank, as a rule, includes 1-2 chambers designed for settling and treating wastewater and a filtration field / filter well.
If few people live in your house and a minimum of plumbing devices are connected to the sewer, then you can easily get by with a septic tank, consisting of one sump and a filter well. And vice versa, if you have many households and many devices are connected to the sewer, then it is better to make a septic tank from two chambers and a filtration well.
How to calculate the required volume for a septic tank has already been described above. According to building codes, the septic tank chamber must contain a three-day volume of wastewater. The volume of the reinforced concrete ring is 0.62 m3, which means that in order to build a septic tank for 5 people, you will need a sump of five rings. Where did this amount come from? For 5 people, you need a septic tank with a volume of 3 m 3. This figure must be divided by the volume of the ring, equal to 0.62 m 3. You will get a value of 4.83. It needs to be rounded up, which means that in order to equip a septic tank in this particular case, you will need 5 rings.
The pit must be of such a size that it can accommodate the septic tank chambers and the filter well. These works, of course, can be done manually, but it is long and very difficult, so it is more cost-effective to order digging a pit from a company with earthmoving equipment.
The bottom of the pit at the installation site of the sedimentation chambers must be concreted in order to avoid the possibility of penetration of untreated effluents into the ground. Before starting concrete work, it is necessary to drain a part of the bottom of the pit for the installation of sedimentation tanks, laying a sand cushion on it, with a layer of 30–50 cm.
If you do not want to concrete the bottom, then you can purchase reinforced concrete rings with a blank bottom. They will need to be installed first in a vertical row.
The place for the filter well also requires the preparation of the base. Under it, you need to make a pillow of sand, crushed stone and gravel with a thickness of at least 50 cm.
To install the rings, you will have to order the services of lifting equipment. It is very difficult to perform these tasks manually. You can, of course, install the rings by digging under the bottom ring. But this method is labor intensive. Yes, and the bottom will have to be filled after the installation of the last ring, which will entail a number of inconveniences. In view of this, it is better not to save on ordering lifting equipment.
Typically, the rings are fastened together with a solution, but for greater structural reliability, they can be fastened with metal plates or staples. In this case, your septic tank will not suffer due to ground movement.
Now it's time to organize an overflow, and for this you need to bring pipes to the rings. It is better that they work on the principle of a water seal, that is, they must be installed with a bend.
To seal the joints, you need to use a solution with an aqua barrier. From the outside, the tanks must be treated with coating or built-up waterproofing.
Another option is to purchase plastic cylinders installed inside the well. In this case, the likelihood of dirty water ingress will be minimized.
Installation of ceilings / backfill
Finished wells must be covered with special concrete slabs, in which holes are provided for mounting sewer manholes. Ideally, the backfilling of the excavation should be carried out with soil with a high percentage of sand in its composition. But if it is impossible to realize this, the pit can be covered with soil removed from it before.
Now the septic tank can be put into operation.
The wastewater treatment system from barrels, as well as a similar design made of concrete goods, can be two- or three-chamber. Wastewater will flow into it by gravity, so it must be installed below the sewer pipes. The principle of operation of this device is similar to the construction of reinforced concrete rings.
For the arrangement of an autonomous sewage system according to the principle of a treatment system, you can use any containers. These can be old metal/plastic barrels. The main thing is that they are airtight.
If you decide to make a septic tank from metal barrels, then they should be pre-treated with an anti-corrosion agent.
Plastic containers have several advantages over their metal counterparts:
- A wide range of plastic containers that can be used to equip a septic tank.
- Barrels are highly resistant to the aggressive effects of effluents. Therefore, they last longer than their metal counterparts.
- The light weight of the containers simplifies their installation at the place of permanent deployment.
- Plastic does not need to be further processed, unlike metal.
- The high tightness of the barrels eliminates the possibility of dirty water penetrating into the ground.
Plastic barrels must be securely fixed when installed in the ground, because due to spring floods or winter frosts, they can be squeezed out of the ground. In view of this, plastic barrels are fastened with cables to a concrete base (it must first be poured or a reinforced concrete slab installed). In order not to crush plastic barrels, backfilling should be carried out very carefully.
For seasonal use, sewage from metal barrels is also suitable, but for stationary use this is not an option.
The popularity of metal containers for arranging sewerage is associated with their compactness and ease of installation. As a cover, you can use a wooden blank of the appropriate size or the one provided by the manufacturer. To install a metal septic tank, you need to dig an appropriate pit, which also needs to be concreted - walls and bottom.
Metal containers do not have a long service life even after they have been treated with anti-corrosion compounds. Therefore, their installation as a septic tank may be unprofitable. Buying stainless steel containers is not an option, as these products are very expensive.
Maybe you decide that in this case you can buy barrels with thin walls. However, this is also not the best solution, since during operation such a septic tank can be pushed out. Yes, and such barrels have a limited capacity - up to 250 liters, which is not suitable for a large family.
For the installation of a reliable wastewater treatment system, it is better to use factory polymer barrels.
To make a septic tank from 220 l barrels, you will need the following materials:
- geotextile - 80 m 2;
- sewerage pipe Ø110 m, length 5 m;
- crushed stone fraction 1.8–3.5 cm, approximately 9 m 3;
- corner for sewerage at an angle of 45 and 90º - 4 pcs.;
- plastic barrel with a volume of 220 l - 2 pcs.;
- coupling, flange - 2 pcs.;
- wooden peg - 10 pcs.;
- Y-shaped sewer tee - 4 pcs.;
- building level;
- drainage perforated pipe in the filter 5 m - 2 pcs.;
- epoxy two-component sealant - 1 pc.;
- glue for PVC - 1 pc.;
- water tape - 1 pc.
Of the tools you will need:
- Shovel.
- Electric jigsaw.
- Rake.
For a summer house / small country house, with economical use, standard plastic barrels are suitable. Installing such a cleaning system is easy. If you do not drain black drains into the sewer, then the septic tank will be unpretentious in maintenance. If the house has a toilet, then the sewer will have to be cleaned regularly, calling for sewage equipment.
For private houses with permanent residence, barrels will not be enough. For sewage, it is better to purchase plastic cubes / tanks / tanks. The process of their installation in the ground does not differ from the installation of barrels.
The distance of the septic tank from the house should not exceed 15 m. Too much distance will complicate the process of connecting the sewer to the house:
- there is a need for a large deepening of the pipeline;
- on the way to the septic tank, you will need to install a revision well.
The sewerage system from metal barrels does not require large financial investments and complex installation work. To begin with, as in previous cases, you need to prepare a pit, and then install 2 barrels, each of which has a volume of at least 200 liters. Then pipes are installed for overflowing liquid from one barrel to another and a transition to the filtration fields / drainage well.
Each subsequent container must be located below the previous one in level.
The joints must be sealed, and the barrels must be insulated with foam. After that, the pit with a septic tank is filled up. Since, as mentioned above, metal barrels are short-lived, you need to be prepared for the fact that after 3-4 years they will need to be replaced.
Pipe laying
Scheme
The phrase “conveniences on the street” can be heard less and less in the private sectors. This is not surprising - after all, everyone strives for comfort. However, it is out of the question if on a frosty night, waking up, you have to dress and run through the snow to a booth, standing 15 m from the dwelling. So home craftsmen equip latrines directly in the house. But in order for them to function normally, it is necessary to properly mount the sewage disposal system in a septic tank located on the street. Today we will consider how the sewerage system is installed in a private house with our own hands. We will also consider the scheme of its device, and along the way we will find out the cost of such work when performed by specialists.
Read in the article:
How to draw up a diagram of a sewerage device in a private house with your own hands
Starting to draw up a sewerage scheme for a private house, you need to decide on the number of drain points. It should be understood that if there are two floors in a residential building, the scheme of each is mounted, as planned, separately, with subsequent output to a common riser overlooking the septic tank.
The presence of only one riser is unacceptable only in the case of installing a pool or sauna - for them it will be necessary to mount a separate drain.
Important! From the completeness and correctness of the compiled sewerage scheme for a private house with your own hands, its performance and ease of installation will depend. The plan must indicate the length of all pipes - this will help to correctly calculate the amount of material.
Problems that may be encountered in design
The main difficulty in drawing up a project can be the introduction of a sewer pipe into the house. To do this, you will have to break through the foundation or install special pumps. Their installation will also be necessary when installing a bathroom in the basement or basement. At the same time, a special installation capable of grinding organic matter will not interfere. The sewage pump, together with the assembled knives, is called a multi-lift.
Expert opinion
Water supply and sewerage design engineer, LLC "ASP North-West"
Ask a specialist“If the house is under construction, then regardless of whether the toilet is planned inside the house or not, it is worth building a sewer pipe into the foundation. For starters, you can just turn it off. If you need to install a sewer, it will be very useful.”
When designing, the number of residents must be taken into account. This indicator will directly affect both the volume of the septic tank and the diameter of the sewer pipes that will be used during the installation of the system. Do not forget about the depth of soil freezing - the system must be in the ground below this mark.
What types of sewers exist
The main types can be called:
- Dry closets. This format is not very common in private homes. It is more suitable for giving, where there is no need for a constantly functioning sewer.
- Cesspool- the easiest to install and cost-effective option. Its inconvenience is that it requires periodic pumping using special equipment, and this is not a cheap pleasure.
- septic tank- the most common type of sewerage system. Waste products are processed using live bacteria and microorganisms, or by adding chemicals to the container that decompose organic waste.
The septic tank device cannot be called cheap, but it allows you to do without pumping for a long time. The main task is to add the necessary substances in time. As for the sewerage system itself for a private house, it will be the same for both the cesspool and the septic tank.
Do-it-yourself sewerage in a private house: a diagram and its main components
When drawing up a project for laying sewers in a private house, it should be noted on the diagram the location of plumbing devices, such as a sink or. All pipes are also taken into account (their length and diameter are prescribed in the plan), connections, corners and branches. Data are entered on the location of the riser and its output to the septic tank.
If you describe in detail all the parameters, you can mount the entire system much faster and better. The plan, after the installation of the sewer, must be saved. It can help with blockages or other emergency situations.
When drawing up a sewerage scheme for a private one-story house (as well as buildings with several floors), it is important to consider the installation sites for cleaning - special branches with plugs that will help get rid of blockages. Do not forget about the calculation of the slope of the highway. With a weak slope, the drain will be ineffective, and if it is excessive, grease and dirt will settle on the walls, which will eventually lead to an emergency. Let's try to figure out how to properly draw up a diagram of the sewer system.
Drawing up a scheme of the sewer system
The first thing to do is to draw a floor plan of all the premises of the building. It is more convenient if such schemes are available - quite often such schemes are drawn up during construction. In this case, it can be copied, and sewerage routes can already be “laid” along it. Having indicated the installation points of plumbing devices, we begin measurements. Every millimeter can play a role here.
Important! When installing thinner pipes (for example, from a sink), if they are longer than necessary, there is a danger of their curvature. In this case, the water will stagnate, which will lead to a build-up of grease and dirt and blockage.
If possible, it is better to place all plumbing devices in the immediate vicinity of the riser - this will allow sewerage to be performed with the greatest efficiency. All tie-ins in the riser are indicated. A prerequisite is the connection of the toilet drain directly to the main pipe, without additional connections. The drain of the bathroom and the sink can be combined - this will save material and get rid of extra pipes and tie-ins to the main riser.
What diameter should the pipes be
The diameter of the pipe is selected based on the number of residents and the planned intensity of use of the system. However, there are also generally accepted norms. So the diameter of the main riser directly to the septic tank is usually 100-110 mm. The same diameter as the toilet drain. But from the sinks and the bathroom there are thinner pipes. Most often, for such purposes, a diameter of 50 mm is used. This thickness will be enough.
All connections and tie-ins must be made at an angle of 450. If the angle of the sewer pipe is even, it is this point that will periodically become clogged.
When installing a sewer system, it should be understood that the riser must go to the roof, from where air will be supplied. Consider what happens if there is no air access, and the upper part of the riser is muffled, using the example of a two-story house. Everyone knows that the toilet has a hydraulic lock that prevents the smell from the system from entering the room. In the absence of free access to air, flush the water in the toilet on the first floor. Due to the rarefaction, water is “drawn out” from the plumbing device on the second floor. The hydraulic lock is open, all the smell from the sewer system rushes into the living quarters.
How can sewer efficiency be improved?
It is possible to improve the quality of autonomous sewerage both by installing additional equipment and purely by installation parameters. To do this, you just need to correctly distribute the slope of the highways. The most effective is a slope of 3 cm / m. But for greater efficiency of the sewer system, this parameter can be increased to 4-5 cm / m. This will be quite enough for the efficient operation of the system and not enough for the rapid formation of grease or dirt deposits on the inner walls of the pipes.
Modern tools are very effective in fighting deposits on the walls. But do not expect a miracle from them when a thorough blockage occurs. Advertisements may claim that the tool can easily cope with any of them, but this is not entirely true. In fact, such funds are good for periodic prevention. If the pipe is already thoroughly clogged, then there is nothing better than the good old cable.
Speaking of additional equipment, one cannot fail to note the benefit in preventing blockages of such equipment as a household waste shredder under the sink. It does not allow large cleanings and other debris to enter the sewer pipe. Everything that is sent to the drain after grinding, in consistency resembles a liquid porridge that is not capable of clogging the line.
How to make a sewer in a private house: stages of work
All work on the arrangement of the sewer system of a private house is carried out in several stages. There is no need to perform them without interruption, which means that installation can be carried out in your free time for a long time. However, according to professionals, such work is rarely delayed - as soon as the arrangement has begun, the home master tries to complete everything as soon as possible. Consider step by step the steps that need to be performed. The algorithm of actions should be like this:
- calculate the required volume of the septic tank;
- install and equip the tank;
- we lay the highway from the septic tank to the house;
- we make internal wiring of sewer pipes and connect them to the system;
- connect plumbing fixtures.
By following this procedure and simple rules for the production of work, you can be sure that the system will work flawlessly. Let's analyze each step in more detail.
How to calculate the required volume of a septic tank for a private house
The calculation can be made empirically: for this you need to sum up the entire water consumption of the family living in the house. However, if the sewerage system is installed at the stage of construction of the dwelling, this method is unacceptable. Then you can take the average values recommended by SanPiN. However, it is much easier to use the specially designed calculator below:
A separate section of the design of engineering communications is the planning of the sewer system. Owners of cottages and country houses often have to independently draw up a diagram and install equipment, so it is simply necessary to know the nuances of organizing work.
The efficiency of the system largely depends on whether the sewerage system in a private house is properly installed - the internal pipe system and the equipment connected to them. For competent design, it is important to take into account everything: from the choice of components to the material for the manufacture of individual elements. And we will tell you how to do it right.
Unlike electric, gas, water supply systems, which are installed in accordance with documentation certified by certain authorities, it is allowed to equip sewers on their own land and in the house without permits.
However, one cannot do without a project, as it will insure against errors associated with violation of generally accepted requirements.
For example, one of the frequent violations is non-compliance with the boundaries of the sanitary zone when installing a drain pit. The supply and drain systems must not come into contact with each other.
The internal wiring device is often associated with errors in the organization of ventilation, the wrong choice of pipe diameter or angle of inclination.
The construction of an axonometric scheme is usually done by specialists. They also make hydraulic calculations of the internal network and the highway located on the outside of the building. Now there is a more interesting option - creating a sewerage model in 3D format.
3D modeling programs allow you to create an accurate and complete project that simplifies the selection of pipes, fittings, fasteners, and installation methods as much as possible.
For a project, they turn to specialists when they want to reduce risks. But there is another option - to study sanitary and technical standards, get acquainted with the internal wiring diagrams, learn how to understand the quality of plumbing equipment and draw up a project on your own.
Placement of important system nodes
The peculiarity of autonomous sewage is that the principles of its arrangement depend on each component in the overall system.
For example, the criterion for choosing a storage tank for wastewater is not only the number of people living in the cottage, but also the number of connected sources for draining technical and domestic water - from the house, garage, bathhouse, summer kitchen.
An approximate diagram of the interaction of internal and external sewerage systems with the obligatory installation of a fan riser. The cleaning function is performed by a factory-made septic tank
According to the place and main functions, sewerage is divided into 3 categories:
- - a network of pipelines from plumbing equipment to the exit outside, outside the walls of the house;
- outdoor- highway from buildings (houses, baths) to treatment equipment;
- cleaning systems-, storage tanks, wells, settling tanks, biological treatment plants.
When considering the layout of the internal sewerage wiring in the house, you need to take into account the location of the external main and cleaning (accumulative) equipment.
Work planning and scheme selection
The installation of sewer pipes is usually carried out together with the installation of a water pipe, respectively, and it is better to design these two systems together.
If we summarize all the documents that make up the project and try to follow the rules, we get the following list:
- General data - description and conditions for the installation of water supply and sanitation systems based on regulatory documents.
- Explication of the premises (explanation to the diagram) indicating wet areas and the method of their waterproofing.
- Calculation of volumes of water consumption and wastewater disposal, taking into account the norms.
- Floor plan of the location of the water supply and axonometric diagram.
- Floor plan of the sewer.
- Specification - a listing of all constituent elements with an indication of the quantity or footage.
You can refuse to install additional ventilation equipment, but on condition that the private house is not higher than 2 floors, and the load on the sewer network is minimal.
If a lot of people live in the building, the number of bathrooms is more than 2, the effluents are discharged to the treatment plant, then the installation of a fan pipe is mandatory. Thanks to her, the atmosphere in the house will be healthy, and the water from the water seals will not disappear anywhere due to the pressure difference in the network.
Features of wiring in a multi-storey building
The number of risers due to the presence of the 2nd or 3rd floors does not increase, but the connection scheme becomes more complicated, since taps are present on all floors. For multi-storey buildings, there is a “code” set out in the SNiP documents.
Disposal of human waste products is an indispensable condition for organizing comfortable living in private ownership. Therefore, a particularly important stage in the construction of the drainage system is the development of a sewerage scheme in a private house.
Gone are the days when a typical device for a private suburban household was an ordinary country toilet, which is a wooden booth and a cesspool. We suggest you read the article.
At present, the sewerage system in the house is its indispensable attribute.
Types of sewerage systems for a private house
Water in your house or in the country is necessary, there is no point in arguing with this statement. But its excess is even more harmful than its deficiency. An excessively watered area in the economic sense is even more useless than a dehydrated one. Therefore, special systems are created to remove excess moisture:
- Drainage sewer system designed to collect and remove liquid from moisture-saturated soil layers.
- Storm sewer system that performs the function of collecting rain and melt water, its sewage into special storage tanks and subsequent discharge into storm sewers or into devices for household use during the dry season.
- Fecal sewerage, responsible for the collection, treatment and disposal of domestic fecal effluents and human waste products. We suggest that you read the article about.
Any of these devices performs a specific function and has its own design differences in accordance with the purpose.
The nature of the effluents in each system involves the separate collection and sewerage of liquid from each type of these devices.
How to make a sewerage scheme in the house with your own hands
Such a document is a graphical action plan. The sewerage project makes it possible to correctly calculate the need for materials for the installation of a sewer system for your home.
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The basis for drawing up drainage schemes is a building project, which clearly indicates the installation sites of plumbing fixtures and their names, which allows you to choose the right materials.Factors affecting the composition and arrangement of sewage in the house
To determine the size and placement of the main elements when installing sewage in a private house, it is necessary to determine the level of water consumption. The calculation uses average consumption data.
As a first approximation, you can use the standard in the amount of 100 liters per person. When designing, one should adhere to the basic rule of placing the main outdoor sewerage equipment at a distance of no closer than 4 meters from the boundary of the site and no closer than 10 meters from a residential building.
At the same time, the distance to the nearest water intake (well or well) must be at least 35 meters.
If the neighbors complain about you, then the inspection authorities (sanitary and epidemiological service) will require that the distance is not less than the figure indicated above!
Below is an example project.
The purpose of the plan is to locate the main equipment of the drainage system, determine the cross-section of sewer outlets and select the appropriate fittings for the installation of a gravity drainage network.
Elements of the internal sewer system
These include the following details;
- Siphon and drain pipe of the kitchen sink.
- The same device for the washbasin in the bathroom.
- There is also a siphon and a drain pipe from the bath, and a ladder with a siphon from the shower.
- The drain pipe and the siphon from the bidet are in the toilet. There is also a siphon and a knee for connecting the toilet bowl to the fecal sewer riser.
All of the listed parts are connected to a horizontal outlet pipe. Since we are talking about a gravity drain system, the outlet channel during installation is installed with a slope of 2-5 millimeters in the direction of the drain and is connected to the riser of the drain system.
The size of the outlet pipe can vary within the nominal bore 32-50 mm. In practice, they usually prefer to get by with one, maximum diameter, which simplifies the selection of fittings. See the diagram below.
All data on the use of plumbing elements are summarized in an axonometric drawing, in accordance with which it is necessary to calculate the need for materials.
When laying sewer pipes in a country house, all connections must be made at an angle of 135 degrees, for which the corresponding fittings are produced.
How to make an internal sewerage scheme at home on your own
Such a graphic document provides for the display of all communications in the house, including the spillway scheme. This takes into account the following circumstances:
- All plumbing fixtures are installed on the floor along one wall, common to areas such as the kitchen, bathroom and toilet.
- The kitchen provides for the installation of a sink, dishwasher and washing machine.
- These units are connected to a common outlet pipe through siphons, which prevent the penetration of air from the sewer into the room with characteristic odors.
- The outlet pipe passes through a hole in the wall into the bathroom, where the following plumbing fixtures can be connected: washbasin, bathtub, washing machine - each device with its own siphon.
- The next hole in the wall leads to a toilet where a bidet and toilet can be placed.
- All connections are made to a branch pipe with a diameter of 40-50 millimeters using tees at an angle of 135 degrees. Connections must be made "in the socket", equipped with a sealing cuff for tightness.
The system for collecting and removing wastewater is non-pressure, therefore, a drainage sewer line. This rule must be observed very scrupulously.
Another revision is installed at the upper end of the riser in the house, to which the base of the fan pipe is attached. It is removed through the ceiling and roofing. The upper end should be at least half a meter higher than the roof ridge to reliably remove unpleasant sewer odors.
In addition, when the riser pipe is completely filled with drain water, the siphon may break.
A vacuum is created in the filled pipe of the riser, as a result of which the water locks in the siphons are sucked into the riser. Air, by no means flavored, penetrates through empty water seals into the living space of the house. The result is obvious.
Such an unsightly situation is completely resolved by installing a fan pipe through which air enters the system, equalizing the pressure.
The fan pipe must be protected by a head from clogging with debris and leaves. They are most often made in the form of a deflector that creates an upward flow of air for ventilation.
Thus, the riser plays a crucial role in the overall drainage system and all the features of its device must be taken into account when designing a sewer.
Features of the sewerage device in a two-story private house
The device of the upper floor in a country house also provides for the use of a drain system. There are fewer drain points on it, usually a shower and a toilet.
To save money, the second floor sewer wiring is carried out in parallel with a similar network on the first floor. This simplifies the design and installation of the system, since there is no need to install a second riser - the drain will be connected to the existing one.
Elements of the external sewer system
The external wastewater treatment and disposal system consists of a number of units, the action of which is aimed at the disinfection of wastewater.
The main ones are:
- Filter wells or septic tanks. The first are the easiest to manufacture and operate. They are a pit in the ground up to three meters deep. The transverse size can reach two meters, regardless of its shape. The walls of the pit are reinforced with concrete or brickwork. They can be solid or perforated with holes of 40-60 millimeters. At the bottom of the well, a filter up to 80 centimeters thick is arranged.
For it, you can use slag, gravel, broken bricks. The latter is laid in the upper layer of broken bricks, the size of the fraction is about 50 millimeters. For a gravel filter, material from 15 millimeters is used.
- Septic tanks. The container is divided by one or more partitions.
The drained liquid fills the first chamber. A protective plate must be installed at the place where the liquid jet falls, which will not allow it to wash away the silt layer. A cartridge with a bacterial culture should be placed in the chamber, which will become the basis of the aerobic filter.
In it, the biological mass decomposes pollution. Water overflows through the upper edge of the partition and enters the second chamber, where an aerator is installed and the water is blown with atomized air. In this case, the pollution is oxidized and further processed, this time by anaerobic bacteria in the presence of oxygen.
When using a septic tank, the degree of wastewater treatment reaches 75 - 90%, which indicates the need for additional post-treatment for complete disinfection.
- Soil field filtration
- Sewerage projects are carried out individually, depending on the actual conditions.
This method is used for post-treatment of wastewater as it passes through the soil. From the septic tank, the liquid enters the drainage pipe system, passing through a gravel pack and a double layer of geotextile.
At the same time, all fine particles are retained in them, and the degree of purification reaches 98%.
The limitation for the use of such a technique for additional wastewater treatment is the characteristics of soils. Fields are ineffective on soils with low permeability - dense loams and clays. Sandy gravel and sandy soils are most favorable, allowing high-quality filtration of wastewater.
- Infiltrators. On impermeable soils, infiltrates are established. These are box-shaped products made of plastic with side bars, closed at the top and open at the bottom. Depending on the volume of processing, up to 3-4 devices can be installed in series.
Any of the described objects can be used both together and in the configuration selected by the buyer. The objects are connected by laying plastic pipes with a diameter of 100-150 millimeters, less often - for large objects - pipes of 200 millimeters are used.
In addition, each external sewage facility is equipped with a ventilation system; inside the building, fan pipes are used for this purpose.
The use of septic tanks is most popular in areas with insufficient rainfall, while the purified liquid is actively used for reuse for household needs.
Design of external sewerage
These two components of a single task are completely opposite. If the internal sewerage scheme is designed to collect wastewater, then the external one is for their disinfection and disposal.
Therefore, the rules for its construction have only one similarity with internal requirements - the slope from the foundation of the house towards the drive should be 1-2 millimeters per meter for the same reasons (see above).
The factors of the first group include the absence of a special closed shaft for placing a fan pipe. We have already seen the need for it. In such a situation, it is installed with an output through the wall in the wall-mounted version, the fastening is made to the wall using brackets.
If the installation of a fan pipe in this embodiment is also undesirable, you can use an air valve to relieve pressure in the sewer drain.
Types of sewerage facilities and their functioning
For disinfection and purification of wastewater sewered in a private house, several methods are used:
- Accumulation of liquid in a special container. Here, the primary separation of the drain into solid liquid fractions takes place. It uses chemical and biological preparations that contribute to the liquefaction of the mass and its partial processing by active bacteria. Culture can be purchased at specialized stores or at the construction market.
The given cleaning scheme is used in industrial conditions, but most operations in one form or another are also carried out on home cleaning devices.
INFO HELP!!! So, in the storage tank, chemical and bacteriological treatment of wastewater is carried out. Further purification takes place in the filter well. The filter in this case consists of gravel and sand. Good results are obtained by using granulated slag and broken bricks, which are good adsorbents.
Piping and piping
As a result of the accumulated experience, certain rules have been formed for the installation of internal and external pipelines when laying sewers. They look like this:
- Regardless of the place and method of its placement, the type of pipes and other conditions, it is mandatory to observe a slope towards the drain when laying. In this case, one should be guided by the requirements of SNiPs, since a certain slope is required for each pipe size. Violation of the rules in its magnitude leads, as a rule, to the formation of blockage.
- The distances between sewerage objects should be optimal in length, if they exceed 4-5 meters, a revision tie-in is necessary. A revision well must be installed on 10-meter sections.
- When laying sewers in a country house (underground installation), the requirements of SNiP 2.04.03-85 and 2.04.01-85 must be followed in terms of observing the distances between individual objects of the sewer network.
- In Russian conditions, an important factor is the location of the pipeline below the zero freezing point of the soil. To ensure this factor, the trench must be deep enough, but you can go along the path of sewer insulation, up to the use of heating cables during installation.
- Laying of sewer pipes is carried out only on a pillow of sand and it also covers the top. This stage is very important for their integrity.
When using plastic pipes, care must be taken to compact the sand layer. The best results are given by plentiful shedding of shelter water. In this case, the most high-quality compaction occurs, after which it is possible to backfill with soil.
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Sewer pipe insulation
In sealed latrines, the contents are preserved for the entire time between pumpings. With a large family, such operations are performed quite often, because each person produces about 100 liters of wastewater per day.
The cesspool is located in a place convenient for the access of a sewage truck, no more than 6 meters from the border of the site.
The danger of cesspools lies in insufficient wastewater treatment. If in hermetic devices this issue is not considered at all, then in filtration systems the degree of purification is about 75%, which is clearly not enough and pollution gradually accumulates in soils.
Filter wells
Do-it-yourself installation of the sewerage of a private house is possible in other ways. So, the outer part is made in the form of filter wells. This becomes possible on marl or sandy soils with high permeability.
The composition of the filter in this case is heterogeneous:
- in the lower part, a layer of blast-furnace slag up to half a meter thick is poured;
- then comes a layer of gravel with a fraction of 15 millimeters;
- the top layer should be correctly poured from broken bricks, which exhibit strong adsorbing characteristics.
On the upper layers of such a filter, large components of the filtrate are deposited, then smaller ones. Filter wells are effective if biological wastewater treatment is used. Aerobic bacteria gradually develop in the filter, capable of processing organic matter contained in wastewater.
It is possible and often used to dispose of the filtered liquid through drainage ditches into the nearest body of water. Wastewater in the drainage channel undergoes additional purification, passing through a gravel-sand filter.
The degree of purification in the filter well, depending on the throughput characteristics of the soil, can reach 90-95%.
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In general, a filter well is a transitional stage from a cesspool to a septic tank. If you add another compartment with an aeration unit to the tank, you can get a full-fledged septic tank. Atomized air actively oxidizes the wastewater biomass, forming another silt bactericidal layer, in this case it is represented by anaerobic bacteria.
Calculation of the volume of filtering facilities for sewerage at home
It should be understood the responsibility of the residents of the house for the ecological state of the place of residence. And in many respects it depends on the purity of groundwater. Therefore, a number of documents regulating water consumption and water treatment have been developed:
- Building codes and regulations 2.04.03.85 regulating the external sewerage of private houses, as well as the arrangement of sanitary protection zones with small protective structures;
- SNiP 2.04.01.85 for internal networks and water supply in terms of determining the volume of effluents;
- manual on the procedure for designing engineering support systems MDS 40.2.200, which provides calculations for calculating the volume of effluents in private housing construction.
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The calculation of the volume of a septic tank can be performed both for a single-chamber scheme and a multi-chamber one. With a consumption volume per day of the order of one cubic meter, one chamber is enough for a complete biocenosis of the contents of the septic tank.With more drains, two or more containers should be used, which are installed in series. Septic tanks from two or more chambers are divided equally, but it is possible to use devices in which the first chamber occupies up to 75% of the volume. Important - it is forbidden to make cesspools according to sanitary standards!
The use of biochemical treatment of wastewater makes it possible to purify them to a degree of 98%, so such water can be used for watering the garden and at the same time receive an increase in yield. To fertilize the soil
The main difference between drain systems and other pipelines is the following features:
- Gravity when working under atmospheric pressure. The fluid flows through the tubular products under the influence of gravity along a predetermined slope.
- The flow rate is set by the angle of inclination of the pipeline towards the outflow. Moreover, its value should be strictly within 1-2 millimeters per meter. The reasons have already been mentioned above.
- Tightness. For a gravity pipeline, it is provided by a socket connection of the elements using a rubber cuff for sealing.
When installing the sewer system, it is not allowed to connect pipes with a misalignment from a common axis. Otherwise, a gap is formed between the wall of the part and the cuff with leakage of the transported liquid.
Which pipe products to choose at home
For wastewater disposal systems, pipelines of various materials are used:
- For many decades, cast iron sewer pipes have been market leaders. This material is almost ideal for this application. The material of manufacture is resistant to corrosion in most environments and has sufficiently high strength characteristics. The accuracy of the socket connection is ensured by the production method - casting. In addition, the use of cast iron pipes allows the use of caulking during their installation to improve the tightness of the connection.
To facilitate the installation of cast iron pipelines, a wide range of fittings is produced.
- Asbestos pipes. Some positive characteristics of asbestos pipes do not negate the main negative point - such materials are prohibited for use in housing construction.
- Plastic sewer pipes today have practically replaced all other types. Simple delivery and unloading, manufacturability of the material during installation and durability have led to the fact that they have become the main materials for those who decide to make a sewer with their own hands. The main method of assembling pipelines is in a socket. For internal systems, the main dimensions are:
- For taps from plumbing fixtures - diameters of 40 or 50 millimeters;
- For a riser and a fan pipe - size 100 or 110 mm;
- For the outlet pipe from the house to the septic tank 100, 110 or 150.
Conducting a pipeline from the house to the tank
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Therefore, a rule has been established that determines the installation of a storage tank at a distance of at least 10 meters from a residential building. However, there are sources that regulate this value of 5 meters.
It should be understood that this is an accidental discrepancy, but it is better to stick to the first installation option. In this case, it will be impossible to file a claim. But, strictly speaking, the correct installation of the tank depends on the throughput and filtering capacity of the soils on the site.
It is mandatory to comply with the slope in the parameters mentioned above.
To lay a sewer outlet pipe, you will need to dig a trench of the required depth, determined by the level of soil freezing. Imagine the labor costs associated with the fulfillment of this requirement, because you also need to provide for the thickness of the drainage layer. If in the Moscow region the soil freezes up to 1.8 meters, then the depth of the trench will be more than 2.2. Therefore, many prefer shallow ditches, insulating pipes with a protective jacket and heating cable.
The order of work is as follows:
- The route is marked with a mark with pegs or a cord.
- Excavation to a connection depth of about 60 centimeters.
- Drainage backfill - at the bottom of about 20 centimeters of gravel and 10 centimeters of sand.
- Spilling drainage with water to seal.
- The marking of the slope is made using a cord and a building level. The upper end at the exit from the building should be 20 centimeters higher than the opposite end at a ten-meter distance.
- Pipes are laid section by section to a depth according to the laying scheme, the position is regulated by bricks placed under them and sanding.
- The heating cable is installed, fixed with adhesive tape.
- In the process of laying a heat-insulating casing is put on the pipe.
- The pipe with cable and insulation is covered with sand, then with previously excavated soil.
The use of plastic pipes for the external drainage system will ensure their integrity during seasonal soil movements, since they are elastic enough to withstand such loads. The sewerage device in your house made of this material ensures its performance for up to 50 years.
Do-it-yourself installation cost
Payment for the services of invited specialists costs a lot of money. But if we analyze the installation technology according to the wiring diagram of the sewer system, it becomes obvious that there is nothing in it that could not be done correctly.
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How to improve efficiency
Uninterrupted performance of the drain system, first of all, is ensured by high-quality installation.
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The only thing that can be advised to the user is to install a waste chopper under the sink in addition to the sewerage scheme, it will not be difficult to do it correctly. This action will largely protect the system from the formation of blockages.
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