The concept of territorial communities. Social communities and groups

INTRODUCTION

The sociology of the city and the countryside is, in my opinion, relevant today, since only by clearly presenting the past of Russian society, its mentality, the features of life and the development of the economy in history, one can more or less correctly imagine the prospects for the further development of Russia.

The range of problems of urban and rural sociology includes:

1. determining their place in society and the settlement system;

2. the main reasons for the appearance and factors affecting their functioning and development;

3. social structure of the population;

4. features of urban and rural lifestyles;

5. connection with the environment;

6. urban and rural management and the problems of reviving the traditions of self-government;

7. social factors and the consequences of population migration (city - village, village - city), etc.

The work was written on the basis of newspapers and magazines: "Social and Political Journal", "Knowledge is Power", "Free Thought", "Sotsis".

SOCIOLOGY OF SETTLEMENT.

To understand the state of Russian society and the prospects for its development importance has an analysis of the sociology of settlement. The main thing in the sociological theory of settlement is the identification of the social community of the essence of various types of settlement.

This approach means:

1. disclosure of the social conditionality of the emergence of settlement, its functioning and development;

2. definition of its functions, role in society;

3. establishing changes in this role in connection with the transition from one formation to another;

4. clarification of the impact of settlement, as well as the social, industrial activities of people on the environment.

The sociology of settlement is a field of sociological knowledge that studies the genesis (origin, formation process), the essence and general patterns of development and functioning of the city and village as integral systems.

The genesis of settlement in the form of a city and a village is a long historical process during which the organization of space acquires a socially determined character. The concept of "settlement" reflects the entire socially determined spatial complex of living conditions for people, as well as disproportions in their territorial distribution, which determine the social differences between social groups and strata. Settlement acts as a result, reflecting in a filmed form the social structure of society.

"Resettlement - determined by the mode of production, the placement of people in a correspondingly formed system of living conditions deployed in space and time in the aggregate of their material and spiritual components, aimed at meeting the basic needs of a person."

Settlement is a complex and lengthy process that reflects the state of a particular era and, along with new social relations, implies a sufficient level of development of production forces.

In the conditions of a primitive society, the nomadic way of life was the first form of human existence, this is mainly due to natural and geographical factors. Primitive society did not know the differentiation of settlement, because the very community of people was formed on a tribal, tribal basis. Settlement took place on a dispersed basis, since consanguineous groups of people lived in caves scattered in the developed territory. Social principles in public life experienced their origin, separation from the natural. Territorial differences were in the natural conditions of life and activities of people and did not have a social connotation, because. were due to nature. The process of formation of settlements is especially intensified when the crisis of the hunting-gathering economy occurs and the transition to agriculture is carried out, which tied people to a certain place. The qualitatively homogeneous economic activity of the primitive communal system reproduced forms of settlement adequate to it. Relative originality was introduced by the density or sparseness of the territory according to its population by individual tribes. In general, due to the lack of a basis for the formation of separate social groups population in primitive society for a long time there was the same type of settlement in the form of autonomous settlements close to the traditional rural. Further economic development gave the settlements the character of a system, subordinating to their interests its main elements (settlements), integrally polarized in the form of traditional dismemberment - "city - village".

In the period of antiquity, the city and the village were not yet distinguished as independent settlements. Antiquity was characterized by a kind of symbiosis "city - village", which was ubiquitous, including territories with cities - centers. Cities were a group of settlements close to the rural, village type.

During the formation of the slave system, the organization of space gradually acquires a stable character. Undeveloped cities and villages give way to socially differentiated settlement. At this time, the formation of the first urban organisms, or, as they are more accurately called, proto-cities, takes place. In the evolution of settlement, the crystallization of urban and rural functions and the emergence of opposites between town and country become noticeable. This was largely due to the division of labor, which led to the separation of industrial and commercial labor from agricultural labor and thus to the separation of the city from the countryside. Since then, the conditions and place of human life are determined by his social position and economic opportunities.

Thus, "city" and "village" in the aggregate of settlements act rather as collective concepts, mainly covering the variety of existing forms of settlement and expressing the differences between settlements. The historical development of a city (village) cannot be a continuous process of evolution. There are many similarities between the ancient polis, medieval and modern cities, but the layering of epochs in the process of settlement development is observed only in inherited material and spatial material forms and architectural solutions, and not in their socio-economic content.

The differences between the city and the countryside of different eras lies in political, socio-economic, recreational, aesthetic and other functions. Behind the spatial transformations in the settlement network lie changes in its structure and functional organization, which is determined by the socio-political changes in society.

SOCIOLOGY OF THE CITY.

The sociology of the city, in my opinion, should be considered open to science and practice, like all sociology, from the period when man became the subject of the historical process, i.e. from the period of bourgeois revolutions. Until then, we have the right to talk about the history of the city, about modest local attempts to solve the social problems of its inhabitants. Until the 19th century inclusive, cities were created and emerged as symbols of power, as centers of trade, as port cities (both in ancient times and in the Middle Ages). And with the advent of the era of capitalism, cities were created for a long time as a result of industrialization, as centers for the development of natural resources. And only on the threshold of the 20th century did the concepts of the French architect T. Garnier and the English urbanist E. Howard appear, in which ideas were expressed about the division of cities into an industrial and residential zone, as well as a recreation, service and recreation zone. It is with this that the sociology of the city, urban agglomerations and all settlements that claim this name begins.

A special place is occupied by the city as a socio-territorial entity, where the interests of society, labor collectives, institutions, organizations and the interests of the person himself as a resident are most closely intertwined. The 20th century can, in a certain sense, be called the century of the mass emergence of cities. The process of urbanization covered all countries, especially industrialized ones, which led to the fact that the majority of the population was concentrated in urban settlements. At the same time, not only the concentration of industry became city-forming factors. But also science, recreation, processing of raw materials, including agricultural, etc.

This process is no exception for our country, in which the process of urban planning proceeded on a huge scale. Over the years Soviet power(until 1989) 1481 cities were formed. A characteristic feature of the current period is their steady enlargement: in Russia, 57 cities have a population of more than 500 thousand people, including 23 - more than 1 million inhabitants. The acuteness of the social development of cities at the present stage is primarily due to the fact that at present the majority (71%) of the country's population lives in them.

The problems and range of research in urban sociology is currently the subject of extensive discussion in the sociological literature. Theoretical basis non-Marxist urban sociology are embedded in the works of M. Weber (analysis of the city in the context historical development society, its economic system, culture and political institutions), Tennis (contrasting urban and rural forms of social life) and Simmel (highlighting some of the characteristic features of urban culture). Currently, the spatial analysis of the city is used to study the social segregation of various social strata and ethnic groups in cities.

A city is a territorially concentrated form of resettlement of people who are mainly engaged in non-agricultural labor. The city is characterized by a variety of labor and non-productive activities of the population, social and professional heterogeneity, and a specific way of life.

Urban culture is characterized by: the predominance of anonymous, businesslike, short-term, partial and superficial contacts in interpersonal communication; diminishing importance territorial communities; attenuation of neighboring bonds; the diminishing role of the family; variety of cultural stereotypes; the instability of the social status of the city dweller, the increase in his social mobility; weakening the influence of traditions in regulating the behavior of the individual.

The urban way of life in our country is conditioned and characterized by: the employment of the population mainly by industrial forms of labor and the resulting social and professional structure; relatively high spatial, professional and social mobility; a wide choice of types of work and leisure; a significant distance between housing and places of work; the predominance of state and cooperative housing stock over private; changing the role of personal subsidiary farming (horticultural plot), turning it from a source of livelihood into one of the forms of health-improving recreation; a large amount of information necessary for a person, which leads to psychological overload and requires new ways of organizing recreation; a significant degree of ethnic integration and socio-ethnic diversity in family and friendship ties; high density human contacts.

In connection with the development of the urban way of life, there are two kinds of problems. Some of them are related to the study and formation of mechanisms for creating new models of social relations in production and beyond, with the development of forms and norms of social and cultural consumption and the creation of succession mechanisms. various norms culture and social relations. Others are focused on the redistribution of existing and the release of additional resources to accelerate the development of these processes. The most important is the problem of mutual linking of the city's jobs and the professional qualities of the working population, on the one hand, and the real inconsistencies between its requirements and expectations for jobs and the existing structure of the city's jobs, on the other.

The extensive way of industrial development, reproducing the same far from the most efficient structure of jobs on an ever-expanding scale, thereby stimulates a regular influx of labor from outside, which leads to excessive urban growth. This problem is most acute in small and medium-sized cities, especially with one dominant industry. The bottom line is that the monofunctionality of the city predetermines the predominant demand for the labor force of any one gender. For example, Ivanovo is the center of the textile industry, where predominantly female labor is used. As a result, in the formation of the city's population, there is a bias towards females, as a result of which the process of population reproduction is disrupted, divorces become more frequent, and so on. In addition, the monofunctionality of the city makes it almost impossible to choose an activity, nullifies the conditions for changing jobs, which in turn leads to an increase in migration of the population, and especially young people.

An increasing influence on the development of culture, politics and the entire way of life of mankind is exerted by the phenomenon of not only the growth of the world's population, but also the concentration of people in separate large agglomerations. Large cities are growing rapidly, absorbing the surrounding villages, merge with each other, forming megacities. In our country, there are a number of large and super-large agglomerations: Moscow, Ural, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, which are fundamentally new social problems caused by the residence of a huge number of people in a limited area. The very functioning of cities and agglomerations has both general and specific problems.

For all of them, the adaptation of newcomers, the social and environmental environment, the development of modern housing, the rational organization of Everyday life of people.

But there are also specific problems. In large cities, this is the streamlining of social infrastructure, bringing production and cultural needs into line, in small cities - the effective use of labor resources, improvement, the creation of a modern complex of amenities, housing and public services. Many acute questions arise in new cities. The experience of designing, building and operating Naberezhnye Chelny, Divnogorsk, cities of the Tyumen North suggests that the lack necessary conditions for the rational organization of the daily life of the population leads to dissatisfaction with the place of work and residence and, as a result, to migration. The solution to this problem may be to provide young Siberian cities with stable qualified personnel.

Transition to new high technology leads not only to population shifts. Migration first from villages to workers' settlements, then from settlements to cities, and from cities to megacities is typical for most regions of the planet. Villages, and even more so farms, are disappearing, this is due to the peculiarities of people's life and work. They are replaced by megacities with their problems and advantages, which include the following: in large cities it is more profitable to do business, organize production, trade, create educational complexes, etc.

Summing up, we can say with confidence that it is necessary to deal with the problem of cities today, and it is necessary to deal not only from the position of a municipal administrator, but from the position of science, for which the concentration of the population is a natural phenomenon that does not arise due to someone's evil will and which became a natural consequence of the development of civilization, and hence the evolution of man.

SOCIOLOGY OF THE VILLAGE.

Like a city, a village as an object of sociology is a historically developed internally differentiated socio-territorial subsystem. It is characterized by a special unity of the artificial material environment, natural and geographical conditions dominating it, a dispersed type of socio-spatial organization of people.

The village differs from the city in a lower degree of socio-economic development, a well-known lag in the level of well-being of people, their way of life, which accordingly affects the social structure and lifestyle of the population. It is characterized by a relative (compared to the city) paucity of species labor activity, greater social and professional homogeneity. The village is a relatively stable independent system, which is a socio-spatial subsystem of society. Its main components are identical to the city and at the same time dichotomous to it; together with the city historically forms the integrity of the social and territorial structure of society.

The main differences between the rural way of life and the urban one are less developed labor in social reproduction, its lag in mechanization and power supply, relatively weak differentiation in the field of labor application, less variety of jobs and poor opportunities for their choice, subordination of labor to the rhythms and cycles of nature, uneven labor employment, more difficult working conditions, etc.

The rural way of life is also characterized by the necessity and laboriousness of work in the household and subsidiary farms; a small variety of leisure activities; poor labor mobility; great fusion of work and life. Interpersonal relations in the countryside are also specific. Socially and nationally homogeneous families predominate here, there is no anonymity of communication, social roles poorly formalized. Strong social control of the community over people's behavior, traditions, customs, and local authorities are of great importance. The rhythm of life in the countryside is predominantly less stressful compared to the city, a person experiences less psychological stress, uses simpler forms of communication.

In many ways, the functions of a city and a village are similar, but each type of settlement has its own specific functions. Among the most important functions of the village include spatial communication. Nowadays, interest in this feature is escalating. It must be known from the point of view of identifying further opportunities for the development of the country's territory and assessing the role of rural settlements in solving the food problem. Creation of a reliable infrastructure (network of railways, roads, construction of airfields and runways, etc.) is of paramount importance when deciding to switch agriculture to a farmer's path of development.

Next important aspect, closely related to this function, is the problem of satisfying spiritual needs, “satisfying” the informational hunger of the villagers. It means not only the consumption of funds mass media- television, radio, newspapers. The question is much broader. The fact is that the activity of consumption and production of spiritual values has sharply increased on the basis of a new, higher educational level of the population and new spiritual needs.

For the past 100 years, the village has been performing a donor function. More resources are drawn from the village than are given in return. The reason is the steady migration from the countryside to the city. Expenses for education, study, vocational training in more carried the village, and the income from the realization of the labor potential of people who left for the city went to the latter.

The city has always attracted the population of villages, farms, villages, small towns. Thus, from the mid-1920s to the mid-1980s, the urban population increased by 80 million people. In modern large cities of Russia, the share of migrants is 2/3 of the urban population. Thus, the problem of providing labor force cities. But it was solved by "pulling" resources, the best labor force from the village.

Since the 1990s, the migration flow has increased from city to village, city to village. This is due to the deterioration of the life of the population in cities, especially non-working pensioners, a significant rise in the cost of travel by rail, road transport and other reasons. So, by 1994 St. Petersburg "lost" more than 200 thousand of its inhabitants and for the first time in the last 15 years their number was less than 5 million people. This trend has not touched Moscow, which is home to more than 11 million people.

In recent years, the influx of migrants to the village has increased from the regions of the Far North, from Murmansk to Anadyr, as well as from neighboring countries and hot spots in Russia.

The village is getting older and older. The proportion of able-bodied people born in the village does not exceed 20%. Half of the migrants who came to the village are pensioners who are not sufficiently trained and are not capable of productive intensive work.

The relations that develop in rural areas in modern Russia are quite specific. The central subjects of Russian peasant societies were and remain, on the one hand, large collective farms and, on the other, family peasant households. Now there is a selection of various possibilities and rules for the socio-economic survival of the peasantry. Collective farms and joint-stock companies often act in relation to the peasant as the most cruel exploiter of his labor. This is manifested, in particular, in the form of non-payment of wages.

In the struggle of subjects from among the current peasantry, the initiative remains with the court, the farmer, they are more resolute and quick-witted. The connection between the collective farm, joint-stock companies, and the peasant household is becoming ever weaker and more one-sided: the court strives to take as much as possible and give as little as possible to the collective farm or joint-stock company. The peasants themselves feel psychological discomfort from a double life: for themselves and for the collective farm.

Another specific feature of the economic, social and other relations taking shape in rural areas is the course not towards strengthening the production base and improving the economic mechanism for stimulating the development of production, but towards a hasty change in the forms of ownership and organization of farms.

The number of villages, as mentioned above, invariably becomes smaller and smaller. And this is not surprising, since in 1998 Russia's agriculture suffered losses more than in 1997, by 10 billion rubles. 92% of all joint-stock companies, collective and state farms, as well as farms are unprofitable.

There are several reasons. Chief among them is the government's policy towards this most important sphere of the national economy. In all countries of the world that occupy leading positions in the field of agricultural production, this industry is subsidized (the size of subsidies is from 30 to 60% of the total volume of production). 2.2% of the annual GDP is allocated to the Russian agriculture. In addition, residents of farms, villages, and villages suffer great losses from impassability, from the lack of cars, mechanisms for processing agricultural products, etc.

So, in our time, it is not the “elimination of the village” that is important, but its social arrangement, the qualitative transformation of rural settlement, the establishment of closer, more intense social ties between urban and rural settlements, etc.

CONCLUSION.

Summing up the above, I would like to emphasize the importance of considering this problem, because despite its relevance, it does not attract the due interest of scientists, theoreticians and practitioners.

The problem of urban growth and the problems arising from it must be solved not from the position of local officials, but from the position of science. It is necessary to develop a plan for the design and creation of new cities rationally, since at present, oddly enough, old cities are more comfortable for living.

In addition, it is necessary to prevent the "impoverishment" of villages, their aging. It is advisable to change the policy of the state in relation to villages, farms, agriculture in general.

The problem of population migration should not be overlooked either. Previously, the reasons for migration were highlighted. Based on them, it is possible to find a solution to this problem, which, in my opinion, is to create a favorable ecological climate, i.e. carrying out comprehensive measures to protect environment. It would not be superfluous to create a sufficient number of jobs. It is necessary that people have a sufficient number of choices of various professions. Besides, wage and the size of the pension should correspond to the price level. This will lead to a decrease in migration both from the city to the countryside and vice versa. In addition, the "aging" of the villages will finally end.

It is necessary to create closer ties between the city and the countryside in order, at least in this way, to improve the agricultural economy.

It may be worth introducing a number of new benefits in order to attract young people to villages, farms, villages, since at present it is considered extremely unprestigious to live and work there.

Bibliography

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2. Popov A.I. Settlement evolution: cities, agglomeration, metropolis. // Socio-political magazine, - 1997, - No. 6, - p. 38 - 47.

3. Toshchenko Zh.T. Sociology. General course. 2nd ed., add. and reworked. – M.: Prometheus, Yurayt, 1999. – 511 p.

4. Workbook of a sociologist. - M., 1983. - 480 p.

5. Modern Western Sociology: Dictionary. - M.: Politizdat, 1990. - 432 p.

6. Moiseev N. Megacities as a natural factor in the development of mankind. // Free Thought, - 1997, - No. 3, - p. 62-67.

7. Sociology / G.V. Osipov, Yu.P. Kovalenko, N.I. Shchipanov, R.G. Yanovsky. M.: Thought, 1990. - 446 p.

8. Shingarev A.I. Dying village. // Socis, - 2002, - No. 2, - p. 124 - 133.

9. Shirokalova G.S. Citizens and villagers as a result of the reforms of the 90s. // Socis, - 2002, - No. 2, - p. 71-82.

The nature and social division of labor are closely connected with the place of life. Compactly living groups of people form socio-territorial communities.

In sociology socio-territorial communitiesare defined as social groups that have a unity of attitude towards a certain economically developed territory. Signs of such communities are stable economic, social, political, spiritual, ideological and environmental ties, which make it possible to single them out as independent social subjects of the spatial organization of life. Revealing the social essence of various types of settlements, sociologists reveal the social conditionality of the emergence of human settlement, determine its functions and their changes during the transition from one social system to another, and find out the impact of settlement on the production activities of people, on the environment.

Two types of settlement are the focus of attention of sociologists: city and village differing in the degree of concentration of production, the population, and, consequently, the difference in access to social benefits and institutions, the possibilities of personal development.

The settlement is a form of inclusion of the individual in public life, the environment of his socialization. The heterogeneity of social living conditions leads to significant social inequality. The possibilities of socialization in the countryside are limited by such an economic factor as profitability of the service sector and industry. There is no point in building an academic opera and ballet theater here, and even a hairdresser in every village will not be able to feed himself. The average number of inhabitants of one village in Russia does not exceed one hundred people. A school has to be created not in every village, but one in three or four. The quality of education in rural schools is lower than in urban schools.

Comparing urban and rural lifestyles, sociologists capture the following important social differences and inequalities:

Ø In cities, the population is predominantly engaged in industrial and mental labor with a predominance in the social structure of workers, intellectuals, employees, entrepreneurs, while peasants, a small number of intelligentsia and a large number of pensioners dominate in the structure of the village;

Ø In villages, private housing stock of low-rise buildings prevails and the role of personal subsidiary plots is significant, while in cities state multi-storey housing stock dominates and a significant distance between the place of work and housing. The average Moscow resident spends about two hours a day moving from home to work and back;

Ø The city has a high population density and high formalization, anonymity of social contacts; in the countryside, communication is, as a rule, personal;

Ø The city is distinguished by a significantly greater stratification, a high decile coefficient (the difference between the current incomes of 10% of the richest and 10% of the poorest). The Russian village in terms of income is more homogeneous. In 2000, the income of agricultural workers

accounted for 37% of the income level of employees in cities;

Ø The urban type of settlement creates a complex role structure, leading to a weakening of group control, deviant behavior, and crime. According to statistics, three times less crime per unit of population is committed in villages than in cities;

Ø Life expectancy in Russian villages is lower than in cities, and this gap continues to widen. The sex and age structure of the village is clearly dominated by women.

There are other differences as well. Nevertheless, the historically inevitable way of the development of civilization, the socio-territorial structure of the population is urbanization.

Urbanization -it is a process of increasing the share and role of cities in the development of society, causing changes in the social structure of society, culture and lifestyle of the population.

The village is gradually losing inhabitants, and the cities tend to enlarge. Millionaire cities are turning into megacities, becoming one of the manifestations of the planetary crisis. Man is an element of the biosphere and can develop only in a developing biosphere. Meanwhile, cities are increasingly moving people away from nature, throwing out a huge amount of gases, industrial and municipal waste, etc. Stopping the supply of electricity, water, garbage collection in the metropolis for a couple of days can lead to a colossal social catastrophe.

Sociologists identify other socio-territorial communities that require sociological attention. For example, urbanized areas and agglomerations. The urban agglomeration includes narrowly functional settlements and enterprises located within the daily pendulum migration from its center. An urbanized zone is a territory where, as a result of urbanization, the rural population gradually assimilates and begins to lead an urban lifestyle.

The elements of the socio-territorial structure aredistricts and regions. Sociologists identify twelve regions in Russia: the Non-Black Earth Region, the Volga-Vyatka, the North-Western, the Volga Region, the West Siberian and others. Of great interest in planning and forecasting the prospects of the region is the system of indicators and development criteria.

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Socio-territorial communities have system-forming features, the main of which are stable economic, social, political, spiritual and ideological ties and relations. This makes it possible to single out a socio-territorial community as an independent system of spatial organization of people's life.

Socio-territorial communities include the population of a city, a village, a township, a village, a separate district of a large city. More complex territorial-administrative formations - district, region, territory, state, province, etc., also act as such communities.

A city is a large settlement whose inhabitants are engaged in non-agricultural labor. The city is characterized by a variety of labor and non-productive activities of the population, the specifics of its social composition and lifestyle.

The allocation of the city as a territorial unit in different countries ah has its own characteristics. Thus, in a number of countries, cities include settlements with a population of several hundred people, although the generally accepted figure is from 3 to 10 thousand inhabitants. In the Russian Federation, a city is considered to be a settlement with a population of over 12 thousand people, of which at least 85% are employed outside the agricultural sector. Cities are divided into small (with a population of up to 50 thousand people), medium (50-100 thousand people) and large (over 100 thousand people). Cities with a population of over 1 million stand out in particular. At the same time, cities with a population of over 2 million people are considered to be megacities.

The development of cities is associated with urbanization, the main social content of which lies in special "urban relations", covering the socio-professional and demographic structure of the population, its lifestyle, culture, distribution of productive forces, resettlement. Urbanization is characterized by an influx of the rural population into cities, an increase in the share of the urban population, an increase in the number of large cities, an increase in the accessibility of large cities for the entire population, etc.

An important moment in the development of urbanization was the transition from the "point" to the "areal" structure of settlement. This meant the expansion not of the city itself, but of its zone of influence to ever more distant territories. A complex complex of social space, including a city, suburbs, settlements, is called an agglomeration. Agglomeration becomes the main element of "areal" settlement.

On this basis, a new phenomenon arises in the socio-demographic structure of the area - the pendulum migration of the population, associated with the increasing mobility of the inhabitants of the city and the peripheral environment.

The process of urbanization has both positive and Negative consequences. Among the first is the spread of new, more advanced forms of lifestyle and social organization; creation of favorable conditions for the development of science, technology, culture; choice of different types of education and professional activities; wide opportunities for more interesting spending of free time, etc.; among the second - exacerbation environmental issues; increase in morbidity; increase in social disorganization, crime, deviation, etc.

A village is a small settlement whose inhabitants are engaged in agricultural labor. This form of socio-territorial community is characterized by a direct connection between the inhabitants and the land, seasonal cyclical work, a small variety of occupations, the relative social and professional homogeneity of the population, and a specific rural lifestyle.

Historically, the name "village" originated in the north-east of Russia, from where it spread to other regions of the country. Another typical type of settlement was the village, which differed from the village in its large size and the presence of a landowner's estate or church. Smaller settlements were called settlements, farms, repairs, zaimkas, etc. On the Don and Kuban, large rural settlements are called villages. In Central Asia, the main type of settlement is kishlak, and in mountainous areas North Caucasus- aul.

Currently, in accordance with the urban planning code, rural settlements include villages, villages, villages, farms, kishlaks, auls, camps, zaimkas and other similar socio-territorial communities. All these settlements can be generally defined by the concept of "village", which reflects a specific set of socio-economic, cultural, social and natural conditions of rural life.

3.8. Socio-territorial communities

Marginal
Social politics
social role
social family
social system
social structure

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Criteria for granting the territory the status of a rural settlement

The status of a rural settlement is obtained by one or several rural settlements united by a common territory, taking into account the following criteria:

A) Population criterion:

Rural settlement - one rural settlement (settlement), if its population is more than 1,000 people (for a territory with a high population density - more than 3,000 people) (clause 6, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131);

Rural settlement - several rural settlements united by a common territory, if the population in each of them is less than 1000 (for a territory with a high population density - less than 3000 people) (clause 6, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131);

Exception: rural settlement - a rural settlement with a population of less than 1000 people, taking into account population density of the subject of the Russian Federation and accessibility of the territory of the settlement(clause 8, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131).

Lecture: For a rural settlement, the basic point is the number. Not every territorially united community can claim the status of a municipal formation. i.e. in this case the population must be more than 1000 people (in some areas this requirement is increased).

3. Socio-territorial communities The concept of territorial communities

When this requirement does not apply, see above.

Again, within the territory there must be at least one rural settlement, i.e., the population must be territorially united. If the population is excessively dispersed throughout the territory and a settlement has not been formed, then it is problematic to say that this territory claims to receive the status of a rural settlement.

B) Accessibility criterion for the administrative center of a rural settlement:

Pedestrian accessibility to the administrative center of the settlement and back during the working day for residents of all settlements included in it: the exception is territories with a low density of the rural population, remote and hard-to-reach areas (clause 11, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131) .

Lecture: The criterion of transport accessibility. This is one of the most uncertain criteria (as well as the sufficiency of the infrastructure). In fact, it cannot be said that both the municipalities themselves and in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation did not try to think about this topic. In this regard, the State Duma received a number of appeals, on which the State Duma was asked to provide an explanation:

Let's start with the fact that transport accessibility is a category that is not defined in the law. In general, it should be noted that 131-FZ, in principle, does not spoil us with terminology, and in this sense, the concept of the law, that it does not give an understanding of the categories that it uses, is terrible.

The question arose, how to determine transport accessibility? That is, whether we are talking about the accessibility of the administrative center by means of route transport or public transport. In this regard, in a specific request, the question was raised that the rural settlements that are part of the municipality are not sufficiently provided with route transport. How does this relate to the accessibility criterion, is it respected or not? For what The State Duma gave a simple but ingenious answer: the criterion is, in essence, recommendatory in nature, and local self-government should contribute to the development of route transport.

How this criterion was understood in another MO. They tried to mathematically calculate transport accessibility and take the speed of pedestrian movement as a basis. And in this regard, a question arose for the State Duma - what speed of pedestrian movement should be taken as the basis for calculating transport and pedestrian accessibility to the center of the municipality. The problem is the following - the speed of pedestrians of different ages is different, how to calculate the distance (whether to calculate walking distance taking into account the roads along which the pedestrian will go or to calculate according to the geographical principle - take a map, connect two settlements with a straight line, measure the distance between them and it doesn’t matter what is there 5 km swamp). In this regard, the State Duma gave an answer - the requirements of paragraph 11 of Part 1 of Art. 11 are advisory in nature, so no calculations are required.

è The legislator himself does not imagine what he has established.

Territories with low and high population density

To areas with high density The population includes the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, individual municipal districts, in which the density of the rural population is more than three times higher than the average density of the rural population in the Russian Federation (part 4 of article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131)

To areas with low density The population includes the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, individual municipal districts, the density of the rural population in which is more than three times lower than the average density of the rural population in the Russian Federation (part 3 of article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131)

! Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 25, 2004 No. 707-r"On Approval of the Lists of the Subjects of the Russian Federation and Certain Regions of the Subjects of the Russian Federation (within the existing boundaries) belonging to territories with low or high population density"

Municipal area.

The composition of the territory of the municipal district

Municipal areas include the territories of urban and rural settlements, with the exception of urban districts, as well as inter-settlement territories (clause 2, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131).

In addition, the composition of the municipal district may directly include settlements in territories with low population density and in hard-to-reach areas with a population of less than 100 people that are not endowed with the status of a rural settlement and are not part of the settlement, if the decision to directly enter the district is made on gathering of citizens living in the respective locality (clause 9, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131)

Lecture: These are territories of mixed composition and complex. They include both rural and urban settlements, and may also include only rural or only urban settlements. In addition, they include territories that do not have the status of a MO, the so-called. inter-settlement territories - they are included directly in the municipal district and in connection with this, the population that lives in inter-settlement territories has access to local self-government.

Criteria for determining the boundaries of a municipal district (MR)

Clause 11, part 1, article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131:

The need to create conditions for resolving issues local importance inter-settlement nature, as well as for the implementation throughout the territory of the MR of certain state powers transferred by laws (sufficiency of infrastructure)

Transport accessibility to the administrative center of the municipal district and back during the working day for residents of all settlements included in the district (except for areas with low rural population density, remote and hard-to-reach areas) (transport accessibility)

That is, we have norms, some requirements, but they do not allow us to endow the territory suitable status, i.e. today we cannot say with sufficient certainty that this territory is an urban district, this one is an urban settlement, and this one is a municipal district.

The concept of the law is such that the maximum amount of the territory of the Russian Federation is covered by municipal districts and there should be a maximum territorial coverage by a two-level system of local self-government. Therefore, we have municipal districts - this is everything that can be (regardless of what we have with transport accessibility, infrastructure).

There were subjects of the Russian Federation that tried to circumvent this situation. It was Kaliningrad. He went along a very interesting path - he began to endow all municipalities with the status of an urban district and bypass the two-level model of local self-government established by law. From the point of view of the reasonableness of this idea, one can raise the question that not all territories meet the requirements that apply to an urban district. In this regard, the conclusion logically suggests itself that the subject of the Russian Federation is limited in choosing a model of local self-government - today the subject of the Russian Federation does not have the right to choose, everywhere there should be a two-level model, urban districts are rather an exception.

Administrative center

Administrative center of the municipal district- a settlement in which the location of the LSG bodies of the district, and, above all, the district representative body, is established by the law of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation: the status of an administrative center can also be given to a city (settlement) that has the status of an urban district and is located within the boundaries of a municipal district (n .10 part 1 article 11 of the Federal Law No. 131).

It's about the town.

A municipal district is always several settlements. Based on this, in order to determine the question of where the authorities of the municipal district are located, it is necessary to establish what is the administrative center.

What is the problem in this situation.

1. We have already noted that when using the term "administrative center" there is a confusion of such categories as administrative-territorial structure and municipal-territorial structure.

2. The administrative center of the MR is an urban district located within the boundaries of a municipal district. That is, it seems that we are talking about the fact that the city district is a MO of the same level as the MR. But it turns out that the administrative center of one municipality is located in another municipality of the same level. In fact, this situation tells us that the status of the city district is being lowered in connection with this, although in theory this should not happen. As for the logic of finding the administrative center of one public unit on the territory of another public unit, we have it at the level of subjects of the federation - the public authorities of the Leningrad Region are located in St. Petersburg. It just so happened historically that the city of Leningrad, and then St. accumulated power functions in relation to both its territory and the territory, which became a municipal district. Or another situation - when a municipal district consists of such a number of settlements, and small ones, and none of them can claim the status of an administrative center.

The specifics of municipalities in the GFZ.

Types of intracity territories of federal cities

There are 111 intracity municipalities in St. Petersburg:

81 municipal districts,

9 cities,

21 settlements (total 111 municipalities),

Compare: located within the boundaries of 18 administrative districts of St. Petersburg, representing the territorial level of city government

(Art. 2, 7 of the Law of St. Petersburg No. 411-68)

In Moscow: 125 VGT GFZ within the boundaries of 123 districts and 10 AO
(Law of the city of Moscow No. 59 dated October 15, 2003 "On the names and boundaries of intra-city municipalities in the city of Moscow")

The GFZ does not have a second level of local self-government. For the SFZ, there is nothing like a la municipal district. The municipal district is the primary link, as well as the city and the village. Do not confuse municipal district and municipal district. These 111 municipalities are located on the territory of 19 administrative districts of St. Petersburg. An administrative region is the level of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

Municipal-territorial transformations in the transition period (October 2003 - March 2005)

Giving the status of pre-existing and newly formed MOs by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Compare: 1757 laws as of 1.10.2006; Leningrad region: 18 laws)

The abolition of the MO, the existence of which did not meet the requirements of the Federal Law No. 131

Change of borders and transformation of MO that existed on 8.10.2003

! Collisions resulting from the application of these procedures in practice

Transformation of municipalities

Transformation of municipalities - procedures related to changing the status of existing municipalities (may be associated with a change in boundaries).

We are talking about changing the status of existing municipalities. This change in status may be due to a change in boundaries.

Types of MO transformations

BUT. Consolidation of municipalities- the merger of two or more municipalities of the same level, as a result of which the previously existing municipalities cease to exist, and a new municipality is created on their territory, or the accession of a lower-level municipality (settlement) to an urban district, as a result of which the settlement loses the status of a municipality education

B. Separation of municipalities- transformation by division of a municipality, as a result of which two or more municipalities are formed, and the divided municipality ceases to exist

The following types of transformations are purely related to status

AT. Change in the status of an urban settlement in connection with granting it the status of an urban district- transformation of the urban settlement and the adjacent municipal district, as a result of which the urban settlement acquires the status of an urban district and is separated from the composition of the municipal district

G. Change in the status of an urban settlement in connection with the deprivation of its status of an urban district- transformation of the urban district and the adjacent municipal district, as a result of which the urban district acquires the status of an urban settlement and is included in the composition of the municipal district

Forms of transformations that are in the law:

Union-Related Transformations

1. Consolidation of settlements within the boundaries of one municipal district (that is, we had, relatively speaking, three settlements in one municipal district, two merged into one - as a result, there were two settlements within the municipal district)

2. Consolidation of the urban district and the settlement.

3. Consolidation of municipal districts

Converting MOs by separating them

1. Division of settlements into two or more settlements

2. Division of the municipality into two or more municipal districts

Change of MO status

1. Transformation of an urban settlement and into an urban district

2. Transformation of the urban district into an urban settlement.

Abolition of the MO - the law focuses on the abolition of rural settlements. With the abolition of urban settlements, there are problems in terms of legal regulation.

And now what is not in the law:

1. It is impossible to unite the settlements of different municipal districts. That is, on the one hand, municipalities have a certain freedom within the framework of territorial transformations (if two settlements decide to unite within one municipal district, agree, the opinion of the population will be duly taken into account, etc., then who will prevent them; in essence this is their business), but if these settlements are located on the territory of two different municipal districts, then no one will allow the creation of a municipality that would be simultaneously within the boundaries of two municipal districts - we do not allow this, and in connection with this, such a transformation in the law and not mentioned.

Consolidation of urban districts. It is not clear why two municipal districts can be merged, but two urban districts cannot.

3. The law does not include the unification of a municipal district and all its settlements into a single urban district, i.e. it is impossible to move from a municipal district to an urban district in one action (even if there is the desire and consent of all residents of the municipalities that are part of municipal area). Through several transformations, it is still possible, but not in one action.

4. There is no such form in the law as the division of an urban district into two or more urban districts. Why is unclear.

5. It is impossible, based on the lack of legal norms, to divide the urban district into a municipal district and its constituent settlements. You can't do it in one step.

6. The law does not mention the transformation of an urban settlement into a rural settlement and a rural settlement into an urban one (even though the status of an urban settlement can be granted to rural settlements).

è The law does not provide for all forms of territorial transformations that are necessary.

Stages of transformation, abolition, changes in the boundaries of municipalities

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Social communities, their features, typology and types.

Whatever activity a person is engaged in, no matter what relations he enters into with other people, he is always not just an individual, but a representative of a certain community - an association of people according to some sign or a number of signs.

social group

Communities are characterized by the unity of social ties, the use and disposal of material goods, a certain commonality of lifestyle, values and ideals, needs and interests, language, social functions performed, etc.

Society as an integral system consists of many of its constituent elements - groups, classes, estates, layers, etc., representing certain collective formations.

In general, they can be defined by the concept of "community", which is the common name for all the elements that make up a society. Approximately in the same way as an organism consists of organs, society consists of its constituent communities, through communities people are included in the structure of society. And indeed, a person is a man or a woman, a believer or an unbeliever, a Russian or a Belarusian, a big businessman or a small businessman, and so on. - all these are some general signs according to which people are grouped into special social formations, or communities, from which, as from initial elements with varying degrees of complexity, society is formed as an integral formation.

There are many definitions of this concept. Without investing in the debatable subtleties of this issue, we can only note its general features. First of all, this concept denotes some kind of association of people, starting from elementary group in 2-3 people and ending with such communities that number millions of people, for example, a race, a nation or a confession.

The concept of social community is the basic category of sociology; it contains the decisive quality of self-movement, the development of the social, its source. The category of social community combines macro- and micro-levels of sociological analysis of people's behavior, mass processes, cultures, social institutions, property and power relations, management, functions, role expectations.

The concept of community has an ancient tradition dating back to antiquity.

Even Aristotle used the concept of community when defining a policy as a community of communities. In the 19th century, utopian socialists identified community with a type of society organized according to human needs. At the end of the 19th century, the concept of community was lost and it was believed that community is created by organic will, it is characterized by the predominance of ties of kinship, brotherhood, and neighborhood. Collective property was recognized as the material basis of the social community.

Modern sociology defines social community taking into account territorial specifics and sociocultural factors. The most common definition of community in the West in sociology is the one proposed by the American sociologist John Mercer: “Human community is an internal functionally connected definition of people living in a certain geographical area at a certain time, having a common culture, forming a certain social structure and showing a sense of their unity in within a particular group." The American sociologist Talcott Parsons defines the concept of community as a social system, noting that "a community is an association of actors who have a certain territorial space as the basis for most of their daily activities." According to the Polish sociologist Jan Praglowski, the concept of community has a multi-valued character and is synonymous with the concept of society, social organization or social system.

Thus, social communities cover all possible states and forms of human existence. All sensory stable forms of self-organization of social subjects are communities of different types.

The community is characterized by the allocation of one or another leading feature: gender, age, nationality, profession, role, status, etc.

This common feature is the consolidating principle, thanks to which a disparate mass of people acquires the character of a holistic formation.

This common feature can be natural (gender, age) or social (religious affiliation, social status) character.

An important sign of a social community is the presence of a certain social connection between its constituent people. Ties can be stronger, characteristic of random communities (queuing, passengers, spectators).

The presence of a common feature and social ties presupposes certain general principles of behavior, mindset, goal-setting, which further unites people into a single holistic team (association), the presence of which constitutes the initial element from which society is formed. Society itself can be imagined as an extremely complex community, which, like a Russian nesting doll, is made up of many other communities down to the smallest groups, including 2-3 people.

Thus, a social community is such an association of people (natural or social), which is characterized by a common feature, more or less strong social ties, a common type of behavior, speculation, mindset and goal setting.

In a society, an infinite number of social communities can be distinguished.

One division of people according to age may have several options from the general division into children, youths, adults and the elderly to the allocation of smaller groups in each of these divisions. Nevertheless, some concepts have been established in sociology that distinguish such types of communities that characterize the very subject of this science - these are, first of all, such concepts as “group” and “layer” (“stratum”). The very concept of a group helps to form an idea of the cellular model of society, where all groups act as interconnected cells, to highlight the hierarchical structure of society with the corresponding characteristics of each layer and the complex processes of interchange that are established between these layers.

In modern sociological literature, there are various classifications of communities. For example, they distinguish between "political communities" - political parties, state and public organizations, - "territorial communities" - the population of the city, village, district; "production communities" - collectives of workers of factories, collective farms, banks, companies, etc.

Communities can be stable and stable (nations, parties, classes, etc.) or temporary, unstable (participants in meetings, rallies, train passengers, etc.), can be formed objectively and exist independently of the will and consciousness of people (for example, a nation), and can be created by people (parties, public, youth and other organizations). Based on the functional features of the community, it can be divided into three types: a) social group, class; b) clan, tribe, caste, community, nation; c) family.

A characteristic feature of a social community (city, village, labor collective, family, etc.) is that social systems are formed precisely on its basis. The social community of people, which is characterized by the conditions of their life (economic, socio-status, level of professional training, education, interests and needs, etc.), common to a given group of interacting individuals (nations, classes, socio-professional groups, labor collectives etc.); belonging to historically established territorial entities (city, village, region), belonging to a group of interacting individuals to certain social institutions (family, education, science, politics, religion, etc.).

The functioning and development of the social community occurs on the basis of social ties and the interaction of its elements-individuals.

Communication is an expression of the compatibility of the functioning and development of two or more elements of an object or two (several) objects. AT social studies the following types of connections are distinguished: connections of functioning, development (or genetic), causal, structural, etc.

Under the "social" connection is understood a set of facts that determine the joint activity of people in specific communities, at a certain time, to achieve certain goals.

A characteristic feature is duration.

Social connections are the connections of individuals with each other, as well as their connections with the phenomena and processes of the surrounding world, which are formed in the course of practical actions. The essence of social ties is manifested in the content and nature of the actions of people who make up this social community. Allocate connections of interaction, control, relations, institutional connections.

The initial element for the formation of a social connection may be the interaction of individuals or groups that form a social community to meet certain needs. Interaction expresses the nature and content of relations between people and social groups, which, being constant carriers of qualitatively different types of activities, differ in social positions (statuses) and roles. It takes place both between separate objects (external interaction) and within a separate object, between its elements (internal interaction).

Social interaction has an objective and subjective side. The objective side of the interaction is connections that are independent of individual people, but control the content and nature of their interaction. The subjective side is understood as the conscious attitude of individuals to each other, based on mutual expectations of appropriate behavior (interpersonal or socio-psychological relations that develop in specific social communities at a certain point in time).

Interaction usually leads to the formation of new social relations, i.e. relatively stable and independent ties between individuals and social groups.

A socio-territorial community is a collection of people permanently residing in a certain territory and carrying out joint activities to meet their economic and social needs.

Socio-territorial communities have system-forming features, the main of which are stable economic, social, political, spiritual and ideological ties and relations.

Socio-territorial communities include the population of a city, a village, a township, a village, a separate district of a large city. Such communities are also more complex territorial-administrative formations - district, region, territory, state, province, etc.

In investigating socio-territorial communities, sociologists focus on the study of the city (the sociology of the city) and the countryside (the sociology of the countryside).

The allocation of the city as a territorial unit in different countries has its own characteristics. Thus, in a number of countries, cities include settlements with a population of several hundred people, although the generally accepted figure is from 3 to 10 thousand inhabitants. In the Russian Federation, a city is considered to be a settlement with a population of over 12 thousand people, of which at least 85% are employed outside the agricultural sector. Cities are divided into small (with a population of up to 50 thousand people), medium (50-100 thousand people) and large (over 100 thousand people). Cities with a population of more than 1 million people stand out in particular. At the same time, cities with a population of more than 2 million people are considered to be megacities.

The development of cities is associated with urbanization, the main social content of which lies in special<городских отношениях>covering the socio-professional and demographic structure of the population, its way of life, culture, distribution of productive forces, resettlement.

Socio-territorial communities

Urbanization is characterized by an influx of the rural population into cities, an increase in the share of the urban population, an increase in the number of large cities, an increase in the accessibility of large cities for the entire population, etc. A complex complex of social space, including a city, suburbs, settlements, was called an agglomeration.

The process of urbanization has both positive and negative consequences. Among the first - the spread of new, more perfect forms of lifestyle and social organization; creation of favorable conditions for the development of science, technology, culture; choice of different types of education and professional activity, etc.; among the second - the aggravation of environmental problems; increase in morbidity; increase in social disorganization, crime, deviation, etc.

According to some experts, the growth of large cities requires the establishment of certain restrictions. This applies to the planning of residential development, the location of industrial enterprises, the expansion of park areas, attitudes towards nature, etc.

Historical name<деревня>arose in the northeast of Russia, from where it spread to other regions of the country. Another typical type of settlement was the village, which differed from the village in its large size and the presence of a landowner's estate or church. Smaller settlements were called settlements, farms, repairs, zaimkas, etc. On the Don and Kuban, large rural settlements are called villages. In Central Asia, the main type of settlement is a village, and in the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, an aul.

At present, in accordance with the urban planning code, rural settlements include villages, villages, villages, farms, villages, auls, camps, zaimkas and other similar socio-territorial communities. All these settlements can be generically defined by the concept<деревня>, reflecting a specific set of socio-economic, cultural, social and natural conditions of rural life.

Within the framework of the sociology of the countryside, the regularities of the emergence, development and functioning of rural socio-territorial communities are studied. Special attention paid to the study of such issues as the employment of the population, its professional and socio-demographic structure, the organization of leisure in the countryside, the way of life, culture and spiritual interests of rural residents.

20. Sociological concept of personality. Correlation of the concepts "man", "individual", "personality".

Man is the main element of the social system. In everyday and scientific language, the terms “man”, “individual”, “individuality”, “personality” are very common. Most often, these words are used as synonyms, but if you approach the definition of these concepts, then a difference is immediately revealed between them. Human — common generic term. Homo sapiens is a reasonable person. This is a biological individual, the highest level of living organisms on Earth, the result of a complex and lengthy evolution. Man is born into the world as a man. The structure of the body of the born baby determines the possibility of upright walking, the structure of the brain - a potential developed intellect, the structure of the hand - the prospect of using tools, etc., and with all these possibilities the baby differs from the cubs of the animal, thereby affirming the fact that the baby belongs to the human race, fixed in the concept of "man". The concept of "person" is closely related to the concept of "individual". The fact that a born child belongs to the human race is also fixed in the concept of "individual", in contrast to the cub of an animal, from birth to the end of life called an individual. Individual is understood as a separate, specific person, as a single representative of the human race, regardless of its social and anthropological characteristics(For example, a child in a maternity hospital, a person on the street, in a stadium, in the army). However, each individual is endowed only with his characteristic features of appearance, properties of the psyche; the specificity of the social conditions of life and the way of human activity also determines the features of its individual features and properties. All this is fixed in the concept of "individuality".

Individualitycan be defined as a set of traits that distinguish one individual from another; and distinctions are made at various levels:

- biochemical (skin color, eyes, hair structure);

- neurophysiological (body structure, figure);

- psychological (character traits, emotional level), etc.

The concept of personality is introduced to highlight the "above natural", or social essence of a person and an individual. The concept of personality helps to characterize in a person the social beginning of his life activity, those properties and qualities that a person realizes in social relations, social institutions, culture, i.e. in social life and in the process of interaction with other people. Personality — this is a single person as a system of stable qualities, properties realized in social relations, social institutions, in culture, in social life. A personality is any person, and not just an outstanding, talented person, because all people are included in social relations.

Personality - it is a set of social properties of a person, the result of social development and the inclusion of an individual in the system of social relations. The main problems of the sociological theory of personality are connected with the process of personality formation in connection with the functioning of social communities, the study of the relationship between the individual and society, and the regulation of the social behavior of the individual. Two subsystems are distinguished in the structure of the personality: relations with the external environment and the inner world of the personality. The totality of connections with the external environment is the basis of the personality, it determines the formation and development of its inner world. Sociology considers a whole set of elements of the internal structure of the personality, which determines the readiness for a particular behavior: needs, interests, goals, motives, value orientations, attitudes, dispositions. The concept of "personality" used only for humans, and, moreover, starting only from a certain stage of its development. We do not speak of the identity of the newborn, understanding him as an individual. Unlike an individual, a person is not determined by a genotype: they are not born a person, they become a person. The personality traits of an individual have long been attributed to heredity in science. However, this turned out to be incorrect. For example, innate genius does not automatically guarantee that a person will be an outstanding personality. The decisive role here is played by the social environment and the atmosphere in which a person is born.

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Territorial communities

Territorial communities (from Latin territorium - district, region) - communities that differ in belonging to historically established territorial entities. This is a set of people permanently residing in a certain territory and connected by ties of joint relations to this economically developed territory. Territorial communities include the population of a city, a village, a township, a village, a separate district of a large city. As well as more complex territorial-administrative formations - district, region, territory, state, province, republic, federation, etc.

Each territorial community has certain basic elements and relations: production forces, production and technological-organizational relations, classes, social strata and groups, management, culture, etc. Thanks to them, territorial communities have the opportunity to function as relatively independent social entities. In territorial communities, people unite, despite class, professional, demographic and other differences, on the basis of some common social and cultural features acquired by them under the influence of the peculiar circumstances of their formation and development, as well as on the basis of common interests.

As an example, let's briefly consider what a city and a village are.

A city is a large settlement whose inhabitants are engaged in non-agricultural labor, mainly in industry, trade, as well as in the areas of service, science, management, and culture. A city is a territorial entity present in almost all countries of the world. The city is characterized by a variety of labor and non-productive activities of the population, social and professional heterogeneity, and a specific way of life. In different countries of the world, the allocation of a city as a territorial unit occurs according to different criteria, according to a combination of characteristics or population. Although a city is usually considered a settlement certain size(at least 3-4-10 thousand inhabitants), in some countries a lower minimum number of inhabitants is allowed, for example, only a few hundred people. In our country, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, a city is considered a settlement in which more than 12 thousand people live, of which at least 85% are employed outside of agriculture [see: 55. C.5]. Cities are divided into small (with a population of up to 50 thousand people), medium (50-99 thousand people) and large (over 100 thousand people) cities, cities with a population of over 1 million people are highlighted from the latter group .

If at the beginning of the 19th century there were only 12 cities on the globe, the population of which exceeded a million people, then by the 80s the number of such cities had already reached 200, while many had become multi-million [see: 150. p.5]. The growth dynamics of large cities around the globe is as follows.

Years Number of large cities (over 100 thousand people each) Including million-plus cities

As an example, let's briefly consider what a city and a village are.

A city is a large settlement whose inhabitants are engaged in non-agricultural labor, mainly in industry, trade, as well as in the areas of service, science, management, and culture. A city is a territorial entity present in almost all countries of the world. The city is characterized by a variety of labor and non-productive activities of the population, social and professional heterogeneity, and a specific way of life. In different countries of the world, the allocation of a city as a territorial unit occurs according to different criteria, according to a combination of characteristics or population. Although a city is usually considered a settlement of a certain size (at least 3-4-10 thousand inhabitants), in some countries a lower minimum number of inhabitants is allowed, for example, only a few hundred people. In our country, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, a city is considered a settlement in which more than 12 thousand people live, of which at least 85% are employed outside of agriculture [see: 55. C.5]. Cities are divided into small (with a population of up to 50 thousand people), medium (50-99 thousand people) and large (over 100 thousand people) cities, cities with a population of over 1 million people are highlighted from the latter group .

Years Number of large cities (over 100 thousand people each) Including million-plus cities

1970 over 1600 162

Source: Lappo G.M. Stories about cities. - M., 1976. - P. 90. ; Lappo G.M., Lyubovny V.Ya. Cities-agglomerations in the USSR and abroad. - M., 1977. - P.4.

At the beginning of the 70s of the XX century. The population of cities was 1/3 of the total population of the world. In Africa, less than 1/5 of the population lived in cities, in foreign Asia - more than 1/5, in America and foreign Europe - up to 3/5 [see: 21, V.7. S. 112]. At the same time, the USSR, the USA, Japan, China, India, Brazil, Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany concentrated almost 3/5 of the global number of large cities, and the USSR headed this list, where, according to the All-Union Population Census, as of January 14, 1970, 221 big city, and in 1976 - already 247 [see: 152. p.4]. In total, in our country in 1979 there were 999 cities with a total population of 82948.2 thousand people, and in 1989 (as of 01/15/1989) there were already 1037 cities in which 944449.5 thousand people lived [see .: 55. P.5].

All over the world, more than half (51%) of the urban population lived in large cities with more than 100 thousand people in 1970, and there were more than 1600 of them at that time [see: 152. C.4; 279. p.6]. What is the current urban population in different countries of the world, can be seen from table No. 3.

The emergence and development of cities is closely connected with the emergence and deepening of the territorial division of labor. The production functions of the city in the sphere of industry, transport, exchange and production of the services determined by this largely depend on this.

There are various types of cities based on administrative (combined with commercial and industrial) or military (fortified cities) functions associated with culture and science (university cities, for example, Oxford; "city of science", for example, Dubna), with health improvement and recreation (resort city, for example, Sochi), with religion (for example, Mecca), etc. There is also a typology of cities depending on their geographical location.

The development of cities is associated with urbanization. It has been possible to speak about the phenomenon of urbanization since the 18th century. Scientists identify a number of signs of urbanization: increase - the proportion of the urban population; the density and degree of uniformity of the distribution of the network of cities throughout the country; the number and uniformity of the distribution of large cities; the accessibility of large cities for the entire population, as well as the diversity of sectors of the national economy.

States Territory, thousand km Average annual population, million people Urban population, percent (1993) Capital of states

Russia 17075 147.8 72.9 Moscow

Germany 367 81.4 86 Berlin

India 3288 918.6 26 Delhi

Iceland 103 0.27 91 Reykjavik

Italy 301 57.2 67 Rome

China 9597 1209 29 Beijing

Poland 313 38.5 64 Warsaw

USA 9809 260.7 76 Washington

Tajikistan 143 5.7 28 Dushanbe

France 552 57.9 73 Paris

Switzerland 41 7.0 68 Bern

Sweden 450 8.8 83 Stockholm

Japan 378 125.0 77 Tokyo

Data are given for 1995. Source: Russia and countries of the world: Stat. Sat. / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 1996. - S.6-8.

The process of urbanization is accompanied by both positive and negative consequences. Among the positive consequences, the following can be noted: the formation and spread of new, more developed forms of lifestyle and social organization; big choice forms of activity that are more intellectual and meaningful (the choice of occupations, professions, education); the best cultural and domestic service, as well as spending free time.

And among the negative - the deterioration of the environmental situation; decrease in natural population growth; an increase in the incidence rate; the alienation of the masses of the urban population from the traditional culture characteristic of the village and small towns, as well as the emergence of intermediate and "marginal" sections of the population, leading to the formation of lumpenized (i.e. without property, not adhering to the norms of the main culture) and pauperized (i.e. . physically and morally degraded) groups of the population.

A large city on its relatively small territory, with the help of city institutions, controls several thousand or several million people (for example, in our country, according to data as of January 15, 1989, 26.6% of the total urban population lives in millionaire cities) [see. : 55. P.5], creates a certain way of life and forms a number of characteristic social phenomena. These include a huge number of subject contacts and the predominance of subject contacts over personal ones. The division of labor and narrow specialization lead to a narrowing of people's interests and, above all, to a limitation of interest in the affairs of neighbors. This leads to the phenomenon of increasing isolation, the pressure of informal social control is reduced and the bonds of personal relationships are broken. And the natural result of the above is an increase in social disorganization, crime, deviation. Although, on the other hand, a big city is a center of very intense mental labor, where it is easier to create an artistic and intellectual environment and which is a powerful factor in progress in the field of science, technology and art.

In the 20-30s of the XX century. for the first time in the United States began to conduct empirical research on this topic. The reason for their holding was the rapid growth of the urban population, in connection with which by 1920 their number exceeded the number of rural residents. Intensive urbanization52 was accompanied by a huge influx of immigrants from other countries. As noted above, all migration flows from the 16th century, the time when different countries began to be drawn into the orbit of capitalist development, which caused significant social movements of the population, until late XVIII in. were sent mainly to America. Their scale is evidenced by the following data: if in 1610 the territory now occupied by the United States was inhabited by 210 thousand people, then in 1800 the population increased to 5.3 million people [see: 305. p. 18] . A sharp increase in the population has caused a breakdown, a clash of the traditional life foundations of the indigenous and the newly arrived population. This led to an aggravation of class and ethnic contradictions, and additionally created a host of other problems. Therefore, American sociology in the first decades of the XX century. developed as a sociology of urban problems.

In our country, systematic sociological studies of cities began at the end of the 1950s, when the rapid growth of cities sharply raised the question of the ways of their further development. A special sociological theory has appeared - the sociology of the city, which studies the genesis, essence and general patterns of the development of the city as an element of the socio-spatial organization of society. The range of problems studied by the sociology of the city includes: the specifics of urbanization in various social conditions; connection of industrialization and urbanization; the main reasons for the emergence and factors influencing the development of the city; formation of the socio-demographic and socio-professional structure of the city; features of the functioning of its social institutions; urban lifestyle; the specifics of communication in an urban environment, etc.

The sociology of the city is engaged in the study of a wide range of problems, but some of them, for example, the social patterns of urbanization, the creation of a system of indicators for the development of social infrastructure, and a number of others, are still extremely insufficiently studied and require further study.

Village - in the narrow sense of the word means a small agricultural command [see: 21. V.8. S.110-1 II]. It is characterized by: the direct connection of inhabitants with the land, the economic development of the territory, the dispersal of villages, the small size of rural settlements, the adaptation of the main types of occupations to the natural environment, seasonal cyclical work, a small variety of occupations, relative social and professional homogeneity and a specific rural lifestyle. .

The name "village" existed in North-Eastern Russia already in the 14th century, from where it spread to other regions of Russia. Another typical type of settlement was the village. It differed from the village mainly in its large size and the presence of a landowner's estate or church, smaller settlements were called: settlement, farm, zaimok, etc. On the Don and Kuban, large rural settlements were usually called villages. In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, the main type of settlement was called an aul, in Central Asia among farmers it was a kishlak. All these and other names were often replaced in Russian literature by the general term "village". In the broad sense of the word "village" is not only all types of permanent agricultural settlements, the inhabitants of which are peasants and agricultural workers and others (employed mainly in agriculture), but also the whole complex of socio-economic, cultural, social and natural-geographical characteristics and living conditions of the village.

The sociology of the countryside is concerned with the study of the laws governing the emergence, development and functioning of the countryside. The main problems studied by the sociology of the countryside are: the main factors influencing its development; social and professional structure of the population; organization of leisure activities in the countryside; socio-demographic reproduction of the population, etc.

At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s in Russia, and this is confirmed by statistical data [see: 210. p.67], cardinal changes began in the rural-urban migration exchange. In 1991, for the first time in many years, rural-urban migration changed its direction. Migration outflow of the population from the village in Russia for 1989-1991. in average annual terms decreased by 4 times compared with 1979-1988. [see: 205. p. 180). Since 1991, there has been a steady trend in our country to reduce the outflow of the rural population to the cities.

There are a number of factors hindering the further outflow of the rural population to the city: on the one hand, new forms of management are being developed in the countryside, land reform; on the other hand, in the cities, due to the growing crisis, the following factors are becoming more and more active, counteracting the influx of rural residents - the impending mass unemployment, tension with food security, and the underdevelopment of the housing market. All these factors will continue to contribute to the "pushing out" of the townspeople in the countryside.

Territorial communities are aggregates of people characterized by a common attitude to a certain economically developed territory, a system of economic, social, political and other ties that distinguish it as a relatively independent unit of the spatial organization of the life of the population. Sociology studies the regularities of the influence of the corresponding socio-territorial community (city, village, region) on the social relations of people, their way of life, their social behavior.

The core of one or another unit of the socio-spatial organization of society, even in our age of intense migratory mobility, is quite stable. Therefore, it retains specific features acquired under the influence of the peculiar circumstances of the formation and development of a territorial community. Among these circumstances are the following:

historical past. It is precisely with the history of the territorial community that the persistently preserved certain labor skills of the population, traditions, certain features of life, views, relations, etc. are associated;

economic conditions, namely the structure of the national economy, the capital and energy intensity of labor, the duration of the functioning of industries and enterprises, the development of services, etc. They determine the social and professional composition of the population, the level of its qualifications and culture, education, the structure of leisure, the nature of life etc.;

natural conditions which have a significant impact on working conditions, the content and level of material needs, the organization of everyday life, forms of interpersonal communication, and many other features of the population's lifestyle.

Each territorial community has all the elements and relations of the general structure of a concrete historical social organism - productive forces, technological-organizational and production relations, classes and social strata, social relations, social management, culture and way of life, etc. Thanks to this, these communities can function as relatively independent social formations.

The territorial community unites people who, despite all the diversity of class, professional, demographic and other differences, have some common social traits. Taken together, the characteristics of all population groups living in a certain territory make it possible to judge the relative level of development of a particular community.

Territorial communities are of different levels. The highest is the Soviet people, a new historical community of people. It is the object of study of general sociological theory and scientific communism, and its individual components are studied by special sociological disciplines. The next level is national territorial communities, which are the object of ethnosociology and the theory of nations.

Initial in the system of territorial units is the primary territorial community, which has the properties of integrity and indivisibility according to the functional criterion. In other words, its constituent parts cannot perform those specific functions that are inherent in a given socio-territorial unit. Of the various functions of the primary, territorial community, the system-forming function is the function of sustainable socio-demographic reproduction of the population. The latter is ensured by the daily exchange of the main activities of people and thus the satisfaction of their needs.

social reproduction.

The concept of "socio-demographic reproduction" is specific in relation to the concept of "social reproduction". Social reproduction is the process of evolutionary development of the system of social relations and groups within the socio-economic formation in the form of their cyclic reproduction, it embodies the trends in the change of the social structure inherent in this formation.

The socialist process of reproduction is the process of the homogenization of society, i.e. convergence of social groups, erasure of social class differences from generation to generation and within the same generation. Social reproduction includes both the reconstruction of pre-existing elements of the social structure and relations between them, and the emergence and expanded reproduction of new elements and relations. In the course of this process, a changing and developing individual is formed.

If classes, social groups and strata, as well as relationships. between them are reproduced - function and develop - on the scale of the whole society, then the process of reproduction of the individual proceeds directly in the primary territorial communities, which ensure the reconstruction of him as a living carrier of the properties, characteristics of a class, group, layer.

Such primary cells of society as the production team, the family, as well as various "industry" social institutions - education, health care, culture, etc., perform only partial functions of the reproduction of the individual. The specificity of the functions of territorial communities lies in the fact that, by integrating the activities of social institutions, they ensure the satisfaction of the basic needs of the individual and, thereby, its reproduction.

The social reproduction of the individual acts as the social reproduction of the population living in a certain territory. It is inseparable from the processes of demographic reproduction and takes the form of socio-demographic reproduction, which ensures the preparation of new generations to perform socially necessary economic, political and other functions. Therefore, it can distinguish such components as demographic, vocational, cultural and other reproduction.

Socio-demographic reproduction is not reduced to the physical reproduction of the number of people. It is also the reproduction of a set of certain social qualities necessary for the normal participation of the population in the functioning and development of society. Thus, in this reproduction, two aspects can be distinguished: quantitative (actually the reproduction of individuals) and qualitative (formation - education, recreation of social properties).

By nature, reproduction is divided into simple, narrowed, extended, with quantitative and qualitative characteristics corresponding to each type. Simple is the reproduction of the population in the same size as before with unchanged Social qualities: qualifications, education, etc. Expanded reproduction is characterized by an increase in the number of new generations and (or) more high level development of their social qualities. Narrowed reproduction is characterized by a decrease in the number of new generations and (or) a decrease in their quality indicators.

The pattern of development of a socialist society is: expanded social and, at least, simple demographic reproduction. However, this does not exclude the possibility of significant differences in the mode of reproduction due to such factors as the development of the living environment, the quality of management of reproductive processes, etc.

The core of social reproduction (on the scale of society) is the reproduction of the social structure, and the essence of the socio-demographic component of this process at the territorial level is the demographic renewal of the components of the social structure, including social displacements.

The condition for the existence and development of the primary territorial community is the relative self-sufficiency of the elements of the artificial and natural environment for the full cycle of socio-demographic reproduction. In contrast to material production, socio-demographic (i.e., the production of the person himself) is by its nature stationary, territorially inseparable. Therefore, the literature is increasingly dominated by the point of view that the increase in functional diversity, the universalization of the living environment are the leading principle of the territorial organization of social production (and reproduction) under socialism (it is opposed to the principle of narrow specialization of settlements).

It is unacceptable to confuse such categories as "city", "village", "region", on the one hand, and a territorial community, on the other. The former are complex territorial formations embracing the natural and material complexes, as well as the totality of people reproducing, i.e., functioning and developing, in the process of production and consumption on the basis of these interconnected complexes. Territorial communities are only these aggregates of people.

All phenomena and processes in society take place in a certain social space. One of the main characteristics of the structuring of society is its spatial organization. People and social groups are differentiated in society not only by their social status and social distance between these statuses, but also in relation to a certain territory. For their social position and social well-being, it is essential whether they live

in a big or small city, in a city or village, in the West or South of the country. Consequently, people interact differently with each other, as well as with certain types of material and spiritual production, with the phenomena of culture, education, health care, life in certain socio-territorial communities - in a city, village, region, etc. It is this structuring of people's daily life activities within the boundaries of some common territory that is fixed in the sociological concept of "socio-territorial community (or structure)".

The socio-territorial structure of society constitutes a kind of social network, each cell of which (one or another type of settlement - a city, village, settlement and the community living in it) appears as a kind of microcosm of society as a whole. Two components are organically intertwined in this network. The first of them - a city, a village, a region, etc., which is a territorial-subject collection of dwellings, transport and other communications - is notmeans of spatial environment. life of individuals and social groups The second is the population of a certain territorial structure, which forms a social community, which turns out to be immediate social environment formation, development and daily life of individuals.

The population of a certain territorial-settlement structure is called a settlement community. Settlementcommonality is a group of people who have a common permanent place of residence, depend on each other in daily life and carry out a variety of activities to meet their economic, social and cultural needs.

At the same time, it must be borne in mind that each territorial-settlement structure differs from the simple sum of the many independent or interconnected houses that make it up and the people living in them. Being organized into a kind of integral formation (village, city), these houses, other structures, transport communications, means of communication, etc., as well as people using all this, no longer appear simply as a sum of parts independent of each other, but in as a kind of independent social organism, acquiring the properties of integrity, not reducible to the sum of its constituent parts.

A characteristic feature of the individual's behavior in relation to the socio-territorial community (settlement) becomes relative, lasting more or less a long time (and sometimes all his life) assignment to a place of residencestva The attachment of a person to a settlement means that the satisfaction of needs and interests (in labor, communication, material and spiritual benefits, etc.), and therefore the possibilities for his development, are largely determined by the circumstances of his life in the settlement. Therefore, a certain settlement structure acts as a direct environment for human life. The set of conditions for labor activity, study, culture, life, and urban settlement that exists in this settlement in the most direct way! measure of opportunities sociallyth development of the individual. Unlike a school, a university, a factory, etc., which can rightly be called basement environment, the settlement structure (city, village, region) is holistic environment human life and development.

Differences existing in society in the possibilities of social development of people are to a decisive extent predetermined by differences in the conditions and possibilities of the corresponding socio-territorial communities. The main axis of heterogeneity, heterogeneity of such conditions and opportunities runs along the line of comparison: large city - small town - village. In addition, it must be borne in mind that the sociocultural differences between a large and a small town remain sometimes more significant than between a small town and the countryside. One of the direct and obvious evidence of more favorable living conditions in large cities should be considered a higher level of migration to these cities.

It should be noted that the cities of the so-called multifunctional profile, characterized by a more versatile and harmonious development of their city-forming base, i.e. the presence of not only developed production, but also culture, education, life, etc. In sociology, it is customary to distinguish between a city-forming base and a city-serving sphere of life of an urban settlement structure. Among the city-forming factors include: industry, transport, communications, institutions of science, culture, education. From the point of view of sociology, this system shows what the city can provide to the individual and society with regard to

regarding the availability of jobs, types of labor application, qualifications of personnel, their training, cultural development and recreation. The urban service sector aims to provide a worthy and favorable service for people's needs and interests, including the branching and quality of trade institutions, consumer services, transport, intracity and intercity communications, the availability of conditions for the upbringing and education of children and adolescents (nurseries, kindergartens, schools, clubs, etc.), for the organization of a full-fledged and cultural recreation and spiritual development of the individual (theaters, museums, libraries, concert halls, cinemas, stadiums, swimming pools, etc.). The more harmonized are the city-forming and city-serving factors, the more multifunctional the city becomes as a specific settlement structure; the more attractive and attractive it becomes for people to live.

The city is such a territorial-settlement structure that provides all stages and all aspects of human life. The city embraces such vital components of everyday human existence as labor, consumption of material and spiritual goods, education and upbringing, health protection, personnel training, social security, public order, recreation, socio-political and socio-cultural activities. If at work, be it a factory, a hospital, a trading company, a bank, etc., a person spends about one third of the day in the period from 18 to 60 years, then in a certain settlement structure, in particular, in a city, he spends all his time days and almost all his life - from the maternity hospital to the grave. That is why in sociology, the settlement structure, including its most developed and multifunctional type, the city, is singled out as a very important structural component of the life of the individual and society.

The living conditions of the population in a particular settlement structure determine the possibilities of human social development. They are subdivided into two types.

The first of them- conditions of production activity - the content, nature of work, its payment, opportunities for advanced training, changes in the type of work activity, profession, etc.

Second- conditions of non-productive life: education, enlightenment, culture, family and marriage life, communication, recreation, spending free time, physical development, health care, etc.

These two types of conditions are subdivided along the axis of distinction: production - non-productive activity.

However, despite the importance of human social activity as its social life-giving factor, the human individual as a biosocial being lives and acts in a certain environment - natural and social. And this means that the conditions of human life in a certain settlement structure must be considered and evaluated along one more axis of distinctions - environmental. Depending on the content and characteristics of the environment, the conditions of human life are also divided into two types.

The first one is the natural environment existing before and independently of man, from his diverse activities. Second -artificial environment, created by man in the course of his labor activity: buildings, structures, vehicles, means of communication, etc.

Thus, the totality of the life activity of individuals and social groups in a certain territorial-settlement structure is determined by the interaction of various factors that should be grouped according to four types.

Production activity (environment).

non-production environment.

Natural habitat.

Man-made environment.

Of these four interconnected components, in most cases the city has an advantage over other types of settlements in three of the four named components:

working conditions;

conditions of the non-productive sphere;

the artificial environment and its well-being, yielding to the village only in one thing - in the favorable nature of the environment.

In this regard, the dichotomous division of socio-territorial communities into two main types according to the method of organizing the settlement structure and the features of its functioning - the city and the village - is of great social and sociocultural significance.

The city is a historically established socio-territorial community with polystructurality, the dominance of a highly developed artificial material environment over a natural, concentrated type of socio-spatial organization of people, which is characterized by a rathoooria of labor and non-production.military activities of the population, the specifics of its composition and imagellife.

The city is characterized by:

Variety of labor activity of the population - industry, transport, communications, services, etc.

The variety of non-productive activities - education, health care, culture, science.

Social and professional heterogeneity of the population: workers, engineers, teachers, doctors, professors, actors, writers, musicians, entrepreneurs, economic managers, policemen, judges, lawyers, government workers, etc.

Powerful development of transport, telephone and other means of communication.

The presence of bodies that perform power, managerial and executive functions - the mayor's office, the city council of deputies, the city (rai) police departments, the court, the prosecutor's office, banks, and various institutions.

The development of a specific urban way of life, which is most often characterized by the absence of household plots, isolation from the earth, the predominance of anonymous, business, short-term contacts in interpersonal communication, the attenuation of neighborly ties, the relative isolation of families and individuals not only in space, but also in social relations. The latter, in particular, is characterized by such features as the “elevator effect”, when neighbors, even meeting in an elevator, do not know each other, or “loneliness in the crowd”.

All this taken together predetermines a more intensive and diverse social development, the rapid switching of people from one type of occupation to another, the possibility of changing professions, specialties, types of activities, changing their place of residence, etc. The city is characterized by polystructurality, a concentrated type of socio-spatial organization of people. Due to the combined action of all these features, the urban population is more developed in general education, culture.

turn, technical and production relations than rural. At the same time, the city is organically interconnected with the countryside as a paired element of the dichotomy of the socio-territorial integrity of society.

The main trends, patterns and features of the emergence, change and development of the urban territorial-settlement structure are studied by urban sociology. The object of its study is the genesis, essence, main features and trends in the development of the city as a specific and integral socio-territorial system. It studies the place and role of the city in society and in the settlement system; features of the urban lifestyle and urban culture; nature, direction, cycles of reproduction of urban subsystems and the city as an integral organism; the dynamics of urban management and self-government; social factors and consequences of population migration and urbanization processes; the relationship of the social-class structure and the settlement network - on the basis of which methods of management, forecasting and designing the development of cities are developed.

In contrast to the city, the village, as a specific social-territorial community, is characterized by the dominancenatural conditions over the artificial material environment,dispersed type of socio-spatial organizationtion of people, the significant monotony of their production activities, concentrated mainly in the field of agricultureeconomy. The village differs from the city also by the durationfixing the same functions, limited and poorof opportunities for socio-cultural development.

The social identity of the village is expressed in the following features:

the subordination of labor activity to the rhythms and cycles of nature, the resulting uneven employment at different times of the year, more difficult working conditions due to lower power supply, technical equipment of agricultural production compared to urban enterprises;

lower degree of socio-economic development than in the city;

predominantly low population density and a small number of inhabitants;

The place and role of the rural territorial-settlement structure in the development of society and settlement systems; the main factors influencing the social processes taking place here; features of the rural way of life, its characteristic features of culture, communication; the processes of social reproduction of the rural population as a specific socio-territorial community - constitute the subject rural sociology.

Having clarified the social essence of the two main types of socio-territorial structure of society - the city and the countryside, the peculiar features of each of them, we can more definitely and concretely imagine the content and social role of urbanization.

Urbanization (from Latin.urbanus) - the process is concentratedpopulation, economic, political and cultural lifein large cities and the associated increase in the role of cities inthe development of society, in the spread of features and characteristics inherent in the urban way of life, to the whole society, includingnumber in rural areas.

The main signs of urbanization are: an increase in the proportion of the urban population; high density and degree of location of the network of cities throughout the country; transport and other accessibility of large cities for the population of other settlement structures; an increasing variety of types of labor activity and leisure of the population.

It should be noted that urbanization is by no means a mechanical change in the size of the urban and rural population in favor of the former. Objectively, moving to a large city means moving to a variety of employment opportunities and the realization of abilities concentrated here, to social and cultural benefits, to sources of production and acquisition of new things, the realization of new needs and interests.

A very significant sign of urbanization is also the emergence of new cities and their rapid growth both in terms of the number of population and the concentration of industry in them. Over the past 30-40 years, new, rapidly developing cities have emerged in Belarus, such as Novopolotsk, Salihorsk, Svetlogorsk, etc. The construction of new cities, their rapid development leads to the intensification of processes not only of changes in the territorial and settlement structure of society, but also in its social, professional and qualification structure. The fact is that in new cities, as a rule, new industries are created (petrochemical production in Novopolotsk, production of potash fertilizers in Soligorsk, chemical fiber in Svetlogorsk), and this gives rise to new types of labor activity, new professions, new needs, interests and values. Accordingly, new types and forms of training people are being created, new educational institutions with new sets of specialties are emerging, for example, the Novopolotsk Plitetechnical University. All this is accompanied by the creation and development of new cultural institutions, consumer services; a significant variety of not only types of labor, but also ways of mastering the achievements of culture. All this introduces significant changes in the dynamics of social strata and groups, their movement.

In addition to urban and rural settlement structures and the change in the relationship between them as a result of urbanization, regions play an important role in the dynamics of socio-territorial communities. Region- this is a certain part of the country, characterized by a combination of natural and historical features. The more extensive a country is in its territory or the more different natural and climatic zones it has, the more diverse its regions are. In Russia, for example, there are very significant features of the regions of the Far North or the Far East in comparison! with the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories located on |

south of the country. In Spain, Andalusia and Catalonia are clearly distinguished by their economic and socio-cultural development, ethnic characteristics, originality of traditions and customs.

In Belarus, due to the compactness of its territory and the absence of sharply different natural landscape and climatic zones, such a sharp delineation of regions is not observed. However, in our republic there are regional differences between its eastern and western regions. In the Grodno region, for example, especially in its western regions bordering Poland, the geographic proximity of Warsaw makes itself felt. In addition, there are historical prerequisites for regional identity, due to a special place in the history of Polish statehood, the city of Grodno, which became the temporary refuge of King Stanislav Poniatowski during the Enlightenment. The cultural factor also played an important role: many outstanding figures of Polish culture were born in the Grodno region - Adam Mickiewicz, Jan Chechet, Tomasz Zan, Eliza Ozheshko and others. Therefore, at present, the influence of Catholicism is more noticeable in this region than in other regions of Belarus. and Polish culture, while in the eastern regions the influence of Orthodoxy is much stronger, the attraction to Russian culture is more clearly expressed. All this is manifested in traditions, customs, rituals, and value orientations. Thus, during the preparation of the agreement on the Union of Belarus and Russia, more than 73% of the inhabitants of the Gomel region and 40.9% (i.e. 1.8 times less) of the Grodno region fully supported the creation of such a Union without any reservations.

If we sum up the totality of the distinctive features and living conditions of people in settlements of various types and different regions, then we can say that the specifics of a socio-territorial community is determined by:

historical features of the development of a given community: its past and present, its inherent traditions, customs, relationships, peculiarities of work and life, etc.;

economic conditions - the structure of the economy, the peculiarities of the division of labor, the professional composition of the population, its labor mobility, etc.;

socio-political conditions - the degree of involvement of the population in the adoption of managerial decisions, the features and effectiveness of management and self-government, the attitude of the population to power and management structures;

In accordance with the structure of the socio-territorial organization of life, a certain hierarchy (subordination) of socio-territorial communities is formed different rank. For Belarus they are:

The highest is the entire population of the Republic of Belarus as a specific socio-territorial community.

Regional socio-territorial communities.

District (urban) socio-territorial communities.

Settlement and rural socio-territorial communities.

But no matter what hierarchical rank or whatever type (urban or rural) of the settlement structure we consider, always and everywhere the population of a country, region, city, district, town, village comes to the fore in sociological research. The population is understood as a set of people who carry out their livelihoods within certain socio-territorial communities - a country, region, city, village, etc. When sociologists talk about socio-territorial communities, they do not forget that these territorial-settlement structures include complexes of buildings, structures, vehicles, etc., but the main role in these communities is played by people who create such buildings and structures, inhabiting certain territories, building cities and villages on them, creating the life support structure necessary for life in them - factories, schools, hospitals, shops, etc. And the highest rank structure in all these socio-territorial communities is represented by the people. A people is a combination of all social communities, strata and groups, commas in various activities in the system of social division of labor, having a common historical destiny, essential signs of a similar way of life, as well as a sense of belonging to a single socio-historical community. The people act as the bearer of centuries-old collective experience, socio-cultural

cultural values - language, culture, historical memory and statehood, the main creator of material and spiritual values, the arbiter of his own destiny.

Questions for self-control and repetition

What is a socio-territorial community?

What are the two main components of the socio-territorial structure?

What are the four main factors that create the conditions for the life of people in the territorial-settlement structure?

What is the social essence of the city (its definition) and what are its characteristic features?

What is the social essence of the village (its definition), what are its characteristic features?

What is urbanization?

What factors determine the specifics of a socio-territorial community?

What are the features of the people as a historical social community?

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Golenkova Z.T., Igitkhanyan E.D., Kazarinova I.V., Sadovsky E.G. Social stratification of the urban population // Sociological research. 1995. No. 5.

Zinovsky V.I. Number and main socio-demographic characteristics of the population of the Republic of Belarus according to the 1999 population census //Sociology. 1999. No. 4.

Komarov M.S. Territorial community and behavior of the individual. Urbanization as a way of life // Introduction to sociology. Ch. 4, § 3. M., 1994.

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