In order to be able to process steel billets, giving them the desired shape, they are widely used in production. Thanks to metal cutters for milling machines, products are obtained in strict accordance with the engineering project. The types of cutters presented today on the domestic market are very diverse, which allows you to choose the most suitable option for a particular case.
Principles of classification of cutters for metal
Different types of milling machines are determined by the design and purpose of the tool, as well as the way the cutter is fed, among which are screw, rotary and straight. The working edges of the cutting tool, each of which, in fact, is a cutter, are made of especially hard alloys of steel or materials such as ceramics, diamond, carded wire and others.
A variety of cutters makes it possible to sample material on the most difficult areas, as a result of which the workpiece is given the required shape and it turns into a specific part.
Milling cutters are classified according to the following parameters:
- the location of the teeth (cutters);
- construction (prefabricated, one-piece);
- tooth design;
- the direction of the teeth;
- method of fastening cutting elements;
- cutting material.
Types of cutters for metal
Any novice craftsman who is faced with the need to process metal has to look for information about what cutters are. We describe the most common types of cutters for their intended purpose.
Disk
Disc cutters are used for the following types of work:
- cutting blanks;
- slotting;
- metal sampling;
- chamfering, etc.
The cutting elements of such tools can be located on one or both sides. Depending on the type of processing (from preliminary to finishing), the size of the cutter and its teeth change. Carbide disc cutters work in the most difficult conditions with high vibration and the inability to efficiently remove chips from the cutting area.
Among the varieties of such tools can be distinguished:
- grooved;
- slotted;
- cutting;
- designed to process metal parts from two or three sides.
The names of these tools are determined by their purpose: for example, cutting cutters are needed for cutting metal blanks on milling machines, and with the help of slotted cutters, grooves and slots are cut.
end
Such cutters work with flat and stepped surfaces of metal parts. From the name itself it is clear that the end part of the tool is working, respectively, the axis of its rotation is perpendicular to the workpiece plane. Most often, these cutters are quite massive, making it convenient to use interchangeable inserts in them. A large number of teeth in the area of contact with a metal part allows you to achieve high processing speed and smooth operation of the tool.
Cylindrical
Cutters of this type can be either with straight or helical teeth. The former process narrow planes, while the latter work more smoothly and therefore have received universal application.
Cylindrical cutter
Axial forces arising under certain modes of operation of cutters with helical teeth are very high. In these cases, double tools are used, the teeth of which are located with different directions of inclination. Thanks to this solution, the axial forces that occur during the cutting process are balanced.
This type also includes rasp cutters of the "corn" type, with their help they process ledges and cut grooves.
corner
The edge of such a cutter for metal, used for processing inclined surfaces, as well as corner grooves, has a conical surface. There are both one-angle and two-angle types of tools, which differ in the location of the cutting edge (in two-angle models they are located on two adjacent conical surfaces, and in single-angle models they are on one conical surface). With the help of such cutters, you can make chip grooves in tools of various kinds.
To form grooves with bevelled side surfaces, single-angle tools for metal of the “ dovetail” and an inverted dovetail.
Terminal
Most often, end (or finger) milling cutters for metal are used to create grooves, contour ledges and recesses, and to process mutually perpendicular planes.
End mills are divided into several varieties according to the following features:
- monolithic or soldered cutting elements;
- with a conical or cylindrical shank;
- for final processing metal (small teeth) or for coarse (large teeth).
End mills
Carbide end mills are used to work with poorly machined metals - steel, cast iron, etc. Among the end mills, there are also spherical (ball) cutters necessary for processing recesses of a spherical shape, radius cutters used for sampling grooves of various shapes, fungal - carbide cutters for T- figurative grooves on workpieces made of cast iron, steel, non-ferrous metals. End cutters also include engravers or engraving cutters that are used to process precious metals, copper, brass and other materials.
Shaped
From the name it becomes clear that this type of cutting tool is designed to process shaped surfaces. Such milling cutters are actively used for processing metal parts with a significant ratio of the length of the workpiece to its width, since the shaped surfaces of parts of small length on large industries often made by pulling. Relief cutters are the most difficult to sharpen.
According to the type of teeth, shaped milling tools for metal are divided into two types:
- with pointed teeth;
- with sharpened teeth.
Worm
Processing is carried out by the rolling method due to the point touch of the workpiece with a tool. Worm cutters are divided into a number of subspecies according to the following parameters:
- solid or prefabricated;
- right or left (direction of turns);
- multi- or single-pass;
- with unpolished or ground teeth.
Annular cutters (or core drills)
Such tools are used to make holes, and annular cutters provide a higher cutting speed compared to twist drills by about 4 times.
There are cutters for metal not only for CNC machines, but also for drills. Otherwise, they are also called burrs. Their design provides a special pin for clamping in the drill chuck. On sale, burrs can only be found in the form of kits, since working with metal with a drill requires accuracy and appropriate specific task cutter shapes.
For manual router cutters are also bought as a set. There are edging tools with and without bearings. The former are used for processing the edge of a part on a manual milling cutter, the latter can be used on any part of the workpiece, however, templates are required for their more accurate work. In the domestic market, as a rule, there are Chinese cutting tools for a manual router, but their quality can be assessed as quite high.
An array of carded wire. Depending on the design and type of teeth, the cutters are solid (completely made of the same material), welded (the shank and the cutting part are made of different materials, connected by welding), brazed (with brazed cutting elements), prefabricated (made of various materials, but connected by standard fasteners). elements - screws, bolts, nuts, wedges). Separately, milling heads are distinguished - milling cutters with replaceable inserts made of hard alloy and high-speed steel. Also, such cutters are often called mechanical, and the head without knives is called the body. The figure shows a face mill with mechanical fastening of carbide inserts.
End mills
end mill(end mill) is cutting tool used in industrial milling machines. It differs from a drill in application, geometry and production. While a drill can only work in the axial direction, end mills can generally work in all directions, although some of them cannot work in the axial direction. End mills are distinguished by mounting in the spindle of the milling machine. The milling cutters are mounted in the machine spindle using a cylindrical or conical tail.
End mills are divided into:
- end ordinary with uneven circumferential tooth pitch, with cylindrical and conical shanks;
- end, equipped with crowns and screw plates made of hard alloy;
- end keyway with cylindrical and conical shanks;
- keyway, equipped with a hard alloy;
- end for T-shaped grooves;
- end for segment keys.
Flat end cutters
Flat end cutters are used for cutting, sampling, roughing. The tip of the cutter has a "P" shape. Shank diameter from 0.2 mm. The diameter of the working part is from 0.2 mm. In some cases, it has corner fillets with a radius of up to 0.5 mm. The number of teeth varies from 1 to 6. The direction of the turns for chip removal can have different directions: right (chips up), left (chips down), straight (chips along the motion vector), hybrid (right with one turn to the left).
The scope of application depends on the number of teeth:
- a cutter with a flat end with one tooth is used for black processing, cutting;
- cutter with a flat end face with two teeth is used for roughing, semi-finishing and cutting;
- flat end cutter with more than three teeth is used for roughing, semi-finishing and finishing of soft metals, steel, carbon steel and alloy steel.
Angle cutters
Angle cutters are mainly used for groove milling. They are:
- single-angle;
- two-angle.
Single-angle cutters are used for milling straight grooves on cutters and other tools.
Two-angle asymmetrical cutters are used for milling straight and helical grooves, and symmetrical for milling grooves of shaped cutters.
Disc cutters
Disc milling cutters are required for cutting, cutting or other operations related to rough processing of metal or non-metal.
Disc cutters are of three types:
- slotted or keyed;
- bilateral;
- tripartite.
Slotted disc cutters have teeth only on a cylindrical surface. To reduce friction along the ends, the thickness of the cutter is made on the periphery greater than in the central part near the hub. An important element The width of the disk groove cutter is the width, since the cutter is also designed for grooving. An important area of application for a disc groove cutter is sawing wood and metal workpieces.
Double-sided disc cutters, in addition to teeth located on a cylindrical surface, have teeth at the end.
Three-sided disc cutters have teeth located on the cylindrical surface and on both ends. The cutting conditions for face teeth are less favorable than for teeth located on a cylindrical surface. The shallow depth of the groove at the end makes it impossible to obtain the necessary rear and front corners.
Disc cutters with replaceable carbide inserts can be adjustable, that is, depending on the position of the cartridges to which the inserts are attached, the cutter can make grooves of various widths.
Milling cutters come with brazed and replaceable inserts.
Often cutters are used for profiling wooden parts for the manufacture of wooden eurowindows, door glazing beads, for furniture facades, production of windows, panel doors, glass doors, panels and door frame, plinth, rack plinth, euro plinth, production of fillets, half-dumbbells, shavings, half-shtamps, wall beams, for processing grooves, processing quarters, making parquet floor boards, for the manufacture of shaped multi-profile products, clapboard sheathing boards, platbands, handrails, wall beams, processing edges of the beam, for the manufacture of a radius sheathing board for wall beams of the BLOCK-HOUSE type.
Ball nose cutters
In metalworking cutters with a spherical end are used for the manufacture of other parts. complex shape. Such as dies, molds, turbine blades, etc. Although more often cutters with a spherical head are made of solid carbide (monolithic), there are also options with replaceable inserts.
In woodworking, cutters with a spherical end are used in the manufacture of 3D products (highly artistic milling) in the manufacture of furniture, icons, decor elements, etc. AT recent times often use conical cutters with a spherical end for 3D milling.
see also
Production
Cutters are made from durable alloys. Billets are cut from a bar of the required diameter and are machined on lathes and milling machines. After that, the workpieces are subjected to heat treatment in salt baths at temperatures from 650° to 1200°C. End view milling cutter gives finishing on a grinding machine.
Coatings
In the early 1990s, in order to reduce wear and friction, in addition to other hardening methods, the use of wear-resistant coatings began. Basically, these are coatings from:
- AlTiN (Aluminum Titanium Nitride)
- Titanium nitride (TiN) sputtering (golden-yellow coating)
- Titanium cyanide sputtering (TiCN - bluish gray coating)
- Vacuum deposition of TiAlN (dark purple coating)
- Spraying of aluminum-titanium-chromium nitride (TiAlCrN - PVD coating).
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Literature
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Metal cutting tools. Textbook (UMO stamp). Tomsk: Publishing House of Tomsk University. 2003. 392 p. (250 copies).
- Kozhevnikov D. V., Kirsanov S. V. Cutting materials. Textbook (UMO stamp). M.: Engineering. 2007. 304 p. (2000 copies).
Notes
Links
An excerpt characterizing Frez
But when he said last words about the Rostovs, the confusion in the face of Princess Marya was expressed even more strongly. She again ran her eyes from Pierre's face to the face of the lady in the black dress and said:- You don't know, do you?
Pierre glanced once more at the pale, thin face of his companion, with black eyes and a strange mouth. Something familiar, long forgotten and more than sweet looked at him from those attentive eyes.
But no, it can't be, he thought. – Is it a strict, thin and pale, aged face? It can't be her. It's just a memory of that." But at this time Princess Marya said: "Natasha." And the face, with attentive eyes, with difficulty, with effort, like a rusty door opens, smiled, and from this open door it suddenly smelled and washed over Pierre with that long-forgotten happiness, which, especially now, he did not think about. It smelled, engulfed and swallowed him all. When she smiled, there could no longer be any doubt: it was Natasha, and he loved her.
In the very first minute, Pierre involuntarily told both her and Princess Mary, and, most importantly, to himself a secret unknown to him. He blushed happily and painfully. He wanted to hide his excitement. But the more he wanted to hide him, the more clearly—more clearly than in the most definite words—he told himself, and to her, and to Princess Marya that he loved her.
“No, it’s so, from surprise,” thought Pierre. But as soon as he wanted to continue the conversation he had begun with Princess Mary, he again looked at Natasha, and an even stronger color covered his face, and an even stronger excitement of joy and fear seized his soul. He got lost in words and stopped in the middle of a speech.
Pierre did not notice Natasha, because he did not expect to see her here, but he did not recognize her because the change that had taken place in her since he had not seen her was enormous. She lost weight and turned pale. But this was not what made her unrecognizable: it was impossible to recognize her at the first minute he entered, because on this face, in whose eyes a secret smile of the joy of life had always shone, now, when he entered and looked at her for the first time, there was also a shadow of a smile; there were only eyes, attentive, kind and sadly inquiring.
Pierre's embarrassment was not reflected in Natasha's embarrassment, but only with pleasure, slightly perceptibly illuminating her whole face.
“She came to visit me,” said Princess Mary. The Count and Countess will be here in a few days. The Countess is in a terrible position. But Natasha herself needed to see the doctor. She was forcibly sent away with me.
- Yes, is there a family without its grief? said Pierre, turning to Natasha. “You know that it was on the very day we were released. I saw him. What a lovely boy he was.
Natasha looked at him, and in response to his words, her eyes only opened more and lit up.
- What can you say or think in consolation? Pierre said. - Nothing. Why did such a glorious man die full of life boy?
“Yes, in our time it would be difficult to live without faith…” said Princess Mary.
- Yes Yes. This is the true truth,” Pierre hastily interrupted.
- From what? Natasha asked, looking attentively into Pierre's eyes.
- How why? - said Princess Mary. One thought of what awaits there...
Natasha, without listening to Princess Marya, looked inquiringly at Pierre again.
“And because,” Pierre continued, “that only the person who believes that there is a god who controls us can endure such a loss as hers and ... yours,” said Pierre.
Natasha opened her mouth, wanting to say something, but suddenly stopped. Pierre hastened to turn away from her and turned again to Princess Mary with a question about the last days of his friend's life. Pierre's embarrassment is now almost gone; but at the same time he felt that all his former freedom had disappeared. He felt that there was now a judge over his every word, action, a court that was dearer to him than the court of all people in the world. He was speaking now, and together with his words, he understood the impression that his words made on Natasha. He didn't say anything on purpose that might please her; but whatever he said, he judged himself from her point of view.
Princess Mary reluctantly, as always happens, began to talk about the situation in which she found Prince Andrei. But Pierre's questions, his animatedly restless look, his face trembling with excitement, gradually forced her to go into details, which she was afraid for herself to renew in her imagination.
“Yes, yes, so, so ...” said Pierre, bending forward with his whole body over Princess Mary and eagerly listening to her story. - Yes Yes; so did he calm down? relented? He was always looking for one thing with all the strength of his soul; be quite good that he could not be afraid of death. The faults that were in him, if there were any, did not come from him. So he softened up? Pierre said. “What a blessing that he saw you,” he said to Natasha, suddenly turning to her and looking at her with eyes full of tears.
Natasha's face twitched. She frowned and lowered her eyes for a moment. She hesitated for a minute: to speak or not to speak?
“Yes, it was happiness,” she said in a quiet chesty voice, “for me, it must have been happiness. She paused. - And he ... he ... he said that he wanted this, the minute I came to him ... - Natasha's voice broke off. She blushed, clasped her hands in her lap, and suddenly, evidently making an effort on herself, raised her head and quickly began to say:
– We didn’t know anything when we were driving from Moscow. I didn't dare ask about him. And suddenly Sonya told me that he was with us. I didn’t think anything, I couldn’t imagine what position he was in; I only needed to see him, to be with him,” she said, trembling and panting. And, not allowing herself to be interrupted, she told what she had never told anyone before: everything that she experienced during those three weeks of their journey and life in Yaroslavl.
Pierre listened to her with his mouth open and never taking his eyes off her, full of tears. Listening to her, he did not think about Prince Andrei, nor about death, nor about what she was talking about. He listened to her and only felt sorry for her for the suffering she now experienced as she spoke.
The princess, grimacing with a desire to hold back her tears, sat beside Natasha and listened for the first time to the story of these last days love of his brother with Natasha.
This painful and joyful story, apparently, was necessary for Natasha.
She spoke, mixing the most insignificant details with the most intimate secrets, and it seemed that she could never finish. She repeated the same thing several times.
Desalle's voice was heard outside the door, asking if Nikolushka could come in and say goodbye.
“Yes, that’s all, that’s all ...” said Natasha. She quickly got up, while Nikolushka entered, and almost ran to the door, knocked her head against the door, covered with a curtain, and with a groan of pain or sadness escaped from the room.
Pierre looked at the door through which she went out and did not understand why he was suddenly left alone in the whole world.
Princess Marya called him out of absent-mindedness, drawing his attention to his nephew, who entered the room.
Nikolushka's face, resembling his father, in a moment of spiritual softening in which Pierre was now, had such an effect on him that, having kissed Nikolushka, he hastily got up and, taking out a handkerchief, went to the window. He wanted to say goodbye to Princess Mary, but she restrained him.
This article will pay attention to the analysis of the answer to the question: "What is a cutter?" Here we will study the definition of this subject, its purpose and species diversity. Let's briefly get acquainted with the technology of manufacturing and creating a surface coating for the working part of the tool.
Introduction
In household and industrial activities, one can often come across the question: “What is a milling cutter?” In response to it, we can say that it is - specialized tool having one or a number of cutting blades (also called teeth) for milling.
By belonging to the geometric design, end, worm, end, cylindrical, and other types of shapes are distinguished.
Depending on the material being processed, a milling cutter is distinguished for wood, ordinary and stainless steel, copper alloys, aluminum, etc.
Milling cutters can also be classified according to the material that formed the basis for the cutting part. For example, high-speed steel, hard alloys, mineral ceramics, cermets, diamonds and carded wire arrays can be used for this.
The type of structure and teeth on the cutter causes the division of these tools into several types:
- solid (formed by one material);
- soldered (endowed with cutting soldered components);
- welded (tail and cutting parts are made of various materials and connected by welding);
- prefabricated (parts are connected by fasteners).
Separately allocated milling head- a tool that has an interchangeable row of plates made of a certain hard alloy, usually high speed steel. Such a cutter is called mechanical, and the head without the knife part is the body.
The concept of a cutter
Answering the question of what a cutter is, it will be important to mention the concept of an end-type cutter. This is a cutting tool used in milling machines on industrial enterprises. An end mill (EC) has a number of characteristic differences from a drill that can be tracked in application, geometry, and manufacturing process. One of the striking differences is the ability of the KF to work, moving in any direction, while the drill is designed only for axial movement. This range of tools, for example, may still differ in the form of fastening in the machine spindle mechanism: milling cutters are usually fastened by using a cylindrical or conical tail. geometric shape.
CFs are divided into the following types:
- standard, with a jagged pitch of an uneven and circular nature, as well as with a tail that has the shape of a cylinder or cone;
- designed for a mechanism with a T-slot;
- used for a segment row of keys;
- equipped with a set of crowns and screw plates made of hard alloys;
- tungsten carbide key ;
- keyed with a cylindrical or conical shank.
The presence of a flat end
Milling cutters for a hand router can have a flat shape, which is used for cutting, sampling and roughing. The end part of the cutter is endowed with a U-shape, and the diameter of the shank and working parts is most often not less than 0.2 mm. Often they can be given an angular and rounded shape with a radius of up to half a millimeter. The number of teeth most often does not go beyond six. The cutter has coils that guide chip removal. Depending on their direction, the tools can be right-handed or left-handed, removing the chips up and down, respectively. And also straight (chips are removed in accordance with the motion vector) or hybrid.
One of the points in answering the question of what a cutter is is to determine the scope of its application:
- A cutter with a flat end face and with one tooth is used for cutting and roughing work when processing material.
- A flat end cutter with two teeth is used for roughing, semi-finishing and cutting.
- A cutter with a flat end face and with a number of teeth of three or more is most often used for sampling, finishing and semi-finishing when working with soft-type metals, as well as for two types of steel: alloy and carbon.
Angle cutters
In the production of one of the separate branches of the manufacture of cutters, angular cutters are distinguished. Most often they are used for milling work with grooves. They differ in the presence of one or two heads.
The single angle tool finds its use in cutting straight type grooves on a milling cutter or other tool. Two-angle cutters with missing symmetry are used for milling not only straight but also helical slots. Those with symmetry are used for machining a shaped row of grooves.
The concept of disk cutters
A manual wood cutter, like a mechanical one, often uses angled or flat nozzles. Work related to cutting, cutting and other operations associated with rough processing of metals and some non-metals is possible with the use of disc cutters.
Among these tools, there are three types: double-sided and three-sided, as well as keyed (or slotted).
Slotted and disk type cutters are made with teeth located only on a cylindrical plane. In order to reduce friction along the end, the thickness of the tool is increased in the periphery, but the central part is made narrower and thinner. One of important features in the slot cutter mechanism disk form is to create a width with a well-defined and very precise execution. One of the main areas where disc cutters find their application is sawing wood and metal.
Disc cutters of a double-sided type, in addition to the teeth that are located on the surface of a cylindrical shape, have teeth on the end part.
Three-sided are made so that the teeth are located on a surface with a cylindrical geometry and at the same time on both end elements. The disadvantage of this design is the decrease in the favorable scale of the end teeth than the teeth, which are located on a cylindrical surface. This is due to the increasing requirements for the accuracy of the work. It is also functional in nature, for example, the small depth of the ditch at the end will not make it possible to achieve desired shape at the rear and front corners. This is true for both hand cutter, as well as for the mechanical one.
Application of disc cutters
These tools, made from carbide inserts, can be adjusted. In other words, depending on the position of the cartridge to which the records are attached, the cutter can give the groove a different width.
The cutters are divided according to the type of attachment of the inserts into two types: brazed and replaceable. Most often, both types find their application in profiling wood parts, to create euro-windows and glazing beads for the facade of wood furniture. It is also possible to produce paneled doors, doors under glass, door frames and panels, skirting boards (ordinary, euro, slatted). The list of spare parts or parts that can be made using a disc cutter is quite long and could go on and on.
The presence of a spherical end
In the mechanism of metalworking, by means of a cutter having a spherical end face, many parts of an extremely complex geometric shape are made. An example of such spare parts is a die, a mold, a blade for a turbine, etc. In the prevailing number of cases, cutters with a spherical head are made of solid carbide. In other words, they are monolithic. Also, sometimes you can find options with plates that can be changed.
A wood cutter with a spherical end is most often used for the manufacture of 3D parts, various furniture, constituent parts decor, etc.
Manufacturing
The tool that we consider in the article is most often made of metals and their alloys, which have great strength. The workpiece is made from a bar, made initially with a certain diameter. Next, the machining process begins on two machines - milling and turning. The resulting workpiece is subjected to heat treatment. This process takes place in a salt bath with a temperature index of 650 to 1200 degrees Celsius. The cutter gets its final shape by finishing on a grinder.
Coating
After milling cutters were invented, after some time people thought about how to reduce wear and friction. this instrument. Still later, we became interested in hardening in other ways and the use of a coating that is resistant to wear. Today these coatings are:
- Titanium aluminum nitride coating.
- Gold-yellow titanium nitride coating.
- Spraying with titanium cyanide. It has a dark purple color.
- Vacuum spraying.
- Sputtering of aluminum-titanium-chromium nitride compound. It is also called PVD coating.
Brief analysis of one of the methods
Consider for example brief description vacuum-arc coating. It is a physical method of depositing a thin film in a vacuum space by using condensation on a material substrate formed by a plasma stream. The flow is generated on the cathode target in the vacuum arc cathode spot, which has a high-current and low-voltage discharge. This form of coating develops only in a pair of material from which the electrode is made. The size of the cutter in mm can vary greatly depending on the area of \u200b\u200bits application and the material with which the work will be carried out. The process itself is quite complex in execution and is carried out on specialized devices by highly qualified workers.
Milling refers to the process of processing metallic and non-metallic materials, which is used in the processing of flat, horizontal, vertical, inclined and shaped surfaces. Besides, modern technologies allow processing grooves, protrusions, etc. with this method.
At present, milling is a universal and widespread processing method, which is widely used in various types metalworking and woodworking. It is usually carried out on special machines, which allow solving problems of high complexity and accuracy in the processing of the product. Milling machine consists of two functional parts: rotary block and translational block with workpiece. Through the rotational movements of the blades, the necessary machining of the part is achieved.
What is a cutter?
The milling cutter is a cutting tool made of heavy-duty steel grades and equipped with multi-blade cutting teeth. In this case, each of the cutting edges removes the same amount of material. During the operation of the machine, a rotating tool removes chips from the material, creating the necessary geometry of the product, as well as quality alignment its internal and external surfaces.
During operation, the blades of the tool gradually wear out - sharp teeth are erased, crumble and break. Accordingly, the material of the knife should be as hard and durable as possible.
The main technical parameters of the cutter:
- construction type
- installation method
- the material from which the teeth are made
- teeth sharpening method
- tooth design and size
- tooth direction
Types of cutters
By type (purpose), the following types of cutters are distinguished:
- Cylindrical cutter. Works on smooth, flat surfaces and is available with both straight and helical teeth. Tools with helical teeth are used in production when machining wide planes, and tools with straight teeth when machining narrow planes. Tooth cylindrical cutter has the form of a cutter with one cutting edge. It has a front surface along which the cut chips come off, a back surface, and a cutting edge.
- End mills. They are mainly intended for working with large parts, and are successfully used for processing planes. They are able to process the surface with both main and auxiliary cutters located at the ends of the tool. At the same time, its axis is placed at a right angle to the machined surface and is set perpendicular to the machined plane of the part. Face milling usually provides more productivity and smoother operation than cylindrical due to the fact that this type of tool is equipped with large quantity teeth. This directly affects the reduction of vibrations and improves the quality of processing.
- End mills. They are mainly used for drilling, creating deep grooves, recesses, ledges, mutually perpendicular planes. Their main cutting edges are located on the cylindrical surface, and the auxiliary teeth, which clean the bottom of the groove, are at the ends. The teeth of end mills are usually made beveled or helical. The angle of inclination of the teeth reaches 30-45 degrees. Keyway cutters are considered one of the varieties of end mills. To some extent, they are similar to drills, since during axial movement the feeds go deep into the surface to be machined and, moving along the groove, drill desired hole. At the moment of axial feed, the main work is performed here end edges.
- Disc cutters. Designed for grooving, rectangular shoulders and slots. On disk double-sided and three-sided cutters, unlike groove cutters, the teeth are located not only on a cylindrical surface, but also on one or more ends. The main cutting edges are located on the cylinder, and the auxiliary side ones are located on the ends. Inclined and multidirectional teeth are more efficient than straight teeth. They process the surface with all the teeth located on the cylinder. For cutting narrow grooves and splines on parts, there are thin circular saws.
- Angle cutters. These tools are used for processing various inclined planes of parts, corner slots and chip grooves. various tools. They are produced, mainly, all-metal from high-speed or alloy steel, and can also be single-angle and two-angle. For the manufacture of straight grooves, single-angle tools are used, the cutting edges of which are located on the conical surface and end face. The cutting edges with two corners are located on two adjacent conical surfaces.
- Shape cutters. It is actively used to work with grooves of a complex profile, and have a high degree of accuracy and cleanliness. They are relatively easy to process complex surfaces and are divided into milling cutters with backed and pointed teeth. Resurfaced tools are reground along the front flat surface. As for models with pointed teeth, here work in progress on the back shaped surface. The pointed version of the tool has increased durability and provides a cleaner surface compared to the backed one.
How to choose cutters?
The first and main criterion for choosing a cutter is the correspondence of their operational parameters to the technical characteristics of a particular machine (dimensions, speed, etc.). The second criterion is the accuracy of execution - the teeth must be made of the appropriate alloy, the strength of which must clearly correspond to the material being processed. An equally important criterion is the availability of supporting documents. Availability of all official documents will eliminate the risk of an emergency situation and will contribute to the achievement of the required result of the work. Specifications must match and operating parameters snap. To protect yourself from purchasing a low quality tool, it is better to buy it from those manufacturers who have already established themselves well in the market.
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