Creating copper water pipes is an occupation for wealthy home craftsmen. However, you can save on such an expensive undertaking. Pipe connection work is easy to do on your own.
Moreover, soldering technology copper pipes useful not only when building a house. Repair of products in which copper is used is not such a rarity. It can be a heat exchanger, a moonshine still, and even a large diameter copper wire. The principle of operation is approximately the same.
Do-it-yourself soldering of copper pipes - features of working with the material
Copper is a metal with high thermal conductivity. From a soldering point of view, the property has both advantages and disadvantages.
- The advantage is that with a short break in heating, the material will retain heat on its own and the process will not be interrupted.
- The disadvantage is that to compensate for heat loss in the form of dispersion, a more powerful heating source is needed. In addition, the ability to accumulate heat can cause localized overheating. This is fraught with the combustion of the flux, and the loss of its cleaning ability.
- Another disadvantage is soldering copper tubes always leads to concomitant heating of the entire product, as well as its attachment points. It is necessary to work with protective gloves and take care to protect all objects that touch the workpiece, even on long distance.
The main advantage is that you do not need a special or expensive tool for soldering copper pipes. The equipment is readily available and is usually stocked by anyone. home master.
- Heating element. It can be a soldering iron with a massive tip, a portable torch for soldering copper pipes, or building hair dryer high power
Important! The use of a gasoline blowtorch is unacceptable, since such a flame produces greasy soot that impairs solder adhesion.
If a soldering iron is used, its power must be at least 100 watts. The sting is massive and wide to provide a large area of adhesion to the adhesion site. Such a soldering iron is called a hammer.
- Fluxes are applied standard. The same is used for soldering copper wires. In the instructions, you need to look at the maximum temperature that the flux can withstand. When it is exceeded, the material begins to decompose, and in the worst case, to char. Then no cleaning will occur, on the contrary, the adhesion site will be slagged, adhesion is low.
A brief tour of the types of fluxes
Phosphorus solvents
Such a composition not only cleans the surface of oxides, but also displaces water from the place of soldering. Removal of residues after soldering is not required. It is difficult to make such a flux on your own.
The growing popularity of copper plumbing is explained very simply. Everyone knows that the water supplied centrally to dwellings contains a certain amount of chlorine. Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent, but it does not destroy copper pipes, but, on the contrary, strengthens their walls over time, forming a durable thin layer of patina. In addition, copper has bactericidal properties and is a natural durable material that is completely safe for human health.
All-copper plumbing is now rarely done due to high price but they still meet. Considering that the service life of such installations is one hundred years or more, then such design solutions won't seem wasteful. Yes, high-quality fittings and pipes on the market have non-budget price tags, but you can always save on installation - soldering copper at home is not the most difficult thing for beginners. Subject to certain rules It is easy to make secure and tight connections.
There are two types of soldering: low temperature and high temperature. The first is used in cases where the coolant temperature does not exceed 110 ° C and is carried out with soft solders. The second one is used in networks with high pressure or very hot contents, most often for large diameter pipes. It is difficult to meet it in home networks, the main application is in industry. Which way to use - the choice of a home master. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that the high-temperature method will require a professional burner and good performer skills. Below we will talk about the low-temperature method of connecting pipes using fittings.
Good planning is the key to success. You need to have a complete understanding of the scope and content of the work, where the pipes should go and what fittings will be required. In new construction, the assembly and connection of pipelines is relatively easy. Reconstruction or repair requires significantly more labor, since the pipes are usually hidden behind the finish. Usually requires removal decorative coatings. After the plumbing is completed and tested for leaks, all surfaces affected by dismantling will have to be restored.
In any case, be it new construction or renovation, all work begins with a project that will help determine the number and characteristics of connections. When purchasing materials to complete a project task, do not forget that a small supply of them will not be superfluous at all. For example, if for the installation of a new line cold water requires three meters of half-inch pipe, two elbows and a valve for the faucet, it will be useful to buy a little more pipe and a few connectors in addition required amount. In case something goes wrong, additional details will be at hand, and it will not be necessary to stop working for a long time in order to buy the missing little things.
Soldering materials and tools
If this is a debut, then without acquiring several useful tools not enough. Most likely, these will be stripping tools, a pipe cutter and a propane torch. Other tools such as a drill with a set of drills, a tape measure, rags or napkins, a spray bottle with water, protective glasses and gloves will most likely always be in stock.
Specialized plumbing fixtures help achieve professional-quality connections. For example, nothing prevents you from cutting a pipe with an ordinary hacksaw, but the end result can be a rough, jagged end. The cutter designed for this allows you to make a well-compatible clean connection. An approximate list of materials and fixtures that you should take care of ahead of time looks like this:
Measure, cut and dock all parts together in the design position. This approach avoids irreversible errors before soldering. Make sure that nothing interferes with piping and connections and will not create mechanical stress during operation. After that, disassemble all the elements in order to clean the surfaces to be joined.
Metal surfaces are rarely clean, usually they are slightly covered with oxides, oils, greases. Leaving contaminants intact means maintaining a barrier layer for solder access to the metal. Attempts to remove the patina by etching or abrasives from a greasy surface are ineffective. The first step is to get rid of oily contaminants. In most cases, it is enough to wipe the parts with a degreasing solvent or use an aqueous alkaline solution.
Next stage - mechanical removal oxides with abrasives. For this procedure, it is better to use a special tool - emery skins will not give such a high-quality result. It is important to abrasive not only the ends of the pipes, but also the internal parts of the fittings. If done correctly, the metal should sparkle like a new coin.
Flux application
Heating copper in contact with air accelerates the formation of oxides, which prevent the metal from being wetted by the solder. The application of flux protects the surfaces to be soldered from oxygen, thus preventing the formation of oxides. In addition, the flux dissolves and absorbs oxides that were not completely removed during the cleaning process.
The flux for soldering copper pipes is applied with a brush, completely covering the surfaces at the junction. Since most of them have a paste consistency, this procedure does not cause any difficulties. Flux is important to dose correctly. Its excess will be washed for a long time in an existing water supply system. And in insufficient quantities, it is quickly saturated with oxides, loses its effectiveness and changes its consistency. It will also be difficult to wash off. In cases where the warm-up phase can take a long time (for example, if you need to solder massive assembly components), it never hurts to increase the flux consumption.
Fluxes can often be used as temperature indicators, minimizing the risk of parts overheating. When the metal is hot enough, they become transparent or take on a different hue. Details of the thermal behavior of fluxes are usually provided by the manufacturer.
Connection of elements
Brazing is the process of joining two heated surfaces with molten solder at a temperature of about 250 °C. Due to capillary wetting, the liquid solder itself fills the gap between the fitting and the pipe, and there is no need to distribute it manually inside the joint. When the joint cools down, it becomes almost as strong as the materials of which it is composed, that is, comparable to welding.
As a solder for copper in this technology, mainly alloys of tin with silver, bismuth and antimony are used. Solders with large quantity silver, but they are the most expensive on the market. It is forbidden to use alloys containing lead for plumbing installation.
Before starting work, you need to release and straighten approximately 30 cm of solder from the skein, then bend 5-10 cm at a convenient angle. This will help in the ease of applying solder to the joint. Bending the wire will allow you to work with hard-to-reach places, and a sufficient length of the "poker" - to keep your hand away from the flame. Since the metal of the reinforcement is thicker than the walls of the pipe, heating begins with the fitting, and then the rest of the connection elements with reciprocating movements. In the process, the solder will begin to boil a little with the formation of smoke. When the pipe and fitting have reached the correct temperature, the solder will melt on contact with the joint.
Molten solder tends to flow into the hotter area. In a heated assembly, the outer surfaces will be heated more than the inner ones, so it must be applied exactly to the junction. Otherwise, the solder will try to spread over the hotter outer surfaces instead of penetrating into the gaps between the parts. Be sure to make sure that he filled the entire connection. After filling the joint, quickly remove excess solder with a damp cloth.
soldering itself copper pipelines- a fairly simple procedure. You just need to carefully monitor the soldered parts and remember that the essence of the process is to heat the joint to the melting temperature of the solder, but not overheat it. Blackening of the metal indicates excess heat input and may result in a weak bond with air bubbles in the solder.
Some difficulties may arise when working with brass fittings. In the case of soldering, for example, a valve, there is a high risk of melting its polymer parts from heating. There are two widely used approaches for such compounds.
- Remove the stem with rubber seal from the valve body and solder the pipe. After the joint has cooled down, reinstall the stem.
- Solder the threaded socket onto the end of the copper pipe. After the coupling and pipe have cooled, screw into the valve.
Cleaning and inspection of joints
The next stage after soldering is the removal of flux residues. The latter can be reactive and damage the compound over time. Since fluxes are water soluble, the easiest way to remove them is to wipe them off with a damp cloth. There are no difficulties in this if the parts were not overheated during the soldering process. If the latter did happen, fluxes supersaturated with oxides, as a rule, turn green or black and can become hard. They are easier to remove with a weak acid solution using a brush. In those few cases where the aesthetic appeal of the seam is required, it is polished with fine sandpaper.
After cleaning the joints from the flux, you need to carefully inspect all joints for the presence of non-solders and cracks. If no defects are found, pressurized water can be supplied to the system. Joints must be absolutely sealed. If you suspect a leak, you will have to solder the defective connection again.
So, there is nothing complicated in soldering copper pipes with a gas burner. Several specialized tools will greatly simplify the work, with the help of the necessary video tutorial, you can master the various nuances. Of course, the skill of creating perfect joints requires practice, but it is quite within reach for an amateur. It is important while obtaining the necessary skills not to forget about simple rules safety during such work:
- always use goggles and gloves;
- do not solder pipes filled with water;
- it is impossible to be under the place of soldering;
- flux should not be allowed to get into the eyes.
For aluminum and aluminum alloys various ways soldering. Soldering happens:
- high temperature soldering and
In English:
- brazing and
- soldering, respectively.
- Hard solders include solders with high temperature melting ( liquidus above 450 °C).
- Soft solders melt below 450°C.
Figure - Repair of an aluminum pipe by soldering with soft solder
Soft solders for aluminum
Since soft soldering is carried out at temperatures below 450 ° C, then, naturally, in this case, hard solders are not used - solders based on aluminum. Previously, most aluminum soft solders contained zinc, tin, cadmium, and lead. Cadmium and lead are now recognized as harmful to humans and environment. Therefore, modern soft solder for soldering aluminum are alloys based on tin and zinc.
Tin-zinc alloys
For soldering aluminum to aluminum and aluminum to copper, tin-zinc alloys have been specially developed:
- 91% tin / 9% zinc - eutectic alloy with a melting point of 199 ° C
- 85% Sn / 15% Zn - melting range from 199 to 260 °C
- 80% Sn / 20% Zn - melting range from 199 to 288 °C
- 70% Sn / 30% Zn - melting range from 199 to 316 °C
- 60% Sn / 40% Zn - melting range from 199 to 343 °C
Eutectic and non-eutectic solders
Eutectic solders are widely used for furnace soldering and other automatic systems aluminum brazing. This minimizes the applied heat for thin-walled products by rapidly melting and solidifying at 199°C.
The solidification interval of the solder, when it is in a semi-liquid-semi-solid state, allows you to perform additional operations on the products until the solder is completely solidified.
The increased content of zinc contributes to better wetting of the solder, but with an increase in the zinc content, the temperature of the complete solidification of the solder (liquidus) increases significantly.
Features of soft soldering
Aluminum soft soldering is different from similar soldering of other metals. The oxide film on aluminium, dense and refractory, requires active fluxes that are designed specifically for aluminium. The soldering temperature must also be controlled more tightly.
For aluminum, corrosion resistance depends much more on the composition of the solder than for copper, brass and iron alloys. All soft soldered joints have a lower corrosion resistance than brazing or .
The high thermal conductivity of aluminum requires rapid heating in order to maintain the correct temperature in the joint.
Soldering wrought aluminum alloys
Almost all aluminum alloys can be soft soldered in one way or another. However, they chemical composition greatly affects the ease of soldering, the type of solder, the soldering method used, and the ability of the soldered product to withstand various stresses in operation.
The relative ability for low-temperature soldering - soldering with soft solders - of the main wrought aluminum alloys is as follows:
- perfectly soldered: 1100 (AD), 1200 (AD), 1235 (≈AD1), 1350 (AD0E), 3003 (AMts):
- well soldered: 3004 (D12), 5357, 6061 (AD33), 6101, 7072, 8112;
- medium solder: 2011, 2014, 2017 (D1), 2117 (D18), 2018, 2024 (D16), 5050, 7005 (1915);
- poorly soldered: 5052 (AMg2.5), 5056 (≈AMg5), 5083 (AMg4.5), 5086 (AMg4), 5154 (≈AMg3), 7075 (≈B95).
Alloys that contain more than 1% magnesium cannot be satisfactorily soldered with organic flux, and alloys with more than 2.5% magnesium cannot be soldered with active fluxes. Alloys containing more than 5% magnesium should not be soldered with any flux.
When soldering aluminum alloys containing more than 0.5% magnesium, molten tin solders penetrate between the grains of the metal. Zinc is also able to penetrate along the grain boundaries between the grains of aluminum-magnesium alloys, but already at a magnesium content of more than 0.7%. This intergranular penetration is exacerbated by the presence of stresses, external or internal.
Aluminum alloys alloyed with magnesium and silicon are less prone to intergranular penetration than binary aluminum-magnesium alloys.
Aluminum alloys containing copper or zinc as the main alloying elements usually also contain sufficient amounts of other elements. Most of these alloys are susceptible to solder penetration and are not usually soldered.
Heat-treated alloys usually have a thicker oxide film than that which occurs naturally. This film makes soft soldering difficult. For such alloys, chemical surface preparation is usually used before soldering.
Soldering of cast aluminum alloys
Most cast aluminum alloys have a high content of alloying elements, which increases the likelihood that these elements will dissolve in the solder and the solder will penetrate the grain boundaries. Therefore, cast aluminum alloys are poorly soldered with soft solders.
In addition, the surface roughness, minute cavities or porosity characteristic of cast alloys help retain fluxes and make removal of fluxes after soldering very difficult.
The three cast aluminum alloys 443.0, 443.2 and 356 are relatively good and easy to soft solder. Somewhat worse, but still acceptable solder alloys 213.0, 710.0 and 711.0.
Sources:
- Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys, ASM International, 1996
- EEA Aluminum Automotive manual - Joining - Brazing, EEA, 2015
Low-temperature soldering (soft soldering) - became widespread in the second half of the 20th century in connection with the mass production of electronic equipment. Computers, TVs, Cell phones- made using soldering. Soldering technologies used in the production of microelectronics are complex processes using expensive equipment.
However, until now, the once traditional, but undeservedly forgotten, use of soft soldering in areas related to the manufacture of metal products is of interest. Radio amateurs, modelers, professional engineers can effectively use soldering in their work. Soft soldering does not require significant material costs for equipment and expendable materials, which is especially attractive for small businesses and scientific laboratories (probably preserved in our country).
Joints soldered with soft solder do not withstand large mechanical loads, in order to increase their strength, in some cases they are fastened with rivets, screws or folds are made. Solder in this case is considered as a means of sealing the joint. (See Recommendations for the Practice of Brazing Structural Products). In current-carrying connections, soft solders provide the necessary electrical conductivity. Can be soldered with soft solder different metals, however, the degree of their preparation for soldering, fluxing and cleaning is different. Zinc, silver dissolve relatively easily in molten solder, therefore thin sheets and the wire of them must be soldered as quickly as possible and at a lower temperature. The use of soft solders for soldering steel parts requires preliminary tinning of the surfaces to be joined. Only in this case it is possible to obtain a high-quality solder joint.
Soldering with soft solders can be performed:
- soldering iron
- by immersing parts in a bath of molten solder
- blowtorch or burner flame
- infrared radiation
- hot air
Most often, low-temperature soldering is performed using a soldering iron.
The soldering iron is a piece of pure copper, mounted on a handle, which is given a hammer shape (powerful soldering irons) or a rod shape (low power soldering irons). As a result of the high thermal conductivity and heat capacity of copper, the soldering iron accumulates heat well and quickly transfers it to the working part, which speeds up the soldering process.
Soldering irons for periodic heating are heated using gasoline or kerosene lamp, gas burner etc., such heating is used for powerful soldering irons. Soldering irons for continuous heating are electric.
Before soldering, the working part of the soldering iron is cleaned with a file, and then tinned. The shape of the surface of the working part can be different, depending on the task of soldering. Before soldering, a flux is applied to the surfaces to be joined, and then the solder is fed from the rod to the joints with a soldering iron. If soldered small items, you can use the solder deposited on the soldering iron blade.
When the soldering iron and soldering place are hot enough, the solder easily flows into the gap between the parts and the connection is strong enough. With insufficient heating of the soldering iron, the solder does not spread under it, but “smeares”. Although according to appearance the connection is satisfactory, but it will be fragile, since the solder does not flow into the gap.
The soldering iron should not be allowed to overheat, as this leads to the rapid erosion of its working part by molten solder.
When soldering massive parts, for high-quality soldering, the parts are preheated to 100-150ºC.
To obtain a high-quality connection, the parts must be cleaned to a metallic sheen before soldering, and the soldering points must be coated with flux. When soldering products made of copper, brass, bronze and tin plate, the solder flows well into the gaps when they are heated on one side with a soldering iron. In the case of soldering steel products or soldering parts made of non-ferrous metals to steel, it is necessary to tin the surface of steel parts (the solder spreads worse over them).
Purpose
This instruction applies to soldering HIT wiring diagrams using an electric soldering iron.
The instructions should be followed in the development technological processes, soldering, repair, inspection and acceptance of brazed structures.
Deviations (tightened or reduced requirements) from this instruction may be included in the route maps (or other technological documents) in agreement with the chief technologist and the customer's representative. Auxiliary materials, fixtures, equipment and tools required for low temperature soldering are given in the Appendix.
Low-temperature soldering with an electric soldering iron must be carried out in compliance with the safety regulations set out in the safety instructions.
Preparation of the electric soldering iron and its maintenance during operation
Connect the electric soldering iron to the mains and heat it up to the melting point of rosin (120 ° C).
Remove scale from the working part of the soldering iron with a file or brush.
Immerse the working part of the soldering iron in rosin and irradiate with an even layer of solder.
Do not allow the soldering iron to cool during operation, because. in this case, solder oxide occurs and soldering conditions worsen.
Do not allow the soldering iron to cool to the melting temperature of the solder, since soldering with such a soldering iron worsens the quality of the solder seam.
It is necessary to work with an electric soldering iron connected to the network through a temperature controller in cases where this requirement is specified in the route map for soldering the product.
Preparation of the surface of parts for soldering
Degrease the surface of parts with oil or other contamination by galvanizing.
Clean mechanically until the coating is completely removed (in the soldering zone) from the surface of the parts, the soldered seams of which are subject to tightness requirements.
Do not grind parts with a tinned surface.
Mechanically clean the soldering area of parts (not provided for in the previous paragraph) to a metallic sheen:
- having paint coatings;
- not having electroplating in the form of tinning, silvering, copper plating, zinc plating;
- with a nickel-plated surface, the design of which does not allow the removal of flux residues (after tinning) by flushing.
Degrease the surface of all parts in one of the following ways:
- galvanic;
- immersion in a solvent bath;
- wiping the soldering area with a calico swab dipped in a solvent.
Store parts in a clean and dry room for no more than three days.
Repeat cleaning if the storage time exceeded three days.
Send the parts for continuous quality control according to the requirements of Table 1.
Tinning
Prepare the electric soldering iron for operation in accordance with the requirements set forth in the section "Preparing the electric soldering iron and its maintenance during operation."
Apply a thin layer of flux to the part to be soldered with a brush.
Use a 5-7% solution of zinc chloride as a flux and ethyl alcohol when tinning steel and nickel-plated parts, the design of which allows the removal of flux residues by washing. In other cases, use flux LTI-1 or LTI-120.
Heat the surface of the part with a soldering iron to the melting temperature of the solder.
Immerse the working part of the soldering iron in rosin and collect an excess amount of solder on it.
Use solder of the same brand for tinning as when soldering the assembly.
Press the soldering iron against the part and rub the solder over the surface being serviced.
Perform work with intensive heating of the part and with a minimum tinning time.
Cover the tinning area with an even and thin layer of solder.
Introduce additional flux into the tinning area if the solder does not spread over the surface to be treated.
Do not apply excess amount (in excess of necessary) of solder and flux to the tinning zone.
Stop tinning after the workpiece surface is covered with an even and thin layer of solder.
Allow parts to be tinned by immersion in a bath of molten solder.
Remove flux residues from parts after tinning by solvent washing. Allow to remove flux residues by wiping with a calico swab dipped in alcohol.
Send the parts for continuous quality control according to the requirements of Table 1.
Store parts after tinning in a clean and dry place.
Preparation of wires for soldering and tinning
Cut wires and insulating tubes to size according to the drawing.
Strip the insulation from the wires to the length indicated in the drawing.
It is allowed to remove the insulation by technical means or by a tool that excludes the cut of the wire cores (for example, using an electrical device under the exhaust ventilation).
Fix the ends of the insulating braid of the wires with AK-20 nitro glue or with a marking tag on the glue or marking tape.
Clean up sandpaper the ends of the wires do not have galvanized coatings.
Perform tinning of the ends of the wires (if it is provided for by the route map) in accordance with the requirements set forth in the "Tinning" section.
Soldering
Assemble assemblies and parts for soldering, observing the following requirements:
Maintain a gap between the assembled parts of 0.1-0.15 mm - for non-tinned surfaces and no more than 0.05 mm - for tinned ones;
Perform assembly in such a way that the possibility of displacement of parts relative to each other is completely excluded, both at the time of soldering and during the cooling of the assembly after soldering.
Install a heat sink device on the soldered assembly, if it is provided for by the route map.
Degrease the surface of the parts to be soldered with a calico swab dipped in alcohol. Do not degrease only if the route map contains appropriate instructions.
Apply a thin layer of flux to the soldering area with a brush.
Prepare the electric soldering iron for operation in accordance with the requirements set forth in the section "Preparing the electric soldering iron and its maintenance during operation."
Using a soldering iron, heat the surface of the parts to the melting temperature of the solder, ensuring the greatest thermal contact between the soldering iron and the parts.
Heat more intensively parts with a greater mass or parts made of a material with a lower thermal conductivity.
Immerse the working part of the soldering iron in rosin, and then collect an excess amount of solder on it. The brand of solder is indicated in the drawing.
Press the soldering iron against the parts to be soldered and rub the solder over the surfaces to be joined.
Cover the soldering area with an even and thin layer of solder.
Introduce additional flux into the soldering area if the solder does not spread over the surface to be treated.
Allow direct supply of solder to the soldering zone with a significant length of the soldered seam and a small area of heat contact between the soldering iron and parts.
Do not apply an excess amount of solder to the soldering area (in excess of what is necessary to ensure the drawing dimensions).
Allow soldering of insulators of the IKZ unit, and other small parts, to be carried out under the casing of an electric stove connected to the network through a temperature controller, with mandatory temperature control in the soldering zone using a thermocouple. Count operating temperature one that would exceed by 50-70 ° C the melting point of the solder.
Perform work with intense heating and minimum soldering time.
Control the soldering time only if the route map contains appropriate instructions.
Stop soldering after the solder fills the gaps between the soldered parts, and the soldering area is covered with a thin layer of molten solder.
Remove flux residues from parts with a calico swab (or brush) dipped in alcohol. If the route map contains instructions on the inadmissibility of the use of alcohol, then the flux should be removed by mechanical cleaning.
Send parts and assemblies after soldering for complete quality control according to the requirements of Table 2.
It is necessary to correct solder joint defects taking into account the following requirements:
It is allowed to perform soldering of the same defect of the soldered seam no more than twice.
Unsolder the assembly using a soldering iron and clean the surface of the parts from flux and solder residues.
Prepare parts for soldering, taking into account the requirements of the previous sections.
Re-solder the assembly, taking into account the requirements of this section.
Send parts and assemblies for repeated continuous quality control after soldering or soldering.
Perform control taking into account the requirements of table 2.
Cover the brazed seam with an electrically insulating varnish of the type NTs-62 or UR-231, slightly tinted with rhodamine, if there is a corresponding indication in the route map.
Send for assembly or other methods of control, according to the technical requirements of the drawing, parts and assemblies that have passed quality control according to table 2.
| Defect name | Grading result | Correction Methods |
|---|---|---|
| Traces of corrosion, rust, oxide lath, paint, oil and other contaminants | Not allowed | |
| Burrs on the edges of soldered parts | Not allowed | Eliminate by mechanical cleaning |
| Galvanic coatings (except for tinning) in the soldering area on parts whose soldered seams are subject to tightness requirements | Not allowed | |
| Nickel plating on parts that are designed to prevent removal of flux residues by flushing | Not allowed | Eliminated by mechanical cleaning |
| Incision lived during mechanical cleaning of the ends of the wires or when removing insulation from them | Marriage | |
| Surface tinning roughness | Not allowed | Eliminate by repeated tinning |
| Foreign inclusions in the solder | Not allowed | Eliminate by repeated tinning |
| Do not solder (the presence of a partially untinned surface) | Not allowed | Eliminate by repeated tinning |
| Presence of flux residue on the tinned surface or workpiece | Not allowed | Eliminate by re-flushing |
| Defect name | Grading result | Correction Methods |
|---|---|---|
| Don't drink | Not allowed | Eliminate soldering |
| Nespy | Not allowed | Eliminate soldering |
| Shrinkage porosity in the brazed joint | Not allowed | Eliminate soldering |
| Cracks in the solder joint | Not allowed | Eliminate soldering |
| Understatement of the solder seam | Not allowed | Eliminate soldering |
Oversized brazed seam:
|
Allowed Not allowed |
Eliminate soldering |
| The presence of flux residues on the brazed seam of the brazed material | Not allowed | Eliminate by re-cleaning |
Flow of flux through down conductors when soldering them with borns:
|
Allowed Not allowed |
Eliminate by re-cleaning |
materials
- Tin-lead solders (wire with a diameter of 2-4 mm) GOST 21931-80.
- Silver solders (wire with a diameter of 2-4 mm) GOST 19738-74.
- Tin (wire with a diameter of 2-4 mm) GOST 860-75.
- Flux LTI-1, prepared according to TI.
- Pine rosin, grade 1, GOST 19113-84.
- Zinc chloride technical, grade 1, GOST 7345-78.
- Ethanol technical GOST 17299-78.
- Varnish NTs-62 TU 6-21-090502-2-90.
- Solvent brand 646 GOST 18188-72.
- Rhodamine "C" or "6Zh" TU6-09-2463-82.
- Lacquer UR-231, prepared according to TI.
- Gasoline "galosh" TU 38-401-67-108-92.
- Fabric cotton calico group GOST 29298-92.
- Knitted gloves GOST 5007-87.
- Sanding paper paper waterproof GOST 10054-82.
- Art brush KZhKh No. 2.2a TU 17-15-07-89.
- Flux LTI-120 STU 30-2473-64.
Equipment, fixtures, tools
- Electric soldering iron GOST 7219-83.
- Devices for stripping wires from insulation PR 3081.
- Device for cutting wires FK 5113P.
- Hotplate GOST 14919-83.
- Small-sized Soldering Station type SMTU NCT 60A.
- Assembly fixtures (indicated in route maps).
- Work table with exhaust ventilation.
- Ruler GOST 427-75.
- Side cutters GOST 28037-89.
- Tweezers GOST 21214-89.
Loading...