Hydraulic and pneumatic circuits help to understand how hydraulic and pneumatic equipment. Individual elements of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits have their own symbols. Below are the symbols that you will encounter on hydraulic diagrams.
| Work line. | |
| Control line. | |
| Drain line. | |
| Flexible line. | |
| Electrical wire. | |
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Inside the interrupted line, the devices are built into one unit. |
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| Shaft, lever, rod, piston rod. | |
| Connecting lines. | |
| Crossing lines. | |
| Direction of oil flow in the hydraulic circuit. | |
| Direction of air flow in a pneumatic circuit. | |
| Direction. | |
| Direction of rotation. | |
| Direction of flow in the valve. The perpendicular shows the lateral movement of the arrow. | |
| Indication of the possibility of adjustment. | |
| Spring. | |
| Adjustable spring. |
Pumps and compressors.
designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Pressure control.
Pressure controls.
Designation of different types of valves that control hydraulic pressure on hydraulic diagrams. Designation of hydraulic motors.
Valves.
Identification of valves on hydraulic diagrams.
| A valve is indicated by a square or series of squares when each the square indicates one operating position of the valve. |
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| Directional control valves (eg boom control) | |
| The lines are connected to the neutral position square. Marking of holes in valves: P = pressure from pump T – to the tank A, B, C... - working lines X,YZ... - control pressure a,b.c... - electrical control connections |
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One way to flow. |
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| Two paths for flow. | |
| One flow path, two connections closed. | |
| Two flow paths, one connection closed. | |
| In the following examples, the first digit indicates the number of connections. Second the number indicates the number of working positions. |
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| 3/2 control valve; controlled by pressure from both sides. | |
| 4/3 control valve; lever control, return spring. |
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| 6/3 control valve | |
| Shut-off valve (eg ball valve). | |
| shut-off valves. | |
| Pressure limiting valve. The valve opens a flow channel into the tank or into the air, when the valve inlet pressure exceeds the closing pressure. (Hydraulic to the left, pneumatic to the right). |
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| Pressure reducing valve, no pressure release. When the inlet pressure changes, the outlet pressure remains the same. But the input pressure through reduction should be above outlet pressure |
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Hydraulic motors - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Reducing and check valves, flow regulators - designation on hydraulic diagrams.
Filters, tanks, water separators and other elements on hydraulic circuits.
This article shows the most commonly used symbols of elements on hydraulic diagrams of metal-cutting machines. Images of elements of various hydraulic circuits and their descriptions are provided.
In the drawings of hydraulic diagrams, normalized equipment and working bodies are depicted by symbols, and lines are represented by lines. Special devices are depicted semi-constructively.
1. Introduction. Hydraulic drive composition
Semi-constructive (a) and schematic (b) representation of the hydraulic drive
In the very general view The hydraulic drive consists of a source of hydraulic energy - a pump, a hydraulic motor and a connecting line (pipeline).
On the hydraulic diagram Fig. 1.4 semi-structurally (a) and schematically (b) shows the simplest hydraulic drive, in which pump 2, driven by electric motor 11, sucks up working fluid from tank 1 and through filter 4 supplies it to the hydraulic system, and the maximum pressure is limited by the adjustable force of the spring of safety valve 3 (controlled pressure gauge 10). To avoid accelerated wear or failure, the relief valve setting pressure should not be higher than the pump's rated pressure.
Depending on the position of the distributor handle 5, the working fluid through pipelines (hydraulic lines) 6 enters one of the chambers (piston or rod) of the cylinder 7, forcing its piston to move along with the rod and working body 8 at a speed v, and the liquid from the opposite chamber through the distributor 5 and adjustable resistance (throttle) 9 is forced into the tank.
When the throttle is fully open and there is a slight load on the working body, all the working fluid supplied by the pump enters the cylinder, the movement speed is maximum, and the value of the working pressure depends on the losses in the filter 4, devices 5 and 9, cylinder 7 and hydraulic lines 6. Closing the throttle 9, You can reduce the speed until the working body stops completely. In this case (as well as when the piston stops against the cylinder cover or the load on the working element increases excessively), the pressure in the hydraulic system increases, the safety valve ball 3, compressing the spring, moves away from the seat and the working fluid supplied by the pump (pump supply) is partially or completely bypassed through safety valve into the tank at maximum operating pressure.
During prolonged operation in bypass mode, due to large power losses, the working fluid in the tank quickly heats up.
The following symbols are presented on the hydraulic diagram:
- source of hydraulic energy -- pump 2;
- hydraulic motor- cylinder 7;
- guide hydraulic equipment- distributor 5;
- regulating hydraulic equipment- valve 3 and throttle 9;
- control devices - pressure gauge 10;
- working fluid reservoir- tank 1;
- working environment conditioner- filter 4;
- pipelines - 6.
Hydraulic drives of stationary machines are classified according to pressure, method of regulation, type of circulation, control and monitoring methods.
2. Composition of a hydraulic drive using the example of the power head of a machine tool
Hydraulic system of the power head of the aggregate machine
Depending on the method of depicting mechanisms and equipment on circuit diagrams, they can be semi-constructive, complete or transitional.
The hydraulic system of any option has at least two main lines - pressure and drain. Routes are connected to them intended purpose, which connect hydraulic motors of one kind or another to the mains. There are routes: initial, free movement, precise movement, unregulated movements, control and blocking.
In Fig. 244 shows the semi-constructive, complete and transitional diagrams of the power head of an aggregate machine tool, which performs three transitions during an operating cycle: fast approach, working stroke and fast retraction. In the semi-constructive diagram (Fig. 244, a) during the “Fast approach” transition, both spools are shifted by pushing electromagnets: the main spool 1 to the right, and the spool 2 rapid strokes to the left. In this position, oil from the pump through the first left neck of spool 1 enters the extra-rod cavity of cylinder 5, and from the opposite cavity of the same cylinder through the neck of spool 2 and the second neck of spool 1 is sent to the tank.
During the “Power stroke” transition, the electromagnet of spool 2 is turned off, which forces the oil from the rod cavity of cylinder 3 to flow to drain through the speed regulator 4 and then through the third journal of spool 1 into the tank.
During the “Fast withdrawal” transition, the electromagnet of spool 1 is turned off, and the electromagnet of spool 2 is turned on again, and this changes the direction of oil flow: from the pump through the second journal of spool 1 into the rod cavity of the cylinder, and from the opposite cavity through the first journal of spool 1 into the tank. In the “Stop” position, both electromagnets are turned off, the spools move to the position shown in the diagram, and the pressure line from the pump through the second neck of spool 1, the neck of spool 2 and the annular recess around the rightmost drum of spool 1 is connected to the tank.
In the complete circuit diagram (Fig. 244, b), all elements of the hydraulic system have designations similar to the semi-structural diagram, therefore the above description of the operation of the hydraulic drive can also be used in in this case. Comparing the diagrams, you can see that the design of the second diagram is simpler, and, in addition, it clearly shows the function of the spools in their different positions.
The transition diagrams (Fig. 244, e) show the same elements, and, in addition, the signs “+” and “-” and arrows of various lengths make it possible to clarify the actions of the electromagnets and the power cylinder. In fact, from consideration of diagram 1 it follows that both electromagnets are connected, and oil from the pressure line NM through one journal of spool 1 enters the extra-rod cavity of cylinder 3, and is stripped from the opposite cavity through the journals of spools 2 and 1. The piston moves in the direction " Rod forward" accelerated (long arrow).
From diagram II it follows that in this transition only spool 1 works, which remains in the same position, and turning off the high-speed spool 2 activates speed controller 4, consisting of a pressure reducing valve and a throttle. The piston at this transition moves in the same direction, but at operating speed (short arrow). From diagram III it can be seen that spool 2 is turned on again, and spool 1 is turned off, but takes part in this transition. With this switching of the spools, oil from the LM line through the journals of both spools enters the rod cavity of the cylinder, and from the opposite cavity is drained through the second journal of spool 1. The piston changes its speed and direction. From diagram IV it follows that both spools are turned off, and the pressure line is connected to the tank through their journals, and therefore, in this position, even when the pump is running, the hydraulic drive is turned off.
3. Symbols of hydraulic drive elements on hydraulic diagrams
Conditional graphic symbols serve for the functional representation of hydraulic drive elements and consist of one or more basic and functional symbols. In accordance with DIN ISO 1219-91, GOST 2.781-96 and 2.782-96 standards, the following basic symbols are used:
- continuous line- main hydraulic line (suction, pressure, drain), electrical line;
- dotted line- control line, drainage, indication of intermediate position;
- dash-dotted line- combining several components into a single unit;
- double line- mechanical connection (shaft, rod, lever, rod);
- circle- pump or hydraulic motor, measuring device (pressure gauge, etc.), check valve, swivel joint, hinge, roller (with a point in the center);
- semicircle- rotary hydraulic motor;
- square (with joint perpendicular to sides)- hydraulic apparatus, drive unit (except for the electric motor);
- square (with connection at corners)- working environment conditioner (filter, heat exchanger, lubricator);
- rectangle- hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic device, adjustment element;
- open top rectangle- tank;
- oval- battery, gas cylinder, supercharged tank.
Functional symbols include triangles (black for hydraulics, white for pneumatics), various arrows, lines, springs, arcs (for throttles), and the letter M for electric motors.
Hydraulic distributor symbols
In the designation of hydraulic valves, several squares are located nearby (in accordance with the number of positions, i.e. fixed positions of the spool relative to the body), and hydraulic lines are connected to one of the positions (initial): P - pressure, T - drain, A and B - for connection hydraulic motor. The number of hydraulic lines can be different: P, T, A and B - for four-line devices; P, T and A - for three-line; P, T1 (TA), T2 (TV), A and B - for five-line, etc.
Examples of symbols for hydraulic valves
In Fig. 1.6, and shows the symbol of a four-line three-position device (4/3 hydraulic valve) with electrically controlled from two pushing electromagnets (Y1 and Y2) and a spring return to the initial position 0, in which all lines are locked. When the Y1 electromagnet is turned on, the spool moves to the right, and you can determine the option of connecting the lines by mentally moving the square corresponding to position a to the place of the square at position 0. As you can see, lines P-B and A-T are connected. When the electromagnet Y2 is turned on in position b, connection R-A and V-T. If it is necessary to show the connection of lines in intermediate positions at the moment of switching from one position to another, dotted squares are added between the main positions (Fig. 1.6, b). In hydraulic valves controlled, for example from a proportional electromagnet Y3 (Fig. 1.6, c), many different intermediate positions are possible, and two horizontal lines are added to the symbol. Conventional graphic symbols of the main elements of the hydraulic drive are given in table. 1.1.
Example of a hydraulic circuit
Letter position designations of the main elements of the hydraulic circuit:
- A- Device ( general designation)
- AK- Hydraulic accumulator (pneumatic accumulator)
- AT- Heat exchanger
- B- Hydraulic tank
- VD- Moisture separator
- VN- Valve
- VT- Hydraulic displacer
- G- Pneumatic silencer
- D- Hydraulic motor (pneumatic motor) rotary
- DP- Flow divider
- DR- Hydro throttle (pneumatic throttle)
- ZM- Hydraulic lock (pneumatic lock)
- TO- Hydrovalve (pneumatic valve)
- HF- Hydraulic valve (pneumatic valve) time delay
- KD- Hydrovalve (pneumatic valve) pressure
- KO- Hydrovalve (pneumatic valve) return
- KP- Hydraulic valve (pneumatic valve) safety
- KR- Hydrovalve (pneumatic valve) reducing
- KM- Compressor
- M- Hydraulic motor (pneumatic motor)
- MN- Pressure gauge
- MP- Hydrodynamic transmission
- MR- Oil sprayer
- MS- Oil can
- MF- Hydrodynamic coupling
- N- Pump
- ON- Axial piston pump
- NM- Pump-motor
- NP- Vane pump
- HP- Radial piston pump
- PG- Pneumatic-hydraulic converter
- ETC- Hydraulic converter
- R- Hydraulic distributor (pneumatic distributor)
- RD- Pressure switch
- RZ- Spool hydraulic device (pneumatic device)
- RK- Hydraulic device (pneumatic device) valve
- RP- Flow regulator
- PC- Receiver
- WITH- Separator
- JV- Flow adder
- T- Thermometer
- TR- Hydrodynamic transformer
- UV- Air venting device
- US- Power steering
- F- Filter
- C- Hydraulic cylinder (pneumatic cylinder)
For illustration on hydraulic diagrams various elements and devices use conventional and graphic symbols - All sizes of conventional graphic symbols specified in the standards can be changed proportionally.
In addition, you can use other graphic symbols - Graphic symbols are made with lines of the same thickness as the communication lines.
To simplify the diagram drawing (reduce kinks and intersections of communication lines), conventional graphic symbols can be depicted rotated at an angle multiple of 90 or 45 degrees, as well as mirrored - Elements and devices of hydraulic, pneumatic and thermal circuits are shown in original provisions(check valve closed, springs in compression state).
On diagrams it is allowed to place various technical data, the nature of which is determined by the purpose of the diagram - They can be located near the graphic (on the right or top) or on free field diagrams (preferably above the main inscription).
Near the graphic designations of elements, their alphanumeric designations are indicated, and in the free field of tables, diagrams, text instructions - The alphanumeric designation consists of letter designation(BO) and the serial number placed after the BO - BO circuits are determined by GOST 2.704-76 - For designations use capital letters alphabets that are initial or characteristic of the name of the element - Letters and numbers in positional designations on the diagram are in the same font size - Serial numbers must be assigned in accordance with the sequence of arrangement of elements or devices on the diagram from top to bottom in the direction from left to right.
Technical data about the elements of the circuits must be recorded in the list of elements - In this case, the connection of the list with the conventional graphic designations of the elements should be carried out through positional designations - For simple circuits it is allowed to place all information about the elements near conventional graphic symbols on the shelves of leader lines - The list of elements is drawn up in the form of a table and placed on the first sheet of the diagram above the main inscription, the distance between them must be at least 12 mm - The list can also be made in the form of an independent document on A4 format.
The main inscription indicates the name of the product and the name of the document - The following data is indicated in the columns of the list: in the column - the position designation of an element, device or designation of a functional group on the diagram; in the column - the name of the 26th element in accordance with the document on the basis of which it was applied and the designation of this document - If it is necessary to indicate the technical data of the element, it is recommended to indicate them in the column.
The diagram may indicate the parameters of flows in communication lines: pressure, flow, temperature, etc., as well as parameters to be measured at control taps.
4. Symbols on hydraulic diagrams adopted in the USSR
The method of depicting lines in the hydraulic systems of machine tools is not standardized - The most convenient seems to be the following method, adopted by many organizations and used in the technical literature:
- highways connecting various devices - with thick solid lines;
- highways made inside the devices are thin solid lines;
- drainage lines - with thin dashed lines - Symbols of devices are drawn with contour solid lines of normal thickness - The connection points of the lines are indicated by a line and a dot (pos - 43, Fig - 4); intersections without connections should be marked with a contour sign (pos. 44, fig. 4).
Figure 4 shows the main symbols on hydraulic diagrams adopted in the USSR:
- general designation not adjustable pump without specifying the type and type;
- general designation of an adjustable pump without indicating the type and type;
- double-acting, unregulated, vane (rotary vane) pump, types G12-2, G14-2;
- twin vane (rotary vane) pumps with different capacities;
- unregulated gear pump type G11-1;
- unregulated radial piston pump;
- adjustable radial piston pump type PPR, NPM, NPChM, NPD and NPS;
- pump and hydraulic motor are axial piston (with swashplate), unregulated;
- pump and hydraulic motor axial piston (with swashplate) adjustable types 11D and 11P;
- general designation of an unregulated hydraulic motor without specifying the type;
- general designation of an adjustable hydraulic motor without indicating the type;
- plunger hydraulic cylinder;
- telescopic hydraulic cylinder;
- single-acting hydraulic cylinder;
- double-acting hydraulic cylinder;
- hydraulic cylinder with double-sided rod;
- hydraulic cylinder with differential rod;
- single-acting hydraulic cylinder with piston return with spring rod;
- servomotor (torque hydraulic cylinder);
- apparatus (main symbol);
- spool types G73-2, BG73-5 controlled by an electromagnet;
- spool with manual control type G74-1;
- spool with controls from a cam type G74-2;
- check valve type G51-2;
- pressure spool type G54-1;
- pressure spool type G66-2 with check valve;
- two-way spool type G74-3 with check valve;
- safety valve type G52-1 with overflow valve;
- pressure reducing valve type G57-1 with regulator;
- four-way valve, type G71-21;
- four-way three-position valve type 2G71-21;
- three-way valve (three-channel);
- two-way valve (through);
- damper (unregulated resistance);
- choke (unregulated resistance) types G77-1, G77-3;
- throttle with regulator types G55-2, G55-3;
- general designation of the filter;
- plate filter;
- mesh filter;
- pressure switch;
- pneumatic hydraulic accumulator;
- pressure gauge;
- pipe connection;
- pipe intersections without connection;
- plug in the pipeline;
- reservoir (tank);
- drain;
- drainage.
Features and benefits of hydraulic drive
Hydraulic drive- a set of devices (which include one or more volumetric hydraulic motors) designed to drive mechanisms and machines using working fluid under pressure. Hydraulic drives are one of the most rapidly developing sub-sectors of modern mechanical engineering. Compared to other known drives (including electromechanical and pneumatic), hydraulic drives have a number of advantages. Let's look at the main ones.
- Possibility of obtaining greater strength and power with limited sizes of hydraulic motors. Thus, a hydraulic cylinder with a piston diameter of 100 mm at a pressure of 70 MPa, which can be created by a hand pump, develops a force of about 55 tons, so using special jacks you can manually lift bridges.
- High performance ensuring the required quality of transient processes. Modern hydraulic drives, for example test benches, are capable of processing a given impact with a frequency of up to several hundred hertz.
- Wide range of stepless speed control subject to good smooth movement. For example, for hydraulic motors the control range reaches 1:7000.
- Possibility of protecting the hydraulic system from overload And precise control acting forces. The force developed by a hydraulic cylinder is determined by the area of its piston and the operating pressure, the value of which is set by adjusting the safety valve and controlled by a pressure gauge. For a hydraulic motor, the amount of torque developed is proportional to the working volume ( overall dimensions hydraulic motor) and the current pressure of the working fluid.
- Obtaining linear motion using a hydraulic cylinder without kinematic transformations (an electromechanical drive usually requires a gearbox, screw or rack and pinion gear, etc.). By selecting the areas of the piston and rod chambers, it is possible to ensure a certain ratio of forward and reverse stroke speeds. An important circumstance is the ideal protection of hydraulic cylinders from external contaminants, which allows the successful operation of hydraulic drives, for example, in mining equipment, excavators and other machines operating in conditions of increased pollution environment, and in some cases under water.
- Extensive range of control mechanisms, ranging from manual to direct control from personal computer, makes it possible to optimally use hydraulic drives to automate production processes in various fields of technology, successfully combining the exceptional power and dynamic qualities of hydraulics with the ever-expanding capabilities of microelectronics and complex control systems.
- Wide range of energy storage and recovery capabilities create good foundation for the development of modern energy-efficient hydraulic drive mechanisms.
- Layout of hydraulic drives mainly from standardized products, mass-produced by specialized factories, provides a reduction in manufacturing costs, improved quality and reliability, ease of placement on a machine of a large number of compact hydraulic motors (hydraulic cylinders or hydraulic motors) powered by one or more pumps, opens ample opportunities for repair and modernization.
- Biryukov B.N. Hydraulic equipment of metal-cutting machines., 1979
- Sveshnikov V.K. Machine hydraulic drives: Handbook - 6th ed. reworked and additional - St. Petersburg: Politekhnika, 2015
- Kucher A.M., Kivatitsky M.M., Pokrovsky A.A., Metal cutting machines(Album), 1972
Bibliography:
A hydraulic diagram is an element of technical documentation on which information about elements is shown using symbols hydraulic system, and the relationships between them.
According to ESKD standards hydraulic diagrams are designated in the main inscription code by the letter “G” ( - by the letter “P”).
As can be seen from the definition, on hydraulic diagram Conventionally, elements are shown that are connected to each other by pipelines - indicated by lines. Therefore, in order to correctly read a hydraulic diagram, you need to know how this or that element is indicated on the diagram. The symbols of the elements are specified in GOST 2.781-96. Study this document and you will be able to find out how the main hydraulic elements are designated.
Designations of hydraulic elements on diagrams
Let's look at the main elements hydraulic circuits.
Pipelines
Pipelines on hydraulic diagrams are shown as solid lines connecting elements. Control lines are usually shown as a dotted line. The directions of fluid movement, if necessary, can be indicated by arrows. Lines are often indicated on hydraulic diagrams by the letter P denotes pressure line, T - drain, X - control, l - drain.
The connection of lines is shown by a dot, and if the lines intersect on the diagram, but are not connected, the intersection is indicated by an arc.
Tank
Hydraulic tank - important element, which is a storage unit for hydraulic fluid. A tank connected to the atmosphere is shown on the hydraulic diagram as follows.
A closed tank or container, such as a hydraulic accumulator, is shown as a closed loop.
Shown below hydraulic drive diagram, allowing you to move the hydraulic cylinder rod, with the ability to charge the hydraulic accumulator.
Any serious construction begins with drawing up a project. This allows you to compose and place everything in the room in advance, even at the level of diagrams and drawings. engineering Communication, essential for comfortable stay. The main ones, along with gas supply, heating and garbage disposal, are cold and hot water supply with sewerage and drains.
For the convenience of planning and reading designed documentation during construction, GOST developed, approved and regulated in SNiP the symbols of all systems installed on construction sites, as well as sanitary requirements for each of them. They also include detailed symbolism of the units required to supply water to the house, filter it and remove it from it as part of sewer waste.
This table shows all the design symbols for water supply and sewerage communications used in construction:
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Symbols for water supply and sewerage are uniform throughout the territory Russian Federation and CIS countries. Changing them at your own discretion is unacceptable. The reason is simple: a drawing for the plumbing arrangement of a facility should be understood by any trained plumber. This will help avoid mistakes in work technology and, ultimately, ensure the most effective method operation of the facility's water supply.
Conventional signs drawings and diagrams for the installation of plumbing should be indicated during the construction of any construction project, be it multi-storey building, cottage or any manufacture building. They also apply V computer programs, for example, "Autocade", used in creating projects for water supply and sewerage facilities.
Features of drawing up diagrams and drawings
Plumbing symbols conventional symbols of various nodes are used both in diagrams of the object and in its drawings. Both types of graphic display of communications, in general, perform the same task - creating a working draft, which is the main document for construction work.
A scheme is a plan, the beginning of everything, most often based on a certain technical problem. It runs on any medium, including a simple notepad. All elements of the upcoming design can be recorded here quite conditionally, only with the designation of installation nodes and their communication connections at the site. For example, like this:
However, more informative are the diagrams, which indicate the projection of the communications being constructed and the symbols of all proposed nodes. Depending on the need, two types of projections are used in the diagrams - two-dimensional and three-dimensional (isometric).
Two-dimensional ( axonometric) diagrams allow you to represent an object in two planes: length and height or length and width:
Isometric projection more informative. It makes it possible to immediately estimate the working area in terms of length, width and height:
Even more visual for the designer is a three-dimensional image in 3D computer format. With its help it is much easier to maintain the scale and required dimensions.
The presence of all dimensions in all three planes, made to a given scale, turns a detailed and accurately executed diagram into a drawing. All drawings in construction projects are made on paper. This makes them more convenient for use on sites. On large construction sites equipped with computers, information is duplicated on special websites with the ability to view each drawing section in 3D.
The main task of the project is to create a plan that takes into account all the details of supplying cold and hot water to the site and its subsequent sewerage.
The specification of the proposed drawings is also important, in particular data on the wells available at the construction site, as well as the topography of the area. In addition, the project includes all certified materials necessary for the work.
All symbols on the drawings must comply with GOST. Otherwise, execute exactly installation work will be impossible. It is also necessary to take into account the requirements of SPDS (design documentation system for construction) for the development and recording of documentation intended for the installation of plumbing fixtures at construction sites. Only in this way can you gain confidence that your home’s water supply and sewage system will operate efficiently and safely.
Symbols on drawings for water pipelines
Before developing a water supply project for any building and, in particular, country house the entire group of factors that can affect the functioning is identified plumbing system.
Such factors include, first of all, the presence or absence of a centralized system near the construction site. water supply network, and whether it can lead to pressure drops. If there is no network, a local water supply system is designed with the installation of a storage tank.
The process of creating a project goes through several stages:
- Based on the total number of water consuming points in the house and on the site, the maximum load on the water supply system is calculated.
- Methods are being developed to compensate for water supply when pressure drops in the central or local network.
- A drawing is being drawn up.
- Equipment is selected according to the selected scheme.
In order to correctly place the water supply symbols on the drawings of the project being designed, the designer needs to imagine what elements the water supply system consists of. Number plumbing elements and the material from which the plumbing fixtures are made may vary in cost and quality, but this does not fundamentally change anything.
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The symbols of pipeline diagrams and the corresponding equipment of the water supply system in all cases remain approximately as follows:
- well (or other source);
- pump;
- storage tank with tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for home water supply, the other for technical water supply (garden, vegetable garden);
- water filtration system for home with tee;
- two outlet pipes: one for cold water, the other for hot water.
Conventional graphic symbols of pipelines are aimed at showing the distribution system of hot and cold water pipes.
Cold water from the tee of the filtration system it enters the collector installed in the house. From there it is distributed through pipes to existing plumbing points.
Hot water is supplied to the heater and then distributed point by point in the same way. This diagram clearly demonstrates this:
Sewerage: design features
The sewage system in any home or industrial premises is divided into internal and external modules. The first covers cleaning inside buildings, the second covers external sewerage around the house.
The internal sewerage module is formed from a network of pipelines combined into one complex. This module has only one exit from the house, connected to the outdoor module via check valve, preventing the system from overflowing with water if the external containers are overfilled.
into which all internal and external drains from external sewer lines are drained, including storm drains, if there is one on the site.
Storm water drainage system
What types are there, who does the maintenance and installation features
During design, a number of calculations are made. The main ones are:
- determining the location of plumbing units indoors and how to connect them to the sewer system;
- choice of drainage methods (forced or self-drainage). In the case of self-draining water, the slope of the pipes is calculated, as well as their markings.
In addition, the project takes into account:
- environmental requirements for the area adjacent to the house: cesspool with a septic tank should not be located near wells with drinking water;
- method of drainage of sewage. It can be autonomous with disposal through a cesspool or centralized with waste removal through a community-wide sewerage system located near the house.
Symbols for internal sewerage
Internal sewerage designed to drain wastewater from all plumbing installations located in the room. The water formed as a result of the life activity of its inhabitants mainly moves through pipelines installed with a certain slope, naturally. In rare cases, this requires forced promotion.
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The rooms in which the plumbing is located are planned close to each other. This helps drain the drain faster and reduces the likelihood of drain clogging.
To avoid the appearance of unpleasant odors on each plumbing fixture When planning, water-locking siphons are provided. The end of the pipe connecting all the outlets is led outside the building through the wall.
The designation of the sewerage system must take into account both internal and external sewer networks.
Internal sewerage includes signs indicating:
- outlets from all sanitary facilities located in the premises;
- risers that allow pumping wastewater from the upper floors to the lower ones;
- collectors collecting wastewater from various sources;
- exhaust systems;
- treatment plants;
- ventilation pipelines;
- cleaning pipes;
- hydraulic valves that prevent the penetration of unpleasant odors from the sewer system;
- sewer plugs.
The designation of the sewer plug is mandatory. If there are several plugs, the location of each should be indicated on the drawing.
Internal sewer system in residential premises it is designed in isometric pipelines with symbols, primarily as a system for household waste. At the same time, drains connected to the storm sewer or special trays around the perimeter of the building. A special siphon is installed at the point where wastewater is discharged from the house.
If you decide, then we suggest step by step instructions with video tutorial, diagrams and projects.
The symbol in the sewer axonometry includes elements that are the source of sewer waste:
- equipment sanitary facilities(baths, sinks, toilets, bidets);
- dishwashers and washing machines;
- industrial equipment with waste water systems.
The flushing devices are connected to the water supply. Wastewater is directed into the external sewer through siphons, which are also hydraulic seals - U-shaped pipes with water. Each siphon is connected to a pipe with holes for inspection in case of blockage.
The drawing also conventionally shows sewerage pipe inlets, as well as their shaped parts, with the help of which wastewater is diverted to cast iron or plastic risers - tees, elbows, crosses. Also indicated in the drawing is an attic outlet for the riser to the roof, which prevents the room from being polluted with unpleasant odors.
Graphic symbols on drawings of external sewerage
External sewerage covers water treatment and drainage outside the home. It can be all-alloy, semi-dividing, dividing. All-alloy sewerage is designed to collect all types of sewage into a collector and then direct it to the treatment network.
Semi-separating sewerage is aimed at removing all rainfall without separating it into polluted and clean.
Symbols for sewerage in the drawings of the separation system include stormwater and domestic service networks.
Storm drains collect rain or industrial wastewater and discharge it into the water without prior treatment. sewer well or a body of water.
The sewer network, intended for household needs, passes atmospheric precipitation or wastewater of industrial origin through a special filtration system.
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Graphic signs on wiring diagrams must display:- receiving devices waste water;
- drainage pipes;
- external sewer riser;
- exhaust ventilation pipe;
- hydraulic shutter;
- outlet;
- yard sewerage network;
- sewer well with cover;
- drainage funnel;
- internal sewer riser.
Each of these elements has a specific function in the system of reception, transmission and treatment of sewer and storm drains, and therefore must be installed both in the house and in the area adjacent to it.
Summary of the article
The meaning of symbols in practice construction design difficult to overestimate. In the process of studying the material, a large amount of information is processed, relating not only to the equipment installed at the site. It is important to create a drawing that would be understandable to those directly performing the work: it should be easy to read.
This is what the symbols are for. They can be alphabetic, numeric, but the most visual is the graphic, symbolic version.
The pictograms used by the project executor allow the master reading the drawing to easily determine which element of the system being created should be installed and where. This greatly simplifies the process of installing water supply and sewerage on site.
The great advantage of symbols is that with their help, according to GOST, you can put on the drawing not only plumbing communications, but also the plumbing itself: sink, faucets, bathtub, shower, toilet.
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Each of these elements is displayed in the form of a specific picture. This makes it possible to immediately understand what should be installed in one place or another, and, ultimately, carry out the work more quickly and efficiently.
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